Patent Grant
7105989
The present invention generally relates to electric lamps and methods of manufacture. More specifically, the present invention relates to lamps wherein the light source includes a light emitting plasma contained within an arc tube (i.e. plasma lamps) having a filter for improving the operating characteristics of the lamp formed from a glass containing a dopant.
Plasma lamps such as mercury lamps or metal halide lamps have found widespread acceptance in lighting large outdoor and indoor areas such as athletic stadiums, gymnasiums, warehouses, parking facilities, and the like, because of the relatively high efficiency, compact size, and low maintenance of plasma lamps when compared to other lamp types. A typical plasma lamp includes an arc tube forming a chamber with a pair of spaced apart electrodes. The chamber typically contains a fill gas, mercury, and other material such as one or more metal halides, which are vaporized during operation of the lamp to form a light emitting plasma. The operating characteristics of the lamp such as spectral emission, lumens per watt (“LPW”), correlated color temperature (“CCT”), and color rendering index (“CRI”) are determined at least in part by the content of the lamp fill material.
The use of plasma lamps for some applications has been limited due the difficulty in realizing the desired spectral emission characteristics of the light emitting plasma. For example, metal halide lamps were introduced in the United States in the early 1960's and have been used successfully in many commercial and industrial applications because of the high efficiency and long life of such lamps compared to other light sources. However, metal halide lamps have not as yet found widespread use in general interior retail and display lighting applications because of the difficulty in obtaining a spectral emission from such lamps within the desired range of CCT of about 3000°–5000° K and CRI of greater than about 80.
Relatively high CRI (>80) has been realized in metal halide lamps having a CCT in the desired range by the selection of various metal halide combinations comprising the lamp fill material. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,694,002 to Krasko et al. discloses a metal halide lamp having a quartz arc tube with a fill of halides of sodium, scandium, lithium, and rare earth metals, which operates at a CCT of about 3000° K and a CRI of about 85. U.S. Pat. No. 5,751,111 to Stoffels et al. discloses a metal halide lamp having a ceramic arc tube with a fill of halides of sodium, thallium and rare earth metals which operates at a CCT of about 3000° K and a CRI of about 82. However, the quartz lamps disclosed by Krasko et al. have a relatively low LPW, the ceramic lamps disclosed by Stoffels et al. are relatively expensive to produce, and both types of lamps have a relatively high variability in operating parameters and a relatively diminished useful operating life.
The use of a sodium/scandium based halide fill in plasma lamps has addressed the efficiency and variability problems by providing improved efficiency and lower variability in operating parameters relative to metal halide lamps having other fill materials. However, such lamps have a relatively low CRI of about 65–70 and thus are not suitable for many applications.
One known approach in improving certain operating characteristics of plasma lamps is to filter the light emitted from the plasma using thin film coatings. It is a characteristic of such coatings that they selectively reflect and/or absorb radiation at selected wavelengths. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,671 to Parham et al. discloses a multilayer UV radiation absorbing coating on the arc tubes of metal halide lamps to block UV radiation. U.S. Pat. No. 5,646,472 to Horikoshi discloses a metal halide lamp having a dysprosium based fill with a multilayer coating on the arc tube for reflecting light at wavelengths shorter than nearly 600 nm while transmitting light at longer wavelengths to lower the CCT of the lamp. However, the optimal utilization of thin film coatings to control certain operating characteristics of plasma lamps often requires that a significant portion of the light that is selectively reflected by the coating be absorbed by the plasma, and there remains a need for thin film coatings for plasma lamps directed to plasma absorption.
One known approach in improving certain operating characteristics of filament lamps such as tungsten halogen lamps is to filter the light emitted from the filament using glass containing filtering dopants. U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,585 to Crane et al. and assigned to Corning Incorporated discloses a family of glasses that absorb ultraviolet (“UV”) radiation and filter yellow light in the visible spectrum. These glasses have found utility in forming lamp envelopes and filters in filament lamps. U.S. Pat. No. 4,315,186 to Hirano et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,548,491 to Karpen also disclose the use of doped glass for forming the front lens in filament automobile headlamps. However, the filters formed by these doped glasses actually reduce the CRI of the light emitted by the filament lamps. There is no known use prior to the present invention of these glasses to filter the light generated from plasma lamps generally, and specifically metal halide lamps having a sodium/scandium fill.
There remains a need for plasma lamps with high efficacy, high CRI, and a desirable CCT with improved color consistency from lamp to lamp.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to obviate many of the deficiencies of the prior art.
Another object of the present invention is to improve the CRI of plasma lamps by using filters formed from doped glass.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide novel lamp components in plasma lamps formed from doped glass.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a novel plasma lamp with improved operating characteristics and method of manufacturing such plasma lamps.
Still yet another object of the present invention to provide a novel plasma lamp and method using doped glass to obtain the desired spectral emission characteristics for the lamp.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a novel plasma lamp and method of making plasma lamp with operating characteristics suitable for indoor retail and display lighting.
Yet a further object of the present invention to provide a novel metal halide lamp and method having a highly selective notch in transmissivity.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a novel sodium/scandium lamp and method.
These and many other objects and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art to which the invention pertains from a perusal of the claims, the appended drawings, and the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments.
The present invention finds utility in the manufacture of all types and sizes of plasma lamps. As discussed above, plasma lamps have found widespread acceptance in many lighting applications, but the use of plasma lamps in some applications may be limited due to the difficulty in realizing the desired spectral emission characteristics of the light emitting plasma in such lamps. It has been discovered that glass containing dopants such as the family of glasses disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,585 may be used to form a filter in plasma lamps provide a means for obtaining the desired spectral emission characteristics while maintaining or improving the overall operating characteristics of plasma. By way of example only, certain aspects of the present invention will be described in connection with obtaining the desired spectral emission characteristics in sodium/scandium metal halide lamps to raise the CRI of such lamps.
During operation of the lamp, an arc is struck between the electrodes 16 that vaporizes the fill materials to form a light emitting plasma. According to the present invention, a surface in the lamp which substantially surrounds the plasma, e.g., the arc tube, an arc tube shroud, the outer lamp envelope, or a reflector, may be formed from a doped glass to form a notch filter.
To obtain a desired spectral emission from a plasma lamp using a filter, the target spectral emission lines must be identified by analysis of the unfiltered spectral emission of the lamp. The filter must then be designed so that desired portions of the light emitted by the plasma at the target wavelengths are absorbed by or reflected by the filter and absorbed in the plasma to thereby selectively remove such light from the light transmitted from the lamp.
Once the target spectral lines have been identified, the physical dimensions of the specific arc in the plasma that primarily emit the light at each targeted wavelength are measured to determine the region within the plasma that the reflected light must be directed for absorption.
The spectral absorption characteristics of the plasma are then determined either theoretically by consideration of arc temperature and the densities of the mercury and metal halides, or experimentally based on measured spectral emittance changes caused by the application of highly reflective coatings to the arc tube.
The angular distribution of the light emitted from the plasma on the filter must also be determined so that the angle of incidence may be considered in the coating design. The geometry of the filter (i.e. the coated surface), and the physical dimensions of the plasma may be used to determine the angular distribution of the emitted light at each point on the filter.
In view of the dimensions of the plasma and the angular distribution of the emitted light on the filter, the absorption of light in the plasma as a function of the reflectivity of the filter may be predicted. The reflectivity levels at each spectral emission wavelength of interest for the filter may then be targeted to obtain the desired spectral transmission from the lamp.
A typical sodium/scandium metal halide lamps includes a fill comprising a fill gas selected from the gases neon, argon, krypton, or a combination thereof, mercury, and halides of sodium and scandium. The fill material may also include one or more additional halides of metals such as thorium and metals such as scandium and cadmium.
According to one aspect of the present invention directed to raising the CRI of sodium/scandium metal halide lamps, it has been determined that the CRI of the light transmitted by a notch filter that transmits light in the visible spectrum except in a narrow range near 580 nm where the transmission is reduced is greater than the CRI of the light generated by the plasma. For example, the filter may reflect at least seventy percent of the light emitted by the plasma in a narrow wavelength band (about 550 nm to about 620 nm) in the visible spectrum (about 380 nm to about 760 nm) and transmit at least seventy percent of the light emitted from the plasma in the visible spectrum and outside of the narrow band. (Note that the percentages of light transmitted or reflected relate to the average transmission/reflection of light within the identified band and not the specific transmission/reflection of light at each wavelength in the band.)
A suitable notch filter may be formed by using doped glass to form a surface in the lamp which substantially surrounds the light emitting plasma. Glass containing neodymium oxide provides suitable filtering characteristics to raise the CRI in a sodium/scandium metal halide lamp. The glass forms a filter that reduces the transmission of yellow light thus accentuating the transmission of the blue and red components of the light thereby enhancing the CRI of the light. Glass further containing cerium oxide may be used to provide the additional benefits of filtering UV radiation.
By way of example,
It has been discovered that a CRI of greater than 90 may be realized in a sodium/scandium lamp depending on the location of the reflected band in the visible spectrum. However, improvements in CRI must be obtained with consideration of any loss in lumen output of the lamp.
While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, the embodiments described are illustrative only and the scope of the invention is defined solely by the appended claims when accorded a full range of equivalence, many variations and modifications naturally occurring to those skilled in the art from a perusal hereof.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/112,024, filed Apr. 1, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,897,609, and claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/446,535, filed Feb. 12, 2003. The contents of each application is incorporated herein by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040222726 A1 | Nov 2004 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60446535 | Feb 2003 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10112024 | Apr 2002 | US |
| Child | 10776268 | US |
