Patent Application
20240247364
The present invention relates to medical science and general health. More specifically the present invention relates to medical textile like bandages, sterile gauges, antiseptic wipes; air/water filter media such as polypropylene, polyeurethane/polyethylene, nylon, cotton etc.
In spite of many technical advances in medical science and general health, microbial infections remain a major problem worldwide. In the field of medical textile, controlling the growth of virus and micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi on the textile surface is important such as in case of bandages/dressings etc. Considering the present pandemic times, need of air purification media such as filter elements/filter media having anti-microbial properties has increased. Usually, different techniques such as Ethylene oxide (ETO) treatment and other sterilization media are used to control the growth of micro-organisamas which can limit the spread of infections. But this is one time sterilization. The growth of microbial species (bacteria/fungi etc.) result in delayed recovery of patient or sometimes medical complications in specific cases with comorbidity. Usually, dressings upto certain time are disposed off as medical waste or sterilized in autoclave. As a solution, one such method is the surface modification of textile via a coating deposition method to provide antimicrobial/antiviral properties on the surface. These antimicrobial fabrics can be used in clothing such as surgical garments and in dressings such as sterile gauges, antiseptic wipes, bandages. This helps to prevent the growth of bacteria/pathogenic microorganisms and therefore reduces the probability of infections. Similarly, such anti-microbial coatings are also required in air purification media where microbial species of bacteria, fungi etc. often get collected/filtered and pose a threat of microbial growth. Some coatings made up of copper and silver which exhibit antimicrobial properties have been used for many years. These metals are capable in reducing the growth of a wide spectrum of micro-organisms. Even the deposition of thin metallic layer (i.e. less than 100 nm) on the textile surface prevents growth of micro-organisms. Such antibacterial cloths having metallic coated film or particles are known as medical textile.
Prior art indicates that chemical methods have been developed to produce antimicrobial surfaces of yarns (threads) and fabrics. The most common method was impregnating nanoparticles of metal oxide where the metal oxide nanoparticles are loaded onto the fabrics by immersing the fabric into the aqueous solution of one or two metals (WO 2016/087864). Another method was by using conventional melt spinning manufacturing technique where silver and copper salts were used (WO 2015023644). Coating of silver nanoparticles in the nanometer range using a chemical method has been described in EP1490543. WO03/080911 further describes an antimicrobial yarn using a coating of silver nanoparticles and method for manufacturing which involves soaking of yarns in the Nano silver solution. The antimicrobial fabrics are then made by knitting these yarns. In case of yarn, it was observed that, the coating of nanoparticles like silver was not adhered properly due to the pretreatment process. Hence, a new pre treatment method on precious yarn was also proposed for producing antimicrobial fabrics (WO2011/073697). The method for increasing the adhesion as well as uniformity of the nanoparticle to the fabric during the process of impregnation is proposed in EP3227490. The invention related to the system for preparing antimicrobial fabrics coated with zinc oxide nanoparticle using sono chemical method as described in EP2294260. It is known from the above mentioned prior art survey as well as from U.S. Pat. No. 6,368,361, EP908553, WO2004/050132, US2003/0056297, US2003/0106162, and US2003/0088923 that the antimicrobial substance is typically applied from solution by wet processing techniques.
Physical and chemical vapor deposition methods have also been developed to produce antimicrobial yarns and fabrics. The invention related to a process in which an antimicrobial coating is prepared on the surface of a substrate using a plasma treatment is detailed in EP2104763 where plasma polymersiation process (a chemical vapour deposition process) is used. In this process, chemicals based on aromatic heterocycle are polymerized to form antimicrobial active compound on the substrate.
WO00/75415, EP2848718, EP1490543, US2008/0193496 discloses antibacterial fabric/yarn/fabric by using chemical methods like sonochmeical method, dip coating method, electolytic deposition, melt spinning manufacturing method. However the wet processing techniques have the disadvantage that they are relatively environmentally unfriendly, since large amounts of chemicals and solvents are required. In order to address the limitations of such prior art, various attempts have been made by different researchers to use physical vapor deposition techniques like plasma based magnetron sputtering to modify the surface of textile materials like non-wovens and knitted fabrics.
Some of the previous studies have reported the deposition of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on nylon, polyester and cotton fabrics to give them antibacterial properties [Abramov et al, Surface & Coatings Technology 204 (2009) 718-722]. Scholza et al., Surface & Coatings Technology 192 (2005) 252-256 tested silver, gold, platinum, platinum/rhodium, and copper coatings deposited on textile fabric by using planar magnetron sputtering and then compared them in terms of their binding strength and antimicrobial properties.
Castro et al. (Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 216 (2010) 295-302) studied the application of copper (Cu) by using DC magnetron sputtering for the inactivation of Escherichia coli on cotton fabrics. Chen et al (Surface & Coatings Technology 232 (2013) 868-875) used high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering method for depositing silver coating on the surface of a PES fabric in such a way that the fabric was evenly coated and a good adhesion of silver coating to the substrate was achieved. Further, Chen et al. worked for obtaining a brass coating on the same textile fabric by using the physical vapor deposition technique. An antibacterial and corrosion-resistant brass coating was produced on the PET fabric.
Abramov et al, Scholza et al, Castro et al., Chen et al discloses plasma based planar magnetron sputtering for antibacterial coating on fabric, but have limitations to do uniform coating on the yarn.
Most of the researchers have used planar magnetron sputtering for coating on fabric. However, in case of woven fabric, the uniform deposition on all the surfaces of fibers is an issue. The only top surface of the fabric gets coated while the surface of overlapping knitted yarns is not coated. Lilioara et al, reported in their work that the uniform coating on all the yarns was not observed using planar magnetron sputtering method. It was also shown that the cover factor of the fabric decreases after copper coating (Lilioara et al, industria textila, 2019, Vol-70, No. 2)
Thus the planar magnetron sputtering allows the deposition on a flat surface, but have limitations to do uniform coating on yarn surfaces.
Hegemann et al. (Materials Technology (2009) VOL 24 NO 1, 41-45) developed a plasma sputtering process, which deposits a nanometer thick metal film of Ag onto textile fibres or yarn in a continuous process. This fibre coater is equipped with an inverse cylindrical magnetron sputtering, where the fibres are directed several times through the plasma zone enabling a uniform coating [Amberg et al., Plasma Devices and Operations, 2004, 12:3, 175-186]. Additionally, plasma cleaning/activation and plasma polymerisation processes can be realised in the same reactor [Keller et al, Plasma Process. Polym. 2007, 4, S1063-S1067]. The fibres are wind up and off in air at velocities up to 100 m/min by using conventional rolls and are transported through a sealing system into the vacuum chamber.
Hegemann et al., Amberg et al, Keller et al discloses inverted cylindrical magnetron which is able to uniformly coat the moving yarn. In this process the cathode is the target material and is a hollow cylinder with a large diameter. In such a case, it is difficult to use large diameter cathode as it is too expensive for materials like silver, gold and copper. In addition it is difficult to provide uniform water cooling to such large diameter cathode.
There is a need for a coating means as well as method that can deposit antimicrobial material on the yarn as well as fabric surface (woven or non-woven) in a single system.
As mentioned above various process for providing antibacterial coatings are known but all have some disadvantages. It has been found that the wet processing techniques have the disadvantage that they are relatively environmentally unfriendly, since large amounts of chemicals and solvents are required and high energy costs are involved for heating and drying process. In addition, some wet deposition processes are difficult to scale-up due to the complicated multi-step processing. Thus there is a need for a dry technique for making antimicrobial coatings.
Secondly the plasma based technique is an environmentally friendly process. However the previous study indicates that, most of the researchers have used plasma based planar magnetron sputtering for coating on fabric which is suitable for planar substrates. However, in case of woven fabric, the uniform deposition on all the surfaces of fibers is an issue where the top surface of the fabric which is exposed to plasma gets coated while the surface of overlapping knitted yarns is not coated. The planar magnetron sputtering allows the deposition on a flat surface, but have limitations to do uniform coating on the yarn. Lilioara et al, reported in their work that the uniform coating on all the yarns was not observe using planar magnetron sputtering method. It was also shown that the cover factor of the fabric decreases after copper coating (Lilioara et al, industria textila, 2019, Vol-70, No. 2)
Thirdly though the inverted cylindrical magnetron is able to uniformly coat the moving yarn, the cathode which is the target material is a hollow cylinder with a large diameter. It would be difficult to use this configuration as it would be too expensive for materials like silver, gold and copper. In addition it is difficult to provide uniform water cooling to such large diameter cathode.
Fourthly the planar magnetron sputtering is used for coating stationary or moving planar substrates like fabric while cylindrical magnetron is suitable for stationary or moving cylindrical substrates like yarn. However there does not exist a system which has provision to deposit both type of substrates in one apparatus.
Thus there is a need for deposition of antimicrobial coating on moving yarn(thread) as well as moving fabric in same system.
It is an objective of the present invention to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art.
It is another objective of the present invention to provide a non chemical (dry) method for producing uniform antimicrobial coatings on a moving yarn and woven/non-woven fabric.
It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a method which is a post cathode plasma based cylindrical magnetron sputtering process which can do antimicrobial coating on the textile yarn and woven/non-woven fabrics in an environment friendly manner.
Accordingly the present invention provides a cylindrical magnetron sputtering assembly for coating on a flexible polymeric substrates with an antimicrobial material, said assembly comprising a sputtering setup and a cylindrical magnetron assembly:
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a process for producing antimicrobial coating on a flexible polymeric substrates by the cylindrical magnetron sputtering assembly, said process comprising the steps of:
The present invention provides a non chemical method for the deposition of antimicrobial material on yarns and fabric (woven and non-woven both) using plasma based cylindrical magnetron sputtering technique having post cathode configuration which can uniformly coat a moving yarn as well as moving fabric.
The present inventors have found a post cathode (i.e., inner cathode and outer anode) cylindrical magnetron sputtering assembly to deposit a uniform, thin antimicrobial coatings on a moving yarn or woven/non-woven fabric surface. The cylindrical magnetron sputtering assembly can be used for coating antimicrobial material selected from copper, zinc, and titanium; preferably nano copper oxide.
The cylindrical magnetron sputtering assembly in accordance with the present invention is used for coating on a flexible polymeric substrates with an antimicrobial material. The assembly comprises a sputtering setup and a cylindrical magnetron assembly:
The modified cylindrical magnetron sputtering assembly is specifically designed to coat both moving fabric (both woven and non-woven) as well as moving yarn with antimicrobial material. The slots are made in anode through which fabric is passed in vertical direction while yarn is passed in the anode volume in horizontal direction. The coating process has been developed so as to deposit controlled thickness in nanometer range (50-100 nm) of copper oxide on moving yarn and fabric (woven/non-woven). This coating has very good adhesion with substrate. No bacterial growth is observed on the coated surface of the yarn. Further the viral load on the coated surface was reduced significantly (3 Log reduction).
A novel mechanical assembly configuration in accordance with the present invention comprises a fixture specifically designed to accommodate both yarn and fabric (in roll-to-roll concept); in combination with a modified cylindrical magnetron sputtering setup. The assembly, comprises of a special arrangement involving a static cylinder with known slots/gap areas for the moving substrate to pass through; so that maximum utilization of the sputtered material is done and thereby efficient use of space/chamber volume is done. This unique arrangement also prevents other components of the chamber to be coated with substrate, thereby reducing the chamber cleaning/maintenance loads. The above mechanical assembly when operated in vacuum (10−2 mbar-10−1 mbar) and in combination with a DC power supply connected to the cylindrical magnetron operating in the range of −600 to −800 Volts under specific gas environment such as argon, oxygen etc, results in deposition of coating of metal oxides having nanometer range thickness on polymeric substrates.
The coating process provides a deposit of nano thickness (50-100 nm) of copper oxide on moving polyester yarn. (
The antimicrobial activity of copper oxide coatings (50-100 nm) deposited by cylindrical magnetron sputtering in accordance with the present invention on polyester yarn were tested for bacterial growth and show no growth of Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli bacteria. (
The post cathode based cylindrical magnetron sputtering in accordance with the present invention is most suitable as it provides uniform and adherent coating on yarn surface. Moreover the target material here is the cathode and is in the form of a small rod or tube which is cost effective. The water cooling can be provided easily to the cathode in post cathode configuration. In accordance with the present process the cold water can enter from one end of the tubular cathode and flow through the other end which ensures uniform cooling of the cathode.
The present method of deposition of antimicrobial coating on moving fabric (both woven and non-woven) as well as moving yarn is environment friendly and coating covers the complete surface area of the yarn. The main advantage of this method is to deposit thin coatings on cylindrical textile substrates like yarn.
The coated yarn prepared by the assembly of the present invention shows antimicrobial properties. The yarn is coated with antimicrobial material by using environment friendly dry technique compared to other wet chemical processes. Additionally copper/copper oxide material is used as antimicrobial which is cheaper compared to conventionally used silver material. The yarn is effective against bacteria and virus (like covid-19) The uniqueness and novelty of the present invention over the prior art resides in its capability to handle both yarn and fabric (woven & non-woven) in the same system without changing anything in the coating system. These yarn can be used to make fabric, medical bandages/dressing gauges as well as antimicrobial, antiviral filters. These antimicrobial fabrics can be used in clothing such as surgical garments, and in dressings such as bandages etc, which are of single use type.
Additionally, such anti-microbial coating can also be generated on flexible polymeric filter media substrates such as polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene, cotton etc. for air and water purification purposes. Thus, this can be a very important product and process for anti-microbial filter media (air and water purification purposes).
In accordance with the present invention, in order to carry out the deposition of antimicrobial material, a post cathode cylindrical magnetron sputtering setup (
The hollow stainless steel outer cover (part no. 2 of
The coating on fabric can also be made in the same system. The two bobbins (winder and unwinder) containing the (woven or non-woven) fabric are mounted in the system. The part no. 8 an 9 shows the bobbin and stopper. The fabric from the bobbin then enters in the cylindrical anode after sliding on the horizontal rod (part no. 7). The bobbin and rods are mounted on the plates using bearings (part no. 5). The fabric enters in the hollow anode from top side and exists at the bottom side of the anode. The drive motors (part no. 22) for winding of the fabric are mounted at the bottom on the bottom base plate (part no. 21). The motors are mounted on the bottom base plate using motor fixtures (part no. 23). The bottom plate and bottom base plate are separated through fixtures between two plates (part no. 24).
Once the spool of the yarn/fabric is connected to the sputtering assembly, it is placed in a cylindrical vacuum chamber as shown in
The present invention is now being illustrated by non-limiting examples.
The multifilament polyester yarn of about 200 micron diameter is taken. The spoon of the yarn was mounted on the unwinder. The yarn is passed four times in the region between copper target and outer cylindrical cover. The yarn is collected on the shaft of the motor, which is placed at the other end. The assembly is placed in the vacuum chamber. The base pressure of 5×10−2 mbar was achieved by using rotary pump. The operating gas argon and oxygen was introduced in the chamber up to the pressure of 0.1 mbar. The magnetic field of 200 Gauss was applied by passing current through Helmholtz coil. The copper target was given −800 V bias with reference to outer cylindrical cover. The DC voltage of 27 V was applied to the motor due to which the linear speed of the yarn was 0.5 mtr/min. The total residence time of the yarn inside the plasma region was one minute.
The yellow color of copper oxide nano film was observed on the yarn. The
Small pieces of coated and uncoated polyester yarn were cut. The yarns were observed under High resolution Scanning Electron Microscope. All the multifilaments of the single yarn shows the deposition of nano copper oxide on the surface as shown in
The copper oxide coated polyester yarn was dipped in water for 1 hour. This was considered as one wash. Then the copper percentage was measured by using EDX measurement. Similarly the measurement was done after 2 and 4 washes. The
The anti-bacterial efficacy is tested for the below mentioned two types of bacteria
The same protocol has been adopted to for both organism as described below:
Bacteria is cultured taking culture in 10 mL of sterile Nutrient Broth and incubated for overnight (approximately 18 hours) at 37° C. Nutrient broth is removed by centrifugation and 10 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution is added to have the bacterial plate. PBS suspended solution is diluted by adding more PBS solution till the optical density of prepared culture suspension is comparable to McFarland standard of 0.5. The prepared solution is considered as the stock culture. In order to determine the Bacterial population, prepared culture suspension is serially diluted and spread on the agar plate. The plate's are incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours after spreading on the agar plates.
The number of colonies is then counted and the concentration of organisms is given by the following equation:
Table-2 shows the average CFU/mL for each micro-organism. (Only countable colonies considered which are greater than 30 or less than 300).
Staphylococcus Aureus
Escherichia Coli
1 mL of above culture suspension is taken in 2 mL of centrifuge tube. The yarn samples to be tested are cut in to the length of 10 cm each (triplicate). The yarn sample is added in 2 mL centrifuge tube and allowed it to incubate for 30 minutes at 37° C. Treated yarn is taken out with the help of sterile tweezers and air dried in a sterile environment for 1 minute.
The yarn is then placed on the nutrient agar plate and allowed to stick to it. Agar plates are incubated for 24 hours at 37° C.
Staphylococcus Aureus
Escherichia Coli
As shown in
1 ml of above culture suspension is taken in 2 ml of centrifuge tube. Yarn samples to be tested are cut into the length of 10 cm each (triplicate The yarn sample is added in 2 mL centrifuge tube and allowed it to incubate for 30 minutes at 37° C. Treated yarn is taken out with the help of sterile tweezers and air dried in a sterile environment for 1 minute. After the removal of yarn, 1 ml of remaining culture is taken for serial dilution to 103. The 100 μL of remaining solution is spread on a sterile agar plate. Incubation is done for 24 hours at 37° ° C.
It was observed that both types bacteria was not present in the culture. The
In order to test Anti-viral properties of the coating the fabric material made up of polypropylene was coated using plasma based sputtering technique. The polypropylene material is generally used as filter material in the fabrication of N-95 mask. The 100 nm thin copper oxide coating was prepared and then tested for antiviral testing using SARS-Cov-2 virus. The viral RNA was extracted from the sample by using viral/pathogen extraction kit. Then qRT-PCR method was used to determine the Ct value. The number of viral particles were calculated using regression equation and Ct values. The tests were conducted after exposing the virus for 05 minute to both coated and uncoated surface.
The
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 202321003767 | Jan 2023 | IN | national |
