Plasma lamp with dielectric waveguide

Abstract

A dielectric waveguide integrated plasma lamp (DWIPL) with a body consisting essentially of at least one dielectric material having a dielectric constant greater than approximately 2, and having a shape and dimensions such that the body resonates in at least one resonant mode when microwave energy of an appropriate frequency is coupled into the body. A bulb positioned in at least one lamp chamber in the body contains a gas-fill which when receiving energy from the resonating body forms a light-emitting plasma.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The field of the present invention relates to devices and methods for generating light, and more particularly to electrodeless plasma lamps.

[0004] 2. Related Art

[0005] Electrodeless plasma lamps provide point-like, bright, white light sources. Because they do not use electrodes, electrodeless plasma lamps often have longer useful lifetimes than other lamps. Electrodeless plasma lamps in the related art have certain common features. For example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,954,755 to Lynch et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,625 to Lynch et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,891 to Ury et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,704 to Walter et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,448,135 to Simpson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,303 to Simpson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,242 to Simpson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,710 to Simpson, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,333 to Simpson, the plasma lamps direct microwave energy into an air cavity, with the air cavity enclosing a bulb containing a mixture of substances that can ignite, form a plasma, and emit light.

[0006] The plasma lamps described in these references are intended to provide brighter light sources with longer life and more stable spectra than electrode lamps. However, for many applications, light sources that are brighter, smaller, less expensive, more reliable, and have long useful lifetimes are desired, but such light sources until now have been unavailable. Such applications include, for example, streetlights and emergency response vehicles. A need exists, therefore, for a very bright, durable light source at low cost.

[0007] In the related art, the air-filled cavity of an electrodeless plasma lamp typically is constructed in part by a metal mesh. Metal mesh is used because it contains the microwave energy within the cavity while at the same time permitting the maximum amount of visible light to escape. The microwave energy is typically generated by a magnetron or solid state electronics and is guided into the cavity through one or more waveguides. Once in the air-filled cavity, microwave energy of select frequencies resonates, where the actual frequencies that resonate depend upon the shape and size of the cavity. Although there is tolerance in the frequencies that may be used to power the lamps, in practice, the power sources are limited to microwave frequencies in the range of 1-10 GHz.

[0008] Because of the need to establish a resonance condition in the air-filled cavity, the cavity generally may not be smaller than one-half the wavelength of the microwave energy used to power the lamp. The air-filled cavity and thereby, the plasma lamp itself has a lower limit on its size. However, for many applications, such as for high-resolution monitors, bright lamps, and projection TVs, these sizes remain prohibitively large. A need exists therefore for a plasma lamp that is not constrained to the minimum cavity sizes of the related art.

[0009] In the related art, a bulb typically is positioned at a point in the cavity where the electric field created by the microwave energy is at a maximum. The support structure for a bulb preferably is of a size and composition that does not interfere with the resonating microwaves, as any interference with the microwaves reduces the efficiency of the lamp. The bulbs, therefore, typically are made from quartz. Quartz bulbs, however, are prone to failure because the plasma temperature can be several thousand degrees centigrade, which can bring the quartz wall temperature to near 1000° C. Furthermore, quartz bulbs are unstable in terms of mechanical stability and optical and electrical properties over long periods. A need exists, therefore, for a light source that overcomes the above-described issues, but that is also stable in its spectral characteristics over long periods.

[0010] In plasma lamps of the related art, the bulb typically contains a noble gas combined with a light emitter, a second element or compound which typically comprises sulfur, selenium, a compound containing sulfur or selenium, or any one of a number of metal halides. Exposing the contents of the bulb to microwave energy of high intensity causes the noble gas to become a plasma. The free electrons within the plasma excite the light emitter within the bulb. When the light emitter returns to a lower electron state, radiation is emitted. The spectrum of light emitted depends upon the characteristics of the light emitter within the bulb. Typically, the light emitter is chosen to cause emission of visible light.

[0011] Plasma lamps of the type described above frequently require high intensity microwaves to initially ignite the noble gas into plasma. However, over half of the energy used to generate and maintain the plasma typically is lost as heat, making heat dissipation a problem. Hot spots can form on the bulb causing spotting on the bulb and thereby reducing the efficiency of the lamp. Methods have been proposed to reduce the hot spots by rotating the lamp to better distribute the plasma within the lamp and by blowing constant streams of air at the lamp. These solutions, however, add structure to the lamp, thereby increasing size and cost. Therefore, a need exists for a plasma lamp that requires less energy to ignite and maintain the plasma, and includes a minimum amount of additional structure for efficient dissipation of heat.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] This invention provides distinct advantages over the electrodeless plasma lamps in the related art, such as brighter and spectrally more stable light, greater energy efficiency, smaller overall lamp sizes, and longer useful life spans. Rather than using a waveguide with an air-filled resonant cavity, embodiments of the invention use a waveguide having a body consisting essentially of at least one dielectric material having a dielectric constant greater than approximately 2. Such dielectric materials include solid materials such as ceramics, and liquid materials such as silicone oil. A larger dielectric constant permits “dielectric waveguides” to be significantly smaller than waveguides of the related art, enabling their use in many applications where the smallest size achievable heretofore has made such use impossible or impractical.

[0013] In one aspect of the invention, a lamp includes a waveguide having a body comprising at least one dielectric material and having at least one surface determined by a waveguide outer surface. Each material has a dielectric constant greater than approximately 2. The lamp further includes a first microwave probe positioned within and in intimate contact with the body, adapted to couple microwave energy into the body from a microwave source having an output and an input and operating within a frequency range from about 0.5 to about 30 GHz at a preselected frequency and intensity. The probe is connected to the source output. The frequency and intensity and the body shape and dimensions are selected so that the body resonates in at least one resonant mode having at least one electric field maximum. The lamp further includes at is least one lamp chamber depending, respectively, from at least one waveguide outer surface into the body, with each chamber at a location corresponding to an electric field maximum during operation. The lamp further includes a gas-fill in each chamber which when receiving microwave energy from the resonating body forms a light-emitting plasma.

[0014] In another aspect of the invention, a lamp includes a waveguide having a body with a main portion including a solid dielectric material and a body first side, and a protrusion extending from the first side and terminating in a second side determined by a waveguide outer surface from which depends a lamp chamber into the protrusion. The lamp further includes a microwave probe positioned within and in intimate contact with the body main portion, adapted to couple microwave energy into the main portion from a microwave source having an output and an input and operating within a frequency range from about 0.5 to about 30 GHz at a preselected frequency and intensity. The probe is connected to the source output. The frequency and intensity and the body main portion shape and dimensions are selected such that the main portion resonates in at least one resonant mode having at least one electric field maximum. The lamp further includes a bulb envelope substantially within the chamber, containing a gas-fill which when receiving microwave energy from the resonating body main portion forms a light-emitting plasma.

[0015] In still another aspect of the invention, a lamp includes a waveguide having a body including a solid dielectric material and a side determined by a waveguide outer surface from which depends a lamp chamber. The chamber aperture is circumscribed by a bulb envelope support sealed to the outer surface. The lamp further includes a microwave probe positioned within and in intimate contact with the body, adapted to couple microwave energy into the body from a microwave source having an output and an input and operating within a frequency range from about 0.5 to about 30 GHz at a preselected frequency and intensity. The probe is connected to the source output. The frequency and intensity and the body shape and dimensions are selected such that the body resonates in at least one resonant mode having at least one electric field maximum. The lamp further includes a bulb envelope substantially within the chamber and hermetically sealed to the bulb envelope support. The bulb envelope contains a gas-fill which when receiving microwave energy from the resonating body main portion forms a light-emitting plasma.

[0016] In yet another aspect of the invention, a method for producing light includes the step of coupling microwave energy into a waveguide having a body including at least one dielectric material and having at least one surface determined by a waveguide outer surface from which depends at least one lamp chamber into the body. Each material has a dielectric constant greater than approximately 2. The energy frequency and intensity and the body shape and dimensions are selected such that the body resonates in a least one resonant mode having at least one electric field maximum. The method further includes the step of directing resonant microwave energy into the lamp chamber(s), with each lamp chamber containing a gas-fill including a plasma-forming gas and a light emitter. The method further includes the step of creating a plasma by interacting the resonant energy with the gas-fill, thereby causing emission of light.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] FIG. 1 illustrates a sectional view of a dielectric waveguide integrated plasma lamp (DWIPL) including a waveguide having a body consisting essentially of a solid dielectric material, integrated with a bulb envelope containing a light-emitting plasma.

[0018] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate sectional views of alternative embodiments of a DWIPL.

[0019] FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate a sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a DWIPL wherein the bulb envelope is thermally isolated from the dielectric waveguide.

[0020] FIGS. 4A-D illustrate different resonant modes within a rectangular prism-shaped dielectric waveguide.

[0021] FIGS. 5A-C illustrate different resonant modes within a cylindrical prism-shaped dielectric waveguide.

[0022] FIG. 6 illustrates a DWIPL embodiment wherein a feedback mechanism provides information to a microwave source from a probe probing the waveguide field, thereby dynamically maintaining a resonant mode within the waveguide.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0023] Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a dielectric waveguide integrated plasma lamp (DWIPL) 101. DWIPL 101 includes a source 115 of microwave radiation, a waveguide 103 having a body 104 formed of a solid dielectric material, and a microwave probe 117 coupling the radiation source 115 to the waveguide 103. Waveguide 103 is determined by opposed sides 103A, 103B, and opposed sides 103C, 103D generally transverse to sides 103A, 103B. As used herein, the term “waveguide” generally refers to any device having a characteristic and purpose of at least partially confining electromagnetic energy. As used herein, the term “dielectric waveguide” refers to a waveguide having a body consisting essentially of at least one dielectric material having a dielectric constant greater than approximately 2. As used herein, the term “probe” is synonymous with “feed” in the '718 application. DWIPL 101 further includes a bulb 107, disposed proximate to side 103A and preferably generally opposed to probe 117, containing a gas-fill 108 including a noble gas and a light emitter, which when receiving microwave energy at a predetermined operating frequency and intensity forms a plasma and emits light. As used herein, the term “ignition” means initial breakdown of atoms or molecules of the initially neutral gas-fill into ions. As used herein, the term “bulb” refers to an enclosure disposed substantially if not totally within a lamp chamber in a waveguide body, which either is a “bulb envelope,” viz., an enclosure determined by a surrounding wall and a window covering the chamber aperture and hermetically sealed to the wall, or is a self-enclosed discrete bulb within the chamber. The term “bulb cavity,” where used herein, refers to the combination of a lamp chamber and a discrete bulb disposed within the chamber. Because the gas-fill is confined to a discrete bulb, a bulb cavity need not be hermetically sealed.

[0024] Source 115 provides microwave energy to waveguide 103 via probe 117. The waveguide contains and guides the energy to an enclosed lamp chamber 105, depending from side 103A into body 104, in which is disposed bulb 107. This energy frees electrons from noble gas atoms, thereby creating a plasma. The free electrons excite the light emitter. De-excitation of the light emitter results in emission of light. As will become apparent, the DWIPL embodiments disclosed herein offer distinct advantages over the plasma lamps in the related art, such as an ability to produce brighter and spectrally more stable light, greater energy efficiency, smaller overall lamp sizes, and longer useful life spans.

[0025] The microwave source 115 in FIG. 1 is shown schematically as solid state electronics; however other devices commonly known in the art operating in the 0.5-30 GHz range may also be used, including but not limited to klystrons and magnetrons. The preferred operating frequency range for source 115 is from about 500 MHz to about 10 GHz.

[0026] Depending upon the heat sensitivity of source 115, the source may be thermally isolated from bulb 107, which during operation typically reaches temperatures between about 700° C. and about 1000° C. Thermal isolation of bulb 107 from source 115 provides a benefit of avoiding degradation of the source due to heating. Additional thermal isolation of the source may be accomplished by any one of a number of methods commonly known in the art, including but not limited to using an insulating material or vacuum gap occupying an optional space 116 between the source 115 and waveguide 103. If the space 116 is included, appropriate microwave probes are used to couple the source 115 to the waveguide 103.

[0027] In FIG. 1, probe 117 that transports microwave energy from the source 115 to the waveguide 103 preferably is a coaxial probe. However, any one of several different types of microwave probes known in the art may be used, such as microstrip lines or fin line structures.

[0028] Due to mechanical and other considerations such as heat, vibration, aging and shock, when feeding microwave energy into the dielectric material, contact between the probe 117 and waveguide 103 preferably is maintained using a positive contact mechanism 121. The mechanism provides a constant pressure by the probe on the waveguide to minimize the possibility that microwave energy will be reflected back through the probe rather than entering the waveguide. In providing constant pressure, the contact mechanism compensates for small dimensional changes in the probe and waveguide that may occur due to thermal heating or mechanical shock. Contact mechanism 121 may be a spring loaded device, such as illustrated in FIG. 1, a bellows type device, or any other device commonly known in the art that can sustain a constant pressure for continuously and steadily transferring microwave energy.

[0029] When coupling probe 117 to waveguide 103, intimate contact preferably is made by depositing a metallic material 123 directly on the waveguide at its point of contact with the probe. This material eliminates gaps that may disturb the coupling, and preferably includes gold, silver or platinum, although other conductive materials may be used. The material may be deposited using any one of several methods commonly known in the art, such as depositing the material as a liquid and then firing it in an oven to provide a solid contact.

[0030] In FIG. 1, waveguide 103 is in the shape of a rectangular prism. However, the waveguide may have a cylindrical prism shape, a sphere-like shape, or any other shape that can efficiently guide microwave energy from the probe 117 to the bulb 107, including a complex, irregular shape whose resonant frequencies preferably are determined using electromagnetic theory simulation tools. The actual dimensions of the waveguide will vary depending upon the microwave operating frequency and the dielectric constant of the waveguide body 104.

[0031] In one preferred embodiment, body 104 has a volume of approximately 12,500 mm3 and a dielectric constant of approximately 9, and the operating frequency is approximately 2.4 GHz. Waveguide bodies of this scale are significantly smaller than the waveguides in the plasma lamps of the related art. Thus, waveguides according to the present invention represent a significant advance over the related art because their smaller size allows them to be used in many applications where the smallest size achievable heretofore has precluded or made wholly impractical such use. By using materials with larger dielectric constants, even smaller sizes can be achieved. Besides the obvious advantages provided by smaller size, size reduction translates into higher power density and lower loss, thereby making lamp ignition easier.

[0032] Regardless of its shape and size, waveguide body 104 preferably includes a solid dielectric material having the following properties: (1) a dielectric constant greater than approximately 2; (2) a loss tangent less than approximately 0.01; (3) a thermal shock resistance quantified by a failure temperature greater than approximately 200° C.; (4) a DC breakdown threshold greater than approximately 200 kilovolts/inch; (5) a coefficient of thermal expansion less than approximately 10−5/° C.; (6) a zero or slightly negative temperature coefficient of the dielectric constant; (7) stoichiometric stability over a temperature range of about −80° C. to about 1000° C.; and (8) a thermal conductivity of approximately 2 W/mK (watts per milliKelvin).

[0033] Certain ceramics, including alumina, zirconia, titanates and variations or combinations of these materials may satisfy many of the above preferences, and may be used because of their electrical and thermo-mechanical properties. Alternatively, the dielectric material may be a silicone oil. Preferably, body 104 has a substantial thermal mass which aids efficient distribution and dissipation of heat and provides thermal isolation between source 115 and bulb 107.

[0034] Referring to FIG. 2A, a DWIPL 200 includes a waveguide 203 having a body 204 consisting essentially of a solid dielectric material, and a side 203A with an enclosed lamp chamber 205 depending from side 203A into body 204. A bulb 207 is disposed within the chamber. DWIPL 200 further includes a microwave probe 209 generally opposed to chamber 205. Preferably, bulb 207 is in the same plane as probe 209, where the electric field of the microwave energy is at a maximum. Where more than one maximum of the electric field is resent in waveguide 203, the chamber and bulb are positioned at one maximum and the probe at another maximum. By placing the probe and bulb at field maxima, the amount of energy transferred into the bulb is maximized.

[0035] Referring to FIG. 2B, a DWIPL 220 includes a waveguide 223 having a body 224 with a main portion 224A consisting essentially of a solid dielectric material. Body 224 further includes a convexly-shaped portion 224B which protrudes outwardly from portion 224A to form an enclosed lamp chamber 225. As in DWIPL 200, a bulb 227 disposed within chamber 225 is positioned generally opposed to a microwave probe 221. In contrast to DWIPL 200, bulb 227 may be positioned in a plane other than the plane of probe 221 where more than one maximum of the electric field is present in waveguide 223.

[0036] Returning to FIG. 1, sides 103A, 103B, 103C, 103D of waveguide 103, with the exception of those surfaces depending from side 103A into body 104 which form lamp chamber 105, are coated with a thin metallic coating 119 which reflects microwaves in the operating frequency range. The overall reflectivity of the coating determines the level of energy within the waveguide. The more energy that can be stored within the waveguide, the greater the efficiency of lamp 101. Preferably, coating 119 also suppresses evanescent radiation leakage and significantly attenuates any stray microwave field(s).

[0037] Microwave leakage from chamber 105 is significantly attenuated by choosing the chamber dimensions to be significantly smaller than the wavelength(s) of the microwaves used to operate lamp 101. For example, the length of the diagonal of a window sealing the chamber should be considerably less than half the microwave wavelength (in free space).

[0038] Still referring to FIG. 1, bulb 107 includes an outer wall 109 having an inner surface 110, and a window 111. Alternatively, the lamp chamber wall acts as the outer wall of the bulb. The components of bulb 107 preferably include at least one dielectric material, such as a ceramic or sapphire. In one embodiment, the ceramic in the bulb is the same as the material used in body 104. Dielectric materials are preferred for the bulb 107 because the bulb preferably is surrounded by the body 104, and the dielectric materials facilitate efficient coupling of microwave energy with the gas-fill 108 in the bulb.

[0039] In FIG. 1, outer wall 109 is coupled to window 111 using a seal 113, thereby determining a bulb envelope 127 which contains the gas-fill 108. The plasma-forming gas preferably is a noble gas. The light emitter preferably is a vapor formed of any one of a number of elements or compounds known in the art, such as sulfur, selenium, a compound containing sulfur or selenium, or a metal halide such as indium bromide (InBr).

[0040] To confine the gas-fill within the bulb envelope, the seal 113 preferably is a hermetic seal. Outer wall 109 preferably includes alumina because of its white color, temperature stability, low porosity, and coefficient of thermal expansion. However, other materials that provide one or more of these properties may be used. Preferably, outer wall 109 is contoured to maximize the amount of light reflected out of chamber 105 through window 111. For instance, the outer wall may have a parabolic contour. However, other outer wall contours or configurations that facilitate directing light out through the window may be used.

[0041] Window 111 preferably includes sapphire for high light transmissivity and because its coefficient of thermal expansion matches well with that of alumina. Alternatively, other materials having similar light transmittance and thermal expansion properties may be used. Alternatively, window 111 includes a lens to collect the emitted light.

[0042] As referenced above, during operation bulb 107 may reach temperatures of up to about 1000° C. Under such conditions, body 104 acts as a heat sink for the bulb. By reducing the heat load and heat-induced stress on the various elements of DWIPL 101, the lamp's useful life span can be increased beyond the life span of electrodeless lamps in the related art. As shown in FIG. 1, effective heat dissipation may be obtained by attaching a plurality of heat-sinking fins 125 to sides 103A, 103C and 103D. In DWIPL 220 (see FIG. 2B), lamp chamber 225 extends away from the main portion 224A of body 224, allowing heat to be removed efficiently by placing a plurality of fins 222 proximate to bulb 227.

[0043] Alternatively, waveguide body 104 includes a dielectric, such as a titanate, which generally is unstable at high temperature. In such embodiments, the waveguide 103 preferably is shielded from the heat generated in bulb 107 by interposing a thermal barrier between the body and bulb. Alternatively, the outer wall 109 includes a material with low thermal conductivity, such as an NZP (NaZr2(PO4)3) ceramic, which acts as a thermal barrier.

[0044] FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate a DWIPL 300 wherein a vacuum gap acts as a thermal barrier. As shown in FIG. 3A, DWIPL 300 includes a bulb envelope 313 disposed within a lamp chamber 315 which is separated from body 312 of a waveguide 311 by a vacuum gap 317 whose thickness is dependent upon microwave propagation characteristics and the material strengths of waveguide body 312 and bulb envelope 313. The vacuum minimizes heat transfer between the bulb and waveguide.

[0045] FIG. 3B illustrates a magnified view of bulb envelope 313, chamber 315 and vacuum gap 317. The boundaries of gap 317 are formed by the waveguide 311, a bulb envelope support 319, and bulb envelope 313. Support 319 is sealed to the waveguide and extends over the edges of chamber 315. The support includes a material having high thermal conductivity, such as alumina, to help dissipate heat from the bulb.

[0046] Embedded in support 319 is an access seal 321 which maintains a vacuum within gap 317 when bulb envelope 313 is in place. Preferably, the bulb envelope 313 is supported by and hermetically sealed to support 319. Once a vacuum is established in gap 317, heat transfer between the bulb envelope and waveguide is substantially reduced.

[0047] Preferably, DWIPLs 101, 200, 220 and 300 operate at a microwave frequency in the range of about 0.5 to 10 GHz. The operating frequency is preselected so as to excite one or more resonant modes supported by the size and shape of the waveguide, thereby establishing one or more electric field maxima within the waveguide. When used as a resonant cavity, at least one dimension of the waveguide is preferably an integer number of half-wavelengths.

[0048] FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C schematically illustrate three DWIPLs 410, 420, 430, each operating in a different resonant mode. It is to be understood that each of these figures represents DWIPL 101, DWIPL 200, DWIPL 220 or DWIPL 300 operating in the respective resonant mode depicted. Referring to FIG. 4A, DWIPL 410 operates in a first resonant mode 411 where the length of one axis of a rectangular prism-shaped waveguide 417 is one-half the wavelength of the microwave energy used. In FIG. 4B, DWIPL 420 operates in a second resonant mode 421 where the length of one axis of a rectangular prism-shaped waveguide 427 equals the microwave wavelength. In FIG. 4C, DWIPL 430 operates in a third resonant mode 431 where the length of one axis of a rectangular prism-shaped waveguide 437 is three-halves the microwave wavelength. DWIPL 430 includes first and second microwave probes 433, 434 which supply energy to the waveguide. The probes may be coupled to a single microwave source or individually to separate sources. DWIPLs 410, 420, 430 further include, respectively, a bulb cavity 415, 425, 435.

[0049] In DWIPLs 410, 420, 430, bulb cavities 415, 425, 435, respectively, and probes 413, 423, and (433, 434), respectively, are preferably positioned with respect to waveguides 417, 427, 437, respectively, at locations where the electric fields are at an operational maximum. However, the bulb cavity and probe(s) do not necessarily have to lie in the same plane.

[0050] FIG. 4D schematically illustrates a DWIPL 440 wherein a single microwave probe 443 provides energy to a waveguide 447 having first and second bulb cavities 445, 446, each positioned with respect to the waveguide at locations where the electric field is at a maximum. It is to be understood that FIG. 4D represents DWIPL 101, DWIPL 200, DWIPL 220 or DWIPL 300 operating in the resonant mode depicted, but with the DWIPL modified to include two bulb cavities.

[0051] FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C schematically illustrate three DWIPLs 510, 520, 530 each having a cylindrical prism-shaped waveguide 517, 527, 537, respectively, and operating in a different resonant mode. It is to be understood that each of these figures represents DWIPL 101, DWIPL 200, DWIPL 220 or DWIPL 300 operating in the respective resonant mode depicted, but with the DWIPL modified to have a cylindrical waveguide. In each DWIPL, the height of the cylinder is less than its diameter, and the diameter is close to an integer multiple of the lowest order half-wavelength that can resonate within the waveguide. Placing these dimensional constraints on the cylinder results in the lowest resonant mode being independent of cylinder height so that the cylinder diameter dictates the fundamental mode of the energy within the waveguide. Cylinder height can thus be optimized for other requirements such as size and heat dissipation. In FIG. 5A, a microwave probe 513 is positioned directly opposed to bulb cavity 515 where the zeroeth order Bessel mode 511 is a maximum. In FIG. 5B, cylindrical waveguide 527 has a diameter close to one wavelength long, so that the first order Bessel mode 521 is excited. Probe 523 is positioned at the field maximum and is diagonally opposed to bulb cavity 525. In FIG. 5C, cylindrical waveguide 537 has a diameter close to three half-wavelengths long so that there are two electric field maxima at which are positioned probes 533, 534 which provide energy to the waveguide. Bulb cavity 535 is disposed symmetrically between the two probes. Generally, in a DWIPL having a cylinder-shaped waveguide the bulb cavity and probe(s) are preferably positioned with respect to the waveguide at locations where the electric field is a maximum.

[0052] A dielectric waveguide provides several distinct advantages. Firstly, as discussed above, the waveguide body can be used to dissipate heat generated in the bulb. Secondly, higher power densities can be achieved within a dielectric waveguide than are possible in plasma lamps with air cavities such as those in present use. Depending on the dielectric constant of the material used for the waveguide body, the energy density of a dielectric waveguide will be somewhat or substantially greater than the energy density in an air cavity waveguide of similiar dimensions in a plasma lamp of the related art.

[0053] Referring again to FIG. 1, high resonant energy within waveguide 103 of DWIPL 101, corresponding to a high Q-value in the waveguide (where Q is the ratio of the operating frequency to the frequency width of the resonance), results in high evanescent leakage of microwave energy into chamber 105. High leakage into the chamber leads to quasi-static breakdown of the noble gas within envelope 127, thereby generating the first free electrons. The oscillating energy of the free electrons scales as Iλ2, where I is the circulating intensity of the microwave energy and λ is the wavelength. Thus, the higher the microwave energy, the greater is the oscillating energy of the free electrons. By making the oscillating energy greater than the ionization potential of the gas, electron-neutral collisions result in efficient build-up of plasma density.

[0054] Once a plasma is formed in DWIPL 101 and the incoming power is absorbed, the waveguide's Q-value drops due to the conductivity and absorption properties of the plasma. The drop in Q-value is generally due to a change in the impedance of the waveguide. After plasma formation, the presence of the plasma in the chamber makes the chamber absorptive to the resonant energy, thus changing the waveguide impedance. This change in impedance is effectively a reduction in the overall reflectivity of the waveguide. By matching the reflectivity of the probe to be close to the reduced reflectivity of the waveguide, a relatively low net reflection back into the energy source is realized.

[0055] Much of the energy absorbed by the plasma eventually appears as heat such that the bulb temperature may approach 1000° C. When the waveguide is also used as a heat sink, as previously described, the dimensions of the waveguide may change due to thermal expansion. If the waveguide expands, the microwave frequency that will resonate within the waveguide changes and resonance is lost. In order for resonance to be maintained, the waveguide must have at least one dimension equal to an integer multiple of the half-wavelength of the microwaves being generated by source 115.

[0056] A DWIPL embodiment that compensates for such dimensional changes includes a waveguide having a body consisting essentially of a solid dielectric material with a temperature coefficient for its refractive index that is approximately equal and opposite in sign to its coefficient of thermal expansion. Dimensional changes due to thermal heating are offset by a change in refractive index, thus decreasing the possibility that resonance will be interrupted. Such materials include titanates. Alternatively, dimensional changes due to heating may be compensated for by tapering the walls of the waveguide.

[0057] FIG. 6 schematically shows a DWIPL 610 operated in a dielectric resonant oscillator mode wherein first and second microwave probes 613, 615 are coupled between a dielectric waveguide 611, which may be of any shape previously discussed, and a microwave energy source 617. Source 617 is preferably broadband with a high gain and high output power, and is capable of driving the plasma to emission. DWIPL 610 further includes a bulb cavity 619.

[0058] Probe 613 generally operates as described for the other embodiments disclosed herein. Probe 615 probes the waveguide 611 to instantaneously sample the field (including amplitude and phase information contained therein), and provides the sampled field information via a feedback means 612 to an input 617A of energy source 617 or to a separate amplifier. In probing the waveguide, probe 615 also preferably acts to filter out stray frequencies, leaving only the resonant frequency within the waveguide. Preferably, probes 613, 615 and bulb cavity 619 are each positioned with respect to waveguide 611 at locations where the electric field is at a maximum. Using the sampling information provided by probe 615, the energy source 617 amplifies the resonant energy within the waveguide. The source thereby adjusts its output frequency to dynamically maintain one or more resonant modes in the waveguide. The complete configuration thus forms a resonant oscillator. In this manner, automatic compensation may be realized for frequency shifts due to plasma formation and changes in waveguide dimensions and dielectric constant due to thermal effects, enabling continuous operation of the lamp.

[0059] The dielectric resonant oscillator mode also enables DWIPL 610 to have an immediate re-strike (i.e., re-ignition) capability after being turned off. As previously discussed, the resonant frequency of the waveguide may change due to thermal expansion and/or changes in the dielectric constant caused by heat generated during operation. Furthermore, the resonant frequency depends upon the state of the plasma. When DWIPL 610 is shut down, the light-emitting plasma extinguishes and heat is dissipated resulting in changes in the resonant frequency of the waveguide.

[0060] However, as indicated above, in the resonant oscillator mode the energy source 617 automatically compensates for changes in the resonant frequency of the waveguide 611. Therefore, regardless of the startup characteristics of the waveguide, and providing that energy source 617 has the requisite bandwidth, the energy source will automatically compensate to achieve resonance within the waveguide. Thus, the energy source immediately provides power to the DWIPL at the optimum plasma-forming frequency.

[0061] While several embodiments for carrying out the invention have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that additional modifications are possible without departing from the inventive concepts detailed herein. It is to be understood, therefore, there is no intention to limit the invention to the particular embodiments disclosed. On the contrary, it is intended that the invention cover all modifications, equivalences and alternative constructions falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A lamp comprising: (a) a waveguide having a body of a preselected shape and dimensions, the body comprising at least one dielectric material and having at least one surface determined by a waveguide outer surface, each said material having a dielectric constant greater than approximately 2; (b) a first microwave probe positioned within and in intimate contact with the body, adapted to couple microwave energy into the body from a microwave source having an output and an input and operating within a frequency range from about 0.5 to about 30 GHz at a preselected frequency and intensity, the probe connected to the source output, said frequency and intensity and said body shape and dimensions selected so that the body resonates in at least one resonant mode having at least one electric field maximum; (c) the body having at least one lamp chamber depending, respectively, from at least one said waveguide outer surface, each chamber at a location corresponding to an electric field maximum during operation; and (d) a gas-fill in each chamber which when receiving microwave energy from the resonating body forms a light-emitting plasma.

2. The lamp of claim 1 wherein each said dielectric material is a solid material.

3. The lamp of claim 1 wherein each said dielectric material is a liquid material.

4. The lamp of claim 1 wherein each said dielectric material is selected from the group consisting of solid materials having a dielectric constant greater than approximately 2, and liquid materials having a dielectric constant greater than approximately 2.

5. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein each said dielectric material has a loss tangent less than approximately 0.01.

6. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein each said dielectric material has a thermal shock resistance quantified by a failure temperature greater than approximately 200° C.

7. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein each said dielectric material has a DC breakdown threshold greater than approximately 200 kilovolts/inch.

8. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein each said dielectric material has a coefficient of thermal expansion less than approximately 10−5/° C.

9. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein the dielectric constant of each said dielectric material has a zero or slightly negative temperature coefficient.

10. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein each said dielectric material has stoichiometric stability over a temperature range of about −80° C. to about 1000° C.

11. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein each said dielectric material has a thermal conductivity of approximately 2 W/mK (watts per milliKelvin).

12. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein at least one waveguide outer surface has an outer coating of a metallic material.

13. The lamp of claim 12 wherein a plurality of heat-sinking fins are attached to at least one said metallic outer coating.

14. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein the gas-fill in at least one said lamp chamber is contained within a bulb envelope comprising a surrounding wall hermetically coupled to a window covering the chamber, the window substantially transparent to the light emitted by the plasma.

15. The lamp of claim 14, wherein at least one bulb envelope comprises at least one dielectric material having a dielectric constant greater than approximately 2.

16. The lamp of claim 14, wherein at least one said bulb envelope is interior to said lamp chamber.

17. The lamp of claim 14, wherein a portion of at least one said bulb envelope is exterior to said lamp chamber.

18. The lamp of claim 16, wherein at least one said window comprises a focusing lens.

19. The lamp of claim 17, wherein at least one said window comprises a focusing lens.

20. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein the gas-fill in at least one said lamp chamber is contained within a discrete bulb disposed therein, the chamber and bulb comprising a bulb cavity, the discrete bulb positioned at an electric field maximum and transparent to the light emitted by the plasma.

21. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein the gas-fill in each said lamp chamber comprises a plasma-forming gas and a light emitter.

22. The lamp of claim 21, wherein the plasma-forming gas is a noble gas.

23. The lamp of claim 21, wherein the light emitter is selected from the group consisting of sulfur, selenium, compounds containing sulfur, compounds containing selenium, and metal halides.

24. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein light emitted by the plasma is selected from the group consisting of ultraviolet light, visible light, and infrared light.

25. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein said operating frequency is in a range from about 0.5 GHz to about 10 GHz.

26. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein said body shape is a rectangular prism.

27. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein said body shape is a cylindrical prism.

28. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein said body shape is a sphere.

29. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein the first microwave probe and a lamp chamber are positioned proximate to the same electric field maximum.

30. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein the body resonates in a mode having at least two electric field maxima, and the first microwave probe and at least one lamp chamber are positioned proximate to different electric field maxima.

31. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein said operating frequency and intensity, and said body shape and dimensions are selected so that the body resonates at a high Q-value prior to plasma formation.

32. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, wherein the first microwave probe has a reflectivity closely matching the reduced waveguide reflectivity after plasma formation.

33. The lamp of claim 2 or 3 or 4, further comprising a second microwave probe positioned within the body.

34. The lamp of claim 33, wherein the first and second microwave probes are each coupled to a separate microwave source.

35. The lamp of claim 33, wherein the body resonates in a mode having at least three electric field maxima, and the first microwave probe, the second microwave probe, and at least one lamp chamber are each positioned proximate to different maxima.

36. The lamp of claim 35, wherein: (a) the first microwave probe, the second microwave probe, and at least one lamp chamber are each positioned proximate to an electric field maximum; (b) the second microwave probe is connected to the microwave source input and probes the body to instantaneously sample the amplitude and phase of the electric field therein; (c) the second probe feeds back the sampled amplitude and phase information to the source input; and (d) the source amplifies the resonant energy within the body and dynamically adjusts the operating frequency to maintain at least one resonant mode within the body, thereby operating the lamp in a dielectric resonant oscillator mode.

37. A lamp comprising: (a) a waveguide having a body with a main portion comprising a solid dielectric material of a preselected shape and preselected dimensions, and a body first side; (b) the body further having a protrusion extending from said first side and terminating in a second side determined by a waveguide outer surface from which depends a lamp chamber into the protrusion; (c) a microwave probe positioned within and in intimate contact with the body main portion, adapted to couple microwave energy into the main portion from a microwave source having an output and an input and operating within a frequency range from about 0.5 to about 30 GHz at a preselected frequency and intensity, the probe connected to the source output, said frequency and intensity and said body main portion shape and dimensions selected such that the main portion resonates in at least one resonant mode having at least one electric field maximum; and (d) a bulb envelope substantially within the cavity, containing a gas-fill which when receiving microwave energy from the resonating body main portion forms a light-emitting plasma.

38. The lamp of claim 37 wherein the bulb envelope comprises: (a) a window substantially transparent to the light emitted by the plasma; and (b) an outer wall hermetically coupled with the window and shaped to direct light towards the window, said wall having a thermal expansion coefficient approximately equal to the thermal expansion coefficient of the window.

39. The lamp of claim 38 wherein said solid dielectric material is a ceramic.

40. A lamp comprising: (a) a waveguide having a body comprising a solid dielectric material of a preselected shape and preselected dimensions, the body having a first side determined by a first waveguide outer surface; (b) the body having a lamp chamber depending from said waveguide outer surface, the chamber having an aperture circumscribed by a bulb envelope support sealed to said outer surface; (c) a microwave probe positioned within and in intimate contact with the body, adapted to couple microwave energy into the body from a microwave source having an output and an input and operating within a frequency range from about 0.5 to about 30 GHz at a preselected frequency and intensity, the probe connected to the source output, said frequency and intensity and said body shape and dimensions selected such that the body resonates in at least one resonant mode having at least one electric field maximum; and (d) a bulb envelope substantially within the lamp chamber and hermetically sealed to the bulb envelope support and separated from the waveguide body by a gap, the bulb envelope containing a gas-fill which when receiving microwave energy from the resonating body main portion forms a light-emitting plasma.

41. The lamp of claim 40 wherein the bulb envelope comprises: (a) a window substantially transparent to the light emitted by the plasma; and (b) a surrounding wall hermetically coupled with the window and shaped to direct light towards the window, said wall having a thermal expansion coefficient approximately equal to the thermal expansion coefficient of the window.

42. The lamp of claim 41 wherein a vacuum is maintained in the gap.

43. The lamp of claim 42 wherein said solid dielectric material is a ceramic.

44. A method for producing light comprising the steps of: (a) coupling microwave energy characterized by a frequency and intensity into a waveguide having a body of a preselected shape and dimensions, the body comprising at least one dielectric material and having at least one surface determined by a waveguide outer surface from which depends at least one lamp chamber into the body, each said material having a dielectric constant greater than approximately 2, said frequency and intensity and said body shape and dimensions selected such that the body resonates in a least one resonant mode having at least one electric field maximum; (b) directing resonant microwave energy into the lamp chamber(s), each lamp chamber containing a gas-fill comprising a plasma-forming gas and a light emitter; and (c) creating a plasma by interacting the resonant energy with the gas-fill, thereby causing emission of light.

45. The method of claim 44, further comprising the steps of: (a) sampling the amplitude and phase of the electric field within the waveguide body; and (b) adjusting the operating frequency of the microwave source until the sampled electric field is maximized.