Patent Grant
7741073
The present invention relates to the production of proteins of interest in plants, and in particular to the targeting thereof to the plastid compartment.
Plasts are intracellular organelle of chlorophyll-containing plants (algae, mosses, and higher plants). Several main types of plasts can be distinguished according to their pigment content and the nature thereof: amyloplasts, which are rich in starch, chloroplasts in which the main pigments are chlorophylls, and chromoplasts for which the main pigments are keratonoids. These three categories of plasts which derive from common precursors, proplasts, have a common basic structure consisting of a double membrane enclosing the plastid stroma. In chloroplasts, there is a third membrane system forming, within the stroma, saccules called thylakoids.
Besides their essential role in photosynthesis, chloroplasts are also involved in redox reactions, for example the reduction of nitrates to ammonium. Plasts also play an essential role in the biosynthesis and/or the storage of many molecules, among which mention will be made of starch, lipids, carotenoids, most amino acids, plant hormones (abscissic acid, precursors of gibberellins, jasmonate, etc.).
Although plasts have their own genome encoding some of their proteins, a large number of the enzymes involved in the various plastid functions are encoded by the nuclear genome and imported into the plasts.
This importation is carried out via a specific mechanism, which has more particularly been studied in the case of chloroplasts (for review cf. CHEN and SCHNELL, Trends Cell Biol. 9, 222-227, 1999; KEEGSTRA and CLINE, The Plant Cell 11, 557-570, 1999; SCHLEIFF and SOLL, Planta 211, 449-456, 2000; JACKSON-CONSTAN and KEEGSTRA, Plant Physiol. 125, 1567-1676, 2001). This mechanism involves an import system in each of the two plastid membranes: in the outer membrane, the Toc (translocon at outer membrane of chloroplast) complex which comprises at least three proteins: Toc 86, 75 and 34 (KESSLER et al., Science 266, 1035-1039, 1994; PERRY and KEEGSTRA, Plant Cell 6, 93-105, 1994); in the inner membrane, the Tic (translocon at inner membrane of chloroplast) complex which comprises at least four proteins: Tic 110, 55, 22 and 20 (KESSLER and BLOBEL, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93, 7684-7689, 1996; LÜBECK et al., EMBO J. 15, 4230-4238, 1996; CALIEBE et al., EMBO J. 16, 7342-7350, 1997; KOURANOV et al., J. Cell Biol., 143, 991-1002, 1998), and also a chaperone protein in the stroma: ClpC (AKITA et al., J. Cell Biol. 136, 983-994, 1997; NIELSEN et al., EMBO J. 16, 935-946, 1997).
A major element of this mechanism is Toc75, which is the most abundant protein in the outer membrane, and forms the central pore of the translocation channel located in this membrane (SCHNELL et al., Science 266, 1007-1012, 1994; TRANEL et al., EMBO J. 14, 2436-2446, 1995). Toc75 interacts specifically with a particular sequence, called “targeting peptide” or “transit peptide”, located at the N-terminal end of the proteins imported into the plasts (MA et al., J. Cell Biol. 134, 315-327, 1996).
Many targeting peptides have been identified in the precursors of proteins targeted to the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, the stroma and, in the case of chloroplasts, to the thylakoid membrane.
Among the proteins known to have a cleavable intraplastid-targeting peptide, mention will in particular be made of proteins targeted to the intermembrane space (Tic22: KOURANOV et al., 1998, mentioned above; KOURANOV et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274, 25181-25194, 1999), proteins targeted to the inner membrane (TPT(Triose-Pi/Pi translocator): BRINK et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270, 20808-20815, 1995), proteins targeted to the stroma (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) small subunit): DE CASTRO SILVA FILHO et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 30, 769-780, 1996; carbonic anhydrase), proteins targeted to the thylakoid membrane (LHCP (light harvesting complex): LAMPPA et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263, 14996-14999, 1988; Cfo-II: ATPase subunit) and to the thylakoid lumen (OEE1 (Oxygen Evolving Element 1): KO and CASHMORE, EMBO J. 8, 3187-3194, 1989).
These targeting peptides generally comprise between 40 and 100 amino acids, and most of them have common characteristics: they are virtually devoid of negatively charged amino acids, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine or glutamine; their N-terminal region is devoid of charged amino acids, and of amino acids such as glycine or proline; their central region contains a very high proportion of basic or hydroxylated amino acids, such as serine or threonine; their C-terminal region is rich in arginine and has the ability to form an amphipathic, beta-sheet secondary structure.
In the case of proteins targeted to the thylakoid lumen, the targeting peptide is bipartite and comprises additional information for crossing the thylakoid membrane (DE BOER and WEISBEEK, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1071, 221-253, 1991). In certain cases, this bipartite targeting peptide can also be found in proteins targeted to the thylakoid membrane (KARNAUCHOV et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 32871-32878, 1994).
In all cases, the targeting peptide is cleaved after importation. This cleavage is carried out by specific proteases; a protease located in the stroma (VANDERVERE et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92, 7177-7181, 1995), and a protease located in the lumen of the thylakoid (CHAAL et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273, 689-692, 1998) have been described.
Proteins targeted to the outer membrane do not generally comprise a cleavable signal peptide; the targeting information is contained in the mature protein (CLINE and HENRY, Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 12, 1-26, 1996); after they have been synthesized in the cytosol, these proteins are directly incorporated into the membrane (VAN'T HOF et al, FEBS lett. 291, 350-354, 1991 and J. Biol. Chem. 268, 4037-4042, 1993; PINADUWAGE and BRUCE, J. Biol. Chem. 271, 32907-32915, 1996) by means of interactions, the nature of which remains poorly understood, with the lipid bilayer. The only known exception to date concerns the Toc75 protein or (OEP75), the targeting of which to the outer membrane requires the presence of a cleavable, bipartite N-terminal targeting peptide (TRANEL et al., 1995, mentioned above; TRANEL and KEEGSTRA, Plant Cell 8, 2093-2104, 1996).
It is known that the use of plast-targeting peptides is necessary for introducing into these plasts proteins of interest for acting on various plastid functions, in particular with the aim of improving the characteristics of plants of agronomic interest, for example the biosynthesis of lipids, of starch, of vitamins, of hormones or of proteins by said plants, or their resistance to diseases, to insects or to herbicides. For example, application EP 189707 proposes the use of cleavable targeting peptides derived from chloroplast protein precursors, and in particular of the ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit targeting peptide, for importing a protein of interest into chloroplasts; PCT application WO 00/12732 proposes the use of targeting peptides from various plastid proteins, for importing proteins of interest into plasts.
The plastid functions can be modified in this way, and the characteristics conferred by these modifications are very diverse.
For the purposes of nonlimiting illustration, mention may be made of:
All the intraplastid-targeting peptides known in the prior art make it possible to import a protein into plasts by means of the TOC and TIC membrane import systems, as indicated above. It has been noted that the use of these peptides for targeting proteins of interest into chloroplasts may, in particular when the targeting peptide/protein of interest construct is placed under control of a strong promoter such as the 35S promoter, has the drawback of saturating these import systems, by competing with the proteins naturally targeted to the chloroplast. As a result of this, “leakages” occur, resulting, after a few days, in the presence of the protein of interest in other subcellular compartments such as the cytoplasm.
It would be desirable to have intraplastid-targeting peptides which would not depend on the TOC/TIC import system and would therefore make it possible to avoid the abovementioned drawbacks.
In previous studies aimed at identifying, by means of a proteomic approach, proteins from spinach chloroplast membrane preparations, the inventors identified, inter alia, peptides having considerable sequence similarity with a putative 41 kDa protein from Arabidopsis (TrEMBL accession number Q9SV68) (SEIGNEURIN-BERNY et al., Plant. J. 19, 217-228, 1999; FERRO et al., Electrophoresis 21, 3517-3526, 2000).
In continuing their studies in order to more fully characterize the Arabidopsis protein, and its homologue in spinach, the inventors noted that, surprisingly, although this involves proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm and imported at the inner membrane of the chloroplast, the importation thereof was carried out without cleavage of a targeting peptide; in addition, sequence analysis of these proteins reveals no sequence having the characteristics of known plastid-targeting peptides.
A. Expression experiments in Example 1 are shown where after induction with IPTG, the recombinant protein is strongly expressed in the bacteria transformed with the plasmid pET-15b containing the Arabidopsis cDNA insert.
B. Solubilization of the Recombinant Protein in Example 1 is shown where the recombinant protein (*) is found in 2 different fractions: a water-soluble fraction present in the E. coli cytosol and an insoluble fraction, which is not solubilized by Triton X-100, which indicates that it is probably aggregated in the form of inclusion bodies:
A. The 41 kDa protein is associated only with the chloroplast envelope and is not detected in the stroma or in the thylakoids.
B, C The 41 kDa protein is not affected by the treatment with thermolysin (
D. The 41 kDa protein is found, like the IE18 protein, only in the preparations of chloroplast envelopes enriched in inner membrane.
A. The analyses by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting of the treated envelope fractions show that the IE41 protein is not solubilized after sonication of the envelope vesicules. On the contrary, the major soluble proteins of the stroma (RbcL) which are sequested in the envelope vesicules, and which are known to contaminate the envelope fractions, are solubilized by this treatment. This shows that the IE41 protein is neither a soluble protein of the intermembrane space, nor a soluble protein of the stroma that contaminates the purified envelope fraction.
B. These results show that the IE41 protein is at least partly solubilized by the salt (KI, NaCl) or moderately alkaline (Na.sub.2CO.sub.3) treatments, which have no effect on the intrinsic protein IE18, it only being possible for the latter to be solubilized by a strong alkaline treatment (NaOH).
C. These results show that the IE41 protein can be completely solubilized with concentrations of Triton X-100 (0.2%) that are much lower than those (of the order of 2%) which are necessary for solubilizing the intrinsic proteins.
The proteins of the family represented by the 41 kDa Arabidopsis protein, and the homologue spinach protein, are referred to hereinafter as IE41 (IE for Inner Envelope according to the nomenclature conventionally used for this membrane system).
The sequence of the Arabidopsis IE41 protein is represented in the sequence listing in the appendix under the number SEQ ID NO: 1; the sequence of the cDNA encoding the spinach IE41 protein is represented in the sequence listing in the appendix under the number SEQ ID NO: 2, and the corresponding polypeptide sequence is represented in the sequence listing in the appendix under the number SEQ ID NO: 3.
The inventors investigated which regions of the IE41 proteins were involved in their plastid targeting, and identified a region of 41 amino acids (residues at 60 to 100) that was essential to this targeting.
The sequence of this region is represented in the sequence listing in the appendix under the number SEQ ID NO: 4 for the Arabidopsis IE41 protein, and under the number SEQ ID NO: 5 for the spinach IE41 protein.
They also noted that, when fragments of IE41 containing this region were fused to the N-terminal end of a heterologous protein, the recombinant protein resulting from this fusion was targeted to chloroplasts in a manner similar to the whole IE41 protein.
A subject of the present invention is an intraplastid-targeting polypeptide, characterized in that it comprises:
and at least one domain chosen from:
The percentage identities or the percentage similarities mentioned here are determined by means of the BLASTp software (ALTSCHUL et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 3389-3402, 1997), using the default parameters.
Domains A, B and/or C defined above can come from the same IE41 protein; they can also come from IE41 proteins of different origins.
A subject of the present invention is also any chimeric polypeptide resulting from the fusion of an intraplastid-targeting polypeptide in accordance with the invention with a heterologous polypeptide. Said heterologous polypeptide may be any polypeptide of interest that it is desired to introduce into plasts. Preferably, the intraplastid-targeting polypeptide in accordance with the invention is placed at the N-terminal end of the heterologous peptide. It could, however, also be placed within this peptide, or else at its C-terminal end.
A subject of the present invention is also the use of an intraplastid-targeting polypeptide in accordance with the invention, for the importation of a protein of interest into plasts, and advantageously for the targeting of said protein to the inner plastid membrane.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, said intraplastid-targeting polypeptide is used for the importation of said protein of interest into chloroplasts.
In particular, a subject of the present invention is a method for importing a protein of interest into plasts, characterized in that it comprises the expression, in a plant cell containing said plasts, of a chimeric polypeptide resulting from the fusion of an intraplastid-targeting polypeptide in accordance with the invention, with a heterologous polypeptide.
A subject of the present invention is also:
A subject of the present invention is also host cells harboring a polynucleotide, an expression cassette or a recombinant vector in accordance with the invention.
The present invention also encompasses transgenic plants genetically transformed with a polynucleotide or an expression cassette in accordance with the invention, and also the progenies of these plants. The invention also comprises the plant cells and tissues, and also the organs or parts of plants, including leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits and/or seeds obtained from these plants.
Conventional techniques for constructing recombinant vectors, for transforming host cells or organisms, and for producing recombinant proteins can be used for implementing the present invention.
The choice of the host vector and of the sequences for regulating the expression will be made in particular according to the method of transformation and to the host plant chosen, and/or to the type of cell or of tissue in which it is desired to obtain the expression.
A very large number of promoters that can be used for the expression in plant cells are known in themselves. By way of examples, a constitutive promoter, such as the CaMV 35S promoter or its derivatives, or the promoter of actin or ubiquitin, etc., may be chosen. An inducible promoter or else a tissue-specific promoter may also be chosen, so as to effect the plastid-targeting of the protein of interest only at certain stages of the plant's development, under certain environmental conditions, or in certain target tissues.
For example, if it is desired to preferentially obtain targeting of the protein of interest to chloroplasts, a chimeric polypeptide in accordance with the invention will be expressed under the control of a promoter specific for tissues or organs that are rich in plasts. By way of examples, the promoters of the chlorella virus that regulate expression of the adenine methyltransferase gene (MITRA and HIGGINS, Plant Mol. Biol. 26, 85-93, 1994) or that of the cassava mosaic virus (VERDAGUER et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 37, 1055-1067, 1998) are expressed mainly in the green tissues. The regulatory elements of the promoter of the tomato 2A11 gene allow specific expression in the fruit (VAN HAAREN and HOUCK, Plant Mol. Biol. 17, 615-630, 1991), etc.
Methods for transforming plant cells or whole plants are well known in themselves: by way of nonlimiting examples, mention will be made of the transformation of protoplasts in the presence of polyethylene glycol, electroporation, the use of a particle gun, cytoplasmic or nuclear microinjection, or transformation by means of Agrobacterium.
The present invention can be implemented in the usual applications of plast-targeting peptides, and in particular in those mentioned above, so as to act on various plastid functions. This involves, in particular, the modification of functions specific to the inner membrane of the envelope, for example the biosynthesis of pigments, of quinones, of fatty acids, of vitamins and of plant hormone precursors, but also the importation of all the ions and metabolites into the plast.
The characteristics of the plastid-targeting peptides in accordance with the invention, which are very different from those of the known plastid-targeting peptides, make it possible to suppose that the targeting peptides in accordance with the invention use an import system that is different from that involving the TOC and TIC proteins.
As a result of this, the proteins of interest targeted to plasts by means of a targeting peptide in accordance with the invention would not compete with the proteins naturally targeted to the plast by means of the TOC and TIC system, and would not saturate the latter. This would make it possible in particular to prevent leakages into the other subcellular compartments, and to conserve the proteins of interest in the chloroplast, even after several days of expression. This would also make it possible to target to the plasts proteins for which conventional importation by means of an N-terminal cleavable targeting sequence and using the TIC/TOC system would not be functional.
The present invention will be understood more fully from the further description which will follow, which refers to nonlimiting examples illustrating the obtaining and characterization of plastid-targeting peptides in accordance with the invention and their use for the importation of heterologous proteins into chloroplasts.
In prior studies aimed at identifying the most hydrophobic proteins of spinach chloroplast membrane preparations (SEIGNEURIN-BERNY et al., Plant. J., 19, p.217-228, 1999 ; FERRO et al., Electrophoresis, 21, 3517-3526, 2000), several peptides derived from a 41 kDa protein inhibiting great sequence similarity with a putative protein from Arabidopsis (TrEMBL accession number Q9SV68) were demonstrated.
However, analysis of the primary sequence of this 41 kDa protein by means of the TMPred program (HOFMANN and STOFFEL, Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler., 347, 166, 1993), did not make it possible to detect transmembrane segments able to provide anchoring of the protein in a lipid bilayer.
To confirm the location of this protein in the chloroplast envelope, the corresponding cDNA was cloned and the recombinant protein was overexpressed in E. coli in order to obtain polyclonal antibodies directed against this protein.
Expression in E. coli
The cDNA encoding the 41 kDa Arabidopsis protein is obtained by PCR, from an Arabidopsis cDNA library, using the following primers:
which makes it possible to introduce an NdeI restriction site (underlined) at the 5′ end of the cDNA;
which makes it possible to introduce a BamHI restriction site (underlined) at the 3′ end of the cDNA.
The amplification fragment is cloned into the plasmid pBluescript KS−. The insert is then digested with the NdeI and BamHI restriction enzymes, and inserted into the expression vector pET-15b (NOVAGEN).
The resulting vector allows the expression of a recombinant protein having a polyhistidine extension (His-tag) at its N-terminal end [(His-tag)-P41].
This vector is used for transforming E. coli strain BLR(DE3) bacteria.
The recombinant bacteria are cultured in 500 ml of LB medium containing 100 μg/ml of ampicillin at 37° C. When the optical density at 600 nm (DO600) of the E. coli culture reaches 0.6, IPTG (isopropyl-β-D-galactothiopyranoside) is added at a final concentration of 1 mM so as to induce expression of the 41 kDa protein.
After 3 hours of culture, the cells are centrifuged for 2 min at 13000 rpm (EPPENDORF 5415D).
The pellet is resuspended in 20 ml of lysis buffer (50 mM NaH2PO4, 300 mM Na Cl, 10 mM imidazole, pH 8) and the bacteria are lysed by sonication (OMRON sonicator, type STP.YM.220.VAC, 6×1 min, 0° C.).
After sonication, the total protein extract is analyzed by SDS 12% PAGE. The gels are stained with Coomassie blue (R-250, BIORAD).
The results are given in
Legend of
After induction with IPTG, the recombinant protein is strongly expressed in the bacteria transformed with the plasmid pET-15b containing the Arabidopsis cDNA insert.
Solubilization of the Recombinant Protein
The bacterial pellet is suspended in 1 ml of 20 mM Tris/HCl buffer, pH 6.8, and then lysed by sonication (OMRON sonicator, type STP.YM.220.VAC, 6×1 min, 0° C.).
After sonication, a first centrifugation (2 min, 13 000 rpm) of the total protein extract makes it possible to isolate the soluble proteins in the supernatant. The insoluble proteins in the pellet are suspended in 1 ml of a buffer containing detergent (20 mM Tris/HCl pH 6.8, 0.5% Triton X-100). A second centrifugation makes it possible to isolate the membrane proteins solubilized with Triton X-100. The nonsolubilized proteins are resuspended in 20 mM Tris/HCl, pH 6.8 and analyzed. The various fractions are analyzed by SDS-12% PAGE, as indicated above.
The results are given in
Legend of
It is noted that the recombinant protein (*) is found in 2 different fractions: a water-soluble fraction present in the E. coli cytosol and an insoluble fraction, which is not solubilized by Triton X-100, which indicates that it is probably aggregated in the form of inclusion bodies.
Purification of the Recombinant Protein The soluble fraction of the recombinant (His-tag)-P41 protein is purified by affinity chromatography. After centrifugation (10 min at 6000 rpm, EPPENDORF 5415D), the supernatant is loaded onto a 2.5 ml “His-bind resin” affinity column (NOVAGEN) charged with 13 ml of charged buffer (50 mM NiSO4) and equilibrated with 5 ml of equilibrating buffer (20 mM tris/HCl, pH 7.9, 5 mM imidazole, 0.5 M NaCl).
The column is washed with 2 volumes containing 35 mM imidazole, and 2 volumes of lysis buffer containing 60 mM imidazole (L2). The protein is eluted with 6 volumes of lysis buffer containing 250 mM imidazole. The various fractions are analyzed by SDS-12% PAGE and revealed with Coomassie blue.
The results are given in
Legend of
The purified recombinant (His-tag)-P41 protein is desalified (SEPHADEX G25 column) and stored at −80° C.
This recombinant protein is used for immunizing rabbits in order to produce polyclonal antibodies directed against the 41 kDa Arabidopsis protein.
During the purification procedure, the 41 kDa protein behaves like a protein that is water soluble and slightly hydrophobic, which raises the question of its effective association with the chloroplast envelope.
Its subcellular location was therefore verified by analyzing various chloroplast fractions.
Crude chloroplasts are obtained from 3-4 kg of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves and are purified by isopycnic centrifugation on a Percoll gradient (DOUCE and JOYARD, Methods in chloroplast Molecular Biology. Edelman, M., Hallick, R. and Chua, N.-H., eds. (Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers BV), 239-256, 1982). At this stage, protease inhibitors (1 mM PMSF, 1 mM benzamidine and 0.5 mM aminocaproic acid) are added in order to prevent any protein degradation. The purified chloroplasts are lysed in a hypotonic medium, and the envelope membranes are purified from the lysate by centrifugation on a sucrose gradient (DOUCE and JOYARD, 1982, mentioned above). Envelope subfractions respectively enriched in outer and inner membranes are obtained according to the protocol described by BLOCK et al. (J. Biol. Chem., 258, 13273-13280, 1983).
All the above steps are carried out at between 0 and 5° C. The fractions obtained are stored in liquid nitrogen in 50 mM MOPS-NaOH, pH 7.8, in the presence of protease inhibitors (1 mM benzamidine and 0.5 mM aminocaproic acid).
Analysis Of The Chloroplast Fractions
The SDS-PAGE analyses of the total chloroplasts, or of their envelope membrane, stroma or thylakoid membrane fractions (15 μg), and also of the chloroplast envelope subfractions (15 μg), are carried out as described by CHUA (Methods Enzymol., 69, 434-436, 1980). The resolving and stacking gels (12-15% acrylamide), like the migration buffer, contain 0.1% of SDS. The peptides are revealed either with Coomassie blue (MANIATIS et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1982) or with silver nitrate (MERRIL et al., Anal. Biochem., 110, 201-207, 1981).
For the Western blotting analyses, the 41 kDa protein is detected using the polyclonal antibodies directed against the recombinant Arabidopsis protein produced as described in example 1, labeled with alkaline phosphatase.
The results are given in
Legend of
These results show that the 41 kDa protein is associated only with the chloroplast envelope and is not detected in the stroma or in the thylakoids.
The purified intact chloroplasts are devoid of cytosolic proteins which can contaminate the preparation (DOUCE and JOYARD, 1980, mentioned above). However, the 41 kDa protein could interact specifically with the outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope and could thus be co-purified with the envelope preparations. In order to exclude this possibility, 20 μg of envelope derived from intact chloroplasts are treated with Bacillus thermoproteolyticus thermolysin (0, 20, 50 and 100 μg/ml) in order to digest the polypeptides located on the outer surface of the outer membrane of the envelope (JOYARD et al., J. Biol. Chem., 258, 10 000-10 006, 1983). As a control, solubilized envelope proteins are subjected to the same proteolytic treatment.
The presence of the 41 kDa protein is detected by Western blotting, as described above.
The results are given in
Legend of
The 41 kDa protein is not affected by the treatment with thermolysin (
Envelope subfractions respectively enriched in outer and inner membranes are used to specify the sub-location of the 41 kDa protein at the level of the membrane of the chloroplast envelope. The nature of these envelope subfractions was confirmed using the markers IE18 and OEP24, which are respectively intrinsic proteins of the inner and outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope. The IE18 and OEP24 proteins are detected using polyclonal antibodies directed specifically against each of these proteins.
The results are given in
Legend of
The 41 kDa protein is found, like the IE18 protein, only in the preparations of chloroplast envelopes enriched in inner membrane.
All the results given in
According to conventional nomenclature, this inner envelope protein, which has a theoretical mass by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 41 kDa, is called IE41 (for “Inner Envelope Protein of 41 kDa”).
Analysis of the Interactions Between the IE41 Protein and the Inner Membrane of the Chloroplast Envelope
In order to analyze more precisely the mode of interaction of the IE41 protein with the chloroplasts inner membrane, various hypotheses were tested:
1) The IE41 protein is a soluble protein located in the intermembrane space between the outer and inner membranes of the chloroplast envelope. This protein would be co-purified with the envelope preparations and sequested in the envelope vesicules. In this case, sonication of the envelope vesicules would make it possible to release IE41.
To test this first hypothesis, envelope proteins (500 μg) are solubilized in 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.8 (500 μl) . The envelope vesicules are sonicated for 10 sec and then centrifuged (20 min at 72 000 g, Beckman L2 65B, SW28 rotor) in order to separate the soluble proteins and the membrane proteins. Each fraction (20 μl) is analyzed by SDS-12% PAGE (visualization: Coomassie blue) and Western blotting.
The results are given in
Legend of
The analyses by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting of the treated envelope fractions show that the IE41 protein is not solubilized after sonication of the envelope vesicules. On the contrary, the major soluble proteins of the stroma (RbcL) which are sequested in the envelope vesicules, and which are known to contaminate the envelope fractions, are solubilized by this treatment. This shows that the IE41 protein is neither a soluble protein of the intermembrane space, nor a soluble protein of the stroma that contaminates the purified envelope fraction.
2) The IE41 protein may be bound to the inner membrane:
In order to determine the type of interactions involved in the binding of IE41 with the inner membrane, the following experiments were carried out:
a) solubilization with Triton X-100:
Envelope vesicules (0.8 mg) are diluted in 1 ml of 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.8, containing 0.05, 0.1 or 0.2% (v/v) of Triton X-100. After incubation for 30 min at 4° C., the mixture is centrifuged in order to separate the soluble proteins and the membrane proteins. All the fractions (20 μl) are analyzed by SDS-12% PAGE (visualization: Coomassie blue) and Western blotting.
The results are given in
Legend of
These results show that the IE41 protein can be completely solubilized with concentrations of Triton X-100 (0.2%) that are much lower than those (of the order of 2%) which are necessary for solubilizing the intrinsic proteins.
b) solubilization by alkaline treatment or by salt treatment.
Purified envelope vesicules (500 μg) are incubated for 30 min at 4° C. in various media (500 μl):
1) 10 mM MOPS, pH 7.8+0.5 M NaCl;
2) 10 mM MOPS, pH 7.8+0.5 M KI;
3) 0.1 M Na2CO3, pH 11;
4) 0.1 N NaOH,
and then sonicated and centrifuged as described above in order to separate the soluble proteins and the membrane proteins.
All the fractions are analyzed (20 μl) by SDS-12% PAGE (visualization: Coomassie blue) and Western blotting (detection with the polyclonal antibodies directed against the Arabidopsis IE41 protein (1/5000 dilution) or directed against the IE18 protein (1/5000 dilution)).
The results are given in
Legend of
These results show that the IE41 protein is at least partly solubilized by the salt (KI, NaCl) or moderately alkaline (Na2CO3) treatments, which have no effect on the intrinsic protein IE18, it only being possible for the latter to be solubilized by a strong alkaline treatment (NaOH).
All the results given in
Surprisingly, the IE41 protein purified from spinach chloroplasts and the recombinant Arabidopsis protein have a similar size by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, which suggest the possibility that IE41 may be targeted to the inner membrane of the envelope without requiring the cleavage of an N-terminal import sequence.
To test this hypothesis, the IE41 protein present in the envelope of spinach chloroplasts was purified in order to sequence it and to compare its sequence with that of the corresponding cDNA.
Immunopurification of the Spinach IE41 Protein
Chloroplast envelope proteins (1 mg) are solubilized in 1 ml of 50 mM Tris/HCl buffer containing 150 mM NaCl and 6 mM CHAPS and centrifuged (20 min, 72 000 g, Beckman L2 65B, SW28 rotor). The soluble proteins are incubated for 1 h at 4° C. with 33 μl of polyclonal serum directed against the recombinant Arabidopsis IE41 protein. 50 μg of agarose-protein A (BOEHRINGER) are then added and the mixture is incubated for 3 h at 4° C. After 3 successive washes by centrifugation (EPPENDORF 5415D, 12 000 rpm, 20 min, 4° C.) and resuspension of the pellet in 1 ml of solubilizing buffer (20 mM MOPS, 150 mM NaCl, 6 mM CHAPS, pH 7.8), an excess (50 μg) of recombinant protein (His-tag)-IE41, in 200 μl of solubilizing buffer, is added. The mixture is incubated for 1 h at 4° C., and centrifuged for 20 min at 12 000 rpm (EPPENDORF 5415D). The supernatant is incubated for 1 h with Ni-NTA resin (QIAGEN), pre-equilibrated in the solubilizing buffer, in order to eliminate most of the (His-tag)-IE41 recombinant protein.
Each fraction (20 pl) is analyzed by SDS-126 PAGE (visualization with silver nitrate) and Western blotting (using the rabbit anti-IE41 polyclonal antibodies described in example 1).
The results are given in
Legend of
The E2 fraction comprising the purified natural spinach IE41 protein (So) remains contaminated by the recombinant Arabidopsis (His-tag)-IE41 protein.
The difference in size between these two proteins corresponds to the polyhistidine extension (His-tag) present at the N-terminal end of the recombinant protein.
Partial sequencing of the spinach IE41 protein eluted from the electrophoresis gel made it possible to obtain 9 different peptide sequences. These sequences were used to define degenerate primers which made it possible to isolate the cDNA encoding the IE41 protein.
The complete sequence of this cDNA (SEQ ID No: 2), and also the deduced polypeptide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3), are given in
The spinach IE41 protein has 75.1% identity and 88.8i similarity with the Arabidopsis IE41 protein. This high similarity, and the fact that Arabidopsis contains only one ie41 gene per haploid genome, make it possible to conclude that these proteins are encoded by orthologous Arabidopsis and spinach genes.
The Arabidopsis and spinach IE41 proteins were aligned with homologous proteins from a bacterium, from a yeast and from animals.
The results are given in
homologous proteins:
The homology searches indicate that the IE41 protein belongs to the dehydrogenase super family, and more particularly to the group of ξ-crystalline-type quinone oxidoreductases (JÖRNVALL et al., FEBS 3, 240-244, 1993). In addition, the sequence comparison between the IE41 proteins and the other proteins of the same family reveals that the first 50 residues in the N-terminal region of these proteins are very conserved between bacteria, plants and animals. This observation suggests that this N-terminal region of the plant IE41 proteins is not involved in targeting into the chloroplast, and is more probably conserved due to the selection pressure exerted during evolution on the catalytic domain of the protein.
In order to define the domain essential to the importation of the IE41 protein, various constructs encoding truncated forms of this protein, fused to GFP, are expressed in Arabidopsis and tobacco cells.
Construction of the Expression Vectors:
The plasmid [35Ω-sGFP(S65T)] used for these constructs, which comprises the sequence encoding GFP under the control of the 35S promoter, and also the plasmid [35Ω-TP-sGFP(S65T)], which comprises the sequence encoding the targeting peptide (TP) of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit, fused to the sequence encoding GFP, were previously described by CHIU et al. (Curr. Biol., 6, 325-330, 1996).
The sequence encoding the Arabidopsis IE41 protein is amplified by PCR using the following two primers:
which introduce, respectively, an XhoI site and an NcoI site (underlined).
The PCR product is cloned, blunt-ended, into the vector pBLUESCRIPT KS (STRATAGENE). The XhoI-NcoI fragment cleaved from the plasmid thus obtained is inserted into the plasmid 35Ω-sGFP(S65T) digested beforehand with SalI-NcoI, in order to create the vector 35Ω-IE41-SGFP(S65T), comprising the coding region of the Arabidopsis IE41 protein, fused to GFP. A similar protocol is used for the other constructs:
The plasmid 35Ω-Δ(1-31)IE41-sGFP(S65T) is obtained by insertion of this sequence into the plasmid 35Ω-sGFP(S65T).
The plasmid 35Ω-Δ(1-59)IE41-sGFP(S65T) is obtained by insertion of this sequence into the plasmid 35Ω-sGFP(S65T).
The plasmid 35Ω-Δ(1-99)IE41-sGFP(S65T) is obtained by insertion of this sequence into the plasmid 35Ω-sGFP(S65T).
The primer SEQ ID NO: 17 comprises an additional nucleotide compared with the primer SEQ ID NO: 15, which creates a reading frame shift in the amplification product, the translation of which begins at the ATG codon corresponding to the methionine at position 6 of the IE41 protein.
The plasmid 35Ω-(6-100)IE41-sGFP(S65T) is obtained by insertion of this sequence into the plasmid 35Ω-sGFP(S65T)
The plasmid 35Ω-(60-100)IE41-sGFP(S65T) is obtained by insertion of this sequence into the plasmid 35Ω-sGFP(S65T).
These various constructs are given in
Legend of
The Arabidopsis cells are cultured in light for 3 days in GAMBORG's B5 medium (SIGMA, pH 5.8) supplemented with 1.5% sucrose and 1 μM ANA (naphthaleneacetic acid). 15 ml of cell suspension (corresponding to approximately 0.5 g) are transferred into Petri dishes containing the same growth medium to which 0.8% bacto-agar has been added, and incubated for 18-36 h in the light.
BY2 tobacco cells are cultured for 5 days at 27° C. in MURASHIGE and SKOOG medium (MS medium, DUCHEFA, pH 5.8) supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.2% KH2PO4, 0.2% myoinositol, 1 μM 2.4D (2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 3 μM thiamine. 2.5 ml of cell suspension (corresponding to approximately 0.3 g) are transferred into Petri dishes containing the same growth medium to which 1% bacto-agar has been added, and are placed at 27° C. for 18-24 h.
The plasmids comprising the test constructs used for the tissue bombardment are prepared using the “QIAfilter Plasmid Midi Kit” (Qiagen, Germany).
The plasmid [35Ω-sGFP(S65T)] (GFP) and the plasmid [35Ω-TP-sGFP(S65T)] (TP-GFP) are respectively used as a negative control and as a positive control.
The plasmids (1 μg) are introduced into the cells using a pneumatic particle gun (PDS-1000/He, BIORAD). The bombardment conditions are as follows: helium pressure of 1350 psi; 1100 psi rupture disks (BIORAD); 10 cm target distance; 1 μm gold microcarriers (BIORAD) are used. After bombardment, the cells are incubated on these same Petri dishes for 18-36 h (in the light for the Arabidopsis cells), and then transferred onto glass slides before fluorescence microscopy.
Fluorescence Microscopy
The location of the GFP and of the GFP-fusion peptides in analyzed in the transformed cells by fluorescence microscopy using a ZEISS AXIOPLAN 2 fluorescence microscope and a digital CCD camera (HAMAMATSU). The sets of filters used are: Zeiss filterset 13, 488013-0000 (exciter BP 470/20, beam splitter FT 493, emitter BP 505-530) , and Zeiss filter set 15, 488015-0000 (exciter BP 546/12, beam splitter FT 580, emitter LP 590) for the GFP and the chlorophyll autofluorescence, respectively.
Under these conditions, the presence of chlorophyll (specifically located in the chloroplasts) and the location of the GFP in the cell are visualized by virtue of an intense fluorescence.
In the Arabidopsis cells transformed with the constructs GFP, Δ(1-99)IE41, and (60-100)IE41, the GFP fluorescence appears to be diffuse and located in the cytosol and the nucleus; no co-localization with chlorophyll is observed.
In the Arabidopsis cells transformed with the constructs IE41, Δ(1-31)IE41, Δ(1-59)IE41 and (6-100)IE41, and also with the positive control for localization TP-GFP, a co-localization is, on the other hand observed in the chloroplasts, between the GFP fluorescence and the chlorophyll autofluorescence.
The results are similar in the nonchlorophyll-containing BY2 tobacco cells: the fluorescent labelings observed with the constructs IE41, Δ(1-59)IE41 and (6-100)IE41, and with the positive control for localization TP-GFP, correspond to a plastid localization; on the other hand, the fluorescent labelings observed with the constructs GFP, Δ(1-99)IE41, and (60-100)IE41 correspond to a cytosolic and nuclear localization.
These experiments show that the targeting is also effective in nonchlorophyll-containing plasts.
All the results above show that:
The internal sequence of 40 amino acids, ranging from residues 60-100, correspond to the domain that is essential for importation. However, this domain, which must be present in order to direct the protein to the plasts, is not sufficient for correct targeting.
The plasmids 35Ω-IE41-sGFP(S65T), 35Ω-Δ(1-31)IE41-sGFP(S65T), 35Ω-Δ(1-59)IE41-sGFP(S65T) , 35Ω-Δ(1-99)IE41-sGFP(S65T), 35Ω-(6-100)IE41-sGFP(S65T), and 35Ω-(60-100)IE41-sGFP(S65T), and also the control plasmids 35Ω-sGFP(S65T) and 35Ω-TP-sGFP(S65T), were digested with EcoRI/HindIII in order to recover the expression cassettes.
These cassettes were inserted into the binary plasmid pEL103 (derived from the plasmid pBI121 (AF485783), containing a kanamycin-resistance gene), and the resulting plasmid was used to transform the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58 by electroporation. The transformed bacteria were used to transform Arabidopsis WS plants by the “floral dip” technique (The Plant Journal 1998; 16: 735-743). The transgenic plants are selected on the basis of their kanamycin resistance.
In order to analyze the expression of the fusion proteins in the transgenic plants, the total proteins are extracted from 10 mg of leaves of each of the tested plants, and solubilized in the following buffer: tetrasodium pyrophosphate (13.4 g/l), Tris-HCl pH 6.8 (50 mM), SDS (1%).
The protein extract is analyzed by SDS-PAGE (12% acrylamide), and by Western blotting using an anti-GFP antibody (antibody 2A5 (Euromedex) diluted 1/4000 in TBST/5% milk; secondary antibody: alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (Promega) diluted 1/10 000 in TBS-Triton), or the rabbit anti-IE41 polyclonal antibodies described in example 1 (diluted 1/5000 in TBS-Triton/5% milk; secondary antibody: alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (Promega) diluted 1/10 000 in TBS-Triton buffer).
The results of these analyses are illustrated in
Legend to
These results show that the fusion proteins are expressed in all the transformed plants.
The subcellular location of the proteins expressed by the various constructs was visualized by fluorescence microscopy, as described in example 5 above.
The results are given in
Legend of
It appears that, under the expression conditions used above, it is the N-terminal region of the IE41 protein (residues 6 to 100) which confers the greatest specificity of targeting to the plast. In fact, the construct (6-100)IE41-GFP, which expresses only this region, allows the systematic targeting of all the fluorescence to the plasts. On the other hand, the complete IE41 protein (construct IE41-GFP) induces a less specific plastid-targeting. Under these conditions, the IE41 protein also appears to be targeted to other intracellular compartments.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 02 07729 | Jun 2002 | FR | national |
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/517,309 filed Aug. 3, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,414,025, which is a 371 application of PCT/FR03/01877 filed Jun. 19, 2003 and claims the benefit of FR02/07729 filed Jun. 21, 2002.
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1033405 | Sep 2000 | EP |
| 8802402 | Apr 1988 | WO |
| 0210210 | Feb 2002 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20080263728 A1 | Oct 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10517309 | US | |
| Child | 12103174 | US |
