Plant based formulation for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome by its adiponectin enhancing property

Abstract

The invention relates to a plant based formulation for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome by its adiponectin enhancing property comprising of an effective amount of hydro-methanolic extract of Salacia reticulata, Tribulus terrestris, Curcuma longa and Dioscorea bulbifera and optionally additives in trace amounts.

Description

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to a herbal based formulation for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome by its adiponectin enhancing property. The formulation of present invention may be advantageous if used for the prevention and management of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia including atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in metabolic syndrome patients particularly its beneficial effect on adiponectin, leptin, resistin, serum insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, oxidized LDL-c, triglycerides, interleukin-6, TNF-α including hs CRP.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

The metabolic syndrome represents a combined occurrence of atherogenic dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension and obesity. It is established that obesity and metabolic syndrome significantly influence the onset of cardiovascular disorders particularly in presence of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Increasing incidence of obesity has markedly enhanced the prevalence of metabolic syndrome world wide. Pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state, responsible for endothelial dysfunction is a common feature among metabolic syndrome cases. In metabolic syndrome the status of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension exhibits a pro-thrombotic state.

It is reported that about one quarter of adults and about nine percent of teenagers are having metabolic syndrome. Persons with metabolic syndrome are two times more at risk of developing heart disease and five times at risk of developing diabetes. The etiopathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is both genetic and environmental factors. Excess abdominal fat, defect in insulin action and energy storage are the major risk factors playing role in the occurrence of metabolic syndrome. According to the National Cholesterol Education Program of Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) guidelines for identifying metabolic syndrome, the diagnosis is based upon the involvement of three or more of the components together like abdominal obesity, triglycerides, HDL-c, blood pressure and fasting glucose level.

Obesity play a major role in the development of metabolic syndrome. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Both genetic as well as environmental factors are the predisposing factor for weight grain and causing obesity. Obesity management requires a drastic pharmacotherapy due to unsatisfactory results of diet control and exercise. Recently the anti-obesity agent sibutramine an appetite suppressant and Orlistat an inhibitor of fat absorption, is being used for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.

Maximum attention has been focused on the identification and treatment of dyslipidemia associated with metabolic syndrome. The abnormality in lipid metabolism with abdominal fat accumulation is well defined. An increased number of small dense LDL particles is constant feature of dyslipidemia of abdominal adiposity as they are associated with insulin resistance, intra-abdominal fat and hypertension. LDL comprises a spectrum of particles that vary in size, density, chemical composition and atherogenic potentials. The presence of small dense cholesterol-depleted LDL particles is associated with an increased risk of mycordial infarction and further worsens due to severity of cardiovascular disease. Due to the mechanism the small dense LDL particles enter in to the arterial wall more easily bind to arterial wall proteoglycans more avidly and are susceptible to oxidative modification, leading to macrophage uptake all of which may contributing to increased atherogenesis.

The evaluation of apolipo-B in the metabolic syndrome can help in targeting patients for aggressive lipid-lowering therapy. High levels of LDL-c are generally accepted to be one of the strongest risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance is associated with increased numbers of small VLDL-c and LDL-c particles, reflected by higher apolipo-B levels, with decreased triglyceride to apolipo-B ratios compared with those in individuals with normal insulin sensitivity. Studies have shown that increased apolipo-B and apolipo-B-containing lipoproteins (VLDL-c and LDL-c) are related to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease found significantly higher in individuals with metabolic syndrome.

Evidence suggests an association between chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus and arthrosclerosis. Recently, workers have reported that chronic inflammatory process may enhance insulin resistance and impaired β-cell function which are the risk factors for the occurrence of diabetes.

A number of studies have indicated that obesity and insulin resistance are associated with higher levels of markers of inflammation and endothelial function. Thus the relationship between various inflammatory markers particularly c-reactive protein and interleukin-6 and risk of development of type-2 diabetes mellitus is well established. Adiponectin i.e. adipocyte derived hormone has potentiality to down regulate inflammatory responses and also to improve glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Adiponectin is related to insulin resistance and adiposity in humans and it is protective against the risk of development of diabetes.

Recently adiponectin has been discovered as a potential agent derived from adipose tissue. Low plasma levels of adiponectin are associated with insulin resistance, obesity, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia and ultimately results in coronary heart disease. This hormones has been shown to be a key regulator of insulin sensitivity in human being. Adiponectin is an adipose tissues derived glycoprotein totally secreted by adipose tissue. Circulating adiponectin activates the peroxisome, proliferators activated receptor (PPAR-α) which are responsible for the regulation of glucose metabolism. Several workers have observed that hypo-adiponectenemia is a result of obesity indused, insulin resistance in adipose tissues. The molecular mechanism of insulin resistance specially in adipose tissues can only be understood from the study of endocrine regulation of energy metabolism and the role of various adipokines like leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin and resistin. All these above adipokines are produced by adipose tissues. The biological effects of adiponectin in humans have been a subjects of interests to the pharmacologist who are searching sub-specific targets who can regulates the abnormal anergy metabolism and can prevent the occurrence of insulin resistance, obesity and other related complications of metabolic syndrome. In case of insulin resistance plasma adiponectin is significantly less and this also associated with elevated levels of lipoprotein, glycemic index and dyslipidemia. It has been reported that adiponectin gene variants were one of the cause of obesity and insulin resistance.

Keeping the above facts in view it was proposed to develop a novel plant based formulation which has adiponectin enhancing property among metabolic syndrome patients so that atherosclerotic process and insulin resistance can be improved and future occurrence of adverse cardiac event may be prevented.

Scientific evaluation of some of the Ayurvedic drugs have shown better efficacy over standard pharmacologic therapies with minimum or without any side effect. The successful management of metabolic syndrome is seldom possible with a single drug entity as it is a disease condition clustering a group of abnormalities. In Ayurvedic system of medicine a comprehensive description as well as prevention and management strategies is given for obesity and diabetes. Thus taking lead from Ayurvedic classics the present test formulation has been prepared and evaluation on scientific parameters involved with metabolic syndrome particularly the adiponectin enhancing property of drugs is validated.

OBJECTS OF INVENTION

The primary object of present invention is to propose a plant based herbal formulation having adiponectin enhancing property so that patients of metabolic syndrome can be treated successfully without any adverse reaction.

Another object of present invention is to propose a plant based herbal formulation that can improve the insulin resistance among metabolic syndrome patients.

Yet another object of present invention is to propose a plant based Ayurvedic formulation beneficial in the prevention and management of abnormal lipids particularly oxidized LDL-c and triglycerides in metabolic syndrome patients.

Further, object of present invention is to propose a plant based Ayurvedic formulation having potential role in reducing elevated adipokines leptin and resist in involved with metabolic syndrome.

Still, another object of present invention is to propose a plant based herbal formulation showing adiponectin enhancing potential so that it can be effective in the management of vascular inflammation by reducing TNF-α, IL-6 and hs CRP in metabolic syndrome patients.

The foregoing has outlined some of the pertinent objectives of the invention. These objectives should not be construed to be merely illustrative of some of the more prominent features and applications of the intended invention. Many other beneficial results can be obtained by applying the disclosed invention in a different manner or modifying the invention within the scope of disclosure.

Accordingly, other objects and a full understanding of the invention and the detailed description of the preferred embodiment in addition to the scope of invention are to be defined by the claims herein.

These and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the ensuing description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Further objectives and advantages of this invention will be more apparent from the ensuing description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1(a), FIG. 1(b) and

FIG. 1(c) shows. Flow Diagram of the process.

FIG. 2. Reduction in body mass Index following test drug treatment in Metabolic Syndrome Cases.

FIG. 3. Beneficial effect of test formulation on blood pressure in Metabolic Syndrome cases.

FIG. 4. Decrease in blood glucose level following test drug treatment in Metabolic Syndrome cases.

FIG. 5. Decline in total cholesterol and triglycerides concentration following test drug treatment in Metabolic Syndrome Cases.

FIG. 6. Beneficial role of test drug on LDL-c and HDL-c among Metabolic Syndrome Cases.

FIG. 7. Beneficial role of test drug on apolipo (B) among Metabolic Syndrome Cases.

FIG. 8. Regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines following drug treatment in Metabolic Syndrome Cases.

FIG. 9. Decrease in TNF-α and Endothelin concentration following test drug treatment in Metabolic Syndrome Cases.

FIG. 10. Effect of test drug on Leptin and Adiponectin concentration in Metabolic Syndrome Cases.

While the invention is described in conjunction with the illustrated embodiment, it is understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to such embodiment. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention disclosure as defined by the claims.

STATEMENT OF INVENTION

According to this invention there is provided a plant based formulation for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome by its adiponectin enhancing property comprising of an effective amount of hydro-methanolic extract of Salacia reticulata, Tribulus terrestris, Curcuma longa and Dioscorea bulbifera and optionally additives in trace amounts.

In other embodiments, the invention is a plant based formulation comprising Dioscorea bulbifera and at least two hydro-methanolic extracts selected from Salacia reticulata, Tribulus terrestris, and Curcuma longa. Exemplary formulations include hydro-methanolics extracts of Salacia reticulata, Tribulus terrestris, and Dioscorea bulbifera; hydro-methanolic extracts of Curcuma longa, Tribulus terrestris, and Dioscorea bulbifera; hydro-methanolic extracts of Curcuma longa, Salacia reticulata, and Dioscorea bulbifera; hydro-methanolic extracts of Curcuma longa, Tribulus terrestris, and Dioscorea bulbifera; and hydro-methanolic extracts of Curcuma longa, Tribulus terrestris, Salacia reticulata and Dioscorea bulbifera.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

At the outset of the description, which follows, it is to be understood that the ensuing description only illustrate a particular form of the invention. However, such a particular form is only an exemplary embodiment and the teachings of the invention are not intended to be taken restrictively.

For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference is now to be made to the embodiments illustrates and the specific language would be used to describe the same. It is nevertheless to be understood that no limitations of the scope of the invention is hereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated bag and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.

The hydro-methanolic extract of four Ayurvedic plants Salacia reticulata, Curcuma longa, Tribulus terrestris and Dioscorea bulbifera prepared by using 50:50 ratio of water and methanol is utilized for the development of present novel formulation. In order to establish the beneficial role of test formulation a mechanism based experimental and clinical studies were carried out. The water utilized for extraction was decontaminated for any type of bacterial or abnormal growth by using reverse osmosis plant. After extraction the active molecules was identified and separated by HPLC, HPTLC and NMR procedures.

The biological property was determined on the basis of mode of action of single plant selected for preparation of formulation as well as combined formulation by validation of its role in adiponectin enhancing effects in particular and improvement in other abnormalities like insulin resistance, abnormal lipids, oxidized LDL-c and triglycerides, atherosclerotic process, inflammatory process and also reduction in leptin and resistin adipocytes in metabolic syndrome patients.

Before utilizing the drug for human consumption the pre-clinical safety and efficacy profile of single as well as combined formulation were carried out following international norms. The anti-obesity, anti-atherosclerotic and blood glucose lowering activity of test drug was evaluated in experimental models. The animal model of high fat diet induced obesity, high cholesterol diet induced atherosclerosis and streptozotocin induced hyperglycemia for diabetes was designed and beneficial role of test formulation was evaluated on adiponectin, leptin, resistin, blood glucose levels, LDL-c, triglycerides, IL-6, TNF-α and hs CRP in the above experimental models. A mechanism based study indicated the therapeutic potential of the test drug in the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome through its adiponectin enhancing activity.

Extraction Procedure:

The shed dried root of Salacia reticulata, rhizome of Curcuma longa, fruits of Tribulus terrestris and rhizome of Dioscorea bulbifera were separately utilized for obtaining extracted material of the plants. The hydro-methanol extract of the plants were utilized to determine the presence of specific active molecule/active compound in a particular extracted material. After identification and separation of active compound the molecular characterization of plant extracts was carried out by using IR and NMR.

The extraction was done at the temperature of 60-70° c. and the pH of the solution was maintained at 6-8. The steps, as indicated in FIG. 1(a), FIG. 1(b) and FIG. 1 (c), were carried out to isolate the active compound, to assess the biological activity of test formulation and to develop a new drug entity. (See FIG. 1(a), FIG. 1(b) and FIG. 1 (c))

According to this invention there is provided a plant based Ayurvedic formulation showing efficacy in the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome through its adiponectin enhancing property. The present Ayurvedic test formulation comprising on the following ingredients—

1. Salacia reticulata (Saptachakra)—Root and fruits

2. Tribulus terrestris (Gokshur)—Fruits

3. Curcuma longa (Haridra)—Rhizome

4. Dioscorea bulbifera (Varahikand)—Rhizome (yam)

Preferable the aforesaid plants are present in the following doses in the test formulation—

	Name of the plants	Dose
1.	Salacia reticulata	250-450 mg/day
2.	Tribulus terrestris	175-375 mg/day
3.	Curcuma longa	125-250 mg/day
4.	Dioscorea bulbifera	250-425 mg/day

The formulation may also comprise known additives such as minerals, vitamins, salts, filler (for capsulation or to prepare syrup) and binders, if required to present in trace amount.

Thus any known additive or supplement is added to prepare the final formulation as required and present in trace amount. Reference is made here in capsule form. However, it would be apparent that the preparation may also be in the form of syrup/tablet.

Preferably but without implying any limitation the present preparation comprises—

	Name of the plants	Dose
1.	Salacia reticulata	300 mg/day
2.	Tribulus terrestris	225 mg/day
3.	Curcuma longa	175 mg/day
4.	Dioscorea bulbifera	250 mg/day

Hypothesis:

The present plant based Ayurvedic formulation is prepared out of the four plant extracts namely Salacia reticulata, Tribulus terrestris, Curcuma longa and Dioscorea bulbifera in effective doses. The formulation has been proven for its adiponectin enhancing property which is one of the most important biomarkers for abnormalities involved with metabolic syndrome. Thus it is proposed that abnormal lipid contents, insulin resistance, atherosclerotic process, obesity and other factors involved with metabolic syndrome cases can be managed and future risk of coronary heart disease/ischemic heart disease can be prevented by application of present test formulation.

As metabolic syndrome is a multi-factorial disorder and is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease therefore the drugs should not only be targeted to reduce body weight rather it should be equally beneficial in the management of blood pressure, insulin resistance and lipid metabolism. The present test formulation contains the extract of Salacia reticulata and Dioscorea bulbifera prominently which has shown anti-obesity, hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-oxidant activity and improvement in insulin resistance in several studies.

The role of adiponectin may be considered in the development of type-2 diabetes mellitus and associated microvascular complications and can be used as an early prediction of type-2 diabetes mellitus, where as no other inflammatory and vascular marker can predict onset of diabetes. The modulation of adiponectin is helpful in the prevention and management of type-2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. A correlation has been established between low plasma adiponectin with high serum triglycerides, impaired fasting and postprandial plasma glucose concentrations. In our experimental and clinical trials the test formulation revealed that combined formulation has shown effectiveness in the treatment of obesity followed by insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Further, several studies have shown that adiponectin exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in atherogenesis. Adiponectin also inhibits oxidized LDL induced cell proliferation and suppress cellular superoxide generation. Adiponectin alters inflammatory reactions in various pathogenesis. The cases treated with test formulation revealed lower level of blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, serum insulin, leptin and increase in adiponectin compared to baseline values. Studies have indicated that dietary disogenin found in the plant Dioscorea bulbifera has shown lipid lowering, anti-inflammatory and blood glucose lowering effects. The mechanism of action of test drug may be that by regulating the enzymes there is increase in insulin receptor sensitivity and it inhibits these enzymes with the opposite action. The study conducted by us revealed enhanced concentration of adiponectin following test drug treatment exhibits important anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic effects. It seems that higher adiponectin concentration may predict an increased insulin sensitivity.

About the Plants:

• • 1. Salacia reticulata: This plant belongs to Celastraceae family including Hippocrataceae, also known as Saptachakra. It is climbing shrub with blackish branches. Root, bark is used for medicinal properties. It contains sitosterol, pristimerin, mangiferin, catechine, salaciquinane, triterpenoids etc. Mangiferin, salacinol and kotanelol are potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors that have been shown to inhibit increase in serum glucose levels. Mangiferin also inhibits aldose reductase activity thereby delaying the onset or progression of diabetic complications, like diabetic neuropathy and nephropathy. Polyphenols of salacia reticulata catechins also contribute to the anti-diabetic property. It also has anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory role.
  • 2. Curcuma longa: It belongs to Zingiberaceae family with also known as Haridra. It is found in India in abundance. The active constituent is Curcumin isolated from root of Curcuma longa. It has wide range of therapeutic effects. It protects against free radical damage because it is a strong anti-oxidant. It also reduces inflammation and protects the liver from number of toxic compounds. Numerous studies have shown cancer preventing effects of Curcumin and it also improves blood circulation and protect against atherosclerosis through its anti-inflammatory action.
  • 3. Tribulus terrestris: belongs to zygophyllaceae family also known as Gokshur. It is found throughout India upto 11,000 ft. The active constituents is Diosgenin, gitogenin, chlorogenin, kaempferol, 3-glucoside, 3-rutinoside and tribuloside isolated from fruit and leaves of Tribulus terrestris. The plant Tribulus terrestris is one of the ingredients of present test formulation used for the treatment of arterial blood pressure and has cardiac stimulant action.
  • 4. Dioscorea bulbifera: Dioscorea bulbifera is one of the largest plant, containing 600-800 species. It is a member of the Dioscoraceae family. Tubers of Dioscorea have been used throughout the world as a food and herbal medicine.
    • The pharmacologically active components of the Dioscorea species include diosgenin, which is a steroidal saponin and dioscin, a form of diosgenin with sugars attached. Recent studies suggest that dietary diosgenin may lower plasma cholesterol levels, reduce blood sugar and decrease inflammation. In numerous studies, plant steroids have been shown to lower plasma cholesterol levels. Dietary diosgenin has also shown decrease in plasma cholesterol and decrease in cholesterol absorption, liver cholesterol levels. In addition diosgenin decreased cholesterol absorption in rats, decreased plasma cholesterol and increased excreation of natural steroids.

Example-I

When the Hydro-methanolic extract of Salacia reticulata in the dose of 375-mg/day, Dioscorea bulbifera in the dose of 250 mg/day and Tribulus terrestris 225 mg/day mixed and given to streptozotocin induced diabetic rats increase in adiponectin concentration along with reduction in blood glucose level was noticed.

Example-II

When the hydro-methanolic extract of Dioscorea bulbifera in the dose of 325 mg/day, Tribulus terrestris in the dose of 275 mg/day and Curcuma longa in the dose of 175 mg/day was mixed and given to high fat diet induced obese animals decrease in triglycerides body weight blood glucose level is recorded.

Example-III

When the hydro-methanolic extract of Dioscorea bulbifera in the dose of 325 mg/day, Curcuma longa in the dose of 175 mg/day and Salacia reticulata in the dose of 375 mg/day mixed and orally administered to diagnosed metabolic syndrome patients increase in adiponectin concentration was estimated. Further, the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 along with hs-CRP also decreased after treatment. Thus the atherosclerotic process checked and improved significantly in metabolic syndrome cases.

Example-IV

When the hydro-methanolic extract of Dioscorea bulbifera 400 mg/day, Tribulus terrestris 325 mg/day and Curcuma longa 125 mg/day mixed and given to metabolic syndrome patients, an increase in adiponectin and decrease in leptin level resulted in reduction in total body weight and body fat indicating anti-obesity activity of test formulation.

Example-V

When the hydro-methanolic extract of Salacia reticulata in the dose of 425 mg/day, Dioscorea bulbifera in the dose of 325 mg/day and Tribulus terrestris in the dose of 250 mg/day mixed and given to metabolic syndrome patients reduced body mass index, abnormal lipids, blood glucose and blood pressure.

Example-VI

When the hydro-methanolic extract of Dioscorea bulbifera in the dose of 275 mg/day, Salacia reticulata in the dose of 375 mg/day, Tribulus terrestris in the dose of 175 mg/day and Curcuma longa in the dose of 125 mg/day mixed and given to metabolic syndrome patients, enhances the plasma adiponectin concentration and inhibited the pancreatic lipase enzyme with the result reduction in blood glucose level, modification in abnormal lipids including decrease of altered adipokine, leptin and inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6 and hs CRP was recorded.

The non-clinical and clinical safety profile assessment indicated that the drug is safe and can be given for longer time without any adverse reaction.

Experimental Pharmacology of Test Formulation

Anti-Obesity Role of Test Formulation

• • Animal—female Wistar rats—6 in each group
  • Weight—95-125 gm.
  • Group-I: Normal control
  • Group-II: Treated with Cafeteria diet
  • Group-III: Treated with cafeteria diet+test formulationCafeteria Diet:
  • 1st day—condensed milk 40 gm.+bread 40 gm.
  • 2nd Day—Chocolate 15 gm+biscuits 30 gm+dried coconut 30 gm.
  • 3rd day—Cheese 40 gm+boiled potato 50 gm(Repeated successively up to 30 days and given to 6 rats of Group-II & III)Parameters: Body wt., blood glucose, TC & TG, Adiponectin.Test formulation was suspended in distilled water and administered orally in a dose of 300 mg./kg P.O. twice in a day at a constant volume of 0.5 ml/100 gm. wt. for 30 days

TABLE 1
Effect of test formulation on body
wt. following cafeteria diet inexperimental rats
	Body weight (gm)	Comp. Initial
		After	After	vs after 30
Groups	Initial	15 days	30 days	days
Normal control	104.93 ± 3.88	110.82 ± 6.03	117.36 ± 4.91	P < 0.001
(N = 6)
Cafeteria diet only	99.22 ± 4.37	128.92 ± 6.11	158.90 ± 12.13	P < 0.001
(N = 6)
Cafeteria diet +	112.38 ± 10.45	126.74 ± 7.90	137.08 ± 9.31	P < 0.001
test formulation
(N = 6)

TABLE 2
Effect of test formulation on total cholesterol and triglycerides
following cafeteria diet in experimental animals
		Comp.
	TC (mg/dl)	initial vs	Triglyceride (mg/dl)	Comp. initial
		After 30	after 30		After 30	vs after 30
Groups	Initial	days	days	Initial	days	days
Normal	84.78 ± 4.69	88.36 ± 5.11	P > 0.05	81.89 ± 8.63	83.01 ± 9.34	P > 0.05
Control
(N = 6)
Cafeteria	87.11 ± 6.94	91.35 ± 9.12	P < 0.05	79.74 ± 5.80	98.34 ± 4.93	P < 0.05
diet only
(N = 6)
Cafeteria	83.98 ± 7.13	79.45 ± 5.90	P < 0.05	81.04 ± 5.82	77.83 ± 6.71	P < 0.05
diet + test
formulation
(N = 6)

TABLE 3
Effect of test formulation on blood glucose level and adiponectin
following cafeteria diet in experimental animals
	Blood glucose level	Comp.
	(mg/dl)	initial vs	Adiponectin (pg/ml)	Comp. initial
		After 30	after 30		After 30	vs after 30
Groups	Initial	days	days	Initial	days	days
Normal	58.90 ± 7.02	55.70 ± 6.88	p > 0.05	12.87 ± 1.91	13.16 ± 2.08	p > 0.05
control (N = 6)
Cafeteria	54.93 ± 6.12	71.11 ± 5.90	P < 0.001	—	7.82 ± 1.03	P < 0.001
diet only
(N = 6)
Cafeteria	57.91 ± 5.16	63.90 ± 4.23	P < 0.01	—	9.37 ± 1.52	P < 0.01
diet + test
formulation
(N = 6)

TABLE 4
Role of hydro alcoholic extract of Dioscoreabulbifera
on TC among high cholesterol diet treated rats
	Total cholesterol level (mg/dl)
Groups	Initial	after 15 day	after 1 month
Normal control	64.32 ± 7.89	63.80 ± 6.52	64.70 ± 8.42
(N = 10)*
High cholesterol diet	—	895.42 ± 49.75	480.82 ± 40.72
(N = 10)**
High cholesterol diet +	—	738.44 ± 90.85	378.50 ± 38.20
Dioscorea bulbifera
(N = 10)***
High cholesterol diet +	—	691.52 ± 78.85	280.50 ± 16.80
statin (2.5 mg/kg/day)
(N = 10)****
Comparison
* vs **	P > 0.05	P < 0.001	P < 0.001
** vs ***		P < 0.001	P < 0.001
*** vs ****		P < 0.001	P < 0.001

TABLE 5
Effect of test formulation on HDL-c
level among high cholesterol diet treated rats
	HDL-c level (mg/dl)
			after
Groups	Initial	after 15 day	1 month
Normal control	22.50 ± 4.33	23.32 ± 2.85	22.37 ± 3.85
(N = 10)*
High cholesterol diet	—	17.82 ± 5.32	13.85 ± 1.85
(N = 10)**
High cholesterol diet +	—	19.60 ± 3.85	21.20 ± 3.85
Test formulation (N = 10)***
High cholesterol diet +	—	20.32 ± 4.85	21.85 ± 3.85
Statin
(2.5 mg/kg/day)(N = 10)****
Comparison
* vs **	P > 0.05	P < 0.05	P < 0.001
** vs ***		P > 0.05	P < 0.001
*** vs ****		P > 0.05	P < 0.05

TABLE 6
Effect of test formulation on LDL-c
level among high cholesterol diet treated rats
	LDL-c level (mg/dl)
Groups	Initial	after 15 day	after 1 month
Normal control	23.85 ± 4.78	22.75 ± 5.72	24.22 ± 6.85
(N = 10)*
High cholesterol diet	—	341.50 ± 62.32	314.40 ± 48.34
(N = 10)**
High cholesterol diet +	—	274.50 ± 41.93	142.55 ± 32.08
Test formulation
(N = 10)***
High cholesterol diet +	—	255.80 ± 37.38	108.85 ± 16.85
Statin (2.5 mg/kg/day)
(N = 10)****
Comparison
* vs **	P > 0.05	P < 0.001	P < 0.001
** vs ***		P < 0.05	P < 0.001
*** vs ****		P > 0.05	P < 0.05

TABLE 7
Effect of test formulation on Triglycerides
level among high cholesterol diet treated rats
	Triglycerides level (mg/dl)
Groups	Initial	after 15 day	after 1 month
Normal control	26.85 ± 8.70	30.32 ± 7.85	28.40 ± 5.52
(N = 10)*
High cholesterol diet	—	340.70 ± 64.80	298.50 ± 39.32
(N = 10)**
High cholesterol diet +	—	260.55 ± 69.85	174.93 ± 21.78
Test formulation
(N = 10)***
High cholesterol diet +	—	228.50 ± 31.80	112.85 ± 19.30
Statin (2.5 mg/kg/day)
(N = 10)****
Comparison
* vs **	P > 0.05	P < 0.001	P < 0.001
** vs ***		P < 0.05	P < 0.01
*** vs ****		P > 0.05	P < 0.05

Clinical Study:Material & Methods:

The study population consisted of 128 diagnosed Metabolic Syndrome cases (76 Men and 52 Women), aged 52.81±9.68 years at study entry. The cases were diagnosed as per criteria given by WHO for classification and diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome.

Selection Criteria

$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Waist}\mathrm{circumference}100\mathrm{cm}& \left(>{40}^{″}\mathrm{inches}\mathrm{chest}\mathrm{for}\mathrm{men}\right)\\ & \left(>{35}^{″}\mathrm{inches}\mathrm{chest}\mathrm{for}\mathrm{women}\right)\\ \mathrm{Blood}\mathrm{pressure}& >130\mathrm{mm}\mathrm{Hg}\mathrm{systolic}\\ & >85\mathrm{mm}\mathrm{Hg}\mathrm{diastolic}\\ \mathrm{Fasting}\mathrm{glucose}& >100\mathrm{mg}\text{/}\mathrm{dl}\\ \mathrm{Triglycerides}& >150\mathrm{mg}\text{/}\mathrm{dl}\\ \mathrm{HDL}& \begin{array}{c}<40\mathrm{mg}\text{/}\mathrm{dl}\mathrm{for}\mathrm{men}\mathrm{and}\\ <50\mathrm{mg}\text{/}\mathrm{dl}\mathrm{for}\mathrm{women}\end{array}\end{array}$

After preliminary screening the subjects showing association with 3 or more than 3 above factors were selected. The clinical trial was conducted in three groups—

Group-I: 36 cases were treated with Orlistat (120 mg twice a day after each meals).

Group-II: 44 cases were treated with Ayurvedic formulation.

Group-III: 48 cases were administered Orlistat along with Ayurvedic formulation.

Method:

Body mass index (BMI) was calculated following formula {weight (kg)÷ height (m₂)} and anthropometer was used for circumference measurement. Lipid profile including triglyceride was estimated by standard laboratory kits. TNF-□, interleukin-6 was measured by ELISA kit, adiponectin by radioimmunoassay kit. CRP by kit for quantitative nephelometric determination of CRP in human serum or plasma by Turbox/Turbox analyzer and ELISA activity assay kit for Leptin level. Subjects suffering from any other disease known to affect the study parameters were excluded from the series. Upon recruitment all subjects gave informed written consent.

TABLE 1
Reduction in Body Mass Index following test drug treatment in
Metabolic Syndrome cases. (FIG. 2)
			Comp.
	No.	Body Mass Index (BMI)	Initial vs
Treatment		of		After 3	After 6	After 6
groups	Sex	cases	Initial	months	months	months
Conventional	Male	21	30.75 ± 2.17	28.82 ± 1.90	27.16 ± 1.35	P < 0.001
drug	Female	15	31.14 ± 1.88	29.68 ± 2.04	28.45 ± 1.68	P < 0.001
treatment
Test	Male	28	30.81 ± 2.13	29.60 ± 1.94	28.73 ± 1.56	P < 0.001
formulation	Female	16	32.41 ± 1.75	30.69 ± 2.11	29.98 ± 1.73	P < 0.001
treatment
Conventional	Male	27	31.75 ± 2.16	29.38 ± 2.13	26.93 ± 1.84	P < 0.001
drug + test	Female	21	32.52 ± 1.45	29.74 ± 1.82	27.82 ± 1.35	P < 0.001
formulation
treatment
Normal	18-24
range:

TABLE 2
Beneficial effect of test formulation on blood pressure in
Metabolic Syndrome cases (FIG. 3)
		Systolic blood	Comp.	Diastolic blood	Comp.
	No.	pressure (mmHg)	Initial	pressure (mmHg)	Initial
Treatment	of		After 6	vs After 6		After 6	vs After 6
groups	cases	Initial	months	months	Initial	months	months
Conventional	36	137.82 ± 5.15	126.90 ± 4.06	P < 0.001	88.35 ± 2.06	84.42 ± 1.98	P < 0.001
drug
treatment
Test	44	135.65 ± 6.11	128.68 ± 3.97	P < 0.001	87.27 ± 2.34	84.11 ± 2.01	P < 0.001
formulation
treatment
Conventional	48	138.41 ± 5.87	124.42 ± 4.90	P < 0.001	89.24 ± 1.88	80.41 ± 1.06	P < 0.001
drug + test
formulation
treatment

TABLE 3
Decrease in blood glucose levels following test drug treatment in
Metabolic Syndrome cases (FIG. 4)
				Postprandial
		Fasting blood	Comp.	blood glucose	Comp.
	No.	glucose (mg/dl)	Initial	(mg/dl)	Initial
Treatment	of		After 6	vs After 6		After 6	vs After 6
groups	cases	Initial	months	months	Initial	months	months
Conventional	36	133.90 ± 8.82	99.43 ± 4.36	P < 0.001	224.81 ± 20.14	186.90 ± 17.42	P < 0.001
drug treatment
Test	44	136.22 ± 7.93	112.41 ± 5.11	P < 0.001	231.64 ± 23.71	183.42 ± 15.84	P < 0.001
formulation
treatment
Conventional	48	138.97 ± 9.86	91.82 ± 5.74	P < 0.001	238.70 ± 31.64	172.08 ± 21.3	P < 0.001
drug + test
formulation
treatment

TABLE 4
Decline in total cholesterol and triglycerides concentration
following test drug treatment in Metabolic Syndrome cases. (FIG. 5)
		Total
		cholesterol	Comp.	Triglycerides	Comp.
	No.	(mg/dl)	Initial	(mg/dl)	Initial
Treatment	of		After 6	vs After 6		After 6	vs After 6
groups	cases	Initial	months	months	Initial	months	months
Conventional	36	243.84 ± 41.52	208.91 ± 27.97	P < 0.001	371.90 ± 43.88	224.56 ± 37.90	P < 0.001
drug treatment
Test	44	264.9 ± 38.22	223.75 ± 29.45	P < 0.001	284.87 ± 34.82	207.83 ± 24.77	P < 0.001
formulation
treatment
Conventional	48	258.5 ± 27.90	189.78 ± 26.11	P < 0.001	436.98 ± 51.30	243.80 ± 34.93	P < 0.001
drug + test
formulation
treatment
Normal range:	150-200 (mg/dl)	≦150 (mg/dl)

TABLE 5
Beneficial role of test drug on LDL-c and HDl-c among Metabolic
Syndrome cases. (FIG. 6)
			Comp.		Comp.
	No.	LDL-c (mg/dl)	Initial	HDL-c (mg/dl)	Initial
Treatment	of		After 6	vs After 6		After 6	vs After 6
groups	cases	Initial	months	months	Initial	months	months
Conventional	36	143.71 ± 9.13	109.42 ± 8.44	P < 0.001	43.84 ± 2.42	50.75 ± 3.12	P < 0.001
drug treatment
Test	44	150.35 ± 8.56	127.91 ± 7.35	P < 0.001	40.38 ± 3.17	46.81 ± 2.46	P < 0.001
formulation
treatment
Conventional	48	148.43 ± 8.04	101.87 ± 5.94	P < 0.001	39.82 ± 2.90	51.90 ± 2.87	P < 0.001
drug + test
formulation
treatment
Normal range:	≦100 (mg/dl)		≧45 (mg/dl)

TABLE 6
Beneficial role of test drug on apolipo (B)
among Metabolic Syndrome cases. (FIG. 7)
			Comp.
			Initial
	No. of	Apolipo (B) (mg/dl)	vs After 6
Treatment groups	cases	Initial	After 6 months	months
Conventional	36	193.88 ± 31.64	156.41 ± 17.11	P < 0.001
drug
treatment
Test formulation	44	206.45 ± 29.81	173.90 ± 23.64	P < 0.001
treatment
Conventional	48	198.43 ± 27.93	141.79 ± 23.14	P < 0.001
drug + test
formulation
treatment
Normal range:		55-159 (mg/dl)

TABLE 7
Regulation of pro-inflamamtory cytokines following test drug
treatment in Metabolic Syndrome cases
			Comp.	Interleukin-6	Comp.
	No.	hs CRP (mg/L)	Initial	(pg/ml)	Initial
Treatment	of		After 6	vs After 6		After 6	vs After 6
groups	cases	Initial	months	months	Initial	months	months
Conventional	36	5.31 ± 1.04	3.48 ± 0.89	P < 0.001	2.35 ± 0.84	1.89 ± 0.75	P < 0.05
drug treatment
Test	44	4.73 ± 1.10	2.83 ± 0.85	P < 0.001	2.64 ± 0.81	1.73 ± 0.52	P < 0.001
formulation
treatment
Conventional	48	5.64 ± 1.21	2.87 ± 0.64	P < 0.001	3.11 ± 0.94	1.68 ± 0.73	P < 0.05
drug + test
formulation
treatment
Normal range:	1-3 (mg/L)		<1 (pg/ml)

TABLE 8
Decrease in TNF-α and Endotheline concentration following test
drug treatment in Metabolic Syndrome cases (FIG. 9)
			Comp.	Endotheline	Comp.
	No.	TNF-α (pg/ml)	Initial	(pg/ml)	Initial
Treatment	of		After 6	vs After 6		After 6	vs After 6
groups	cases	Initial	months	months	Initial	months	months
Conventional	36	579.84 ± 68.36	324.85 ± 57.86	P < 0.001	1139.73 ± 211.54	875.42 ± 171.36	P < 0.001
drug treatment
Test	44	642.75 ± 64.73	387.90 ± 51.42	P < 0.001	1314.80 ± 319.34	788.63 ± 153.93	P < 0.001
formulation
treatment
Conventional	48	687.40 ± 69.91	289.75 ± 42.89	P < 0.001	1394.36 ± 279.41	582.97 ± 107.25	P < 0.001
drug + test
formulation
treatment
Normal range:	25-800 (pg/ml)	0.32-1000 pg/ml

TABLE 9
Effect of test drug on Leptin and Adiponectin concentration in
Metabolic Syndrome cases (FIG. 10)
			Comp.	Adiponectin	Comp.
	No.	Leptin (μg/L)	Initial	(μg/ml)	Initial
Treatment	of		After 6	vs After 6		After 6	vs After 6
groups	cases	Initial	months	months	Initial	months	months
Conventional	36	33.41 ± 4.35	26.44 ± 3.28	P < 0.001	7.82 ± 1.64	10.04 ± 2.84	P < 0.001
drug treatment
Test	44	35.94 ± 6.11	23.87 ± 2.98	P < 0.001	6.41 ± 0.97	15.42 ± 2.12	P < 0.001
formulation
treatment
Conventional	48	36.90 ± 6.34	20.04 ± 3.87	P < 0.001	6.87 ± 1.04	19.31 ± 2.97	P < 0.001
drug + test
formulation
treatment
Normal range:	5-12 (μg/L)	5-30 (μg/mL)

It is to be further noted that present invention is susceptible to modifications adoptions and changes by those skilled in the art. Such variant embodiments employing the concepts and features of this invention are intended to be within the scope of the present invention which is further set forth under the claims:

Claims

1. A plant based formulation for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome by its adiponectin enhancing property comprising an effective amount of hydro-methanolic extracts of Salacia reticulata root and fruits, Tribulus terrestris fruits, Curcuma longa rhizome and Dioscorea bulbifera rhizome and optionally additives in trace amounts; wherein the plant based formulation is in a pharmaceutical capsule or tablet.

2. The plant based formulation as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said hydro-methanolic extract is obtained from water:methanol in the ratio of 50:50.

3. The plant based formulation as claimed in claim 1 wherein the additives are selected from minerals, vitamins, salts and binders.

4. The plant based formulation as claimed in claim 1 wherein the plant extracts are present in following effective amounts:

5. A plant based formulation for management of metabolic syndrome, consisting essentially of: an effective amount of hydro-methanolic of extract Dioscorea bulbifera rhizome; andat least two hydro-methanolic extracts selected from the group consisting of Salacia reticulata root and fruit, Tribulus terrestris fruit, and Curcuma longa rhizome;wherein the plant based formulation is in a pharmaceutical capsule or tablet.

6. The formulation of claim 5, wherein said hydro-methanolic extract is obtained from water:methanol having a ratio of 50:50.

7. The formulation of claim 5, further comprising an additive selected from the group consisting of vitamins, minerals, salts, and binders.

8. The formulation of claim 5, wherein the plant extracts are present in an amount to provide doses of:

9. A capsule or tablet for the management of metabolic syndrome comprising a plant based formulation that consists essentially of therapeutically effective amounts of hydro-methanolic extracts of Curcuma longa rhizome, Tribulus terrestris fruit, Salacia reticulata root and fruit and Dioscorea bulbifera rhizome.