Patent Application
20140041611
The present invention relates to a plasma generation device that generates electromagnetic wave plasma by emitting an electromagnetic wave to a combustion chamber of an engine.
Conventionally, there is known a plasma generation device that generates electromagnetic wave plasma by emitting an electromagnetic wave to a combustion chamber of an engine. For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. 2009-221948 discloses a technique of generating microwave plasma by emitting a microwave from an antenna, while causing a discharge at electrodes of a discharger in a combustion chamber of an engine.
Furthermore, as a method of impedance matching for frequency of microwave band, an open circuit or short circuit stub is employed. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. 2004-7248 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. 1995-153599 disclose methods of mechanically adjusting insert amount of a stub as a method of stub adjustment in accordance with load variation. Furthermore, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. 2007-174064 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. 2009-268004 disclose an adjustment unit of the open circuit stub.
In a plasma generation device that generates electromagnetic wave plasma by emitting an electromagnetic wave to a combustion chamber of an engine, load impedance, seen from an electromagnetic wave oscillator, greatly changes before and after the plasma generation, and even after the plasma generation, in accordance with a state of plasma. Since the plasma is instantaneously generated, the load impedance rapidly changes before and after the plasma generation. Especially in the combustion chamber of the engine, since temperature and pressure rapidly change, the load impedance also changes rapidly. It is impossible to adjust the impedance matching following a rapid load variation by means of, for example, a stub mechanism that mechanically adjusts the impedance matching.
For this reason, in conventional plasma generation devices, an isolator has been employed to prevent influence of a reflected wave generated due to mismatching, and an electromagnetic wave oscillator, which has ample output power, has been employed so as to make it possible to generate electromagnetic wave plasma even if a mismatch might occur to a certain extent.
The present invention has been made in view of the above described circumstances, and it is an object of the present invention to suppress the reflection of an electromagnetic wave on a transmission line from a load on a side of electromagnetic wave plasma in a plasma generation device that generates electromagnetic wave plasma by emitting the electromagnetic wave to a combustion chamber of an engine.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a plasma generation device including: an electromagnetic wave oscillator that oscillates an electromagnetic wave; and an antenna for emitting the electromagnetic wave oscillated by the electromagnetic wave oscillator to a combustion chamber of an engine, wherein the plasma generation device generates electromagnetic wave plasma by way of the electromagnetic wave emitted from the antenna to the combustion chamber, the plasma generation device further includes a stub provided on a transmission line for electromagnetic wave from the electromagnetic wave oscillator to the antenna, and a stub adjustment unit that adjusts, while the engine is operating, a short circuit location on the stub based on intensity of a reflected wave of the electromagnetic wave reflected from the antenna.
According to the first aspect of the present invention, the stub is provided on the transmission line for electromagnetic wave, and the short circuit location on the stub is adjusted while the engine is operating based on the intensity of the reflected wave reflected from the antenna (the reflected wave reflected from a load on a side of the antenna).
In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, in addition to the first aspect of the present invention, the stub adjustment unit includes a plurality of switches each having one end connected to the stub and other end connected to a ground, the switches being spaced apart from one another at a distance in a longitudinal direction of the stub, and a switch control device that performs a short circuit location adjustment operation of, while changing the switch to be brought to conductive state one after another, finding a switch that minimizes the intensity of the reflected wave, and short-circuiting the stub via the switch thus found.
According to the second aspect of the present invention, from among the plurality of switches arranged between the stub and the ground, the switch that can minimize the reflected wave in intensity is found, and the stub is short-circuited via the switch thus found, thereby adjusting the short circuit location on the stub.
In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, in addition to the second aspect of the present invention, from among the plurality of switches, a plurality of switches arranged from a predetermined location on the stub toward a side of the transmission line constitute a first switch group, and the rest of the switches constitute a second switch group, in the short circuit location adjustment operation, the switch control device compares the reflected waves in intensity respectively acquired by bringing each of two switches located on both sides of a boundary between the first and second switch groups to conductive state, so as to search for a switch that minimizes the intensity of the reflected wave from the switch group, which the switch that causes the intensity of the reflected wave less than the other belongs to.
According to the third aspect of the present invention, it is determined which switch group includes the switch that can minimize the reflected wave in intensity by comparing the reflected waves in intensity respectively acquired by bringing each of two switches located on both sides of the boundary to conductive state, from among the first and second switch groups.
In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, in addition to the third aspect of the present invention, from among the plurality of switches, one of the two switches respectively located on both sides of the boundary between the first and second switch groups is connected to the stub at a location distance from the transmission line approximately by a quarter of the wavelength.
In accordance with a fifth aspect of the present invention, in addition to the first aspect of the present invention, the stub adjustment unit includes a plurality of switches each having one end connected to the stub and other end connected to a ground, the switches being spaced apart from one another at a distance in a longitudinal direction of the stub, and a switch control device that, while changing the switch to be brought to conductive state one after another, finds a switch that causes the intensity of the reflected wave less than a predetermined threshold, and short-circuits the stub via the switch thus found.
According to the fifth aspect of the present invention, from among the plurality of switches arranged between the stub and the ground, the switch that causes the intensity of the reflected wave less than a predetermined threshold is found, and the stub is short-circuited via the switch thus found.
According to the present invention, while the engine is operating, the short circuit location is adjusted on the stub based on the intensity of the reflected wave from the antenna. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the reflection of the electromagnetic wave from the antenna.
In a case of adjusting impedance by variable electric length of the stub, experienced operation has been required each time in order to make an unspecified and changeable load impedance matched. However, according to the present invention, since the short circuit location is automatically adjusted based on the intensity of the reflected wave, it is possible to optimally adjust the impedance to be matched with the load.
Furthermore, in a case of impedance adjustment for a high power transmission line, it is difficult to employ a micro structure device such as an MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) switch. However, in the present invention, without employing such a device, it is possible to realize impedance adjustment for a high power transmission line by adjusting the short circuit location on the stub.
According to the third aspect of the present invention, it is firstly determined which switch group includes the switch that minimizes the reflected wave in intensity. Here, it is time consuming to conduct a method of searching for the switch that minimizes the intensity of the reflected wave by bringing all of the switches to conductive state one after another. Therefore, if the number of the switches increases to some extent, it takes too much time, in relation to the engine operation, to find the switch to be short-circuited. On the other hand, according to the third aspect of the present invention, a search range is firstly narrowed to either one of the switch groups, and then the switch that minimizes the reflected wave in intensity is searched for. Accordingly, it is possible to quickly find an optimum short circuit location, and to quickly adjust the impedance matching with the load with a simple control algorithm. In addition, a finer impedance adjustment is possible by increasing the number of switches.
Furthermore, according to the fifth aspect of the present invention, from among the plurality of switches, the switch is found that causes the intensity of the reflected wave lower than the predetermined threshold value, and the stub is short-circuited by the switch thus found. Accordingly, if the threshold value is properly set, it is possible to quickly adjust the short circuit location. Even in a case in which a condition of the combustion chamber of the engine rapidly changes, it is possible to properly determine the short circuit location.
In the following, a detailed description will be given of the embodiment of the present invention with reference to drawings. It should be noted that the following embodiment is a mere example that is essentially preferable, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, applied field thereof, or application thereof.
The present embodiment is directed to a plasma generation device 30 according to the present invention. The plasma generation device 30 generates microwave plasma by emitting a microwave to a combustion chamber 10 of an engine 20. In the following, the engine 20 is described first, and then, the plasma generation device 30 is described in detail.
The engine 20 is a reciprocal type engine, in which a piston 23 reciprocates. The engine 20 is mounted on a vehicle, for example.
As shown in
The cylinder head 22 is placed on the cylinder block 21, and a gasket 18 intervenes between the cylinder block 21 and the cylinder head 22. The cylinder head 22 partitions the combustion chamber 10 along with the cylinder 24 and the piston 23. The cylinder head 22 is provided with one spark plug 15 for each cylinder 24. The spark plug 15 includes a central electrode 15a and a ground electrode 15b, between which a discharge gap is formed. The cylinder head 22 is formed with an intake port 25 and an exhaust port 26 for each cylinder 24. The intake port 25 is provided with an intake valve 27 and an injector 29, while, on the other hand, the exhaust port 26 is provided with an exhaust valve 28.
As shown in
The pulse generator 31 is connected to, for example, a direct current power supply (not shown). The pulse generator 31 is, for example, an ignition coil. The pulse generator 31, upon receiving an ignition signal from a control device 35, boosts a voltage applied from the direct current power supply, and outputs the boosted high voltage pulse to the mixer 34.
The power supply for electromagnetic wave 32 is connected to, for example, a direct current power supply (not shown). The power supply for electromagnetic wave 32, upon receiving an electromagnetic wave drive signal from the control device 35, converts a current from the direct current power supply to a pulse current, and outputs it to the electromagnetic wave oscillator 33. The electromagnetic wave oscillator 33 is, for example, a magnetron or a semiconductor oscillator. The electromagnetic wave oscillator 33, upon receiving the pulse current, outputs a microwave pulse to the mixer 34. The mixer 34 mixes the high voltage pulse and the microwave pulse and outputs them to the discharger 15.
The discharger 15 is the spark plug 15 of the engine 20. In the spark plug 15, the central electrode 15a is electrically connected to the mixer 34. The spark plug 15, upon receiving the high voltage pulse and the microwave pulse from the mixer 34, causes a spark discharge at the discharge gap, and discharge plasma generated by the spark discharge is irradiated with the microwave from the central electrode 15a. The central electrode 15a functions as the antenna for electromagnetic wave. The discharge plasma generated by the spark discharge absorbs energy of the microwave and expands. In this manner, the plasma generation device 30 generates non-equilibrium plasma.
The power supply for electromagnetic wave 32 outputs the pulse current for a predetermined time interval (1 ms, for example) at a predetermined duty cycle. The electromagnetic wave oscillator 33 outputs the microwave pulse during the time interval. When the time interval has elapsed since a rise time of the microwave pulse, the microwave pulse oscillation is terminated, and the microwave plasma disappears.
As shown in
The stub 51 is a short circuit stub 51, connected to the transmission line 60 for electromagnetic wave from the electromagnetic wave oscillator 33 to the antenna 15a. A length of the short circuit stub 51 is one half of a wavelength (electric length) of the microwave on the stub 51.
The plurality of switches 52 are connected in parallel between the stub 51 and a grounding surface (the ground). The plurality of switches 52 are equidistantly arranged in a longitudinal direction of the stub 51.
From among the plurality of switches 52, a plurality of switches arranged from a predetermined location on the stub 51 toward a side of the transmission line 60 constitute a first switch group 56, and the rest of the switches 52 constitute a second switch group 57. More particularly, the first switch group 56 is constituted by the plurality of switches 52 arranged from a reference switch 52a toward the side of the transmission line 60 including the reference switch 52a wherein the “reference switch 52a” is intended to mean a switch that is connected to the stub 51 at a location distance from the transmission line 60 approximately by a quarter of the wavelength (electric length) of the microwave on the stub 51. The second switch group 57 is constituted by a plurality of switches 52 arranged further away from the transmission line 60 than the reference switch 52a. In the second switch group 57, a switch adjacent to the reference switch 52a is hereinafter referred to as an “adjacent switch 52b”.
The switch control device 53 performs a short circuit location adjustment operation of determining a switch 52, which can minimize the reflected wave in intensity (hereinafter, referred to as a “reflection intensity minimizing switch”) from among the switches 52 by changing the switch 52 to be brought to conductive state from one after another, and specifying the switch 52 thus determined as the switch 52 to be short-circuited (hereinafter, referred to as an “eventual short circuit switch”). During the short circuit location adjustment operation, the switch control device 53 brings each of two switches 52 (the reference switch 52a and the adjacent switch 52b) located on both sides of a boundary between the first and second switch groups 56 and 57 to conductive state, measures and compares the reflected waves in intensity respectively so as to determine which of the switches 52a and 52b causes the intensity of the reflected wave less than the other. In this manner, the switch control device 53 searches for the reflection intensity minimizing switch 52 from among the switch group 56 or 57 to which the determined switch 52a or 52b belongs.
As shown in
The bias voltage is switched between positive and negative by switching ON and OFF a transistor 57 connected to each PIN diode 52. A control signal outputted from the switch control device 53 is inputted to each transistor 57 at a base thereof. When the control signal is applied to the transistor 57 at the base and then the transistor 57 is brought to conductive state, the cathode potential of the PIN diode 52 connected to the conductive transistor 57 becomes negative and then the concerned PIN diode 52 is brought into conductive state. On the other hand, when the transistor 57 is in non-conductive state, the cathode potential of the PIN diode 52 connected to the non-conductive transistor 57 is positive and, therefore, the concerned PIN diode 52 is in non-conductive state. In this manner, it is possible to bring the PIN diode 52 to conductive or non-conductive state by applying or not applying the control signal, thereby making it possible to change a length operative in the stub 51 (hereinafter, referred to as an “operative length of the stub 51”). The operative length of the stub 51 is a distance between the transmission line 60 and the conductive switch 52.
The transistor 57 and the PIN diode 52 are semiconductor devices, and capable of realizing switching speeds of microsecond order. For example, assuming that 2.4 GHz of ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band is selected as the microwave frequency, a half wavelength is approximately 60 mm. If the PIN diode is integrated in a chip shape of 2 mm wide, up to thirty PIN diodes 52 can be arranged on the stub 51. According to a control sequence shown in
An impedance Z of the short circuit stub 51 can be expressed as shown in equation (1).
Z=jZo·tan βL (1)
In equation (1), L represents the electric length of the stub 51, Zo represents a characteristic impedance of the transmission line, and β=2π/λ. As shown in
Adjustment by short circuit stub 51 will be described hereinafter with reference to a Smith chart shown in
For example, it is assumed that the load impedance is represented by a point A when the operative length of the stub 51 is a quarter wavelength (wavelength of the microwave on the stub 51). The point A will move on the equal conductance circle in a counterclockwise direction as the operative length of the stub 51 is made shorter than the quarter wavelength while, on the other hand, the point A will move in a clockwise direction as the operative length of the stub 51 is made longer than the quarter wavelength. The point A will eventually reach to a point A′ where susceptance is zero as the operative length of the stub 51 is made shorter than the quarter wavelength. The point A′ is a point where impedance matching is optimally attained.
The short circuit location adjustment operation of the impedance matching device 50 will be described hereinafter with reference to
In
In Step ST1, from a state in which all of the switches 52 are OFF, only the reference switch 52a is turned ON. This means that the stub 51 is short-circuited at a quarter wavelength location. In Step ST2, a measurement is made of intensity P′ of the reflected wave reflected from the load. Hereinafter, the intensity P′ measured in Step ST2 is referred to as a “first reflection intensity”.
In Step ST3, the reference switch 52a is returned to OFF, and the adjacent switch 52b alone is turned ON. In Step ST4, a measurement is made of intensity P of the reflected wave. Hereinafter, the intensity P measured in Step ST4 is referred to as a “second reflection intensity”. Subsequently, in Step ST5, a comparison is made between the first reflection intensity P′ and the second reflection intensity P.
In a case in which the first reflection intensity P′ is less than the second reflection intensity P (in a case of “Yes” in
On the other hand, in a case in which the first reflection intensity P′ is greater than the second reflection intensity P (in the case of “No” in
In Step ST6, the switch 52, which is arranged immediately adjacent to the previously short-circuited switch 52 in a direction toward the side of the transmission line 60, is short-circuited, and, in Step ST7, a measurement is made of intensity of the reflected wave. In Step ST8, a comparison is made between the measured intensity P of the reflected wave and the previously measured intensity P′ of the reflected wave.
As a result of the comparison in Step ST8, in a case in which the intensity P of the reflected wave measured in Step ST7 is lower than the other (in the case of “Yes” in
On the other hand, as a result of the comparison in Step ST8, in a case in which the intensity P of the reflected wave measured in Step ST7 is greater than the other (in the case of “No” in
<In Case in which it is Determined “No” in Step ST5>
In this case, a variable i (increment value of n) is set to +1, and n is set to k in Step ST11, the operation is changed as follows. In Step ST6, the switch 52, which is arranged immediately adjacent to the reference switch 52a in a direction away from the transmission line 60, is short-circuited, and, in Step ST7, a measurement is made of intensity of the reflected wave. In Step ST8, a comparison is made between the intensity P of the reflected wave measured in Step ST7 and the intensity P′ (the first reflection intensity) of the reflected wave when the reference switch 52a is short-circuited.
In a case in which Step ST6 is repeatedly performed according to a determination in Step ST9, which will be described later, a comparison is made in Step ST8 between the intensity P of the reflected wave measured in Step ST7 and the previously measured reflection intensity P′.
As a result of the comparison in Step ST8, in a case in which the reflection intensity P measured in Step ST7 is lower than the other (in the case of “Yes” in
Then, Step ST6 is repeatedly performed, and, while changing the short circuit location one switch 52 after another in a direction away from the transmission line 60, the reflection intensity minimizing switch 52 is searched for. If it is determined, in Step ST9, that the switch 52 short-circuited in Step ST6 is arranged at either end, the switch 52 is determined to be the reflection intensity minimizing switch and, therefore, the eventual short circuit switch in this case of short circuit location adjustment operation.
On the other hand, as a result of the comparison in Step ST8, in a case in which the reflection intensity P measured in Step ST7 is higher than the other (in the case of “No” in
In the present embodiment, while the engine 20 is operating, the short circuit location on the stub 51 is adjusted based on the intensity of the reflected wave of the microwave reflected from the load. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress the reflection of the microwave.
Furthermore, in the present embodiment, since the short circuit location is adjusted based on the intensity of the reflected wave, it is possible to automatically optimize the impedance matching with the load.
Furthermore, in the present embodiment, there is no need of employing a microstructure device such as an MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) switch in order to realize impedance adjustment on a high-power transmission line 60.
Furthermore, in the present embodiment, it is firstly determined which of the switch groups 56 and 57 the reflection intensity minimizing switch 52 belongs to. After a search range is narrowed to either one of the switch groups 56 and 57, the reflection intensity minimizing switch 52 is searched for. Accordingly, it is possible to find the optimum short circuit location in a short time, and it is possible to quickly adjust the impedance matching with the load with a simple control algorithm. Furthermore, a finer impedance adjustment can be realized by increasing the number of the switches 52.
The following description is directed to a first modified example of the present embodiment. In the first modified example, immediately after the engine 20 started to operate, the short circuit location adjustment operation is performed so that the eventual short circuit switch 52 is determined. After then on, the short circuit location adjustment operation is not performed, and the state of impedance matching that has been determined immediately after the engine 20 started to operate is maintained.
During the short circuit location adjustment operation, the plasma generation device 30 reduces an amount of energy per unit time of the microwave emitted to the combustion chamber 10 to a value less than an ordinary value (a value when the short circuit location adjustment operation is not performed). After the short circuit location adjustment operation, the amount of energy per unit time of the microwave emitted to the combustion chamber 10 is resumed to the ordinary value. As a result of this, it is possible to prevent the switch 52 from being damaged due to excessive energy of the reflected wave.
The short circuit location adjustment operation may be performed each time the output of the engine 20 is changed to a predetermined value. During the short circuit location adjustment operation, the plasma generation device 30 reduces the amount of energy per unit time of the microwave emitted to the combustion chamber 10 to a value less than the ordinary value.
The following description is directed to a second modified example of the present embodiment. In the short circuit location adjustment operation according to the second modified example, if the number of the switches 52 that has been short-circuited exceeds a predetermined value, the search for the reflection intensity minimizing switch 52 is abandoned, and the stub control device 53 finds out the switch 52 which causes the intensity of the reflected wave below a predetermined threshold value, and short-circuits the stub 51 via the switch 52 thus found.
Since temperature and pressure rapidly change in the combustion chamber 10 of the engine 20, even if the same switch 52 is short-circuited, the intensity of the reflected wave might be changed rapidly. Therefore, there is a risk that the short circuit location adjustment operation may not converge and terminate if the short circuit location adjustment operation is configured to continue as long as the reflection intensity minimizing switch 52 is not found. In the second modified example, in order to prevent the short circuit location adjustment operation from endlessly continuing, the short circuit location adjustment operation is configured to change to a control algorithm in a middle of the short circuit location adjustment operation, wherein the control algorithm determines the switch 52 that causes the intensity of the reflected wave below a predetermined threshold value to be the eventual short circuit switch 52.
The following description is directed to a third modified example of the present embodiment. In the third modified example, the stub control device 53, while changing the switch 52 to be brought to conductive state one after another, if the switch 52, which causes the intensity of the reflected wave below the predetermined threshold value, is found, short-circuits the stub 51 via the switch 52 thus found.
Accordingly, by properly setting the threshold value, it is possible to rapidly adjust the short circuit location. Furthermore, even in a case in which a condition of the combustion chamber 10 of the engine 20 rapidly changes, it is possible to properly determine the short circuit location.
The above described embodiment may also be configured as follows.
In the embodiment described above, the high voltage pulse and the microwave may be applied to separate locations. In this case, an antenna for emitting electromagnetic wave is provided separately from the central electrode 15a of the spark plug 15. Without requiring the mixer 34, the pulse generator 31 is directly connected to the spark plug 15, and the electromagnetic wave oscillator 33 is directly connected to the antenna for emitting electromagnetic wave. The antenna for emitting electromagnetic wave may be internally integrated with the spark plug 15, and may be provided on the cylinder head 22 separately from the spark plug 15.
Furthermore, although, in the embodiment described above, the engine 20 is a spark ignition engine, the engine 20 may be of different type such as a diesel engine.
The present invention is useful in relation to a plasma generation device that generates electromagnetic wave plasma by emitting an electromagnetic wave to a combustion chamber of an engine.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011-018692 | Jan 2011 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2012/052170 | 1/31/2002 | WO | 00 | 10/14/2013 |
