There is an ever-increasing demand for renewable energy in the world today. Solar energy represents an ideal source of clean, renewable energy, as it is inexhaustible and readily available. Capturing and converting the solar radiation striking the surface of the Earth is one of the most effective ways of creating power.
Harnessing solar energy, however, is not without its problems and limitations. Typical solar panels are quite inefficient, with the best, commercially available panels having efficiency ratings of just over 20%. Solar panels are most efficient when the face of the solar panel is perpendicular to the incoming rays of the sun. This typically means adding gearboxes, motors, bearings, and linkage hardware to the mounting of a solar panel and rotating the panel to track the sun as it moves across the sky. These mechanical linkages and electric systems add complexity, requiring maintenance and siphoning power from the system, decreasing the efficiency of the solar energy systems even further.
There exists a need for a solar energy control system which can provide an efficient method of positioning a solar panel while reducing the complexity and cost of the overall system.
It should be noted that the figures are not drawn to scale and that elements of similar structures or functions are generally represented by like reference numerals for illustrative purposes throughout the figures. It also should be noted that the figures are only intended to facilitate the description of the preferred embodiments. The figures do not illustrate every aspect of the described embodiments and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure.
In the following description, various embodiments will be described. For purposes of explanation, specific configurations and details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without the specific details. Furthermore, well-known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the embodiment being described.
Techniques described and suggested include methods and systems for controlling the movement of an object, and in particular controlling the rotation of an object such as a solar panel about an axis of rotation.
Various example embodiments are directed to a fluidic system for controlling a rotation of a solar panel about an axis of rotation. In some embodiments, the fluidic system provides a first and second bellows actuators attached to the solar panel. Inflation of the first bellows actuator and deflation of the second bellows actuator causes the solar panel to rotate about the axis of rotation in one direction, and inflation of the second bellows actuator and deflation of the first bellows actuator causes the solar panel to rotate about the axis in an opposite direction.
It should be noted that the terms “inflation” and “deflation” should not be construed to be limiting in any way. As used in the present disclosure, the term “inflation” and related forms of the word will be used to refer to the introduction of fluid to the bellows actuator, causing it to expand or increase in size, and the term “deflation” and related forms of the word will be used to refer to the removal of fluid from the bellows actuator, release of fluid from the bellows actuator, causing it to collapse or decrease in size. A “fluid” can be air, gas, water, hydraulic oil, or any other appropriate substance.
In some embodiments, the fluidic system can have one or more valve circuits, each valve circuit providing a first solenoid valve and a second solenoid valve. A valve circuit can be used to control the inflation and deflation of a bellows actuator by controlling the input and output of fluid from a source of pressurized fluid. For example, the first solenoid valve can be positioned between the source of pressurized fluid and the bellows actuator such that opening the valve can allow the pressurized fluid to flow into the bellows actuator, inflating it. The second solenoid valve can be positioned such that opening the valve causes the release of fluid from the bellows actuator, deflating it.
In some embodiments, the fluidic system can have a first valve circuit dedicated to controlling one or more bellows actuators on an “east” side of a solar panel, and a second valve circuit dedicated to controlling one or more bellows actuators on a “west” side of a solar panel. The terms “east” and “west” as used herein are used as examples only to indicate opposite sides or opposite directions, and should not be construed to be limiting. In some embodiments, the first valve circuit can be completely independent of the second valve circuit. In yet other embodiments, the first valve circuit and second valve circuit may be connected by one or more fluid pathways each controlled by an additional solenoid valve. In these embodiments, opening the additional solenoid valves connecting the first valve circuit and second valve circuit can cause an equalization of pressure between the valve circuits and between the “east” and “west” bellows actuators. Equalizing the pressure between the valve circuits can cause the object to be rotated (e.g., solar panel) to return to a resting or home position, as the pressure in the opposing bellows actuators equalizes.
In some embodiments of the fluidic system, the valve circuits are controlled by one or more electronic control units. An electronic control unit can send electrical signals to the solenoid valves, causing them to open or close appropriately. For example, an electronic control unit can open valves supplying west-side bellows actuators with fluid, causing them to inflate, while simultaneously opening valves to release fluid from east-side bellows actuators, causing them to deflate. Inflating the bellows actuators on the “west” side of the solar panel while deflating the bellows actuators on the “east” side of the solar panel will cause the solar panel to rotate toward the “east.”
In some embodiments, the fluidic system will rotate the solar panel based on the current position of the sun. The current position of the sun can be obtained through the use of a sensor, solar tracking algorithms, astronomical plots of the sun's position, or through any other appropriate method for determining a current position of the sun. The electronic control unit can use the information specifying the current position of the sun to determine which valves to open or close in order to rotate the solar panel such that it is an appropriate position relative to the sun. In some embodiments, rather than determining the position of the sun, the electronic control unit can rely on a sensor designed to sense an amount of light or an amount of current output by the solar panel, and move the solar panel into a position such that the amount of sunlight striking the solar panel approaches a maximum or a desired level.
In some embodiments, the electronic control unit will command inflation or deflation of the bellows actuators to achieve a desired level of fluid pressure in the bellows actuators. For example, during high wind conditions, the electronic control unit may increase the fluid pressure in one or more bellows actuators to increase the “stiffness” of the system, such that it is not as susceptible to movement or damage from the wind.
The electronic control units, optional sensors, solenoid valves, and valve circuits described herein can be assembled into a system and collectively referred to as a row controller. A row controller can be connected to, and provide commands for, one or more bellows actuators connected to a row of solar panels in an array of solar panels. It should be noted that a row of solar panels as described herein can contain only a single solar panel, and an array of solar panels can contain only a single row. A row controller may be connected to a single bellows actuator, a pair of bellows actuators mounted on either side of an axis of rotation of a solar panel, or any appropriate number of bellows actuators in an array of solar panels. An array of solar panels may be controlled by one or more row controllers. As used herein, any number of row controllers controlling any number of fluidic, bellows actuators can be referred to collectively as a fluidic actuation control system.
Turning now to the figures, various embodiments of the fluidic actuator control system will be described in more detail.
The solar tracker rows 120 can comprise a plurality of solar (photovoltaic) panels that are positioned via one or more fluidic actuators 420. The solar tracker rows 120 can be coupled to the ground, over water, or the like, in various suitable ways including via a plurality of posts 430.
The row controller 300 can be configured to control the fluidic actuators of the solar tracker rows 120 to generate rotation of the solar panels along a lateral axis of rotation 134 (the length of the rows) and/or modify a tension or rigidity of the actuators. In various embodiments, the solar tracker rows 120 can be configured to track a position of the sun; move to a position that provides maximum light exposure; reflect light to a desired location (e.g., a solar collector); move to a stow position, and the like.
While various examples shown and described herein illustrate a system having various pluralities of solar tracker rows 120, these should not be construed to be limiting on the wide variety of configurations that photovoltaic panels and fluidic actuators that are within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. For example, some embodiments can include a single row or any suitable plurality of solar tracker rows, including one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, fifteen, twenty, twenty five, fifty, one hundred, and the like. Additionally, a given solar tracker row can include any suitable number of fluidic actuators and photovoltaic panels, including one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, fifteen, twenty, twenty five, fifty, one hundred, two hundred, five hundred, and the like. Rows can be defined by a plurality of physically discrete solar tracker units. For example, a solar tracker unit 120 can comprise one or more actuators coupled to one or more photovoltaic panel.
In some preferred embodiments, the solar tracker rows 120 can extend in parallel in a north-south orientation, with the actuators of the rows configured to rotate the photovoltaic panels about an east-west axis of rotation 134. However, in further embodiments, rows can be disposed in any suitable arrangement and in any suitable orientation. For example, in further embodiments, some or all rows may not be parallel or extend north-south. Additionally, in further embodiments, rows can be non-linear, including being disposed in an arc, circle, or the like. Accordingly, the specific examples herein (e.g., indicating “east” and “west”) should not be construed to be limiting.
It should be noted that, although many of the examples presented herein discuss solar energy systems (that is, the movement of a solar panel about an axis of rotation), the systems and methods described could be applied to any appropriate type of object to be moved or rotated about a point or an axis of rotation. Non-limiting examples include systems for positioning satellite dishes, security cameras, reflective mirror panels for redirecting light, and the like. Similarly, all other specific examples herein should likewise not be considered to be limiting on the wide variety of configurations that are within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.
In various operating scenarios, pressurized fluid can be supplied to each of the “east” bellows 210 in the system through fluidic supply lines 225, causing the “east” bellows 210 to expand, pushing up on the “east” side of the panels 510, causing the top surface of the panels 510 to tilt in the direction of the “west” side. Depending on the desired angle of tilt for the panels 510, as well as the desired tension in the bellows 210, fluid may be released from each of the “west” bellows 210 simultaneously with fluid being introduced to the “east” bellows 210, controlling the rate or rotation of the panel 510, as well as the tension or desired pressure of the bellows 210.
In some embodiments, the bellows 210 can be in the form of an elastic vessel which can expand with the introduction of a pressurized fluid, and which can collapse or shrink when the pressurized fluid is released. The term ‘bellows’ as used herein should not be construed to be limiting in any way. For example the term ‘bellows’ as used herein should not be construed to require elements such as convolutions or other such features (although convoluted bellows 210 can be present in some embodiments). As discussed herein, bellows 210 can take on various suitable shapes, sizes, proportions and the like.
The bellows 210 can be mounted on opposite sides of an axis of rotation 134 (
The set of solar tracker rows 200 can be controlled by a row controller 300 (see
Returning now to
It should be noted that the reference designator 310 will be used throughout the specification to refer to a solenoid valve, while the same reference designator accompanied by one or more letters will be used when appropriate to refer to solenoid valves 310 with a specific purpose or in a specific location. For example, the reference designator 310EF is used to refer to a solenoid valve 310 located in the “east” portion of a valve circuit (E), and used for the purpose of filling (F), or supplying pressurized fluid to, one or more “east” bellows 210 (
For example, returning again to
Similarly, solenoid valve 310ED can be in an “open” or “closed” configuration. In an “open” configuration, pressurized fluid from one or more “east” control lines 225 can flow through solenoid valve 310ED to be exhausted through a vent 312 connected to solenoid valve 310ED. As described herein, when pressurized fluid is released or removed from a bellows 210 (
Similar operations can be performed on the “west” side of the valve circuit using solenoid valves 310WF (west fill) and 310WD (west dump). Opening solenoid valve 310WF allows pressurized fluid to flow into one or more “west” control lines 225 to expand one or more “west” bellows 210 (
It should be noted that while many of the examples presented herein use pressurized air as the “pressurized fluid” for controlling the fluidic actuators 420 (
The solenoid valves 310 of row controller 300 can be opened and closed by receiving an appropriate electrical impulse (command signal) from an electronic control unit (ECU) 332. The ECU 332 can include a processor and memory, and can execute instructions from a software program (not shown) to send command signals to the solenoid valves 310 over electrical connections 336. The ECU 332 can receive inputs from one or more optional sensors 342, which can be co-located with the row controller 300 or external to the row controller 300. For example, in an embodiment, data obtained from a clock and a defined or determined location can be used to identify a location of the sun by referencing astrological charts available to the ECU 332. In another embodiment, the ECU 332 can receive information from a sensor 342 which senses light, and, based at least in part on the information from the light sensor, can command the solenoid valves 310 to allow the fluidic actuators 420 (
Various suitable control systems can be used to control one or more fluidic actuators 420 (
Some embodiments can comprise off-angle tracking for electrical current health inspection. For example, off-angle tracking during high irradiance hours can provide an indication of string level health or health of a row controller's 300 worth of panels. In some embodiments, such a determination can comprise measuring a dip in current output when portions of an array's tracker are pointed away from the sun. Where modules are broken, wiring is wrong, or the like, less of a dip would be observed, which could indicate an issue with the system in that portion. On the other hand, where modules are healthy, larger dips during off-sun tracking would be observed, which could indicate that portion of the system being healthy. Further embodiments can comprise a pressure/position check to monitor bellows for material degradation or other defects.
Some embodiments can comprise variable peak pressures. In one example, material creep reduction can include adjusting the control algorithm to have the maximum bellows actuator pressure dependent on external loads (e.g., reduce pressure when wind speed is low and increase pressure as wind speed increases). The reduced average pressure over time can limit material creep. In another example, a constant bellow stress function can include increasing pressure at a flat configuration (e.g., parallel to the ground) to provide more stiffness in stow, which can also provide better accuracy. Bellow stress can be inversely proportional to angle, and proportional to pressure. High pressure at low angle in some embodiments can allow for roughly constant bellow material stress throughout the range of motion of the actuator.
Some embodiments can use pulse width modulation (PWM) to control valves instead of calculated open-time in order to optimally utilize valve cycle life and minimize tracker twist due to long valve open times. Further embodiments can be configured to monitor pressures/angles of one or more fluidic actuators 420 (
Some embodiments can comprise solar-string-powered controls with no battery backup. For example, the array can be used to power controls. In one configuration, a large array can have significant available energy even early in the morning before inverters start. A 50 kW array (e.g., including eight solar tracker rows 120) with 10 W/m2 irradiance can generate 500 W which can be sufficient to power control systems. Even cloudy days can have more than enough power to run a compressor. Such embodiments can be employed with or without battery backup. Additionally, the control system can be configured to move one or more tracker of an array away from vulnerable positions before energy is lost for the day. In such examples, a stow-on-power-loss function can be desirable.
While backup power can be provided via a battery, further embodiments can comprise a wind turbine to provide backup power (or backup air supply) during wind events combined with power outages. Risks to a solar array structure can be greatest during extreme wind events, and using wind to provide energy can help guarantee that energy is available when needed.
It should be noted that the ECU 332, electrical connections 336, and, optionally, sensors 342 can be assumed to be present in each of the example row controller embodiments of
The examples presented, and the following discussion, are based on a pneumatic (or pressurized air) system, but, as described herein, any appropriate pressurized fluid system can be used. Pneumatics can introduce and/or remove fluid from one or more fluidic actuators 420 (
Flow restrictions, restrictive elements, orifices, and the like can be used to control, meter, or limit fluid flow rates at various desirable locations in a fluidic actuation circuit 100. Such a restriction or orifice can be implemented as an orificed set screw in some examples. Many other embodiments such as molded restrictions, pressed restriction inserts, overmolded restriction inserts, circuitous paths, long lengths of tubing, or the like, can be used to achieve the same effect in further examples. Use of a restrictive element at a nozzle of a bellows 210 can limit and/or balance flow into a pneumatically connected group of bellows 210 or volumes. Lower flow across nozzles of bellows 210 can reduce pressure drop along pneumatic harnesses connecting bellows 210, which can cause actuators 420 to move together in unison. By causing large groups of actuators 420 to move in unison, in some embodiments, larger arrays of trackers 120 can be connected together on a single pneumatic circuit while maintaining desired pointing accuracy. Counter-intuitively, use of nozzle restrictions at bellows 210 can decrease the total time duration for motion of a pneumatically connected group as it moves in unison rather than in succession.
In some embodiments, flow restrictions on some or all fluidic actuator 420 (
In various embodiments, it can be desirable for fluidic actuators 420 (
Some embodiments can comprise a replenish-leaks-on-power-loss function. For example, an additional low pressure regulator can be added to a row controlled or other portion of the system, with a normally-open valve connecting it to the manifold cross-over. The valve is held closed when the system is powered. When power is lost the valve opens, replenishing any leaks from an attached high-pressure air tank. This can allow the system to maintain a stow position for an extended period of power-loss, even with leaks in the system.
Further embodiments can comprise a wind flutter damper-compressor. For example, some configurations can use the fluttering motion of the solar tracker row induced by wind to operate a compressor to augment an air supply. One or more pistons (or bellows) distributed throughout the tracker can generate additional makeup air to reduce energy consumption while also limiting the magnitude of any fluttering behavior preventing resonance. Additionally, some embodiments can comprise a double 5/2 valve arrangement, which can include a source or exhaust connected to east-output or west-output. Also, while various embodiments herein can comprise on/off valves, further embodiments can comprise proportional valves in place of and/or in addition to on/off valves. Accordingly, the example valves herein should not be construed to be limiting on the variety of alternative valve configurations that are within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.
In the embodiment shown in
In some embodiments, the source of pressurized fluid 325 can be pressurized air from an air tank 320. Air from an air compressor or similar source is input to the air tank 320 through an air supply line 327. A check valve 330 can be used on the air supply line 327 to prevent the backflow of air and loss of pressure in the air tank 320. A pressure regulator 315 can be added between air tank 320 and the input of pressurized fluid 325 to maintain a consistent air pressure for the row controller 300.
It should be noted that components such as the air tank 320, pressure regulator 315, and check valve 330 are presented as examples only, and any appropriate technology may be used to create a source of pressurized fluid. With this in mind, and for the purpose of clarity, these components (or their appropriate replacements) are not shown the remaining
By including a compressor 335 in the row controller 300, pressurized air that is vented from the valve circuits can be routed back into the compressor as an input, recycling air to increase overall efficiency. For example,
The described embodiments are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, and specific examples thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the described embodiments are not to be limited to the particular forms or methods disclosed, but to the contrary, the present disclosure is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives.
This application is a non-provisional of and claims priority to U.S. Provisional applications entitled “PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR SYSTEM AND METHOD” and “PNEUMATIC ACTUATION CIRCUIT SYSTEM AND METHOD” and “SOLAR TRACKER CONTROL SYSTEM AND METHOD” respectively and respectively having application Nos. 62/486,335, 62/486,377 and 62/486,369. These applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes. This application is related to U.S. Non-Provisional applications filed contemporaneously herewith entitled “PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR SYSTEM AND METHOD” and “SOLAR TRACKER CONTROL SYSTEM AND METHOD” respectively. These applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes. This application is also related to U.S. application Ser. No. 15/012,715, filed Feb. 1, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application 62/110,275 filed Jan. 30, 2015. These applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes. This application is also related to U.S. application Ser. Nos. 14/064,070 and 14/064,072, both filed Oct. 25, 2013, which claim the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/719,313 and 61/719,314, both filed Oct. 26, 2012. All of these applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes.
This invention was made with Government support under contract number DE-AR0000330 awarded by DOE, Office of ARPA-E. The Government has certain rights in this invention.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
979460 | Fulton | Dec 1910 | A |
2920656 | Bertolet | Jan 1960 | A |
3284964 | Norio | Nov 1966 | A |
3472062 | Owen | Oct 1969 | A |
3602047 | Kistler | Aug 1971 | A |
3800398 | Harrington, Jr. | Apr 1974 | A |
3956543 | Stangeland | May 1976 | A |
3982526 | Barak | Sep 1976 | A |
4063543 | Hedger | Dec 1977 | A |
4102326 | Sommer | Jul 1978 | A |
4120635 | Langecker | Oct 1978 | A |
4154221 | Nelson | May 1979 | A |
4172443 | Sommer | Oct 1979 | A |
4175540 | Roantree et al. | Nov 1979 | A |
4185615 | Bottum | Jan 1980 | A |
4198954 | Meijer | Apr 1980 | A |
4345582 | Aharon | Aug 1982 | A |
4424802 | Winders | Jan 1984 | A |
4459972 | Moore | Jul 1984 | A |
4464980 | Yoshida | Aug 1984 | A |
4494417 | Larson et al. | Jan 1985 | A |
4566432 | Sobczak et al. | Jan 1986 | A |
4620771 | Dominguez | Nov 1986 | A |
4751868 | Paynter | Jun 1988 | A |
4768871 | Mittelhauser et al. | Sep 1988 | A |
4777868 | Larsson | Oct 1988 | A |
4784042 | Paynter | Nov 1988 | A |
4832001 | Baer | May 1989 | A |
4848179 | Ubhayakar | Jul 1989 | A |
4900218 | Sutherland | Feb 1990 | A |
4939982 | Immega et al. | Jul 1990 | A |
4954952 | Ubhayakar et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
4977790 | Nishi et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
5021798 | Ubhayakar | Jun 1991 | A |
5040452 | Van Kerkvoort | Aug 1991 | A |
5080000 | Bubic et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
5156081 | Suzumori | Oct 1992 | A |
5181452 | Immega | Jan 1993 | A |
5251538 | Smith | Oct 1993 | A |
5317952 | Immega | Jun 1994 | A |
5337732 | Grundfest et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
5386741 | Rennex | Feb 1995 | A |
5469756 | Feiten | Nov 1995 | A |
5697285 | Nappi et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
5816769 | Bauer et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
6054529 | O'Donnell et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
6080927 | Johnson | Jun 2000 | A |
6178872 | Schulz | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6557804 | Carroll | May 2003 | B1 |
6772673 | Seto et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6875170 | Francois et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
7331273 | Kerekes et al. | Feb 2008 | B2 |
7531741 | Melton et al. | May 2009 | B1 |
7614615 | Egolf | Nov 2009 | B2 |
8201473 | Knoll | Jun 2012 | B2 |
8305736 | Yee et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
8657271 | Szekely et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
8700215 | Komatsu et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
8863608 | Fischer et al. | Oct 2014 | B2 |
8899359 | Hafenrichter et al. | Dec 2014 | B1 |
9133864 | Menon et al. | Sep 2015 | B2 |
9919434 | Rey et al. | Mar 2018 | B1 |
10135388 | Madrone et al. | Nov 2018 | B2 |
10384354 | Griffith et al. | Aug 2019 | B2 |
10562180 | Telleria et al. | Feb 2020 | B2 |
20050034752 | Gross et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
20060049195 | Koussios et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20090097994 | Beck et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
20090115292 | Ueda et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
20090151775 | Pietrzak | Jun 2009 | A1 |
20090314119 | Knoll | Dec 2009 | A1 |
20100043776 | Gee | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100125401 | Hamama et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
20110073161 | Scanlon | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110114080 | Childers et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
20120210818 | Fischer et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
20120285509 | Surganov | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20130247962 | Sakai et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
20150244309 | Sakai | Aug 2015 | A1 |
20170282360 | Telleria et al. | Oct 2017 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2330612 | Jun 2002 | CA |
101783619 | Jul 2010 | CN |
103786165 | May 2014 | CN |
6180473 | Jul 2010 | CO |
6450667 | May 2012 | CO |
2648226 | Oct 2013 | EP |
2603228 | Mar 1988 | FR |
2014116360 | Jun 2014 | JP |
101034478 | May 2011 | KR |
20130019502 | Feb 2013 | KR |
2516595 | May 2014 | RU |
2611571 | Feb 2017 | RU |
1346918 | Oct 1987 | SU |
2001017731 | Mar 2001 | WO |
2011094084 | Aug 2011 | WO |
12015378 | Feb 2012 | WO |
Entry |
---|
Author Unkown, http://www.utilityscalesolar.com/Utility_Scale_Solar,_Inc./USS_Homepage.html, Utility Scale Solar, Inc., 2011. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 14, 2017, International Patent Application No. PCT/US2017/024730, filed Mar. 29, 2017. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 2, 2018, International Patent Application No. PCT/US2018/028020, filed Apr. 17, 2018, 7 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 2, 2018, International Patent Application No. PCT/US2018/028024, filed Apr. 17, 2018, 7 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 29, 2019, Patent Application No. PCT/US2019/034202, filed May 28, 2019, 7 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Aug. 9, 2018, International Patent Application No. PCT/US2018/028025, filed Apr. 17, 2018, 7 pages. |
International Search Report and Written Opinion dated May 5, 2016, International Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/015857, filed Jan. 30, 2016. |
Seba, “Solar Trillions,” pp. 246-250, Jan. 28, 2010. |
The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology 3rd Ed., Wiley Publications, p. 145, Sep. 2009. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20180302026 A1 | Oct 2018 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
62486335 | Apr 2017 | US | |
62486377 | Apr 2017 | US | |
62486369 | Apr 2017 | US |