Patent Application
20120080004
Internal combustion engine manufacturers are constantly seeking to increase power output and fuel efficiency of their products. One method of generally increasing efficiency and power is to reduce the oscillating mass of an engine, e.g., of the pistons, connecting rods, and other moving parts of the engine. Engine power may also be increased by raising the compression ratio of the engine. Raising the compression ratio of an engine also generally raises the pressure and temperature within the combustion chamber during operation.
Engines, and in particular the pistons of the engine, are therefore under increased stress as a result of these reductions in weight and increased pressures and temperatures associated with engine operation. Piston cooling is therefore increasingly important for withstanding the increased stress of such operational conditions over the life of the engine.
To reduce the operating temperatures of piston components, a cooling gallery may be provided about a perimeter of the piston. A coolant such as crankcase oil may be introduced to the cooling gallery, and may be distributed about the cooling gallery by the reciprocating motion of the piston, thereby reducing the operating temperature of the piston.
At the same time, the cooling galleries may increase overall complexity of the piston assembly. For example, cooling galleries may require additional component, such as cooling gallery covers, in order to encourage proper circulation of a coolant throughout the cooling gallery. A cooling gallery may rely on a cover plate fitted to the piston crown that generally traps coolant (e.g., oil) within the cooling gallery, thereby increasing the cooling effect of the gallery. The additional components also add complexity, however. Additionally, cooling galleries may be expensive and/or difficult to form in smaller piston applications such as in the case of lightweight or light duty pistons.
Accordingly, there is a need for a piston that minimizes overall piston weight and manufacturing complexity, while also allowing adequate cooling, such as by providing a cooling gallery.
While the claims are not limited to the illustrated examples, an appreciation of various aspects is best gained through a discussion of various examples thereof. Referring now to the drawings, illustrative embodiments are shown in detail. Although the drawings represent the embodiments, the drawings are not necessarily to scale and certain features may be exaggerated to better illustrate and explain an innovative aspect of an embodiment. Further, the embodiments described herein are not intended to be exhaustive or otherwise limiting or restricting to the precise form and configuration shown in the drawings and disclosed in the following detailed description. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in detail by referring to the drawings as follows:
Reference in the specification to “an exemplary illustration”, an “example” or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the exemplary approach is included in at least one illustration. The appearances of the phrase “in an illustration” or similar type language in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same illustration or example.
Various exemplary illustrations are provided herein of a piston assembly and a method of making such an assembly. An exemplary piston assembly may include a piston crown and a piston skirt that is received in a central opening of the crown. The piston crown may include a ring belt portion defining, at least in part, a cooling gallery. The crown and skirt may each further include corresponding mating surfaces that extend about a periphery of the crown and skirt. The skirt mating surface and crown mating surface may generally be secured to each other that the crown and the skirt cooperate to form a continuous upper combustion bowl surface. The skirt and crown may cooperate to define a radially outer gap about a periphery of the piston crown.
Exemplary methods of making a piston assembly may include providing a piston crown that includes a ring belt portion defining at least in part a cooling gallery. An exemplary method may further include receiving a piston skirt in a central opening of the crown such that the crown and skirt cooperate to form a continuous upper combustion bowl surface. An exemplary method may further include securing the skirt to the crown along corresponding mating surfaces of the skirt and crown. The skirt and crown may generally cooperate to define a radially outer gap about a periphery of the piston crown.
Turning now to
The piston skirt 104 generally supports the crown 102 during engine operation, e.g., by interfacing with surfaces of an engine bore (not shown) to stabilize the piston assembly 100 during reciprocal motion within the bore. For example, the skirt 104 may have an outer surface 126 that generally defines a circular outer shape about at least a portion of a perimeter of the piston assembly 100. The outer shape may correspond to the engine bore surfaces, which may be generally cylindrical. The circular skirt surfaces 126 may generally slide along the bore surfaces as the piston moves reciprocally within the bore. The skirt 104 may be formed in any manner that is convenient, e.g., forging, cold forming, machining, or the like.
The skirt 104 may also define piston pin bosses 105. The piston pin bosses 105 may generally be formed with apertures configured to receive a piston pin (not shown). For example, a piston pin may be inserted through the apertures in the piston pin bosses 105, thereby generally securing the skirt 104 to a contacting rod (not shown).
The ring belt portion 106 of the crown 102 may define, at least in part, a cooling gallery 108, as best seen in
The cooling gallery 108 may be generally enclosed entirely within the crown 102. For example, the cooling gallery 108 may be enclosed by a cooling gallery cover plate 116 (as shown in
As best seen in
By fixedly joining the piston crown 102 and the piston skirt 104, the piston assembly 100 is generally formed as a one-piece or “monobloc” assembly. As will be described further below, the crown 102 and skirt 104 components may be joined at the mating surfaces 110, 114, and the mating surfaces 110, 114 may form the sole connection between the crown 102 and skirt 104. In one exemplary illustration, an interface region 190, as best seen in
The piston crown 102 and piston skirt 104 may be constructed from any materials that are convenient. In one exemplary illustration, the crown 102 and skirt 104 are formed of the same material, e.g., steel. In another example, the piston crown 102 may be formed of a different material than the piston skirt 104. Accordingly, a material used for the piston crown 102 may include different mechanical properties, e.g., yield point, tensile strength or notch toughness, than the piston skirt 104. Any material or combination may be employed for the crown 102 and skirt 104 that is convenient. Merely as examples, the crown 102 and/or skirt 104 may be formed of a steel material, cast iron, aluminum material, composite, or powdered metal material. The crown 102 and skirt 104 may also be formed in different processes, e.g., the crown 102 may be a generally single cast piece, while the skirt 104 may be forged. Any material and/or forming combination may be employed that is convenient.
The crown 102 and skirt 104 may be secured to each other in any manner that is convenient. In one exemplary illustration, the crown 102 and the skirt 104 may define corresponding mating surfaces that extend about a circumference of the crown 102 and skirt 104, respectively. More specifically, the crown 102 may define a crown mating surface 110 that generally extends about a periphery of the crown 102. As best seen in
The skirt 104 may secured to the crown 102 such that the crown 102 and the skirt 104 cooperate to form a continuous upper combustion bowl surface S in the combustion bowl area 120 of the piston assembly 100. For example, as best shown in
The combustion bowl surface S may be substantially smooth across an interface between the skirt 104 and the crown 102, e.g., so that disruptions and/or discontinuities in the surface S are minimized. Minimizing such disruptions or discontinuities may generally reduce cracks or other loosening of an interface between the crown 102 and the skirt 104 along the mating surfaces 110 and 114 during normal long-term operation. Accordingly, any defects or failure in the combustion bowl surface S, e.g., due to wear occurring during operation of an engine using piston assembly 100, may be minimized. As will be described further below, welding and/or machining operations used in the formation of piston assembly 100 may reduce surface irregularities in the combustion bowl surface S.
The piston crown 102 and the piston skirt 104 may be secured or fixedly joined to one another in any manner that is convenient including, but not limited to, welding methodologies such as beam welding, laser welding, soldering, or non-welding methodologies such as adhesive bonding, merely as examples. In one example, the piston crown and skirt are joined in a welding process, e.g., laser welding, that allows the weld tool to form a generally smooth combustion bowl surface 120 using minimal machining operations before and/or after a welding process associated with joining the crown 102 and the skirt 104.
A laser welding operation may generally allow the formation of a solid metallic weld between the crown 102 and the skirt 104 while also minimizing the size of an associated heat affected zone. More specifically, as best seen in
A laser weld operation may be performed in any manner that is convenient. Two exemplary illustrations are illustrated in
In an alternative exemplary illustration shown in
Weld lasers LA, LB may be directed toward the mating surfaces 110, 114 at a penetration depth that may be generally equal to or less than a joint depth associated with the mating surfaces 110 and 114. For example, as shown in
Alternatively, weld laser LB is shown penetrating the entire joint depth, resulting in at least some small amount of weld splatter on the opposite side of the weld joint, i.e., along the combustion bowl surface 120. While it may be generally desirable to minimize an overall amount of weld spatter or other surface discontinuities caused by a welding operation, in some illustrations some amount of weld spatter may be permissible. For example, the combustion bowl surface 120 may be generally easily accessed by machining tools after the welding operation to facilitate removal of any spatter. By contrast, weld spatter may be less easily removed within the relatively confined space of the cooling gallery 108, and therefore it may be more desirable to more closely control penetration depth of a laser, e.g., laser LA, when directed radially outwardly.
Additionally, any need for finish machining processes after the welding operation may be reduced by pre-machining of the piston assembly 100, e.g., about the cooling gallery 108 and skirt 104, before the welding operation. For example, generally precise forming of the crown 102 and skirt 104 prior to joining the crown 102 and skirt 104 may minimize the need for cleanup of material flash, weld spatter, or other discontinuities that may result from the various forming and securing operations that may be employed. Accordingly, any necessary finishing machining operations after the welding of the skirt 104 and the crown 102 may be reduced in complexity, extent, and/or cost.
Turning now to
Turning now to
Turning now to
As mentioned above, piston crown 102 may be formed in any process that is convenient. In one exemplary illustration, piston crown 102 is formed from a piston crown blank 102′. For example, the piston crown 102 may be formed from piston crown blank 102′ in a cold forming process that allows the finished piston crown 102 to be work hardened, and thereby strengthened by the cold forming process. Further, as described above, the piston crown blank 102′ may generally define a central aperture 112′ that is eventually formed into central opening 112 of the piston crown 102. The provision of a central aperture 112′ may thereby reduce or eliminate any need for operations for removing material from the center of the piston blank 102′, e.g., punching. Process 500 may then proceed to block 504.
At block 504, a piston skirt may be received within a central opening of the crown. For example, as described above, a piston skirt 104 may be provided that is received within central opening 112 of the piston crown 102. Further, the crown 102 and skirt 104 may generally cooperate to form a continuous upper combustion bowl surface S after the skirt 104 is received within the crown 102. As mentioned above, the skirt 104 may be formed in any manner that is convenient, e.g., forging, cold forming, etc.
Upon receipt of the skirt 104 within the opening 112 of the crown 102, the corresponding mating surfaces 110, 114 may generally be abutted within the combustion bowl 120. For example, as described above the crown 102 may define a radially outer portion of the combustion bowl surface S, while the skirt 104 defines a radially inner portion of the combustion bowl surface S. Further, the skirt 104 and crown 102 may cooperate to define a radially outer gap G that extends about a periphery of the piston crown 102. Process 500 may then proceed to block 506.
At block 506, the crown 102 may be secured to the skirt 104 along the corresponding mating surfaces 110, 114. In one exemplary illustration, the corresponding mating surfaces 110, 114 may generally define the sole connection between the crown 102 and the skirt 104, thereby simplifying assembly of the piston assembly 100. As noted above the crown 102 and skirt 104 may be secured to each other in any manner that is convenient. For example the skirt and crown may be joined in a welding operation, e.g., laser welding.
Turning now to
As also noted above, one or more weld lasers may be directed toward the mating surfaces 110, 114 at a penetration depth that may be equal to or less than a joint depth associated with the mating surfaces 110 and 114. For example, weld laser LA described above forms a weld that generally does not extend entirely through the joint depth along the mating surfaces 110, 114. This may advantageously reduce or eliminate entirely any weld spatter or other surface discontinuities in the cooling gallery 108 and/or the seating surface 140 of the cover plate 116 (not shown in
As generally described above, penetrating an entire weld joint may create more weld spatter, and thus require some additional post-welding cleanup operations such as machining. However, penetration of the entire weld joint may also result in increased strength of the joint between the two materials. Further, a remaining “seam” formed by the mating surfaces 110, 114 may be more permissible where the seam is positioned away from the combustion bowl surface S, where temperatures and/or pressures may be greatest during piston operation. Accordingly, the weld may be optimized for a given application depending on whether greater strength or minimal post-welding machining is a greater priority.
Accordingly, in the exemplary illustration of
Upon completion of the weld in block 606 or the bowl machining in block 602, a finish machining operation may be employed in block 606 to complete any necessary features in the cooling gallery 108 and/or adjacent the cover plate 116 to allow installation of the cover plate 116. For example, minor machining operations may be applied to the piston assembly 100 upon completion of the welding operations to remove surface imperfections or otherwise complete final assembly of the piston assembly 100. For example, inclusions about a weld zone associated with a laser welding operation may be removed by a machining operation. In one exemplary illustration, a machining operation may be used to remove inclusions caused by the welding operation while also finishing the seating surface 140 used to retain the cover plate 116 to enclose the cooling gallery 108.
Any need for finish machining processes after the welding operation may be reduced by pre-machining of the piston assembly 100, e.g., about the cooling gallery 108 and skirt 104, before the welding operation. For example, generally precise forming of the crown 102 and skirt 104 prior to joining the crown 102 and skirt 104 together may minimize the need for cleanup of material flash, weld spatter, or other surface discontinuities that may result from the various forming and securing operations that may be employed. Accordingly, any necessary finishing machining operations after the welding of the skirt 104 and the crown 102 may be reduced in complexity, extent, and/or cost.
Where crown 102 and skirt 104 are welded together, a weld joint between the crown 102 and skirt 104 may be relaxed by a heat treatment after the welding process. Alternatively, a filler material, e.g., filler wire, may be used during the welding operation to generally reduce any need for heat treatment.
Turning again to
Accordingly the piston assembly 100 and an exemplary method 500 of making the assembly generally allow for simplified manufacture of a lightweight piston assembly 100. Additionally, due to the flexibility in selection of materials, the relatively small gap between the skirt and crown that is enabled by the construction of a weld joint in the combustion bowl, and the resulting improved piston dynamics and frictional behavior the piston assembly 100 generally has better noise/vibration/harshness (NVH) characteristics. For example, reduced friction may result in a corresponding reduction in vibrations of the piston assembly 100 due to the reciprocal motion and sliding along engine bore surfaces. Additionally, the piston assembly may also be able to tolerate increased peak combustion pressures generally as a result of the rigidity of the piston assembly 100 and the additional flexibility in material selection. Additionally, manufacturing costs may be reduced due to the simplified forging and welding processes that may be used in some exemplary illustrations.
With regard to the processes, systems, methods, heuristics, etc. described herein, it should be understood that, although the steps of such processes, etc. have been described as occurring according to a certain ordered sequence, such processes could be practiced with the described steps performed in an order other than the order described herein. It further should be understood that certain steps could be performed simultaneously, that other steps could be added, or that certain steps described herein could be omitted. In other words, the descriptions of processes herein are provided for the purpose of illustrating certain embodiments, and should in no way be construed so as to limit the claimed invention.
Accordingly, it is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many embodiments and applications other than the examples provided would be upon reading the above description. The scope of the invention should be determined, not with reference to the above description, but should instead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is anticipated and intended that future developments will occur in the arts discussed herein, and that the disclosed systems and methods will be incorporated into such future embodiments. In sum, it should be understood that the invention is capable of modification and variation and is limited only by the following claims.
All terms used in the claims are intended to be given their broadest reasonable constructions and their ordinary meanings as understood by those skilled in the art unless an explicit indication to the contrary in made herein. In particular, use of the singular articles such as “a,” “the,” “said,” etc. should be read to recite one or more of the indicated elements unless a claim recites an explicit limitation to the contrary.
