The present invention is in the general field of nano-dimensioned materials. More specifically, techniques for the manufacture of a plasmonically active rods attached to carrier materials (substrates) are disclosed. The invention can be used to absorb radiant energy (light) and convert it into thermal energy (heat).
Plasmonically active rods that are electrically conductive can efficiently couple light into collective electron excitations (plasmons) contained within sub-wavelength material dimensions resulting in localized nano-scale direct energy transfer phenomena not observed in macroscopic material samples. The engineering of functional nanostructures using plasmonic materials holds great promise for use in many energy intensive industrial applications, in particular for the capture and conversion of solar energy. Novel, cost-effective plasmonically active device formats could find widespread adoption when applied to industrial processes where traditional heating techniques and sources can be replaced or supplanted with localized optical energy to heat (photothermal) conversion.
The present invention is use of a plasmonically active device consisting of a plurality of nanostructures engineered on, and attached to, the surface(s) of carrier (substrate) materials for generating a vapor from a fluid. The fabrication method of the device described herein allows for the large scale and large area continuous production of materials containing plasmonically active rods and their subsequent incorporation into devices that can drive energy intensive industrial applications such as steam generation, distillation, desalination, photo-catalysis, and more using optical radiation energy. More particularly, the present invention consists of arrays of plasmonic rod-like elements engineered on the surfaces of continuous substrates such as ribbons, foils, threads, fibers, or other carriers that are produced using electrochemical techniques. The plasmonic nano-rods may be vertically aligned. The methods disclosed for the present invention are applied to the manufacture of a plasmonic energy conversion device, including an embodiment that has specific photothermal energy conversion response properties tailored for particular applications and device designs. The invention can be used for radiant-to-thermal energy conversion and solar energy harvesting.
Referring now to the invention in more detail, it is a plasmonic energy conversion device and use thereof, where the device is comprised of a plurality of conducting rod-like structures attached to a conducting substrate with the structures specifically designed and intended to interact with optical energy (light) via energy exchange. The device consists of vertically aligned arrays of nano scale rods which are attached to the surface of a carrier, or substrate material. The rods have a cylindrical shape with one radial end of the cylinder attached to the substrate such that a multiplicity of rods arrayed on a surface herein can appear in one embodiment as a “bristled” surface. The bristled surface has a substantially greater surface area than the substrate on which it is fabricated. The rods can vary in geometry from short, quasi-hemispherical low-aspect structures to elongated, high-aspect bristles with these geometrical variations affecting the optical response of the rods and providing a means to manipulate and control the optical characteristics of the device. The rods are plasmonic in, being that they are made of a material and possess a geometry that supports a Plasmon, Surface Plasmon, or Plasmon Resonance; being an electromagnetic interaction between the rod and incident radiant energy (light) where the light is absorbed by the rod(s) and the optical energy converted into a Plasmon.
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In furtherance of detailing the description of the plasmonic energy conversion device, attention is once again garnered to
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In an embodiment of the four step process for fabricating the plasmonic energy conversion device as presented in
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Turning now to applications of the plasmonic energy conversion device that consists of an array of plasmonically active rods on the surface or surfaces of planar, fiber or other substrates suitable for conformal coating and electrochemical processing. The metallic/conducting rods exhibit plasmon resonance and are fabricated such as to maximize the absorption of incident light and hence, maximize the conversion of this incident radiation into heat, which takes place through the generation of plasmons. The energy exchange takes place when radiation incident on the device induces plasmons, which then manifests physical phenomena such as intense electric fields in the vicinity of the rods, and, as heat generated within the rods. A maximum in the amount of light absorbed within an array of plasmonically active rods occurs at a material and geometry dependent optical wavelength (frequency) known as the plasmon resonance wavelength, λR. Optical absorption and the excitation of plasmons occurs on and off resonance, but is a maximum at λR. The intense electric fields associated with plasmons leads to interactions with electric dipoles in the vicinity of the plasmonic structures, while the heat subsequently generated in the very small rod volumes results in elevated temperatures of 100's of degrees centigrade producing unique localized photothermal phenomena: such as the direct generation of steam from ambient temperature water with high efficiency.
The plasmonic energy conversion device matches the optical response of the plurality of plasmonic rods to the spectrum of the optical source interacting with it in order to maximize the efficiency of the energy conversion process. When using a monochromatic light source such as a laser, it is desirable to have the maximum optical response of the device (λR) to be peaked at the wavelength of the laser, i.e., the rods are as close to identical in size and shape as possible resulting in a sharp collective resonance at λR, being the wavelength where the laser also operates. On the other hand, for a broadband source of radiation like the sun, it is necessary to broaden the optical response of the material to match the absorption to the incident spectrum and capture significant amounts of power. A requirement for an effective photothermal solar cell is that the material has high absorption and low emission across the effective spectral width of the solar band, that is, wavelengths of approximately 250-2500 nm. The plasmonic energy conversion device can be optimized for either broad or narrow band optical response. Optical tuning is achieved by controlled manipulation of the volume, shape, size, and composition of the plasmonically active rods to tune their optical response, and subsequently achieve the desired absorption of radiant energy by the device. By example, the concept of plasmonic resonance tuning is demonstrated in
Broadband absorption in the device can be achieved by creating a range of plasmonically active rod sizes that are intentionally engineered for broadband absorption by selecting a range of rod dimensions that correspond to the range of wavelengths in the broadband spectra. In one embodiment, a gradient in rod lengths across a section or region of substrate material width can be engineered, as shown schematically in
In another embodiment, the plasmonically active rod geometry is altered using a range of nanowire lengths or a range of nanorod diameters over the surface. These may be randomly distributed or dispersed in some other form than a gradient going from one side (region) of the device to another. For example, a conductive coating can be sprayed coated onto a glass substrate resulting in an island network of local areas with varying conductivity beneath the AAO or other matrix from pore to pore, and therefore, producing a material in which the length of the plasmonically active rods varies over the surface because the electro-deposition rate would correspondingly differ from pore to pore. In any case, the desired geometry of the rods is determined by the range of wavelengths of light that the device receives. Typically, the wavelength range is the spectra of sunlight received at the Earth's surface. As a result, the maximum range of lengths for the rods would be from about 20 nm to about 2 micrometers. Further, the diameters of the rods would be from 20 nm to 900 nm. In a preferred embodiment, the lengths of the rods will range between 50 and 500 nanometers and the diameters will range from 30 and 250 nanometers. In any case, the plasmonic rod geometries are selected in order that the peaks in the spectra of electromagnetic radiation that comes into the device have a corresponding set of rods that are optimized for those peaks.
The plasmonic energy conversion device can be used to generate vapor from a liquid by photothermal interaction. The efficiency of direct vapor generation by an illuminated submersed component is given by: n=mhLV/Pin, where m is the mass change in the liquid volume over time, hLV is the enthalpy of the liquid-vapor phase change, and Pin is the illumination intensity at the component surface. By example, the plasmonic energy conversion device can be used to create steam from water using solar energy. Steam generation lies at the heart of many industrial processes as a high-capacity thermal energy storage medium, and it is used substantially in the generation of electricity by turbine throughout the world. Steam is used for commercial and residential heating, refineries, food processing, and at chemical plants. It is used for sterilization in instruments such as autoclaves, and for cleaning, humidification and many other applications. Regardless of the source, steam is typically produced by bulk liquid heating. The direct, light-induced, generation of steam is a different approach that is being utilized in the plasmonic energy conversion device. While solar steam provides an example of an optically induced generation of vapor application of the plasmonic energy conversion device, the plasmonic energy conversion device may be used by other applications, such as in distillation, chemical refinement, and catalysis.
Referring now to
Now, referring to the vaporization of liquids and the example of the generation of solar steam using the plasmonic energy conversion device in more detail, we refer to
In this embodiment, the plasmonic energy conversion device may be in the form of a ribbon, which exhibits improved characteristics for distillation, including purification or desalination of water. In practical applications, when the water is flowing through small pores, they will become clogged from particulates, or even water solutes, and as a result, nucleate within the porous structure itself. In other words, these kinds of materials are permeable. In contrast, the plasmonic energy conversion device avoids these problems. First, the embodiment of the plasmonic energy conversion device that retains the nanorods in the AAO, or other porous matrix, has a substantially planar surface, without deep interstitial penetrations. The device is comprised of a structure mounted on a non-permeable substrate. In this manner, the heating occurs along this exterior surface of the entire solid substrate of the device. The water freely cycles when steam is produced and does not have to penetrate a permeable material. In the embodiment where the AAO or other anodized oxide is etched away, there are no tubes or pores through which water must flow. Instead the water surrounds the nanorods and the steam is generated on the same side of the substrate as the nanorod structures. As a result, the nanorods are self-cleaning through ablation at the surface in that the generated steam pushes away from the nanorod structures, sometimes violently due to the high local temperature, causing water to flow in behind it. Part of the effect is the result of surface tension and part the fact that gas bubbles rise away from the substrate—that is, they tend to float. In this manner, the system continually flushes the devices so as to avoid nucleation of salt or other solutes on the plasmonically active rods and surrounding surfaces.
The plasmonic energy conversion device may be used as a component in a solar-powered water purification device, including a desalination device.
Typically the incoming water flow is metered to match the outgoing water flow so that the basin does not over flow. In another embodiment, the incoming water valve, 218, is controlled in order to maintain a set level of salinity. This optimizes the operation of the device so that the rate or amount of solute nucleation on the plasmonic energy conversion device is minimized or eliminated. In one embodiment, the incoming valve may be electrically controlled and a salinity sensor, 219, placed in the incoming water basin that provides a signal representing the relative salinity of the impure water. That signal, when processed through appropriate analog and digital electronics, 220, can thereby control the amount of water introduced into the basin so that the salinity of the water in the basin is constant or below some predetermined threshold level. The circuit could be powered by a solar cell in order that the sunshine powering the water purification also powers the governing circuit. In yet another embodiment, a mechanical control of salinity may be introduced. In this embodiment, a float of a predetermined specific gravity, 221, is placed in the incoming water basin. The specific gravity of the float is selected or adjusted so that as the salinity of the water varies, the float ascends or descends. The float is attached to a first end of an arm, 222, that is comprised of two ends, that has a fulcrum between the first and second ends, and at the second end, a mechanical linkage, 223, to a valve control, 224, that controls the amount of water flowing through the valve in dependence on the position of the linkage and thereby the control. In one embodiment, the valve may adjust the flow based on the vertical position of a plunger, such that the linkage raises the plunger when the float lowers down into the impure water due to its lower salinity, while lowering the plunger and closing the valve when the float raises up.
In one embodiment of manufacturing the plasmonic energy conversion device, which may be used for solar powered water purification, the starting substrate, which may include various types of glass, is first coated with a thin conductive layer followed by an Al metal layer to produce the precursor material. The Al layer is then converted into nano-porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO), by electrochemical anodization using the conductive layer as an electrode. The AAO is used as a template for the formation of plasmonic rod arrays and can be retained afterwards or removed. In this example, a two-step deposition is employed where one metal species and then another material are deposited sequentially to create sectioned nanorods marked. By example, one material is silver and the other a thin gold layer capping the silver to avoid environmental exposure as the gold-capped-silver rods remain encased in transparent AAO providing a resilient protective coating. Alternatively, the AAO may be removed using a chemical etch leaving a free-standing plasmonically active rod array attached to the substrate. Plasmonic rod arrays can be produced on one or both sides of the substrate.
In yet another embodiment a solar powered vapor generating system can utilize the plasmonic energy conversion device as shown in
While the foregoing written description of the invention enables one of ordinary skill to make and use what is considered presently to be the best mode thereof, those of ordinary skill will understand and appreciate the existence of variations, combinations, and equivalents of the specific embodiments, methods, and examples herein. The invention should therefore not be limited by the above described embodiment, method, and examples, but by all embodiments and methods within the scope and spirit of the invention.
This is a utility patent application. This application claims priority as a non-provisional continuation of U.S. Pat. App. No. 62/544,093, filed on Aug. 11, 2017, incorporated herein by reference. This application claims priority as a non-provisional continuation to U.S. Patent Application No. 62/420,759, filed on Nov. 11, 2016, incorporated herein by reference.
This invention was made with U.S. Government support under Grant No. DE-SC0015924 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, and the U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention.
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20180135850 A1 | May 2018 | US |
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