PODOSOMES AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM

Information

  • Patent Application
  • 20230210858
  • Publication Number
    20230210858
  • Date Filed
    May 25, 2022
    2 years ago
  • Date Published
    July 06, 2023
    a year ago
Abstract
Disclosed here are uses of anti-podosome therapies for treating a subject at risk of suffering from an aneurysm. The present disclosure demonstrates that endothelial podosomes plays a role in THSD1-mediated focal adhesion stability and aneurysm formation and characterizes molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to the characterization of molecular targets for treating intracranial aneurysms (IA). Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a cerebrovascular disease that predominantly occurs in the cerebral artery and is characterized by pathologic dilatation of blood vessels. Each intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a weakened area in a cerebral artery wall that leads to abnormal dilatation and rupture causing subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a major cause of hemorrhagic stroke. A rupture of IA induces a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a type of hemorrhagic stroke that frequently leads to death or severe disability. Due to early age of onset and high mortality, SAH accounts for >25% of years lost for all stroke victims under the age of 65 years. Despite treatment advances, SAH mortality rate is 40% and only half of survivors return to independent life.


There is a critical unmet need for understanding the genetic and molecular basis for IA to improve clinical outcomes through early therapeutic intervention.


SUMMARY

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other features, details, utilities, and advantages of the claimed subject matter will be apparent from the following written Detailed Description including those aspects illustrated in the accompanying drawings and defined in the appended claims.


In some aspects, the present disclosure demonstrates that endothelial podosomes are regulated by the transmembrane receptor protein THSD1. THSD1 has been shown to have a pathological role in intracranial aneurysm disease. Briefly, the present disclosure provides that endothelial podosomes are novel therapeutic targets for the treatment, modulation, and prevention of aneurysm rupture. There is thus a need in the art for understanding the molecular mechanisms driving aneurysms. The present disclosure addresses this need.





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:



FIG. 1A (FIG. 1A) illustrates simplified pedigrees of three IA families (NR4748, NR4931, and NR5704). Specifically, FIG. 1A illustrates Intracranial Aneurysm (IA) affected (black), aortic aneurysm (AA) affected (half black), unaffected individuals >45 (white), and individuals with unknown/unclear status (gray symbols).



FIG. 1B (FIG. 1B) depicts patient-identified THSD1 variants identified in the pedigrees of the families from FIG. 1B. The black bar represents the 853 amino acids of the WT version of the THSD1 gene. The diagram lists 8 variants found in patients affected by IA and AA, namely LSF, R450X, R460W, E466G, G600E, P639L, T6531, S775P. The back boxes illustrate the relative position of the signal peptide (SP), thrombospondin type 1 domain (TSP1), and transmembrane (TM) domains of THSD1.



FIG. 2 (FIG. 2) is a drawing depicting an intracranial aneurysm. An intracranial aneurysm, also known as a brain aneurysm, is a cerebrovascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a cerebral artery or vein causes a localized dilation or ballooning of the blood vessel.



FIG. 3 (FIG. 3) is a drawing depicting a model of SRC-mediated podosome formation and ECM degradation. FIG. 3 schematic model of podosome illustrates an actin-enriched core surrounded by an adhesive ring.



FIG. 4a through FIG. 4b (FIGS. 4a-4b) are experimental results depicting that loss-of-function of THSD1 induces endothelial podosome formation.



FIG. 5a through FIG. 5b (FIGS. 5a-5b) are experimental results depicting that loss-of-function of THSD1 induces endothelial podosome function.



FIG. 6a through FIG. 6b (FIGS. 6a-6b) are experimental results depicting that loss-of-function of THSD1 increase MT1-MMP cell surface exposure.



FIG. 7a through FIG. 7b (FIGS. 7a-7b) are experimental results depicting that loss-of-function of THSD1 activates MMP2.



FIG. 8a through FIG. 8b (FIGS. 8a-8b) are experimental results depicting that loss-of-function of Thsd1 induces SRC-dependent intracranial hemorrhage in zebrafish.



FIG. 9 (FIG. 9) are experimental results depicting that loss-of-function of Thsd1 promotes IA formation in circle of Willis in mice.



FIG. 10a through FIG. 10b (FIGS. 10a-10b) are experimental results depicting that loss-of-function of Thsd1 promotes podosome formation in intimal endothelial cells in mice.



FIG. 11 is a protein alignment between human and zebrafish THSD1.



FIG. 12 is a sequence alignment illustrating three rare variants of thsd1 conserved between humans and fish.



FIG. 13 is a graph charting the results of treatment of a model organism engineered with conserved mutations demonstrating that SRC inhibitors rescued intracranial hemorrhage. Three exemplary inhibitors disclosed on this chart include PP2, SU5565, and dasatinib.





It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale, and that like reference numbers refer to like features.


INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.


DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a more thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one of skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without one or more of these specific details. In other instances, features and procedures well known to those skilled in the art have not been described in order to avoid obscuring the invention. The terms used herein are intended to have the plain and ordinary meaning as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.


The rupture of an intracranial aneurysm frequently causes a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a type of stroke characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Specifically, the present disclosure demonstrates with data from three large IA/SAH families with at least 4 affected individuals where whole exome sequencing has been performed to identify rare variants that segregate with disease. For each family, whole exome sequencing has been performed on at least 15 family members, irrespective of their IA status.


Previously, it has been reported that deleterious Thrombospondin-type 1 domain-containing protein 1 (THSD1) rare variants caused disease in both familial and sporadic cases with supporting evidence from animal models. Of note, whole exome sequencing of large IA families identified (some members of the affected family are shown in the pedigree of FIG. 1A) a THSD1 nonsense mutation that segregated in all nine (9) affected and was absent in 13 unaffected family members. It was further discovered that eight (8) THSD1 rare missense variants in 507 unrelated patients/probands where each perturbed THSD1 cell adhesion activity.


These rare variants were highly enriched in case-control studies in comparison to ethnically matched controls. It was found that Thsd1 loss-of-function leads to brain hemorrhage and premature death in both zebrafish and mice. Further, Thsd1 heterozygous and null mice developed IA and suffered SAH. The study further demonstrated that THSD1 is highly expressed in endothelial cells of the cerebrovasculature, is important for cell adhesion, promotes nascent focal adhesion assembly via Talin interactions, and potentially regulates downstream signaling. For further description of this work see. Z. Xu, D. Kim, et al., NeuroMolecular Medicine (2019) 21:325-343; T. Santiago-Sim, D. Kim, et al., Stroke. 2016; 47:3005-3013. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.014161); Yan-Ning Rui and D. Kim, et al., Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 43:2200-2211; each of which incorporated by reference in their entireties). However the study did not provide any insights on the THSD1 molecular pathways.


To further study the role of THSD1 in IA/SAH, additional analysis of whole exome sequencing of the IA families described in FIG. 1 was conducted. The detailed analysis identified a THSD1 nonsense mutation that segregated in all 9 affected and was absent in 13 unaffected family members. Notably, the exome sequencing analysis uncovered multiple signaling pathways that appeared to be affected by THSD1 expression: Integrin, Src, PI3/AKT/mTor, and Rho signaling that are functionally linked to Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) signaling as well as TGFβ signaling (see Table 1, discussed in Example 1). The present disclosure contemplates that THSD1 regulated genes may contribute to IA pathogenesis and that modulating their function may be beneficial as an IA treatment or in other diseases with aberrant THSD1 expression.


In some aspects, the disclosure provides a method to treat a subject at risk of suffering from an aneurysm comprised of administering to said subject a therapeutically effective dose of a compound that modulates podosome formation and/or function. In many instances the compound is a Src inhibitor, such as PP2. In some instances, the compound is SU6656, KX2-391, saracatinib, bosutinib, dasatinib, or ponatinib. In some instances the aneurysm is an intracranial aneurysm. In other instances the aneurysm is an aortic aneurysm. In many instances the subject carries a variant affecting the expression of a Thrombospondin Type 1 Domain Containing 1 (THSD1) gene. The variant can be in a coding region of the THSD1 gene, in a control sequence of a non-coding region of the THSD1 gene, or in any other suitable region. In some instances, the variant in the THSD1 gene is a single codon substitution in at least one THSD1 allele, such as the exemplary variants identified and described in FIG. 1B, which include single codon substitutions at codon LSF, R460W, E466G, G600E, P639L, T6531, S775P.


In many instances, the compound that modulates podosome formation or function can be administered systemically. Systemic administration includes, but is not limited to: (i) intravenous; (ii) intra-arterial; (iii) subcutaneous; or (iv) intraperitoneal administration. In many instances the compound that modulates podosome formation or function is administered locally. Local administration can include, but is not limited to, (i) intracranial; (ii) intra-ocular; (iii) intra-nasal; (iv) intrathecal or (v) intra-vescular administration. In many instances the subject is a human.


In some aspects the disclosure provides an inhibitor of podosome formation for use in a method of treating an aneurysm in a subject.


In some aspects the disclosure provides an inhibitor of podosome function for use in a method of treating an aneurysm in a subject.


In other aspects the disclosure provides a kit comprising an inhibitor of podosome formation or function described herein and instructions for use thereof.


Podosomes

Podosomes and invadopodia are actin-based dynamic protrusions of the plasma membrane of metazoan cells that represent sites of attachment to, and degradation of, the extracellular matrix. A podosome contains a core of enriched F-actin and cortactin surrounded by a ring structure, in which an integrin complex resides and adheres the podosome to the ECM (FIG. 3). Unlike other adhesive structures such as focal adhesion complexes that tether the endothelium to the ECM, the function of podosome is to degrade ECM through activation of a cascade of metalloproteases including MT1-MMP, MMP2 and MMP9. Key proteins in these structures include the actin regulators cortactin and (N)-WASP, the adaptor proteins Tks4 and Tks5, and the metalloprotease MT1-MMP. Among all the upstream events that occur during podosome formation, the best characterized is the activation of SRC, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. When SRC is enriched and activated in pre-podosome structures, it phosphorylates a wide array of substrates. For instance, SRC phosphorylates cortactin and promotes actin assembly in podosomes. Many cell types elaborate these structures, including vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. The present disclosure demonstrates that podosomes are also present in aneurysms.


Since intracellular matrix degradation is a hallmark of aneurysm development the present disclosure contemplates that modulation of podosome formation and function can provide a target for treating an aneurysm.


Podosomes are intimately involved in cell motility, with podosomes specifically implicated in cell invasion. Invasiveness is achieved through the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) from the core of podosomes, which degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). This promotes motile behaviors that aid a range of processes including migration of aortic endothelial cells for arterial vessel remodeling. In some aspects, the


In addition, the initiation of podosome formation has been shown to be dependent on the underlying matrix, both in terms of its nature (which ligands are present) and its geometry (whether the ligands are uniformly distributed or arranged in subcellular-sized islands). Cells use different integrin receptors to detect the mechanical constraints of their environment and to decide accordingly whether a podosome should be initiated or not. Following initiation, substrate stiffness continues to play a role in the lifespan of the podosome, with increased stiffness resulting in increased longevity and decreased distance between individual podosomes. The present disclosure demonstrates that THSD1 knockdown in endothelial cells increases the expression of metalloprotease and evaluates the role of podosome formation and function in managing podosome formation in subjects, particularly in subjects afflicted with loss-of-function variants of THSD1 gene.


Podosome Inhibitors

The present disclosure describes the identification and characterization of genes whose perturbation leads to intracranial aneurysms (IA) and/or vascular endothelial cell dysfunction. Further, the present disclosure provides a characterization of molecular pathways that can provide novel therapeutic targets for treatment of aneurysms, particularly IA.


In some aspects the disclosure provides a method to treat a subject at risk of suffering from an aneurysm comprised of administering to said subject a therapeutically effective dose of a compound that modulates podosome formation and/or podosome function.


In some instances the compound is a Src inhibitor such as PP2.


In other instances the compound is SU6656. SU6656 was initially identified as a Src kinase inhibitor by virtue of its ability to reverse an effect that an activated mutant form of Src (hu SRC Y530F) has on the actin cytoskeleton, namely the formation of podosome rosettes, otherwise known as invadopodia. SU6656 was initially published as a Src family kinase inhibitor with selectivity relative to Platelet-derived growth factor receptor Tyrosine kinase. Subsequent studies have confirmed that SU6656 is relatively selective for Src family kinases.


In other instances the compound is KX2-391. KX2-391, also known as KX-01, is a first-in-class dual Src kinase and tubulin polymerization inhibitor that is currently only developed as a topical medicinal product.


In other instances the compound is saracatinib. Saracatinib is an experimental drug that acts as a dual kinase inhibitor, with selective actions as a Src inhibitor and a Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitor.


In other instances the compound is bosutinib. Bosutinib is a small molecule BCR-ABL and src tyrosine kinase inhibitor currently used for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia.


In other instances the compound is dasatinib is a selective tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor.


In other instances the compound is ponatinib. Ponatinib (also known as AP24534) is a potent, orally active tyrosine kinase inhibitor.


Methods of Treating Aneurysms

The methods, compositions, and uses of this disclosure may comprise a treatment method to arrest, reverse, or ameliorate an aneurysm, e.g., an intracranial aneurysm. In some cases, the therapeutic effect is achieved by administrating a therapeutically-effective dose of a compound that modulates podosome formation and function. Exemplary compounds contemplated by the disclosure include SU6656, a selective SRC inhibitor, KX2-391 and saracatinib (currently in clinical trials), and three FDA-approved compounds including, bosutinib, dasatinib, and ponatinib.


The treatment may comprise treating a subject (e.g. a patient at risk of having an intracranial aneurysm due to the presence of a THSD1 genetic variant or an animal with a similar genetic variant). The disease may be a weakness in a blood vessel in the brain that balloons and fills with blood, for example, a brain aneurysm (also called a cerebral aneurysm or an intracranial aneurysm) is a ballooning arising from a weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel in the brain. The subject may be a human.


Treatment may be provided to the subject before clinical onset of disease. For instance, in specific cases, treatment may be provided upon the identification of a THSD1 variant in a subject, before the onset of a disease. Treatment may be provided to the subject after clinical onset of disease. Treatment may be provided to the subject after 1 day, 1 week, 6 months, 12 months, or 2 years after clinical onset of the disease. Treatment may be provided to the subject for more than 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, 2 years or more after clinical onset of disease. Treatment may be provided to the subject for less than 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, or 2 years after clinical onset of the disease. Treatment may also include treating a human in a clinical trial. Because of the genetic aspect of IA, treatment may be provided through the lifetime of a subject that is afflicted with a THSD1 variant that may lead to subarachnoid hemorrhage. In some aspects, treatment will be prescribed to prevent IA in a subject that carries a THSD1 variant associated with IA.


A treatment can comprise administering to a subject a pharmaceutical composition, such as one or more of the pharmaceutical compositions described throughout the disclosure. A treatment can comprise modulating the levels of podosomes in vivo. A treatment may comprise administering a suitable level of an autophagy inhibitor for reducing bulge's in the wall of a blood vessel and preventing Subarachnoid hemorrhage.


Further, there are many risk factors for the development of intracranial aneurysms, both inherited and acquired. Females are more prone to aneurysm rupture, with SAH times more common in women. The prevalence of aneurysms is increased in certain genetic diseases; the classic example is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), but other diseases such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, neurofibromatosis, al-antitrypsin deficiency also demonstrate a link.


In ADPKD, 10% to 15% of patients develop intracranial aneurysms. Marfan's Syndrome was once thought to be linked to intracranial aneurysm formation, but recent evidence suggests that this may not be true. Aneurysms also run in families in the absence of an identified genetic disorder, with a prevalence of 7% to 20% in first or second degree relatives of patients who have suffered a SAH. FIG. 1A discloses a large family with variants (FIG. 1B) in the THSD1 gene that have been causally linked to IA.


Definitions

All of the functionalities described in connection with one embodiment of the methods, devices or instruments described herein are intended to be applicable to the additional embodiments of the methods, devices and instruments described herein except where expressly stated or where the feature or function is incompatible with the additional embodiments. For example, where a given feature or function is expressly described in connection with one embodiment but not expressly mentioned in connection with an alternative embodiment, it should be understood that the feature or function may be deployed, utilized, or implemented in connection with the alternative embodiment unless the feature or function is incompatible with the alternative embodiment.


Note that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a cell” refers to one or more cells, and reference to “the system” includes reference to equivalent steps, methods and devices known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. Furthermore, terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., merely identify one of a number of steps, components, functions, and/or points of reference as disclosed herein, and likewise do not necessarily limit embodiments of the present disclosure to any particular configuration or orientation.


Subjects can be humans, non-human primates such as chimpanzees, and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice and guinea pigs, and the like. A subject can be of any age. Subjects can be, for example, elderly adults, adults, adolescents, pre-adolescents, children, toddlers, infants.


As used in the specification and claims of this application, the term “administering” includes any method which is effective to result in delivery of an autophagy inhibitor to the subject.


As used in this specification, the term “aneurysm” refers to broad classes of aneurysm, including aneurysms: abdominal aortic, thoracic aortic, and cerebral.


As used in this specification, the term “cerebral aneurysm” or “intracranial aneurysm” (also known as a brain aneurysm) is a weak or thin spot on an artery in the brain that balloons or bulges out and fills with blood. The bulging aneurysm can put pressure on the nerves or brain tissue. It may also burst or rupture, spilling blood into the surrounding tissue (called a hemorrhage). An unruptured aneurysm usually causes no symptoms. A key symptom of a ruptured aneurysm is a sudden, severe headache. Treatments for an unruptured aneurysm include medications to control blood pressure and procedures to prevent a future rupture.


As used in this specification, the term “abdominal aortic” aneurysm (AAA) is a bulge or swelling in the aorta, the main blood vessel that runs from the heart down through the chest and tummy. An AAA can be dangerous if it is not spotted early on. It can get bigger over time and could burst (rupture), causing life-threatening bleeding.


As used in this specification, the term “abdominal aortic” aneurysm (AAA) is a bulge or swelling in the aorta, the main blood vessel that runs from the heart down through the chest and tummy. An AAA can be dangerous if it is not spotted early on. It can get bigger over time and could burst (rupture), causing life-threatening bleeding.


As used in this specification, the term “thoracic aortic” aneurysm is an abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel. A thoracic aortic aneurysm occurs in the part of the body's largest artery (the aorta) that passes through the chest.


As used in the specification and claims of this application, the term “at risk” or more specifically a “subject at risk of developing an intracranial aneurysm” is a subject afflicted with a genetic variant, e.g., THSD1 variant, that causes the subarachnoid hemorrhage seen when an aneurysm ruptures.


The term DNA “control sequences” refers collectively to promoter sequences, polyadenylation signals, transcription termination sequences, upstream regulatory domains, origins of replication, internal ribosome entry sites, nuclear localization sequences, enhancers, and the like, which collectively provide for the replication, transcription and translation of a coding sequence in a recipient cell.


Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in smaller ranges, and are also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention.


EMBODIMENTS

EMBODIMENT 1. A method to treat a subject at risk of suffering from an aneurysm comprised of administering to said subject a therapeutically effective dose of a compound that modulates podosome formation.


EMBODIMENT 2. A method to treat a subject at risk of suffering from an aneurysm comprised of administering to said subject a therapeutically effective dose of a compound that modulates podosome function.


EMBODIMENT 3. The method of any one of embodiments 1 or 2, wherein the compound is a Src inhibitor.


EMBODIMENT 4. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the Src inhibitor is PP2.


EMBODIMENT 5. The method of any one of claim 1 or 2, wherein the compound is SU6656, KX2-391, saracatinib, bosutinib, dasatinib, or ponatinib.


EMBODIMENT 6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the compound is SU6656.


EMBODIMENT 7. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the compound is KX2-391.


EMBODIMENT 8. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the compound is saracatinib.


EMBODIMENT 9. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the compound is bosutinib.


EMBODIMENT 10. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the compound is dasatinib.


EMBODIMENT 11. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the compound is ponatinib.


EMBODIMENT 12. The method of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the aneurysm is an intracranial aneurysm.


EMBODIMENT 13. The method of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the aneurysm is an aortic aneurysm.


EMBODIMENT 14. The method of any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein the subject carries a variant affecting the expression of a Thrombospondin Type 1 Domain Containing 1 (THSD1) gene.


EMBODIMENT 15. The method of embodiment 14, wherein the variant is in a coding region of the Thrombospondin Type 1 Domain Containing 1 (THSD1) gene.


EMBODIMENT 16. The method of embodiment 14, wherein the variant is in a control sequence of a non-coding region of the Thrombospondin Type 1 Domain Containing 1 (THSD1) gene.


EMBODIMENT 17. The method of embodiment 14, wherein the variant in the THSD1 gene is a single codon substitution in at least one THSD1 allele.


EMBODIMENT 18. The method of embodiment 14, wherein the single codon substitution in the at least one THSD1 allele is at codon LSF, R460W, E466G, G600E, P639L, T653I, S775P.


EMBODIMENT 19. The method of any one of embodiments 1-18, wherein the compound that modulates podosome formation or function is administered systemically.


EMBODIMENT 20. The method of embodiment 19, wherein systemic administration includes, but is not limited to: (i) intravenous; (ii) intra-arterial; (iii) subcutaneous; or (iv) intraperitoneal.


EMBODIMENT 21. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound that modulates podosome formation or function is administered locally.


EMBODIMENT 22. The method of embodiment 21, wherein local administration includes, but is not limited to, (i) intracranial; (ii) intra-ocular (iii) intra-nasal; (iv) intrathecal or (v) intra-vascular.


EMBODIMENT 23. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the subject is a human.


EMBODIMENT 24. An inhibitor of podosome formation for use in a method of treating an aneurysm in a subject.


EMBODIMENT 25. An inhibitor of podosome function for use in a method of treating an aneurysm in a subject.


EMBODIMENT 26. A kit comprising an inhibitor of podosome formation or function of any one of embodiments Error! Reference source not found.-Error! Reference source not found. and instructions for use thereof.


EXAMPLES

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention, nor are they intended to represent or imply that the experiments below are all of or the only experiments performed. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific aspects without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present aspects are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.


The practice of some molecular techniques described herein may employ, unless otherwise indicated, techniques and descriptions of molecular biology (including recombinant techniques), cell biology, biochemistry, and genetic engineering technology, which are within the skill of those who practice in the art. Such techniques and descriptions can be found in standard laboratory manuals such as Westerfield, M. (2000). The zebrafish book. A guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish (Danio rerio). 4th ed., Univ. of Oregon Press, Eugene.; all of which are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference for all purposes.


EXAMPLE 1: Molecular Dissection of THSD1 Function in Vascular Endothelial Cells from Global Transcriptomics

Genetic factors play a significant role in IA pathogenesis as illustrated by family studies and several IA predisposing syndromes. 7%-20% of all patients have a known family history and a family history is the strongest risk factor for disease. Excluding syndromes that account for less than 1% of all IA cases, candidate IA genes have been primarily identified by genome-wide association studies and more recently, by whole exome sequencing in affected families. Yet, little is known about the genetic causes of IA providing minimum insight for the understanding and development of therapeutic targets that could treat the disease.


Single-family genetic studies are a powerful tool to identify candidate high-risk genetic variants. FIG. 1A illustrates a large family pedigree studied as part of the present disclosure to identify novel candidate genes whose rare variants cause intracranial aneurysm. including NR4748, NR4931, NR5704.


The subject highlighted participated in the sequencing studies described herein. We studied three large IA/SAH families with at least 4 affected individuals where whole exome sequencing has been performed to identify rare variants that segregate with disease. For each family, whole exome sequencing has been performed on at least 15 family members, irrespective of their IA status. Specifically, 21 individuals provided samples for sequencing for family NR4748. 32 individuals provided samples for sequencing for family NR4931. 16 individuals provided samples for sequencing for family NR5704.


Deleterious Thrombospondin-type 1 domain-containing protein 1 (THSD1) rare variants cause disease in both familial and sporadic cases with supporting evidence from animal models. THSD1 is predominantly expressed in vascular endothelial cells. The work identified deleterious variants in thrombospondin-type 1 domain-containing protein 1 (THSD1) that can cause IA and SAH. Initial characterization of Thsd1 in two vertebrate models including zebrafish and mice lead to the discovery that THSD1 mediated cerebral hemorrhage is located in subarachnoid space in mice. For further description of this work see. Z. Xu, D. Kim, et al., NeuroMolecular Medicine (2019) 21:325-343; T. Santiago-Sim, D. Kim, et al., Stroke. 2016; 47:3005-3013. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.014161); Yan-Ning Rui and D. Kim, et al., Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 43:2200-2211; each of which incorporated by reference).


However, the mechanism of action utilized by the discovered THSD1 variants to drive disease remained elusive. Further, there was little information describing genes and pathways regulated by THSD1 using global transcriptomics that could be used to inform the mechanism of action of THSD1. Thus, on its own the identification of THSD1 in the context of AI was not sufficient to inform a therapeutic strategy.


The present disclosure contemplated that THSD1 regulated genes may contribute to IA pathogenesis and that modulating their function may be beneficial as an IA treatment or in other diseases with aberrant THSD1 expression. The present disclosure provides results from global transcriptome profiling in human vascular endothelial cells upon THSD1 knockdown that identifies THSD1-regulated specific genes and pathways that are critical for mediating its function, providing potential targets for therapeutic intervention in IA.


The instant disclosure provides RNAseq experiments in two THSD1 knock-down endothelial cell lines. The RNAseq results from both cell lines support the evidence that THSD1 regulates multiple signaling pathways: Integrin, Src, PI3/AKT/mTor, and Rho signaling that are functionally linked to Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) signaling. A few of these pathways were selected for further analysis and characterization.


Materials and Methods


Cell Culture


HEK293T cells were maintained in DMEM medium (Corning, 10-013-CV) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, 10082147), 100 IU penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. Transfections of small interfering RNAs and plasmid DNA were performed using lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies, 11668027) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Alternatively, for cells such as endothelial cells that are hard to transfect, we will utilize lentiviral system to generate stable cell lines.


Knock-Down Experiments


Knockdown experiments in human vascular endothelial cells were performed using two distinct cell lines [HUVECs and Human brain microvascular endothelial cells(HBMECs)] using four siRNAs (two control siRNAs and two THSD1-specific siRNAs) to minimize erroneous findings due to off-target effects.


Transcriptome Profiling


Bioinformatic analyses of the global transcriptome were performed on rRNA-depleted RNA samples by RNA-Seq. Table 1 illustrates results of the analysis. As shown on Table 1, THSD1 regulates multiple signaling pathways: Integrin, Src, PI3/AKT/mTor, and Rho signaling that are functionally linked to Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) signaling) as well as TGFβ signaling.









TABLE 1





Statistically Significant THSD1-Regulated Pathways


(p-value < 0.005; Efron-Tibshirani's GSA test)


Description

















Integrin Signaling



PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling



Src Signaling



Rho Signaling



Tgfβ










We identified a number of genes that are affected by the lack of THSD1 in the knock-down cell lines and are likely regulated by THSD1. A subset of these genes likely contributes to disease pathobiology and may be targets for therapeutic intervention. Table 2. Describes genes differentially expressed in THSD1 knockdowns.









TABLE 2







Genes differentially expressed in THSD1 knockdowns; human


brain microvascular endothelial cells and HUVECs, combined








Description
Genes





Differential Expression
ALOX5AP, ARL17B, CTSS, GUK1,


upon THSD1 Loss
IFNAR2, LAMC2, NHLRC4, NISCH,


Upregulated genes
OLFML3, PSMD11, PUM2, SLC37A1,



SMAP1, SNORA27, TMEM50B, UBAP2,



ZNF780A


Differential Expression
ABCG2, ADAMTS1, AQP1, BCAP31,


upon THSD1 Loss
CDC45, CHCHD7, DMD, ENOX2,


Downregulated genes
FAM219A, FGF2, FGFR1OP2, G0S2, GJA4,



IGFBP3, INAFM1, MAP2, MGP, NOL3,



NPR1, NVL, PPHLN1, SERPINB2, SETBP1,



(THSD1), TMEM107, ZNF185









Table 3. lists genes differentially expressed in THSD1 knockdown HUVECs.









TABLE 3







Differentially Expressed Genes in THSD1 Knockdown HUVECs













Ensembl Gene
Gene Name
logFC
logCPM
LR
PValue
FDR
















ENSG00000136114
THSD1
−2.07
4.85
141.12
1.52E−32
2.15E−28


ENSG00000265107
GJA5
−3.81
3.42
137.13
1.13E−31
8.01E−28


ENSG00000130066
SAT1
−1.74
8.37
128.15
1.04E−29
4.92E−26


ENSG00000111341
MGP
−1.46
6.50
112.09
3.42E−26
1.21E−22


ENSG00000187513
GJA4
−2.29
4.32
102.47
4.39E−24
1.25E−20


ENSG00000284057
AP001273.2
8.67
−0.99
71.34
3.00E−17
7.11E−14


ENSG00000170323
FABP4
−2.09
6.36
66.29
3.90E−16
7.91E−13


ENSG00000125266
EFNB2
−1.28
7.77
63.28
1.79E−15
3.18E−12


ENSG00000113389
NPR3
−3.16
1.25
56.87
4.65E−14
7.35E−11


ENSG00000134668
SPOCD1
1.16
5.45
54.03
1.97E−13
2.80E−10


ENSG00000118777
ABCG2
−2.38
4.92
51.45
7.36E−13
9.50E−10


ENSG00000203812
HIST2H2AA3
4.21
0.20
50.59
1.14E−12
1.35E−09


ENSG00000272921
AC005832.4
−8.85
−0.72
48.91
2.69E−12
2.93E−09


ENSG00000078018
MAP2
−1.06
4.84
48.51
3.29E−12
3.34E−09


ENSG00000115884
SDC1
−1.53
3.23
48.33
3.61E−12
3.42E−09


ENSG00000139278
GLIPR1
1.13
6.53
47.73
4.89E−12
4.34E−09


ENSG00000101335
MYL9
1.09
4.76
47.07
6.83E−12
5.71E−09


ENSG00000181634
TNFSF15
1.64
5.10
45.62
1.43E−11
1.13E−08


ENSG00000122861
PLAU
1.03
5.58
43.85
3.55E−11
2.65E−08


ENSG00000107551
RASSF4
−1.10
5.07
43.68
3.86E−11
2.74E−08


ENSG00000274611
TBC1D3
−7.97
−1.52
43.13
5.12E−11
3.46E−08


ENSG00000149591
TAGLN
1.81
2.54
42.71
6.35E−11
4.10E−08


ENSG00000171435
KSR2
1.18
3.90
38.39
5.80E−10
3.58E−07


ENSG00000153165
RGPD3
4.26
−1.48
37.47
9.26E−10
5.48E−07


ENSG00000251569
AC093899.2
7.32
−2.20
34.85
3.55E−09
2.02E−06


ENSG00000163083
INHBB
−2.57
2.18
34.75
3.75E−09
2.05E−06


ENSG00000272949
AC093668.2
−7.24
−2.15
33.67
6.51E−09
3.43E−06


ENSG00000152217
SETBP1
−1.78
3.75
33.17
8.42E−09
4.27E−06


ENSG00000119900
OGFRL1
0.85
6.59
32.79
1.03E−08
5.02E−06


ENSG00000082684
SEMA5B
−4.57
−1.62
32.23
1.37E−08
6.26E−06


ENSG00000169604
ANTXR1
0.98
5.91
32.24
1.36E−08
6.26E−06


ENSG00000137573
SULF1
−1.27
5.03
31.88
1.64E−08
7.29E−06


ENSG00000115232
ITGA4
1.35
3.29
30.82
2.83E−08
1.22E−05


ENSG00000058085
LAMC2
1.06
5.71
30.05
4.21E−08
1.76E−05


ENSG00000022567
SLC45A4
−1.35
3.07
29.70
5.04E−08
1.99E−05


ENSG00000172602
RND1
−1.74
1.64
29.71
5.03E−08
1.99E−05


ENSG00000103426
CORO7-PAM16
4.38
−1.48
29.02
7.16E−08
2.75E−05


ENSG00000120217
CD274
1.35
4.21
28.77
8.14E−08
3.04E−05


ENSG00000116667
C1orf21
−0.99
4.42
27.88
1.29E−07
4.70E−05


ENSG00000169129
AFAP1L2
−2.16
3.16
27.67
1.44E−07
5.10E−05


ENSG00000138646
HERC5
−1.85
1.47
27.51
1.56E−07
5.29E−05


ENSG00000197646
PDCD1LG2
1.07
3.58
27.55
1.53E−07
5.29E−05


ENSG00000064651
SLC12A2
0.73
7.05
26.91
2.13E−07
7.03E−05


ENSG00000171388
APLN
0.85
9.85
26.02
3.39E−07
0.000109


ENSG00000175426
PCSK1
1.51
2.68
25.80
3.79E−07
0.00012


ENSG00000057019
DCBLD2
0.91
6.78
25.67
4.05E−07
0.000125


ENSG00000008517
IL32
0.69
6.11
25.52
4.37E−07
0.000132


ENSG00000138685
FGF2
−1.20
5.72
25.21
5.15E−07
0.000152


ENSG00000065308
TRAM2
0.67
8.10
25.04
5.60E−07
0.000162


ENSG00000137507
LRRC32
−0.87
7.22
24.74
6.57E−07
0.000187


ENSG00000129116
PALLD
0.69
6.27
24.56
7.22E−07
0.000201


ENSG00000129521
EGLN3
−1.85
0.09
24.44
7.66E−07
0.000209


ENSG00000125954
CHURC1-FNTB
−6.59
−2.67
24.25
8.46E−07
0.000227


ENSG00000152402
GUCY1A2
1.90
1.31
24.20
8.68E−07
0.000228


ENSG00000169429
CXCL8
1.22
4.62
23.66
1.15E−06
0.000297


ENSG00000164683
HEY1
−1.25
3.49
23.30
1.38E−06
0.000345


ENSG00000176907
TCIM
0.95
3.77
23.31
1.38E−06
0.000345


ENSG00000082126
MPP4
0.76
4.76
23.08
1.56E−06
0.000379


ENSG00000163637
PRICKLE2
−0.99
3.76
23.06
1.57E−06
0.000379


ENSG00000148143
ZNF462
0.72
4.95
22.92
1.69E−06
0.0004


ENSG00000139289
PHLDA1
0.63
7.00
22.22
2.43E−06
0.000566


ENSG00000028137
TNFRSF1B
−0.99
6.14
22.02
2.69E−06
0.000617


ENSG00000139629
GALNT6
0.66
5.98
21.94
2.82E−06
0.000635


ENSG00000117586
TNFSF4
0.66
7.43
21.80
3.03E−06
0.000672


ENSG00000256514
AP003419.1
1.68
0.91
21.47
3.60E−06
0.000787


ENSG00000240583
AQP1
−1.84
3.43
21.27
3.99E−06
0.000858


ENSG00000115252
PDE1A
−2.04
0.57
21.17
4.20E−06
0.00089


ENSG00000178695
KCTD12
−0.71
8.94
20.99
4.62E−06
0.000965


ENSG00000173535
TNFRSF10C
−0.65
6.69
20.89
4.87E−06
0.001002


ENSG00000156298
TSPAN7
−1.50
3.22
20.81
5.08E−06
0.001031


ENSG00000037280
FLT4
−0.95
6.22
20.66
5.48E−06
0.001066


ENSG00000118515
SGK1
1.02
6.19
20.70
5.37E−06
0.001066


ENSG00000171105
INSR
−0.82
5.20
20.67
5.47E−06
0.001066


ENSG00000128917
DLL4
−1.06
6.99
20.55
5.81E−06
0.001116


ENSG00000164284
GRPEL2
0.71
5.83
20.28
6.70E−06
0.001268


ENSG00000130449
ZSWIM6
0.84
6.22
20.20
6.96E−06
0.0013


ENSG00000165029
ABCA1
−1.20
4.86
20.18
7.06E−06
0.001303


ENSG00000143127
ITGA10
−0.95
4.84
20.08
7.43E−06
0.001336


ENSG00000187720
THSD4
0.77
5.68
20.08
7.43E−06
0.001336


ENSG00000073008
PVR
0.69
7.34
19.90
8.14E−06
0.001422


ENSG00000107731
UNC5B
−1.58
3.90
19.93
8.03E−06
0.001422


ENSG00000122786
CALD1
0.71
9.31
19.89
8.21E−06
0.001422


ENSG00000110092
CCND1
0.77
8.26
19.76
8.76E−06
0.0015


ENSG00000154734
ADAMTS1
−1.32
3.65
19.66
9.23E−06
0.001561


ENSG00000142178
SIK1
1.16
2.11
19.62
9.46E−06
0.001581


ENSG00000168843
FSTL5
1.55
0.35
19.53
9.92E−06
0.001638


ENSG00000121858
TNFSF10
−0.94
4.92
19.41
1.05E−05
0.001722


ENSG00000169213
RAB3B
0.71
5.47
19.35
1.09E−05
0.001754


ENSG00000166670
MMP10
1.61
6.00
19.29
1.12E−05
0.00179


ENSG00000138347
MYPN
2.35
−1.12
19.03
1.29E−05
0.002029


ENSG00000145247
OCIAD2
0.76
5.62
18.90
1.38E−05
0.002126


ENSG00000160801
PTH1R
−2.70
−1.67
18.89
1.38E−05
0.002126


ENSG00000184113
CLDN5
−0.91
7.73
18.88
1.39E−05
0.002126


ENSG00000152518
ZFP36L2
−0.62
6.87
18.76
1.48E−05
0.002235


ENSG00000171617
ENC1
0.87
6.92
18.56
1.64E−05
0.002457


ENSG00000166833
NAV2
0.61
5.37
18.42
1.77E−05
0.00262


ENSG00000177076
ACER2
−1.05
3.11
18.28
1.91E−05
0.002793


ENSG00000154928
EPHB1
1.07
2.28
18.16
2.03E−05
0.002915


ENSG00000162407
PLPP3
−0.99
5.19
18.16
2.03E−05
0.002915


ENSG00000099204
ABLIM1
−0.73
8.31
18.11
2.09E−05
0.002957


ENSG00000177606
JUN
0.68
7.59
18.09
2.10E−05
0.002957


ENSG00000170006
TMEM154
0.74
5.48
18.03
2.17E−05
0.003026


ENSG00000118762
PKD2
−0.61
5.46
17.91
2.32E−05
0.003197


ENSG00000108387
‘SEPT4
−1.64
−0.22
17.45
2.96E−05
0.004038


ENSG00000170891
CYTL1
0.91
3.83
17.25
3.28E−05
0.004439


ENSG00000175040
CHST2
0.88
4.58
17.17
3.42E−05
0.004583


ENSG00000167037
SGSM1
−1.41
1.33
17.15
3.45E−05
0.004587


ENSG00000185070
FLRT2
0.70
7.60
17.09
3.57E−05
0.004694


ENSG00000180304
OAZ2
−0.56
6.82
16.78
4.20E−05
0.005473


ENSG00000257093
KIAA1147
−0.59
7.24
16.71
4.36E−05
0.005628


ENSG00000184897
H1FX
−0.58
6.28
16.64
4.53E−05
0.005794


ENSG00000075426
FOSL2
0.57
6.66
16.52
4.80E−05
0.006094


ENSG00000105825
TFPI2
0.57
7.14
16.40
5.13E−05
0.006449


ENSG00000135318
NT5E
0.61
7.62
16.38
5.18E−05
0.00645


ENSG00000127533
F2RL3
1.23
1.06
16.34
5.30E−05
0.006492


ENSG00000205683
DPF3
1.21
2.98
16.34
5.30E−05
0.006492


ENSG00000105499
PLA2G4C
0.76
3.68
16.29
5.44E−05
0.006599


ENSG00000167984
NLRC3
0.99
2.82
16.02
6.26E−05
0.007507


ENSG00000168685
IL7R
1.30
1.79
16.00
6.32E−05
0.007507


ENSG00000172985
SH3RF3
0.64
5.05
16.00
6.34E−05
0.007507


ENSG00000108551
RASD1
1.21
2.55
15.95
6.49E−05
0.00762


ENSG00000081087
OSTM1
0.67
5.66
15.81
6.99E−05
0.008139


ENSG00000128849
CGNL1
−0.78
6.46
15.61
7.78E−05
0.008985


ENSG00000133816
MICAL2
0.69
7.58
15.59
7.87E−05
0.009013


ENSG00000132965
ALOX5AP
2.25
−1.61
15.55
8.04E−05
0.009132


ENSG00000084734
GCKR
−2.84
−1.71
15.36
8.89E−05
0.009794


ENSG00000108854
SMURF2
0.53
7.94
15.38
8.81E−05
0.009794


ENSG00000111859
NEDD9
0.52
6.27
15.36
8.89E−05
0.009794


ENSG00000154678
PDE1C
0.89
3.99
15.37
8.84E−05
0.009794


ENSG00000033867
SLC4A7
0.58
7.03
15.33
9.05E−05
0.009889


ENSG00000152207
CYSLTR2
−2.45
−0.56
15.25
9.42E−05
0.010156


ENSG00000188452
CERKL
1.26
0.91
15.25
9.44E−05
0.010156


ENSG00000105357
MYH14
1.43
0.19
15.20
9.66E−05
0.010323


ENSG00000185432
METTL7A
−1.01
3.66
15.17
9.83E−05
0.010418


ENSG00000004799
PDK4
−1.18
2.61
15.12
0.000101
0.010639


ENSG00000122694
GLIPR2
0.65
4.88
15.10
0.000102
0.010655


ENSG00000213402
PTPRCAP
−3.20
−2.40
15.08
0.000103
0.010665


ENSG00000115902
SLC1A4
−0.69
4.85
14.96
0.00011
0.011119


ENSG00000169248
CXCL11
1.35
0.90
14.97
0.000109
0.011119


ENSG00000189367
KIAA0408
1.83
−0.79
14.96
0.00011
0.011119


ENSG00000102755
FLT1
−0.77
8.53
14.90
0.000114
0.011449


ENSG00000135905
DOCK10
0.62
5.30
14.86
0.000116
0.01158


ENSG00000079102
RUNX1T1
−0.82
4.50
14.83
0.000118
0.011588


ENSG00000153208
MERTK
0.58
5.53
14.83
0.000118
0.011588


ENSG00000198435
NRARP
−0.63
5.05
14.82
0.000118
0.011588


ENSG00000141682
PMAIP1
1.02
4.25
14.80
0.00012
0.01165


ENSG00000011347
SYT7
−1.86
−0.09
14.71
0.000126
0.012144


ENSG00000135842
FAM129A
−1.24
1.66
14.52
0.000139
0.013339


ENSG00000020577
SAMD4A
0.62
5.94
14.47
0.000143
0.013504


ENSG00000143153
ATP1B1
0.74
5.54
14.47
0.000142
0.013504


ENSG00000177666
PNPLA2
−0.55
6.36
14.43
0.000145
0.013671


ENSG00000085276
MECOM
−0.53
7.33
14.39
0.000148
0.013802


ENSG00000111145
ELK3
−0.64
8.64
14.39
0.000149
0.013802


ENSG00000140675
SLC5A2
−5.88
−3.18
14.34
0.000152
0.014056


ENSG00000005108
THSD7A
−0.61
5.99
14.27
0.000159
0.014543


ENSG00000157613
CREB3L1
1.04
1.76
14.23
0.000162
0.014743


ENSG00000163584
RPL22L1
−0.61
5.30
14.18
0.000166
0.015011


ENSG00000169418
NPR1
−1.45
3.01
14.12
0.000171
0.015403


ENSG00000131016
AKAP12
0.59
10.29
14.07
0.000176
0.015751


ENSG00000141298
SSH2
0.55
6.75
13.98
0.000184
0.016299


ENSG00000163131
CTSS
0.96
2.75
13.98
0.000185
0.016299


ENSG00000026508
CD44
0.69
5.54
13.94
0.000189
0.016335


ENSG00000136404
TM6SF1
0.69
4.25
13.92
0.00019
0.016335


ENSG00000144583
‘MARCH4
0.82
5.53
13.95
0.000188
0.016335


ENSG00000175899
A2M
−1.56
2.41
13.92
0.000191
0.016335


ENSG00000176749
CDK5R1
1.01
2.89
13.94
0.000189
0.016335


ENSG00000258984
UBE2F-SCLY
3.28
−1.94
13.88
0.000194
0.016538


ENSG00000136960
ENPP2
−1.14
1.35
13.86
0.000197
0.016639


ENSG00000140416
TPM1
0.61
8.65
13.81
0.000202
0.016977


ENSG00000112541
PDE10A
−0.92
3.09
13.76
0.000208
0.017288


ENSG00000198286
CARD11
0.59
5.90
13.76
0.000208
0.017288


ENSG00000108825
PTGES3L-AARSD1
1.90
−0.91
13.67
0.000218
0.017886


ENSG00000185650
ZFP36L1
0.51
6.82
13.66
0.000219
0.017886


ENSG00000188290
HES4
−1.30
2.20
13.66
0.000219
0.017886


ENSG00000114631
PODXL2
0.66
4.05
13.62
0.000224
0.018189


ENSG00000106852
LHX6
0.94
4.20
13.59
0.000227
0.018332


ENSG00000171115
GIMAP8
−0.63
7.66
13.56
0.000231
0.018514


ENSG00000189120
SP6
1.04
1.77
13.54
0.000234
0.018568


ENSG00000265972
TXNIP
−1.35
3.74
13.54
0.000234
0.018568


ENSG00000154639
CXADR
0.57
4.98
13.51
0.000237
0.018606


ENSG00000169242
EFNA1
−0.75
6.23
13.52
0.000237
0.018606


ENSG00000204304
PBX2
−0.72
5.80
13.49
0.00024
0.018755


ENSG00000157557
ETS2
0.56
6.59
13.45
0.000244
0.018975


ENSG00000105855
ITGB8
1.01
3.67
13.44
0.000246
0.018999


ENSG00000144802
NFKBIZ
0.88
4.33
13.37
0.000255
0.019615


ENSG00000204262
COL5A2
0.51
8.22
13.33
0.000262
0.019978


ENSG00000163092
XIRP2
2.56
−0.54
13.31
0.000264
0.020085


ENSG00000049540
ELN
−2.37
−1.72
13.23
0.000275
0.020704


ENSG00000166341
DCHS1
0.50
7.06
13.24
0.000274
0.020704


ENSG00000115414
FN1
0.69
12.30
13.17
0.000284
0.021259


ENSG00000094880
CDC23
−0.63
5.49
13.10
0.000295
0.021903


ENSG00000164647
STEAP1
−0.67
4.33
13.10
0.000296
0.021903


ENSG00000119681
LTBP2
0.48
9.54
13.03
0.000306
0.022511


ENSG00000107562
CXCL12
2.40
−1.46
12.98
0.000314
0.022927


ENSG00000138448
ITGAV
0.55
8.76
12.96
0.000318
0.022927


ENSG00000160223
ICOSLG
−0.72
3.61
12.95
0.00032
0.022927


ENSG00000163644
PPM1K
−0.64
3.93
12.96
0.000318
0.022927


ENSG00000186575
NF2
0.58
6.53
12.95
0.000319
0.022927


ENSG00000109906
ZBTB16
−1.08
1.12
12.94
0.000322
0.022986


ENSG00000144476
ACKR3
−0.77
4.06
12.89
0.00033
0.023468


ENSG00000136011
STAB2
−3.99
−2.80
12.86
0.000335
0.023698


ENSG00000074181
NOTCH3
−1.01
1.47
12.84
0.000338
0.023798


ENSG00000168916
ZNF608
−0.63
5.15
12.72
0.000362
0.025298


ENSG00000076351
SLC46A1
0.82
2.77
12.71
0.000364
0.025315


ENSG00000151474
FRMD4A
0.53
7.31
12.66
0.000374
0.025951


ENSG00000139508
SLC46A3
−1.45
4.08
12.58
0.00039
0.026876


ENSG00000131386
GALNT15
−1.70
0.16
12.53
0.000401
0.027499


ENSG00000101017
CD40
−0.65
4.42
12.49
0.000409
0.027854


ENSG00000270316
BORCS7-ASMT
−6.14
−3.00
12.49
0.00041
0.027854


ENSG00000141668
CBLN2
2.75
0.19
12.48
0.000412
0.027879


ENSG00000146072
TNFRSF21
0.47
6.64
12.44
0.000419
0.028234


ENSG00000183287
CCBE1
1.06
1.39
12.39
0.000432
0.028931


ENSG00000029534
ANK1
−1.37
0.01
12.37
0.000436
0.029068


ENSG00000124593
AL365205.1
−0.90
3.18
12.35
0.00044
0.029134


ENSG00000281028
AC104662.2
−6.09
−3.04
12.35
0.000441
0.029134


ENSG00000187942
LDLRAD2
−0.76
3.41
12.33
0.000446
0.029332


ENSG00000071246
VASH1
−0.66
7.76
12.30
0.000453
0.029655


ENSG00000269307
AC010463.1
−6.06
−3.06
12.27
0.000461
0.030027


ENSG00000050405
LIMA1
0.47
7.26
12.26
0.000463
0.030037


ENSG00000259171
AL163636.2
−1.37
1.58
12.25
0.000465
0.030049


ENSG00000048740
CELF2
0.49
6.23
12.18
0.000483
0.030936


ENSG00000116774
OLFML3
0.99
1.45
12.18
0.000482
0.030936


ENSG00000182240
BACE2
−0.56
7.52
12.17
0.000486
0.030971


ENSG00000204767
FAM196B
0.77
3.39
12.15
0.00049
0.031102


ENSG00000211448
DIO2
2.26
−1.84
12.14
0.000494
0.031198


ENSG00000151468
CCDC3
−1.17
0.72
12.11
0.000501
0.031481


ENSG00000196498
NCOR2
0.52
7.49
12.09
0.000506
0.031651


ENSG00000049130
KITLG
0.70
5.16
12.07
0.000512
0.031901


ENSG00000137033
IL33
−1.94
4.40
12.06
0.000516
0.031997


ENSG00000130635
COL5A1
0.52
8.58
12.03
0.000524
0.032215


ENSG00000133056
PIK3C2B
−0.67
5.90
12.03
0.000522
0.032215


ENSG00000116741
RGS2
0.79
3.02
12.02
0.000528
0.0323


ENSG00000129757
CDKN1C
−0.95
2.05
11.98
0.000536
0.032564


ENSG00000179195
ZNF664
−0.66
6.99
11.99
0.000535
0.032564


ENSG00000185924
RTN4RL1
−2.85
−2.54
11.97
0.000542
0.032704


ENSG00000189060
H1F0
−0.50
6.44
11.96
0.000543
0.032704


ENSG00000255767
AC108488.2
5.64
−3.35
11.95
0.000548
0.032834


ENSG00000108691
CCL2
0.56
5.05
11.89
0.000566
0.033765


ENSG00000106069
CHN2
0.83
2.52
11.87
0.000571
0.033914


ENSG00000132702
HAPLN2
1.07
3.28
11.85
0.000575
0.033914


ENSG00000183691
NOG
1.96
0.87
11.85
0.000575
0.033914


ENSG00000105738
SIPA1L3
0.53
5.37
11.84
0.000578
0.033924


ENSG00000154096
THY1
−1.73
0.37
11.84
0.00058
0.033924


ENSG00000140937
CDH11
0.58
5.50
11.80
0.000592
0.034495


ENSG00000127241
MASP1
−1.60
−0.50
11.77
0.000601
0.034815


ENSG00000164574
GALNT10
0.47
7.18
11.77
0.000603
0.034815


ENSG00000259112
NDUFC2-KCTD14
5.59
−3.38
11.75
0.000609
0.035044


ENSG00000109046
WSB1
−0.57
8.59
11.72
0.000619
0.035055


ENSG00000130054
FAM155B
1.73
−1.28
11.72
0.000619
0.035055


ENSG00000133401
PDZD2
−0.68
3.72
11.72
0.000618
0.035055


ENSG00000284041
AC073111.3
−5.87
−3.18
11.72
0.000619
0.035055


ENSG00000115008
IL1A
1.56
1.13
11.67
0.000634
0.035722


ENSG00000185737
NRG3
−0.86
2.50
11.66
0.000638
0.035834


ENSG00000196923
PDLIM7
0.57
7.15
11.64
0.000644
0.036026


ENSG00000187583
PLEKHN1
1.60
−1.07
11.62
0.000652
0.036337


ENSG00000135324
MRAP2
−0.97
3.21
11.57
0.000672
0.037286


ENSG00000158186
MRAS
0.56
4.27
11.55
0.000678
0.037503


ENSG00000092969
TGFB2
1.40
3.41
11.54
0.000682
0.037523


ENSG00000158373
HIST1H2BD
1.95
0.56
11.53
0.000684
0.037523


ENSG00000118946
PCDH17
1.00
3.06
11.49
0.0007
0.038238


ENSG00000067798
NAV3
0.64
5.24
11.48
0.000705
0.038357


ENSG00000143344
RGL1
0.81
6.48
11.46
0.00071
0.03848


ENSG00000188042
ARL4C
0.65
3.97
11.43
0.000723
0.039053


ENSG00000162772
ATF3
0.98
1.96
11.41
0.000731
0.039331


ENSG00000164104
HMGB2
−0.50
7.51
11.38
0.000742
0.039771


ENSG00000138411
HECW2
0.47
7.31
11.36
0.000749
0.03998


ENSG00000142627
EPHA2
0.49
7.57
11.33
0.000763
0.040464


ENSG00000258947
TUBB3
0.62
7.55
11.33
0.000761
0.040464


ENSG00000183775
KCTD16
1.30
−0.12
11.30
0.000773
0.040837


ENSG00000114948
ADAM23
0.55
5.15
11.26
0.000793
0.041703


ENSG00000114315
HES1
−0.49
5.56
11.22
0.000811
0.042315


ENSG00000138772
ANXA3
0.65
5.85
11.22
0.000808
0.042315


ENSG00000270276
HIST2H4B
−1.49
−0.13
11.21
0.000813
0.042315


ENSG00000213694
S1PR3
0.71
4.78
11.16
0.000835
0.043284


ENSG00000150687
PRSS23
0.44
9.70
11.15
0.000841
0.043462


ENSG00000095303
PTGS1
0.62
4.28
11.12
0.000852
0.043854


ENSG00000146674
IGFBP3
−0.93
1.59
11.11
0.00086
0.04411


ENSG00000109436
TBC1D9
0.45
6.66
11.09
0.000868
0.044376


ENSG00000274933
TBC1D3I
3.01
−2.32
11.07
0.000879
0.044738


ENSG00000116678
LEPR
−0.62
4.60
11.04
0.000893
0.044947


ENSG00000156642
NPTN
−0.65
6.37
11.04
0.000892
0.044947


ENSG00000198720
ANKRD13B
0.53
4.45
11.03
0.000895
0.044947


ENSG00000228144
AC078927.1
5.57
−3.50
11.04
0.000891
0.044947


ENSG00000256966
AL513165.2
2.50
−2.24
11.01
0.000907
0.045379


ENSG00000156920
ADGRG4
3.17
−2.89
10.97
0.000926
0.046138


ENSG00000171877
FRMD5
0.66
4.15
10.92
0.00095
0.047183


ENSG00000164946
FREM1
1.21
0.17
10.87
0.000975
0.048254


ENSG00000159640
ACE
−0.99
5.64
10.86
0.000982
0.048417


ENSG00000176771
NCKAP5
1.30
0.36
10.84
0.000993
0.048822


ENSG00000198513
ATL1
1.00
3.22
10.83
0.000999
0.048924


ENSG00000100234
TIMP3
−0.98
3.13
10.82
0.001006
0.049108









Table 4 lists genes differentially expressed in THSD1 knockdown HUVECs









TABLE 4







Differentially Expressed Genes in THSD1 Knockdown HBMECs













Ensembl Gene
Gene Symbol
logFC
logCPM
LR
PValue
FDR
















ENSG00000117152
RGS4
−1.59
6.07
88.46
5.18E−21
7.37E−17


ENSG00000272949
AC093668.2
8.74
−0.80
64.63
9.02E−16
6.40E−12


ENSG00000283088
AC010487.3
−8.71
−0.85
60.76
6.45E−15
3.05E−11


ENSG00000136114
THSD1
−1.51
4.73
58.41
2.13E−14
7.56E−11


ENSG00000146674
IGFBP3
−2.59
2.50
54.84
1.31E−13
3.72E−10


ENSG00000284057
AP001273.2
8.19
−1.30
52.15
5.15E−13
1.22E−09


ENSG00000133101
CCNA1
−1.31
4.76
45.04
1.93E−11
3.92E−08


ENSG00000078018
MAP2
−1.31
4.98
43.56
4.11E−11
7.29E−08


ENSG00000240583
AQP1
−2.37
3.93
41.78
1.02E−10
1.61E−07


ENSG00000008517
IL32
1.06
6.45
39.73
2.92E−10
4.15E−07


ENSG00000154734
ADAMTS1
−1.55
3.82
38.76
4.78E−10
6.18E−07


ENSG00000068489
PRR11
−1.00
6.19
37.14
1.10E−09
1.30E−06


ENSG00000118777
ABCG2
−1.75
3.44
36.14
1.84E−09
1.87E−06


ENSG00000168542
COL3A1
2.68
1.64
36.27
1.72E−09
1.87E−06


ENSG00000138180
CEP55
−0.99
6.19
35.71
2.30E−09
2.17E−06


ENSG00000272414
FAM47E-STBD1
4.42
−1.05
35.52
2.52E−09
2.24E−06


ENSG00000264187
AC055811.2
7.52
−1.89
35.39
2.70E−09
2.26E−06


ENSG00000072571
HMMR
−1.09
5.70
34.95
3.39E−09
2.67E−06


ENSG00000112984
KIF20A
−1.03
6.21
34.59
4.07E−09
3.05E−06


ENSG00000126787
DLGAP5
−0.96
6.86
34.15
5.09E−09
3.62E−06


ENSG00000081087
OSTM1
1.10
5.56
33.06
8.93E−09
6.04E−06


ENSG00000117399
CDC20
−1.02
6.40
32.40
1.25E−08
8.08E−06


ENSG00000100292
HMOX1
0.94
6.83
31.53
1.96E−08
1.21E−05


ENSG00000134057
CCNB1
−0.94
6.95
31.40
2.10E−08
1.24E−05


ENSG00000143228
NUF2
−1.06
5.01
30.90
2.71E−08
1.48E−05


ENSG00000166851
PLK1
−1.03
6.17
30.91
2.70E−08
1.48E−05


ENSG00000108691
CCL2
1.38
5.33
29.45
5.74E−08
2.86E−05


ENSG00000132470
ITGB4
−1.94
3.69
29.41
5.84E−08
2.86E−05


ENSG00000164104
HMGB2
−0.86
7.35
29.54
5.47E−08
2.86E−05


ENSG00000163661
PTX3
−1.01
7.71
29.11
6.85E−08
3.24E−05


ENSG00000145386
CCNA2
−1.01
6.45
29.03
7.12E−08
3.26E−05


ENSG00000142945
KIF2C
−0.95
5.36
28.79
8.07E−08
3.58E−05


ENSG00000146678
IGFBP1
−2.51
0.45
28.44
9.65E−08
4.15E−05


ENSG00000137812
KNL1
−1.09
5.81
28.26
1.06E−07
4.44E−05


ENSG00000138182
KIF20B
−1.01
5.81
28.10
1.15E−07
4.67E−05


ENSG00000080986
NDC80
−1.05
5.15
27.56
1.52E−07
5.90E−05


ENSG00000136928
GABBR2
−0.95
6.03
27.44
1.62E−07
5.90E−05


ENSG00000137804
NUSAP1
−0.95
6.08
27.46
1.60E−07
5.90E−05


ENSG00000273294
C1QTNF3-AMACR
7.05
−2.28
27.45
1.62E−07
5.90E−05


ENSG00000131747
TOP2A
−0.97
8.09
26.97
2.07E−07
7.35E−05


ENSG00000087586
AURKA
−0.86
5.67
26.90
2.14E−07
7.42E−05


ENSG00000094880
CDC23
−0.93
5.49
26.82
2.24E−07
7.43E−05


ENSG00000161888
SPC24
−1.08
4.35
26.81
2.25E−07
7.43E−05


ENSG00000066279
ASPM
−1.18
6.89
26.71
2.36E−07
7.62E−05


ENSG00000198901
PRC1
−0.91
6.85
26.11
3.23E−07
0.000102


ENSG00000088325
TPX2
−0.86
7.28
25.96
3.49E−07
0.000108


ENSG00000138778
CENPE
−1.03
6.40
25.44
4.58E−07
0.000136


ENSG00000140525
FANCI
−0.85
5.87
25.43
4.60E−07
0.000136


ENSG00000111206
FOXM1
−0.80
6.61
25.29
4.94E−07
0.000143


ENSG00000076382
SPAG5
−0.83
5.81
25.10
5.46E−07
0.000155


ENSG00000170312
CDK1
−0.95
6.03
25.05
5.59E−07
0.000156


ENSG00000161800
RACGAP1
−0.88
5.47
24.90
6.04E−07
0.000162


ENSG00000168078
PBK
−0.93
5.37
24.91
6.02E−07
0.000162


ENSG00000146072
TNFRSF21
0.88
6.42
24.77
6.45E−07
0.00017


ENSG00000134690
CDCA8
−1.05
5.25
24.59
7.11E−07
0.000184


ENSG00000148773
MKI67
−1.17
7.99
24.06
9.33E−07
0.000237


ENSG00000102575
ACP5
−3.55
2.81
24.03
9.50E−07
0.000237


ENSG00000024526
DEPDC1
−0.99
5.61
23.90
1.02E−06
0.000249


ENSG00000099937
SERPIND1
−1.85
2.87
23.80
1.07E−06
0.000258


ENSG00000276612
FP565260.2
−6.67
−2.61
23.74
1.10E−06
0.000261


ENSG00000118193
KIF14
−1.04
5.04
23.64
1.16E−06
0.000266


ENSG00000175063
UBE2C
−1.03
5.18
23.65
1.16E−06
0.000266


ENSG00000123485
HJURP
−0.92
4.98
23.46
1.28E−06
0.000286


ENSG00000157456
CCNB2
−0.84
5.61
23.41
1.31E−06
0.000286


ENSG00000163584
RPL22L1
−0.90
5.95
23.41
1.31E−06
0.000286


ENSG00000117724
CENPF
−0.96
7.44
22.28
2.35E−06
0.000506


ENSG00000100297
MCM5
−0.86
6.30
22.12
2.56E−06
0.000535


ENSG00000105357
MYH14
4.21
−0.61
22.15
2.53E−06
0.000535


ENSG00000138160
KIF11
−0.95
6.34
22.01
2.71E−06
0.000558


ENSG00000093009
CDC45
−1.00
4.55
21.97
2.77E−06
0.000562


ENSG00000185070
FLRT2
0.76
8.29
21.87
2.92E−06
0.000584


ENSG00000116774
OLFML3
1.52
2.30
21.78
3.06E−06
0.000603


ENSG00000123689
G0S2
−1.97
2.29
21.72
3.15E−06
0.000613


ENSG00000167900
TK1
−0.76
5.68
21.56
3.43E−06
0.000655


ENSG00000184661
CDCA2
−0.93
4.87
21.54
3.46E−06
0.000655


ENSG00000013810
TACC3
−0.76
6.36
21.52
3.50E−06
0.000655


ENSG00000101057
MYBL2
−0.78
6.00
21.42
3.70E−06
0.000682


ENSG00000112742
TTK
−1.03
5.14
21.29
3.95E−06
0.000719


ENSG00000163808
KIF15
−1.04
4.74
21.00
4.59E−06
0.000826


ENSG00000011426
ANLN
−1.01
7.23
20.77
5.19E−06
0.00091


ENSG00000265107
GJA5
−6.45
−2.77
20.77
5.19E−06
0.00091


ENSG00000121152
NCAPH
−0.96
4.79
20.73
5.28E−06
0.000915


ENSG00000114631
PODXL2
1.26
3.20
20.67
5.44E−06
0.000932


ENSG00000129173
E2F8
−1.04
4.57
20.50
5.97E−06
0.00101


ENSG00000101335
MYL9
0.82
5.36
20.46
6.10E−06
0.00102


ENSG00000164109
MAD2L1
−0.92
5.54
20.32
6.55E−06
0.001082


ENSG00000104738
MCM4
−0.92
6.63
20.27
6.74E−06
0.0011


ENSG00000169679
BUB1
−0.99
5.93
20.11
7.32E−06
0.001182


ENSG00000073111
MCM2
−0.82
5.76
19.94
7.98E−06
0.00126


ENSG00000165480
SKA3
−0.99
4.57
19.95
7.95E−06
0.00126


ENSG00000075218
GTSE1
−0.89
5.40
19.81
8.54E−06
0.001333


ENSG00000267618
AC004223.3
6.30
−2.86
19.78
8.70E−06
0.001344


ENSG00000163131
CTSS
1.44
3.29
19.60
9.54E−06
0.001458


ENSG00000089685
BIRC5
−0.77
6.29
19.52
9.98E−06
0.001508


ENSG00000178999
AURKB
−0.98
4.85
19.36
1.08E−05
0.001618


ENSG00000186193
SAPCD2
−0.87
4.80
19.32
1.10E−05
0.001632


ENSG00000071539
TRIP13
−0.84
5.48
19.22
1.17E−05
0.001707


ENSG00000156504
FAM122B
−0.84
4.71
19.18
1.19E−05
0.001722


ENSG00000165092
ALDH1A1
0.69
6.16
19.14
1.21E−05
0.001741


ENSG00000123975
CKS2
−0.80
5.71
19.02
1.29E−05
0.001764


ENSG00000135476
ESPL1
−0.97
4.76
19.09
1.25E−05
0.001764


ENSG00000173597
SULT1B1
−0.97
7.01
19.02
1.29E−05
0.001764


ENSG00000189431
RASSF10
−3.28
−1.94
19.03
1.29E−05
0.001764


ENSG00000237649
KIFC1
−0.93
5.31
19.05
1.27E−05
0.001764


ENSG00000122966
CIT
−0.81
5.46
18.93
1.36E−05
0.001836


ENSG00000117650
NEK2
−0.85
4.48
18.90
1.38E−05
0.001846


ENSG00000100526
CDKN3
−0.93
4.10
18.77
1.47E−05
0.001954


ENSG00000156970
BUB1B
−0.93
5.84
18.68
1.55E−05
0.002039


ENSG00000284041
AC073111.3
−6.19
−2.96
18.66
1.57E−05
0.002041


ENSG00000115163
CENPA
−1.06
3.87
18.25
1.94E−05
0.002507


ENSG00000269891
ARHGAP19-SLIT1
6.14
−2.97
18.05
2.15E−05
0.002751


ENSG00000065328
MCM10
−1.01
4.18
17.99
2.22E−05
0.002822


ENSG00000125378
BMP4
0.74
6.11
17.97
2.25E−05
0.002823


ENSG00000079616
KIF22
−0.75
5.65
17.89
2.35E−05
0.002915


ENSG00000151640
DPYSL4
0.98
4.09
17.87
2.36E−05
0.002915


ENSG00000053747
LAMA3
−0.87
4.23
17.67
2.62E−05
0.003214


ENSG00000154175
ABI3BP
−0.84
5.18
17.65
2.65E−05
0.003219


ENSG00000183856
IQGAP3
−0.81
5.10
17.63
2.68E−05
0.003226


ENSG00000198826
ARHGAP11A
−0.92
6.08
17.48
2.91E−05
0.003475


ENSG00000228716
DHFR
−0.74
6.16
17.44
2.97E−05
0.003512


ENSG00000076003
MCM6
−0.84
6.10
17.39
3.05E−05
0.003576


ENSG00000173166
RAPH1
−0.94
5.58
17.28
3.22E−05
0.003754


ENSG00000123473
STIL
−0.90
4.92
17.23
3.31E−05
0.003819


ENSG00000117595
IRF6
1.52
3.34
17.10
3.55E−05
0.004062


ENSG00000146918
NCAPG2
−0.77
5.94
17.06
3.63E−05
0.004089


ENSG00000164647
STEAP1
−0.83
5.07
17.07
3.61E−05
0.004089


ENSG00000196878
LAMB3
−0.85
4.47
17.03
3.67E−05
0.004108


ENSG00000171241
SHCBP1
−0.86
5.58
17.01
3.72E−05
0.004126


ENSG00000150630
VEGFC
−0.96
4.78
16.89
3.95E−05
0.004353


ENSG00000090889
KIF4A
−0.77
5.75
16.62
4.56E−05
0.004974


ENSG00000121621
KIF18A
−0.92
4.27
16.61
4.59E−05
0.004974


ENSG00000101447
FAM83D
−0.88
5.40
16.54
4.77E−05
0.005136


ENSG00000169604
ANTXR1
1.03
4.62
16.47
4.93E−05
0.005267


ENSG00000096060
FKBP5
−0.68
6.90
16.31
5.38E−05
0.005672


ENSG00000167434
CA4
−4.19
−2.69
16.31
5.39E−05
0.005672


ENSG00000163092
XIRP2
1.93
1.44
16.29
5.43E−05
0.005675


ENSG00000104147
OIP5
−1.14
2.91
16.25
5.56E−05
0.005762


ENSG00000119403
PHF19
−0.64
6.01
16.19
5.74E−05
0.005868


ENSG00000211448
DIO2
1.64
0.55
16.20
5.71E−05
0.005868


ENSG00000185432
METTL7A
−0.90
5.20
16.11
5.99E−05
0.006078


ENSG00000105499
PLA2G4C
1.03
3.47
16.09
6.05E−05
0.006091


ENSG00000139734
DIAPH3
−0.80
5.47
16.01
6.30E−05
0.0063


ENSG00000163453
IGFBP7
0.68
7.65
15.92
6.60E−05
0.006561


ENSG00000140416
TPM1
0.64
8.27
15.87
6.77E−05
0.006677


ENSG00000109805
NCAPG
−0.77
6.26
15.73
7.30E−05
0.007153


ENSG00000137807
KIF23
−0.78
5.95
15.66
7.59E−05
0.007335


ENSG00000179195
ZNF664
−0.88
6.90
15.66
7.58E−05
0.007335


ENSG00000144554
FANCD2
−0.87
4.59
15.57
7.95E−05
0.007632


ENSG00000101003
GINS1
−0.83
4.79
15.51
8.19E−05
0.007811


ENSG00000137310
TCF19
−0.81
4.92
15.35
8.92E−05
0.008445


ENSG00000115008
IL1A
1.97
0.90
15.32
9.06E−05
0.008525


ENSG00000163751
CPA3
1.34
1.70
15.30
9.18E−05
0.008576


ENSG00000197632
SERPINB2
−1.60
3.06
15.21
9.61E−05
0.008924


ENSG00000133119
RFC3
−0.80
4.52
15.16
9.87E−05
0.009103


ENSG00000140545
MFGE8
0.73
5.90
15.12
0.00010086
0.009244


ENSG00000101188
NTSR1
−1.16
2.79
15.08
0.00010312
0.009391


ENSG00000171848
RRM2
−1.18
6.87
15.06
0.00010394
0.009404


ENSG00000185480
PARPBP
−0.79
4.44
15.05
0.00010467
0.009411


ENSG00000140675
SLC5A2
4.89
−2.99
14.82
0.00011808
0.010484


ENSG00000151725
CENPU
−0.74
4.67
14.83
0.00011777
0.010484


ENSG00000168243
GNG4
2.60
−1.74
14.78
0.00012062
0.010643


ENSG00000173207
CKS1B
−0.73
5.38
14.77
0.0001214
0.010646


ENSG00000010292
NCAPD2
−0.62
7.04
14.64
0.00012988
0.011319


ENSG00000173281
PPP1R3B
0.64
6.98
14.61
0.0001319
0.011425


ENSG00000164611
PTTG1
−0.64
5.60
14.58
0.00013445
0.011569


ENSG00000167261
DPEP2
2.79
−2.01
14.57
0.00013518
0.011569


ENSG00000184445
KNTC1
−0.70
5.37
14.55
0.00013641
0.011604


ENSG00000012048
BRCA1
−0.90
4.77
14.49
0.00014056
0.011791


ENSG00000092853
CLSPN
−0.87
4.95
14.49
0.0001411
0.011791


ENSG00000203668
CHML
−0.70
5.13
14.49
0.00014087
0.011791


ENSG00000101868
POLA1
−0.84
4.68
14.45
0.00014375
0.011893


ENSG00000122694
GLIPR2
0.70
5.12
14.45
0.000144
0.011893


ENSG00000149591
TAGLN
1.24
1.91
14.37
0.00015051
0.012359


ENSG00000280537
AC068946.1
2.14
−1.15
14.35
0.00015184
0.012397


ENSG00000105011
ASF1B
−0.91
4.72
14.28
0.00015721
0.012762


ENSG00000105889
STEAP1B
−0.83
4.64
14.20
0.00016442
0.013271


ENSG00000124721
DNAH8
1.61
3.82
14.17
0.00016717
0.013341


ENSG00000130816
DNMT1
−0.60
7.04
14.17
0.00016671
0.013341


ENSG00000162645
GBP2
0.60
6.15
14.14
0.00016943
0.013447


ENSG00000058804
NDC1
−0.71
5.97
14.03
0.00018026
0.014227


ENSG00000145604
SKP2
−0.67
5.33
14.00
0.0001825
0.014324


ENSG00000123219
CENPK
−0.71
4.81
13.98
0.00018513
0.014341


ENSG00000136824
SMC2
−0.81
6.08
13.97
0.00018575
0.014341


ENSG00000188517
COL25A1
2.38
−1.61
13.97
0.00018564
0.014341


ENSG00000107984
DKK1
−0.63
5.85
13.95
0.00018762
0.01437


ENSG00000204262
COL5A2
0.61
8.73
13.95
0.00018814
0.01437


ENSG00000162063
CCNF
−0.67
5.31
13.89
0.00019352
0.014701


ENSG00000258064
AC073612.1
−6.56
−2.69
13.76
0.00020816
0.01573


ENSG00000120802
TMPO
−0.66
7.44
13.64
0.00022161
0.016569


ENSG00000163507
CIP2A
−0.82
5.14
13.64
0.0002212
0.016569


ENSG00000186185
KIF18B
−0.86
4.35
13.61
0.00022501
0.016735


ENSG00000149503
INCENP
−0.86
5.22
13.41
0.00025051
0.018535


ENSG00000167601
AXL
−0.55
7.33
13.28
0.00026806
0.019731


ENSG00000139618
BRCA2
−0.91
4.49
13.19
0.00028185
0.020639


ENSG00000163554
SPTA1
2.18
−0.67
13.16
0.00028663
0.020881


ENSG00000100311
PDGFB
0.82
6.70
13.08
0.00029782
0.021586


ENSG00000106069
CHN2
0.94
3.27
12.98
0.00031547
0.022542


ENSG00000239389
PCDHA13
6.39
−2.80
12.99
0.00031302
0.022542


ENSG00000258947
TUBB3
0.59
7.10
12.97
0.00031577
0.022542


ENSG00000144354
CDCA7
−0.74
4.99
12.94
0.0003212
0.022815


ENSG00000123080
CDKN2C
−0.81
4.00
12.93
0.00032414
0.022909


ENSG00000103489
XYLT1
1.13
2.69
12.83
0.00034094
0.023859


ENSG00000178538
CA8
−1.71
0.71
12.83
0.00034088
0.023859


ENSG00000163535
SGO2
−0.80
5.30
12.81
0.00034481
0.024012


ENSG00000133110
POSTN
−1.11
3.05
12.78
0.00035075
0.024306


ENSG00000035499
DEPDC1B
−0.85
4.24
12.75
0.00035616
0.024325


ENSG00000150540
HNMT
0.80
4.05
12.75
0.0003557
0.024325


ENSG00000176890
TYMS
−0.61
6.99
12.75
0.00035522
0.024325


ENSG00000261459
AC002310.5
−6.20
−2.95
12.71
0.00036311
0.024681


ENSG00000117593
DARS2
−0.67
5.54
12.68
0.00036955
0.024999


ENSG00000111341
MGP
−0.57
6.67
12.65
0.00037599
0.025314


ENSG00000058085
LAMC2
0.75
4.73
12.57
0.00039222
0.026282


ENSG00000103257
SLC7A5
−0.71
4.74
12.49
0.00040895
0.027275


ENSG00000214357
NEURL1B
−1.41
0.86
12.46
0.0004151
0.027556


ENSG00000258555
SPECC1L-ADORA2A
6.16
−2.96
12.37
0.00043612
0.028683


ENSG00000268643
AC006486.1
−6.10
−3.02
12.37
0.00043584
0.028683


ENSG00000186871
ERCC6L
−0.97
3.80
12.31
0.00045156
0.029562


ENSG00000128944
KNSTRN
−0.64
5.27
12.26
0.00046273
0.029611


ENSG00000134222
PSRC1
−0.89
3.87
12.28
0.00045803
0.029611


ENSG00000142731
PLK4
−0.89
4.91
12.27
0.00046122
0.029611


ENSG00000147536
GINS4
−0.85
4.14
12.28
0.00045741
0.029611


ENSG00000267022
AC067968.1
−2.73
−1.12
12.26
0.00046177
0.029611


ENSG00000155093
PTPRN2
1.40
0.73
12.23
0.00047029
0.029846


ENSG00000188229
TUBB4B
−0.69
8.39
12.23
0.00047061
0.029846


ENSG00000215252
GOLGA8B
0.68
4.46
12.21
0.00047536
0.030013


ENSG00000149573
MPZL2
−0.67
5.40
12.20
0.00047877
0.030095


ENSG00000129195
PIMREG
−0.79
4.07
12.18
0.00048388
0.030282


ENSG00000152104
PTPN14
−0.60
7.17
12.16
0.00048777
0.030391


ENSG00000197457
STMN3
2.81
3.31
12.14
0.00049373
0.030629


ENSG00000168874
ATOH8
0.84
3.70
12.13
0.00049593
0.030631


ENSG00000255073
ZFP91-CNTF
−5.43
−3.45
12.10
0.00050547
0.031085


ENSG00000188486
H2AFX
−0.63
6.27
12.02
0.00052646
0.032209


ENSG00000213297
ZNF625-ZNF20
1.41
0.93
12.01
0.00052828
0.032209


ENSG00000102007
PLP2
−0.55
6.27
11.97
0.00053967
0.032496


ENSG00000135842
FAM129A
−1.02
3.29
11.97
0.00053985
0.032496


ENSG00000168843
FSTL5
1.09
3.04
11.98
0.00053834
0.032496


ENSG00000178878
APOLD1
−0.89
3.58
11.94
0.00055082
0.033017


ENSG00000113368
LMNB1
−0.66
6.70
11.92
0.00055512
0.033135


ENSG00000137473
TTC29
1.72
−0.20
11.88
0.0005664
0.033666


ENSG00000148848
ADAM12
1.25
1.79
11.86
0.00057272
0.0339


ENSG00000114346
ECT2
−0.68
5.97
11.84
0.00058063
0.034226


ENSG00000196739
COL27A1
0.57
5.97
11.77
0.00060245
0.03522


ENSG00000258677
AC022826.2
−1.79
−0.91
11.77
0.00060175
0.03522


ENSG00000129810
SGO1
−0.89
3.52
11.75
0.00060846
0.035425


ENSG00000198830
HMGN2
−0.53
8.42
11.73
0.00061337
0.035566


ENSG00000174371
EXO1
−0.93
3.73
11.69
0.00062871
0.036307


ENSG00000127564
PKMYT1
−0.90
3.52
11.66
0.00063706
0.03664


ENSG00000100368
CSF2RB
0.55
5.77
11.64
0.00064394
0.036738


ENSG00000135451
TROAP
−0.73
4.10
11.64
0.00064385
0.036738


ENSG00000092470
WDR76
−0.72
4.40
11.60
0.00065967
0.037485


ENSG00000143401
ANP32E
−0.56
6.78
11.58
0.00066731
0.037768


ENSG00000257411
AC034102.2
1.93
0.75
11.54
0.0006809
0.038384


ENSG00000146670
CDCA5
−0.72
5.02
11.50
0.00069768
0.039175


ENSG00000167325
RRM1
−0.57
6.89
11.47
0.00070846
0.039623


ENSG00000152253
SPC25
−0.89
3.82
11.46
0.00071221
0.039677


ENSG00000122952
ZWINT
−0.71
5.53
11.43
0.00072353
0.04015


ENSG00000121966
CXCR4
1.02
5.44
11.40
0.00073256
0.040493


ENSG00000101224
CDC25B
−0.56
6.33
11.38
0.00074161
0.040707


ENSG00000136490
LIMD2
0.60
5.23
11.38
0.00074216
0.040707


ENSG00000127528
KLF2
−0.82
4.46
11.35
0.00075267
0.041125


ENSG00000151388
ADAMTS12
0.85
3.45
11.34
0.00075879
0.041163


ENSG00000154839
SKA1
−0.87
4.20
11.34
0.00075917
0.041163


ENSG00000119969
HELLS
−0.65
4.77
11.30
0.00077592
0.041911


ENSG00000108055
SMC3
−0.53
6.68
11.28
0.00078172
0.042065


ENSG00000125695
AC046185.1
5.80
−3.20
11.24
0.00079891
0.042828


ENSG00000146411
SLC2A12
1.26
2.09
11.23
0.00080506
0.042888


ENSG00000159167
STC1
−0.93
4.54
11.23
0.00080607
0.042888


ENSG00000181634
TNFSF15
0.78
5.81
11.19
0.00082212
0.043579


ENSG00000111665
CDCA3
−0.78
3.97
11.16
0.00083518
0.044106


ENSG00000067141
NEO1
−2.49
−2.06
11.10
0.00086297
0.045237


ENSG00000099282
TSPAN15
0.66
6.21
11.10
0.00086289
0.045237


ENSG00000120256
LRP11
0.57
5.86
10.97
0.00092765
0.048365


ENSG00000145990
GFOD1
−0.59
5.47
10.96
0.00093285
0.048365


ENSG00000166250
CLMP
−1.02
2.47
10.96
0.00093028
0.048365


ENSG00000072501
SMC1A
−0.59
6.94
10.94
0.00093894
0.048504


ENSG00000112378
PERP
−0.59
7.18
10.92
0.00095053
0.048925


ENSG00000077152
UBE2T
−0.67
4.49
10.90
0.00096365
0.049243


ENSG00000198553
KCNRG
1.57
−0.55
10.90
0.00096042
0.049243


ENSG00000120337
TNFSF18
0.87
4.84
10.87
0.00097964
0.049881









Bioinformatic analyses highlighted a potential role for the Src Signaling pathway, and other pathways, in the pathology of IA. We evaluated the potential link to the Src signaling pathway below.


EXAMPLE 2: THSD1 Suppresses Podosome Formation and Function, and this Mechanism Compromises Cerebrovascular Integrity and Promotes IA Development

Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a weakened area in the wall of cerebral artery that leads to a bulging in a brain blood vessel. The rupture of IA causes aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a devastating form of stroke. More than 30% will die due to SAH and more than half of survivors will never return to independent living. Unfortunately, there are no treatments for IA except open or endovascular surgery. Attempts to find new therapeutic avenues are greatly hindered by the lack of knowledge of the gene(s) and pathways responsible for IA development and growth.


Podosomes are subcellular organelles located at cell-ECM interaction sites in different cell types including a variety of endothelial cells. A podosome contains a core of enriched F-actin and cortactin surrounded by a ring structure, in which an integrin complex resides and adheres the podosome to the ECM (FIG. 3). Unlike other adhesive structures such as focal adhesion complexes that tether the endothelium to the ECM, the function of podosome is to degrade ECM through activation of a cascade of metalloproteases including MT1-MMP, MMP2 and MMP9. Among all the upstream events that occur during podosome formation, the best characterized is the activation of SRC, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. When SRC is enriched and activated in pre-podosome structures, it phosphorylates a wide array of substrates. For instance, SRC phosphorylates cortactin and promotes actin assembly in podosomes. See, e.g., FIG. 3.


The present disclosure considered the molecular pathways affected by the knock-down of THSD1 and investigated the role of podosome formation and function role in THSD1-mediated aneurysm development.


Materials and Methods


Cell Culture


HEK293T cells were maintained in DMEM medium (Corning, 10-013-CV) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, 10082147), 100 IU penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. Transfections of small interfering RNAs and plasmid DNA were performed using lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technologies, 11668027) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Alternatively, for cells such as endothelial cells that are hard to transfect, we will utilize lentiviral system to generate stable cell lines.


Western Bot


Cells were lysed in 1% Triton lysis buffer and sonicated briefly before centrifuged at 18506 g for 30 min at 4° C. Total cell lysates were added by 2X SDS sample buffer and then subjected to discontinuous SDS-PAGE analysis. Proteins were transferred to nitro-cellulose membranes using a Bio-Rad (Hercules, Calif.) mini transfer apparatus followed by blocking with 5% nonfat milk. Primary antibodies and secondary antibodies were used usually at 1:1000 and 1:10000 dilutions respectively before using an Odyssey system to detect the fluorescence signal.


Immunofluorescence


Cells were grown on glass coverslips in the DMEM medium for 16 h before fixed with 4% formaldehyde-phosphate-buffered saline (Electronic Microscopy Sciences, 15710; Fisher Scientific, BP399-500) for 10 min. Cells were incubated with primary antibodies against focal adhesion markers such as paxillin overnight at 4° C. after 1 h blocking by 5% goat serum. Secondary antibodies conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 were used to visualize the localization. Image was taken with a Leica Confocal Microscope and processed by ImageJ and GraphPad 7 software for statistical analysis.


Intracranial Hemorrhage in Zebrafish


Anti-sense morpholinos against thsd1, atg5 or talin was injected into one-cell stage zebrafish singly or in combination to silence the gene accordingly. At day 2 to day 3, embryos will be checked under regular optical microscope. Embryos with intracranial hemorrhages will be counted and imaged by Olympus microscope.


MicroFil Injection in Mice


Prepare MicroFil (Flow Tech, Inc. Carver, Mass.) casting solution according to the manufacturer's instruction: Mix 5 ml of MV diluent with 4 ml of filtered MV-112 compound (yellow). Add 450 μl (5%) of catalyst (MV curing agent). Use 10 ml syringe to inject MicroFil mixture into the left ventricle after the blood was flushed out by saline. Inject MicroFil mixture slowly into the left ventricle at approximately 3 ml/min.


En Face Immunostaining of Circle of Willis in Mice


For en face immunostaining, isolated intracerebral arteries were dissected out from the brain with micro-needle and micro-scissors under the stereomicroscope. For immunofluorescent staining, tissue samples were washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), blocked with 5% goat serum in PBST (0.1% Triton-X in PBS), then incubated with primary antibodies followed by the appropriate fluorescent-labeled secondary antibodies.


Loss-of-Function of THSD1 Induces Endothelial Podosome Formation and Function.


Formation:



FIGS. 4a-4b are experimental results depicting that loss-of-function of THSD1 induces endothelial podosome formation in THSD1-deficient HBMECs. FIG. 4a illustrates podosomes such as puncta (arrowheads) or rosette (arrow) were assessed by co-immunostaining of cortactin and actin in control or THSD1-deficient HBMECs. FIG. 4b illustrates the percentage in HBMECs (n=3 independent experiments) and student t-test was used for statistical difference. *p<0.05, Scale bar: 10 μm.


Function:



FIGS. 5a-5b are experimental results depicting that loss-of-function of THSD1 induces endothelial podosome function. FIG. 5a shows representative images for Alexa 488-conjugated Collagen-IV (Co-IV) degradation in control or THSD1-deficient HBMECs. FIG. 5b shows a tabulation of the degradation index (degraded area per cellular profile) calculated from at least 9 different fields (10X objective) in HBMECs (n=3 independent experiments), and student t-test was used for statistical difference. *p<0.05, Scale bar: 10 μm.


Loss-of-Function of THSD1 Increase MT1-MMP Cell Surface Exposure.



FIGS. 6a-6b are experimental results depicting that loss-of-function of THSD1 increases MT1-MMP cell surface exposure. FIG. 6a shows a Western Blot illustrating that biotinylated cell-surface proteins were pull down by streptavidin beads from control and THSD1-deficient HBMECs. The level of MT1-MMP were revealed by Western blot and quantified in FIG. 6b. TCL: total cell lysates; GAPDH as loading control; **p<0.01 by student t-test.



FIGS. 7a-7b are experimental results depicting that MMP2 is activated upon THSD1 knockdown in HBMECs. FIG. 7a illustrates cell extracts and supernatants from control and THSD1-deficient HBMECs were analyzed by gelatin zymography. Loading was normalized by total protein concentration. Quantification was calculated by a fold change of active MMP2 expression. See FIG. 7b. ***p<0.001 by student t-test.


EXAMPLE 3: In-Vivo SRC Inhibition Rescues Cerebrovascular Integrity Defects

In-Vivo Zebrafish Model


Intracranial aneurysm and hemorrhage are tightly associated with compromised cerebrovascular integrity. Recently, zebrafish have gained additional popularity as a vertebrate model organism for studying the cerebrovasculature. Since zebrafish embryos are transparent, intracranial hemorrhage can be directly observed using a standard microscope. Furthermore, zebrafish fecundity and rapid development permits rapid phenotypic evaluation as intracranial hemorrhage in zebrafish fry are detectable as early as 2-3 days post fertilization. Importantly, gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches are well established in zebrafish that include morpholino and mRNA injections and more recently, through applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology.



FIGS. 8a-8b are experimental results depicting that loss-of-function of Thsd1 induces SRC-dependent intracranial hemorrhage in zebrafish, and treatment with a PP2 SRC inhibitor prevents intracranial hemorrhage in Thsd1-deficient zebrafish. FIG. 8a is a picture illustrating a prominent cerebral hemorrhage phenotype was observed in thsd1 knockdown zebrafish. FIG. 8b is a chart quantifying the number of embryos with intracranial hemorrhage (%). As shown in FIG. 8b PP2 treatment (SRC inhibitor) ameliorated Thsd1-dependent hemorrhage incidents, while DMSO treatment (control) did not (comparing grey bars in b). n>120 embryos were analyzed. *p<0.05.



FIG. 9 (FIG. 9) are experimental results depicting that loss-of-function of Thsd1 promotes IA formation in circle of Willis in mice. IAs were visualized by Microfil including a PCA (top panel), a left Pcom (middle panel), and a right ICA (bottom panel) as indicated by arrows. n=10



FIGS. 10a-10b are experimental results depicting that loss-of-function of Thsd1 promotes podosome formation in intimal endothelial cells in mice. Podosomes were revealed by en face immunostaining against cortactin (green) and VE-cadherin (red) in CoW of Thsd1+/+(WT, n=9) vs. Thsd1−/− (KO, n=10) mice. Student t-test was used for statistical difference. **p<0.01. Scale bar: 10 μM. FIG. 10a illustrates representative images of the staining and FIG. 10b is a chart representation quantitation of the same.


EXAMPLE 4: Genetic Engineering of Non-Human Animal Models Encoding Distinct THSD1 Rare Variants for In-Vivo Assessment of Efficacy of Various Autophagy Inhibitors

Identified Conserved Sequences Suitable for Assessing Cross Species Efficacies of Treatments:


A protein alignment between human and zebrafish THSD1 was performed. See FIG. 11 illustrates the result of the alignment with black color indicating identical amino acids and the grey color indicating similar amino acids between humans and zebra fish. The alignment underscored that three rare variants of THSD1 identified in the aforementioned examples were conserved between human and zebrafish. The conserved amino acids include R450, R460 and T653. See, e.g., FIG. 12. The conserved amino acids were used as a rational for generating animal models of the human condition. The following constructs were generated:










TABLE 5







1
pCS2 + zf-thsd1-WT-CT2FLAG (for full rescue, positive control)


2
pCS2 + zf-thsd1-R449X-CT2FLAG (corresponding to R450X



in human)


3
pCS2 + zf-thsd1-R459W-CT2FLAG (corresponding to R460W



in human)


4
pCS2 + zf-thsd1-T665I-CT2FLAG (corresponding to T653I



in human)









Mutations R449X, R459W and T6651 were found to be conserved between human and zebrafish. Subsequently, the nucleic acid constructs encoding these sequences were introduced into zebrafish thsd1 by PCR mutagenesis. Specifically, the thsd1 variant or the WT sequence was subcloned into pCS2+ zebrafish vector for expression. These constructs were used as tools to study cerebrovascular integrity mediated by thsd1 WT and rare variants in the zebrafish animal model selected to model a human condition.


In-Vivo Zebrafish Model


To test the hypothesis that podosome modulation via SRC inhibition could treat intracranial hemorrhage in-vivo 80-120 different zebrafish animals genetically engineered as described in Table 5 were treated with three distinct SRC inhibitors, namely, PP2, SU5565, or dasatinib. Control (DMSO) or other known SRC inhibitors including PP2 (10 uM), SU5565 (1 uM), and dasatinib (100 nM) were added to embryo water at 1 dpf for 24 hours. All embryos were injected by thsd1-MO and the hemorrhagic incidence was counted under microscope. For each injection, around 80-120 embryos were injected. *p<0.05, **p<0.01. See FIG. 13.


The data demonstrates a body of work that first identified and studied a large number of human families with a disease. After significant effort in contacting individuals and sequencing the families shown in FIG. 1A, the present disclosure first identified THSD1 as a gene associated with sub-cranial hemorrhage. In specific cases, a single codon substitution was identified as responsible for the phenotype LSF, R460W, E466G, G600E, P639L, T6531, or S775P. The inventors developed a plethora of nucleic acid constructs, cell lines, and transgenic animal models to study the condition. Subsequently, a detailed characterization of molecular pathways whose transcription was disturbed in the disease condition was used to identify potential druggable targets and pathways for treatment. One such pathway was podosome formation and function. Three distinct SRC inhibitors were tested including PP2 (10 uM), SU5565 (1 uM), and dasatinib (100 nM) and its ability to treat subjects, particularly its ability to treat subjects susceptible to an aneurism rupture was tested by counting the hemorrhagic incidence under the microscope on an animal model. The results illustrate that podosome modulation provides a treatment for modulating the rupture of an aneurysm in vivo.


EXAMPLE 6: Kits

The disclosure contemplates kits comprising podosome modulators such as the podosome modulators selected from the group consisting of PP2 (10 uM), SU5565 (1 uM), and dasatinib (100 nM) and instructions for use of the same in the treatment of a condition disclosure herein. Specifically, the disclosure contemplates use of these drugs in treating an intracranial aneurysm.


It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale, and that like reference numbers refer to like features.


While this invention is satisfied by embodiments in many different forms, as described in detail in connection with preferred embodiments of the invention, it is understood that the present disclosure is to be considered as exemplary of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated and described herein. Numerous variations may be made by persons skilled in the art without departure from the spirit of the invention. The scope of the invention will be measured by the appended claims and their equivalents. The abstract and the title are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention, as their purpose is to enable the appropriate authorities, as well as the general public, to quickly determine the general nature of the invention. In the claims that follow, unless the term “means” is used, none of the features or elements recited therein should be construed as means-plus-function limitations pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 112, 6.

Claims
  • 1. A method to treat a subject at risk of suffering from an aneurysm comprised of administering to said subject a therapeutically effective dose of a compound that modulates podosome formation.
  • 2. A method to treat a subject at risk of suffering from an aneurysm comprised of administering to said subject a therapeutically effective dose of a compound that modulates podosome function.
  • 3. The method of any one of claim 1 or 2, wherein the compound is a Src inhibitor.
  • 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the Src inhibitor is PP2.
  • 5. The method of any one of claim 1 or 2, wherein the compound is SU6656, KX2-391, saracatinib, bosutinib, dasatinib, or ponatinib.
  • 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound is SU6656.
  • 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound is KX2-391.
  • 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound is saracatinib.
  • 9. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound is bosutinib.
  • 10. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound is dasatinib.
  • 11. The method of claim 5, wherein the compound is ponatinib.
  • 12. The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the aneurysm is an intracranial aneurysm.
  • 13. The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the aneurysm is an aortic aneurysm.
  • 14. The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the subject carries a variant affecting the expression of a Thrombospondin Type 1 Domain Containing 1 (THSD1) gene.
  • 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the variant is in a coding region of the Thrombospondin Type 1 Domain Containing 1 (THSD1) gene.
  • 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the variant is in a control sequence of a non-coding region of the Thrombospondin Type 1 Domain Containing 1 (THSD1) gene.
  • 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the variant in the THSD1 gene is a single codon substitution in at least one THSD1 allele.
  • 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the single codon substitution in the at least one THSD1 allele is at codon LSF, R460W, E466G, G600E, P639L, T6531, S775P.
  • 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound that modulates podosome formation or function is administered systemically.
  • 20. The method of claim 19, wherein systemic administration includes, but is not limited to: (i) intravenous; (ii) intra-arterial; (iii) subcutaneous; or (iv) intraperitoneal.
  • 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound that modulates podosome formation or function is administered locally.
  • 22. The method of claim 21, wherein local administration includes, but is not limited to, (i) intracranial; (ii) intra-ocular; (iii) intra-nasal; (iv) intrathecal (v) vescular.
  • 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is a human.
CROSS-REFERENCE

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 63/296,817, filed Jan. 5, 2022; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 63/296,820, filed Jan. 5, 2022; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 63/296,821, filed Jan. 5, 2022; and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 63/296,825, filed Jan. 5, 2022, the contents of each being hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Provisional Applications (4)
Number Date Country
63296817 Jan 2022 US
63296820 Jan 2022 US
63296821 Jan 2022 US
63296825 Jan 2022 US