Patent Application
20160040780
The subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to reciprocating engines, and, more particularly to a piston assembly for a reciprocating engine.
A reciprocating engine (e.g., a reciprocating internal combustion engine) combusts fuel with an oxidant (e.g., air) to generate hot combustion gases, which in turn drive a piston (e.g., a reciprocating piston) within a cylinder. In particular, the hot combustion gases expand and exert a pressure against the piston that linearly moves the piston from a top portion to a bottom portion of the cylinder during an expansion stroke. The piston converts the pressure exerted by the combustion gases and the piston's linear motion into a rotating motion (e.g., via a connecting rod and a crankshaft coupled to the piston) that drives one or more loads, e.g., an electrical generator. The construction of the piston and associated structures (e.g., a piston assembly) can significantly impact exhaust emissions (e.g., unburned hydrocarbons) and engine efficiency, as well as lubricant (e.g., oil) consumption. Furthermore, the construction of the piston assembly can significantly affect friction between components of the reciprocating engine and the operating life of the reciprocating engine. Therefore, it would be desirable to improve the construction of the piston assembly.
Certain embodiments commensurate in scope with the originally claimed invention are summarized below. These embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but rather these embodiments are intended only to provide a brief summary of possible forms of the invention. Indeed, the invention may encompass a variety of forms that may be similar to or different from the embodiments set forth below.
In one embodiment, a power cylinder system for a reciprocating engine includes a piston configured to move within a cylinder. A top-most groove extends circumferentially about the piston beneath a top land of the piston. The top-most groove is configured to support a first ring, and a space is defined between a portion of the top-most groove and an inner circumferential face of the first ring while the first ring is disposed within the top-most groove. A bottom-most groove extends circumferentially about the piston and is axially spaced apart from the top-most groove along an axial axis of the piston. A second ring positioned in the bottom-most groove is configured to exert a pressure of less than approximately 1 MPa against an inner annular wall of the cylinder while the piston is positioned within the cylinder. One or more channels formed in the top land are configured to transfer combustion gases to the space while the first ring is disposed within the top-most groove.
In one embodiment, a power cylinder system for a reciprocating engine includes a cylinder having an inner wall and defining a cavity. A piston is positioned within the cylinder and is configured to move in a reciprocating manner within the cylinder. A top-most groove and a bottom-most groove each extend circumferentially about the piston, the top-most groove being positioned adjacent to a top land. A first ring is disposed in the top-most groove, and one or more channels extend into an axially-facing upper surface of the top-most groove or an upper surface of the first ring. The one or more channels are configured to direct combustion gases to a space between an inner circumferential face of the first ring and a portion of the top-most groove. A second ring is positioned in the bottom-most groove, and the second ring is a low-tension ring configured to exert a pressure of less than approximately 1 MPa against the inner wall of the cylinder as the piston moves within the cylinder.
In one embodiment, a power cylinder system for a reciprocating engine includes a piston disposed within a cylinder and configured to move in a reciprocating manner within the cylinder. The system includes a top ring disposed within a top-most groove of the piston, and one or more channels open to the top groove are configured to transfer combustion gases to an inner circumferential face of the top ring to drive the top ring radially outward toward the inner wall of the cylinder as the piston moves within the cylinder. The piston assembly also includes an oil ring disposed within a bottom-most groove of the piston, and the oil ring is configured to exert a pressure of less than approximately 1 MPa against the inner wall of the cylinder as the piston moves within the cylinder.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
One or more specific embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present invention, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
Power cylinder systems for reciprocating engines (e.g., reciprocating internal combustion engines) in accordance with the present disclosure may include one or more pistons each configured to move linearly within a cylinder (e.g., a liner) to convert pressure exerted by combustion gases and the piston's linear motion into a rotating motion to power one or more loads. Each piston may have a top annular groove (e.g., a top ring groove or a compression ring groove) extending circumferentially about the piston and beneath a top land of the piston, and a top ring (e.g., a top piston ring or a compression ring) may be disposed within the top groove. The top ring may be generally configured to block fuel and air, or a fuel-air mixture, from escaping from a combustion chamber and/or to facilitate maintenance of suitable pressure to enable expanding hot combustion gases to cause the reciprocating motion of the piston. Each piston may also have a bottom annular groove (e.g., a bottom ring groove or an oil ring groove) extending circumferentially about the piston distal from the top land of the piston, and a bottom ring (e.g., a bottom piston ring or an oil ring) may be disposed within the bottom groove. The oil ring may be generally configured to scrape a lubricant (e.g., oil) that lines an inner wall of the cylinder. In some embodiments, one or more additional annular grooves (e.g., one or more additional ring grooves or additional compression ring grooves) may extend circumferentially about the piston, and one or more additional rings (e.g., additional compression rings) may be disposed within the one or more additional ring grooves. Together, the top ring, the oil ring, and/or the additional ring may form a ring pack and may generally control flow of combustion gases and/or lubricant (e.g., oil) within the engine.
During operation of the reciprocating engine, fuel and air combust in a combustion chamber, causing the piston to move within the cylinder. The combustion gases also exert a pressure against an outer circumferential face of the top ring, driving the top ring radially inward away from the inner wall of the cylinder. The disclosed embodiments may include one or more channels configured to transfer the combustion gases to a space adjacent to an inner circumferential face of the top ring, such that the combustion gases exert a radially outward directed force on the inner circumferential face of the top ring. Advantageously, the one or more channels may also facilitate oil control within the cylinder. For example, the one or more channels may enable the top ring to maintain contact with the inner wall of the cylinder, and therefore, may enable the top ring to scrape oil along the inner wall of the cylinder. By way of another example, without the one or more channels, oil may accumulate in the top groove and may block the flow of the combustion gases to the space. In the disclosed embodiments, the one or more channels may enable oil to escape from the top groove (e.g., into the combustion chamber or along the inner wall of the cylinder). Thus, the one or more channels may facilitate flow of oil within and out of the top groove and/or reduce residence time of oil within the top groove, which may generally improve oil flow and control. In such cases, the oil ring may be a low-tension oil ring that is configured to exert a pressure of less than approximately 1 Megapascal (MPa) against the inner wall of the cylinder, for example. The piston having the features disclosed herein may effectively and efficiently control oil, while blocking radial ring collapse, as well as reducing blowby of unburned hydrocarbons, oil consumption, emissions, and/or friction between components, which may result in less wear and scuffing, for example.
Turning to the drawings,
The system 8 disclosed herein may be adapted for use in stationary applications (e.g., in industrial power generating engines) or in mobile applications (e.g., in cars or aircraft). The engine 10 may be a two-stroke engine, three-stroke engine, four-stroke engine, five-stroke engine, or six-stroke engine. The engine 10 may also include any number of combustion chambers 12, pistons 20, and associated cylinders (e.g., 1-24). For example, in certain embodiments, the system 8 may include a large-scale industrial reciprocating engine having 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 24 or more pistons 20 reciprocating in cylinders. In some such cases, the cylinders and/or the pistons 20 may have a diameter of between approximately 13.5-34 centimeters (cm). In some embodiments, the cylinders and/or the pistons 20 may have a diameter of between approximately 10-40 cm, 15-25 cm, or about 15 cm. In certain embodiments, the piston 20 may be a steel piston or an aluminum piston with a Ni-resist ring insert in a top ring groove of the piston 20. The system 8 may generate power ranging from 10 kW to 10 MW. In some embodiments, the engine 10 may operate at less than approximately 1800 revolutions per minute (RPM). In some embodiments, the engine 10 may operate at less than approximately 2000 RPM, 1900 RPM, 1700 RPM, 1600 RPM, 1500 RPM, 1400 RPM, 1300 RPM, 1200 RPM, 1000 RPM, 900 RPM, or 750 RPM. In some embodiments, the engine 10 may operate between approximately 750-2000 RPM, 900-1800 RPM, or 1000-1600 RPM. In some embodiments, the engine 10 may operate at approximately 1800 RPM, 1500 RPM, 1200 RPM, 1000 RPM, or 900 RPM. Exemplary engines 10 may include General Electric Company's Jenbacher Engines (e.g., Jenbacher Type 2, Type 3, Type 4, Type 6 or J920 FleXtra) or Waukesha Engines (e.g., Waukesha VGF, VHP, APG, 275GL), for example.
The top ring 44 is configured to protrude radially outward from the top groove 42 to contact the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26. The top ring 44 generally blocks the fuel 18 and the air 16, or a fuel-air mixture 82, from escaping from the combustion chamber 12 and/or facilitates maintenance of suitable pressure to enable the expanding hot combustion gases to cause the reciprocating motion of the piston 20. Furthermore, the top ring 44 of the present embodiments may be configured to facilitate scraping of oil, which coats the inner annular wall 28 and which controls heat and/or friction within the engine 10, for example.
As shown, the piston 20 includes a bottom annular groove 46 (e.g., a bottom ring groove or an oil ring groove) extending circumferentially about the piston 20. A bottom ring 48 (e.g., a bottom piston ring or an oil ring) is disposed within the bottom groove 46. The oil ring 48 may protrude radially outward from the bottom groove 46 to contact the inner wall 28 of the cylinder 26. The oil ring 48 is generally configured to scrape oil that lines an inner wall 28 of the cylinder 26 and to control oil flow within the cylinder 26.
In some embodiments, one or more additional annular grooves 50 (e.g., one or more additional ring grooves or additional compression ring grooves) may extend circumferentially about the piston 20. In some such cases, the additional annular grooves 50 may be positioned between the top groove 42 and the bottom groove 46. In some embodiments, one or more additional rings 52 (e.g., one or more additional rings or additional compression rings) may be disposed within each of the one or more additional ring grooves 50. The additional rings 52 may be configured to block blowby and/or to scrape oil from the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26.
As shown, the piston 20 is attached to a crankshaft 54 via a connecting rod 56 and a pin 58. The crankshaft 54 translates the reciprocating linear motion of the piston 24 into a rotating motion. As the piston 20 moves, the crankshaft 54 rotates to power the load 24 (shown in
A clearance 78 (e.g., a radial clearance defining an annular space) is provided between the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26 and an outer surface 80 (e.g., an annular surface) of the top land 40 of the piston 20. As discussed above, it is desirable to maintain contact between the top ring 44 and the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26 to prevent blowby as well as to enable the top ring 44 to scrape oil from the inner annular wall 28, for example. However, during operation of the engine 10, the combustion gases from the combustion chamber 12 contact an outer face 90 (e.g., a radially outer face or an outer circumferential face) of the top ring 44 and exert a force that drives the top ring 44 radially inward (e.g., along the radial axis 36) away from the inner wall 28 of the cylinder 26. Accordingly, present embodiments include one or more channels (e.g., passageways, troughs, grooves, or the like), such as one or more radial channels 100, configured to transfer combustion gases to a space (shown in
Additionally, the one or more radial channels 100 may advantageously enable use of a low-tension oil ring 48. In typical engines, such low-tension oil rings 48 may not exert enough pressure against the inner annular wall 28 to effectively and reliably scrape oil from the inner annular wall 28 and may not adequately control oil within the cylinder 26. Additionally, without the one or more radial channels 100, oil may block flow of combustion gases through the top groove 42. However, in the presently disclosed embodiments, the one or more radial channels 100 may enable the combustion gases to exert a radially-outward pressure on the top ring 44, thereby enabling the top ring 44 to maintain contact with the inner annular wall 28 and to scrape oil from the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26. Additionally, the one or more radial channels 100 increases an axial distance (shown in
By way of example, the low-tension oil ring 48 may be configured to exert a unit pressure of less than approximately 1 MPa against the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26. The unit pressure exerted by the low-tension oil ring 48 is discussed in more detail below with respect to
In the illustrated embodiment, the oil ring 48 is disposed in the bottom groove 46. As discussed above, the oil ring 48 may be a low-tension oil ring 48, which enables the oil ring 48 to scrape oil from the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26 while reducing friction between the oil ring 48 and the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26. As discussed above, the one or more radial channels 100 may enable the top ring 44 and the low-tension oil ring 48 to adequately control oil within the engine 10. Advantageously, the piston assembly 25 having the features disclosed herein may effectively and efficiently control oil and scrape oil from the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26, while blocking radial ring collapse, as well as reducing blowby, oil consumption, emissions, and/or friction between components, which may result in less wear and scuffing, for example.
Additionally, as shown in
Although the radial channels 100 are shown as having a curved cross-section, it should be understood that the radial channels 100 may have any suitable cross-section or configuration that facilitates transfer of the combustion gases in the manner disclosed herein. Furthermore, although multiple radial channels 100 are illustrated, it should be understood that any number of radial channels 100 may be provided, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more. Additionally, the radial channels 100 may be distributed in any suitable manner, including with a uniform circumferential spacing about the piston 20.
With the foregoing in mind,
Although a gap 120 (e.g., a top groove clearance) is provided between a top face 110 (e.g., an axially upper face) of the top ring 44 and the axially-facing surface 101 of the piston 20 to enable some combustion gases to flow within the top groove 42, the first axial distance 102 across the gap 120 is desirably configured to minimize ring lift and flutter. Thus, oil may accumulate in the relatively small gap 120 and block the flow of combustion gases through the top groove 42. Thus, the gap 120 may not enable efficient, reliable transfer of the combustion gases to an inner face 124 (e.g., a radially inner face or an inner circumferential face) of the top ring 44, if the gap 120 is blocked with oil. Accordingly, without the disclosed radial channels 100, a large pressure differential may exist across the top ring 44 (e.g., between the outer face 90 and the inner face 124), if the gap 120 is blocked with oil. For example, without the disclosed radial channels 100, the pressure adjacent to the outer face 90 may be greater than the pressure adjacent to the inner face 124. In such cases, the top ring 44 may be susceptible to radial ring collapse, which in turn results in increased oil consumption and blowby, for example.
In the present embodiments, the radial channels 100 may be configured to facilitate transfer of the combustion gases to a space 130 (e.g., an annular space) adjacent to the inner face 124 of the top ring 44 and an inner wall 131 (e.g., an inner annular wall) of the top groove 42, which may provide increased stability of the top ring 44. The combustion gases in the space 130 may exert a radially-outward force 134 to balance or to counter the radially-inward force 108, and the pressure across the top ring 44 may be substantially equal or otherwise controlled to block radial ring collapse and to maintain contact between the top ring 44 and the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26, for example. As shown, the outer circumferential surface 90 of the top ring 44 is configured to contact the inner annular wall 28 to form an annular sealing point 114 (e.g., an annular seal). Such a configuration may advantageously enable the top ring 44 to scrape oil from the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26 during operation of the engine 10. Additionally, oil is generally a viscous and adhesive liquid that may adhere to the piston 20, including the top groove 42, in certain circumstances. The radial channels 100 provide the larger axial distance 103 between the top ring 44 and the axially-facing surface 101, as well as lower surface area to volume ratio. Such a configuration may reduce adhesion and generally facilitate flow of the oil out of the top groove 42 (e.g., to the combustion chamber 12 or along the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26) and therefore, may improve top ring stability to maintain oil control and reduce oil consumption within the engine 10.
As noted above, in certain embodiment, the one or more radial channels 100 may enable use of the low-tension oil ring 48. The low-tension oil ring 48 is configured such that the friction between the low-tension oil ring 48 and the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26 is reduced, while still maintaining adequate oil control. The low-tension oil ring 48 may have any suitable shape or configuration. As shown, the low-tension oil ring 48 includes an outer face 140 (e.g., a radially outer face or an outer circumferential face). In the illustrated embodiment, the oil ring 48 has a U-shaped cross-section having a first annular protrusion 142 (e.g., a first rail) and a second annular protrusion 144 (e.g., a second rail) that are configured to engage and to scrape oil from the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26. The first annular protrusion 142 has a first width 146 (e.g., a width configured to contact the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26) and the second annular protrusion 144 has a second width 148 (e.g., a width configured to contact the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26). The first width 146 and the second width 148 may be generally the same or may be different from one another. A spring 150 (e.g., an annular spring) is coupled to the oil ring 48 and is configured to urge the oil ring 48 radially outward toward the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26.
As shown, the piston assembly 25 includes one additional ring 52. The additional ring 25 is positioned in the additional groove 50 axially between the top groove 42 and the bottom groove 46. The additional ring 52 may have any suitable shape or configuration. As shown, the additional ring 52 includes a tapered outer face 152 (e.g., a radially outer face or an outer circumferential face having a conical and/or curved annular surface). The additional ring 52 may generally be configured to block blowby, to scrape oil from the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26, and/or to control an amount of oil that reaches the top ring 44. As noted above, in some embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure, the additional ring 52 may not be provided. Rather, the top ring 44 and the oil ring 48 may together provide adequate oil control without the additional ring 52.
As noted above, in certain embodiments, the low-tension oil ring 48 may be configured to exert a relatively low unit pressure against the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26. The unit pressure is proportional to a tangential force (e.g., tension) exerted by the oil ring 28, oil ring width (e.g., the sum of the first width 146 and the second width 148), and a bore diameter 156 of the cylinder 26. The tangential force is the circumferential force (e.g., along the circumferential axis 34) of the spring 150 when compressed within the bore diameter 156. In equation 1 shown below, Pu is the unit pressure, Ft is the tangential force, w is the oil ring width 146, 148, and D is the bore diameter 156.
In certain embodiments, the low-tension oil ring 48 may be configured to exert a unit pressure of less than approximately 1 MPa against the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26. In some embodiments, the low-tension oil ring 48 may be configured to exert a unit pressure of less than approximately 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, or 1.5 MPa. In some embodiments, the low-tension oil ring 48 may be configured to exert a unit pressure of between approximately 0.2 to 1, 0.4 to 0.75, or 0.7 to 0.9 MPa. Additionally, in certain embodiments, the first width 146 and/or the second width 148 may each be approximately 0.08 millimeters (mm), 0.09 mm, 0.1 millimeters (mm), 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm, 0.9 mm, or 1 mm. In some embodiments, the first width 146 and/or the second width 148 may each be between approximately 0.09 to 0.6 mm, 0.1 to 0.5 mm, or 0.2 to 0.4 mm, for example. Advantageously, the low-tension oil ring 48 reduces friction within the engine 10 (e.g., between the oil ring 48 and the cylinder 26), resulting in greater efficiency and less wear and tear on the components of the engine 10. Together with the radial channels 100, the top ring 44, and/or the additional ring 52, the low-tension oil ring 48 may facilitate adequate oil control within the engine 10.
As shown, the radial channels 100 formed in the top ring 44 may extend radially inward (e.g., in the radial direction 36) from the outer face 90 to the inner face 124 of the top ring 44. The radial channels 100 may increase the axial distance 102 between the top face 110 of the top ring 44 and the upper surface 101 of the top groove 42 along the radius 104 coincident with the radial channel 100. Thus, the radial channel 100 may facilitate flow of the combustion gases from the cavity 30 to the space 130 adjacent to the inner face 124, as shown by arrow 162. As discussed above, the transfer of gases to the space 130 may control the pressure differential between the annular outer face 90 and the inner face 124 of the top ring 44, and thus enable the top ring 44 to maintain contact with the inner wall 28 of the cylinder 26.
Furthermore, the axial channel 160 is shown extending in the axial direction 34 from a top surface 161 of the piston 20 through the top land 40 to the space 130. Thus, the axial channel 160 may facilitate flow of the combustion gases from the combustion chamber 12 to the space 130 adjacent to the inner face 124, as shown by arrow 166. As discussed above, the transfer of gases to the space 130 may control the pressure differential between the outer face 90 and the inner face 124 of the top ring 44, and thus enable the top ring 44 having the tapered or partially tapered annular outer face 90 to maintain contact with the inner wall 28 of the cylinder 26.
As set forth above, the radial channels 100 and/or the axial channels 160 may help to equalize pressures or create pressure differential between the inner face 124 of the top ring 44 and the outer face 90 of the top ring 44, thereby helping to bias the top ring 44 radially-outward against the cylinder 26 to block radial ring collapse and/or blowby, for example. For example, the radial channels 100 and/or the axial channels 160 may help equalize the pressures axially above the sealing point 114, while generating a positive pressure differential axially below the sealing point 114 to urge the top ring 44 radially outward against the inner annular wall 28 of the cylinder 26. Additionally, the top ring 44, the radial channels 100, and/or the axial channels 160 may be constructed to block radial ring collapse and blowby, while also providing oil control within the engine 10. Such a configuration may enable use of the low-tension oil ring 48, which advantageously reduces friction between various components of the engine 10.
Although the radial channels 100 and/or the axial channels 160 are illustrated in various positions within the engine 10, it should be understood that the radial channels 100 and/or the axial channels 160 may be positioned in any suitable location to facilitate transfer of combustion gases to the space 130 adjacent to the inner face 124 of the top ring 44. Additionally, any suitable number of radial channels 100 and/or axial channels 160 may be provided. For example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more radial channels 100 may be provided and/or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more axial channels 160 may be provided. The radial channels 100 in the top ring 44, the radial channels 100 in the upper surface 101 of the top groove 42, and/or the axial channels 160 may be spaced apart at discrete locations about the circumference of the piston 20, and in some cases, may be spaced apart at uniform distances from one another. Furthermore, various low friction coatings may be utilized in addition to the radial channels 100 and/or the axial channels 160 disclosed herein.
Additionally, in some embodiments having the radial channels 100 positioned in the top ring 44 and/or the axial channels 160, the additional groove 50 and the additional ring 52 are not provided. Thus, the top groove 42 and the bottom groove 46 are the only grooves that extend circumferentially about the piston 20 and that are configured to support rings (e.g., the top ring 44 and the oil ring 48), as shown in
Additionally, as shown in
Technical effects of the disclosed embodiments include providing systems for controlling the distribution of combustion gases within the engine 10 via channels, such as radial channels 100 and/or axial channels 160. For example, the combustion gases may exert pressure against the outer face 90 of the top ring 44 of the piston assembly. Radial channels 100 formed in the top land 40 or in the top ring 44 may transfer the combustion gases to the space 130 adjacent to the inner surface 124 of the top ring 44, thus controlling a pressure gradient between the outer face 90 and the inner face 124 and enabling the top ring 44 to maintain contact with the inner wall 28 of the cylinder 26. Such a configuration may also advantageously control oil within the engine 10, enabling the use of the low-tension oil ring 48. The disclosed embodiments may advantageously reduce oil consumption, emissions, blowby, radial ring collapse, and/or friction within the engine 10, for example.
This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
