This invention relates to the field of logging while drilling, particularly as used in oil and gas development and exploration.
Logging is a technique that is used to measure one or more characteristics, such as resistivity, of subsurface geologic formations. Such a measurement can be used, for example, to determine the type of subsurface formation surrounding a drill bit. Accordingly, logging provides useful information to engineers and geologists engaged in hydrocarbon exploration and production as well as similar fields, such as mining.
Logging can be performed by inducing a current to flow in a formation and then selectively measuring the current distribution. Several different techniques for performing logging have been developed. For example, open-hole logging involves in removing the drill pipe and bit from a wellbore and then lowering an open-hole logging tool into the wellbore to obtain the desired measurements.
Logging-while-drilling (LWD, also known as measurement-while-drilling (MWD)) systems have also been developed. These systems differ from open-hole logging in that measurements can be obtained while the drill pipe is in the wellbore. LWD systems permit log information, such as resistivity, to be measured in a formation very soon after the formation is penetrated by the drill bit. This provides substantially “real-time” information that (a) is obtained before the formation is substantially altered by inflow of drilling fluids or other factors and (b) may be used by the driller to control the drilling operation, for example by steering the bit so as to penetrate (or so as not to penetrate) a selected formation detected by the LWD system. LWD systems typically include transmitters and sensors disposed in or on sections of drill pipe that are located near the drill bit.
Some existing LWD systems have developed techniques to determine whether the drill bit is approaching an anomaly within a formation. However, these techniques generally lack the ability to pinpoint the location of the anomaly relative to the drill bit. Such techniques also lack the ability to distinguish between a more conductive anomaly on one side of the drill bit and a less conductive anomaly on the other side of the drill bit. In addition, existing techniques typically employ sensors that are responsive in only one rotational direction, requiring rotation of the entire drillstring to detect an anomaly, which may be inconvenient and time-consuming. Accordingly, improved techniques for use in LWD systems are desirable.
A more complete understanding of the present invention may be acquired by referring to the following description and the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numbers indicate like features.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments of the invention are provided as examples in the drawings and detailed description. It should be understood that the drawings and detailed description are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed. Instead, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
The lowest part of drillstring 16 is made up of drill collars 28. Drill collars 28 are heavy walled pipe that provide weight on drill bit 14 and strength to resist buckling under their own weight. The drill pipe is thinner walled. The drill pipe is kept in tension (which may be effected by collars 28 placing weight on drill bit 14) to prevent buckling. Drill collars 28 may have radial projections (not shown) called stabilizers. Short drill collars, which may be adapted for specialized functions, are called “subs,” and references herein to drill collars are intended to include subs.
Drilling rig 10 turns drill bit 14, which cuts through the rock at the bottom of borehole 12. In some situations, drilling rig 10 turns drill bit 14 by attaching drill bit 14 to the lower end of drillstring 16 and turning drillstring 16 with powered equipment at the surface. Alternatively, as shown in
A logging-while-drilling (LWD) tool 22 is placed in drillstring 16, near drill bit 14 (if LWD tool 22 is used for geosteering, it may be desirable to locate LWD tool 22 as close as possible to drill bit 14). In a steered system, the LWD tool may be placed above mud motor 18, such that LWD tool 22 receives power and returns data to the surface through a wire line cable 24 that is passed down the center of a non-rotating (or slowly rotating) drillstring 16. In a system that uses a rotating drillstring 16 to turn drill bit 14, LWD tool 22 may be placed just above drill bit 14, and a mud pulse data telemetry system (or any other appropriate telemetry method) can be used to return information to the surface. Thus, LWD tool 22 is operatively positioned in borehole 12, typically with an annular space (e.g., filled with drilling mud) between tool 22 and the borehole wall.
LWD tool 22 can incorporate or be associated with directional sensors 26 that provide directional information to the driller to assist in controlling the steering of the drill bit. For example, such directional sensors can be calibrated to indicate the position of the LWD tool 22 relative to an absolute direction, such as the gravity vector or magnetic north.
In one embodiment, LWD tool 22 is configured to measure a reflected magnetic field. In this embodiment, LWD tool 22 also includes several receiving sensors, such as coils, that are each configured to measure a reflected magnetic field, as well as one or more transmitter coils that are configured to generate a magnetic field. In operation, LWD tool 22 generates a magnetic field, which is output by one or more transmitter coils. This magnetic field passes through the surrounding subsurface geologic formation and, if an anomalous formation is present, is reflected by that anomalous formation. The reflected magnetic field, if any, is detected by each of the receiving sensors included within LWD tool 22 (these sensors can, in at least some configurations, also detect the primary magnetic field induced by the transmitter coils). Since each sensor is located at a slightly different location, each sensor may detect a different magnitude of the magnetic field. The portion of the magnetic field that is received by each sensor is sensed and quantified by electronics within LWD tool 22. The magnitude of the detected magnetic field has an inverse relationship to the formation's resistivity in proximity to the receiving sensor. Thus, the quantified detected magnetic field can be converted to information that identifies the resistivity (or conductivity, which is simply the inverse of resistivity) of the proximate portion of the formation. Additionally, differences between the quantified reflected magnetic field, as seen at each of the different sensors, can be used to determine the azimuthal direction, relative to the position of the drill collar, to an anomalous formation. LWD tool 22 can also include or be coupled to telemetry or other communication equipment to transmit this information to the earth's surface.
In an alternative embodiment, LWD tool 22 can generate and measure an electrical survey current. This current passes through the surrounding subsurface geologic formation and is received by the electrical sensors included within LWD tool 22. The portion of the current that is received by each sensor is sensed and quantified by electronics within LWD tool 22. The amount of received current has an inverse relationship to the formation's resistivity in proximity to the receiving sensor. Thus, the quantified received current information can be converted to information that identifies the resistivity (or conductivity, which is simply the inverse of resistivity) of the proximate portion of the formation. LWD tool 22 can also include or be coupled to telemetry or other communication equipment to transmit this information to the earth's surface.
Above the earth's surface 30, telemetry receivers and/or other appropriate communication equipment can be located in a logging truck 32 located near drilling rig 10. Thus, communication equipment is positioned to receive and interpret the information generated by LWD tool 22 and directional sensors 26, so that the information can be collected for later analysis and/or used to steer wellbore 12 into the desired position (e.g., to maximize recovery of hydrocarbons from a selected reservoir).
A data display panel 34 can be provided on or near drilling rig 10 and/or logging truck to give an operator (e.g., a driller, engineer, geologist, or the like) real-time information about the directional progress of wellbore 12 as well as the formation properties of the geologic formation currently near LWD tool 22. In one embodiment, data display panel 34 can be part of a computing device (e.g., data display panel 34 can be rendered on the screen of a laptop computer used by an operator of drilling rig 10). Data display panel 34 can provide a polar display indicating formation properties of an anomaly within the geologic formation. For example, information identifying (or usable to identify) the resistivity (or another electrical characteristic) of such an anomaly can be provided by LWD tool 22. This information can be processed in order to render a polar display (or other graphical user interface) showing the orientation of and/or distance to the anomalous formation from the borehole (e.g., by showing the borehole in the center of a polar display and rendering a visual representation of the location of the anomalous formation relative to the borehole).
LWD Tool Using Reflected Magnetic Field
LWD tool 22 can be implemented as a sub (e.g., a drill collar) for use as part of a drillstring, as described above. In one embodiment, the structural features and physical components of LWD tool 22 are similar to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,064,210, which issued on May 16, 2000 and names Paul L. Sinclair as inventor, and which is hereby incorporated by reference as if completely and fully set forth herein.
The transmitter coils described herein are induction tools (e.g., inductors) that create an alternating magnetic field that propagates around and/or away from LWD tool 22. In some embodiment, such transmitter coils operate at a frequency in the range of 200 Kilohertz (KHz) to 2 Megahertz (MHz). A given embodiment may employ one or more transmitter coils configured to operate at a single frequency or multiple frequencies within this range.
In some embodiments, LWD tool 22 enables the transmitter coil by providing a sinusoidal current at a chosen frequency (e.g., within the range mentioned above) to the transmitter coil, which in turn causes the transmitter coil to generate the magnetic field. In many embodiments that employ multiple transmitter coils, the transmitter coils are operated in an interdependent manner (as opposed to being operated independently, where each transmitter coil receives an independently generated sinusoidal current, which may be done in alternative embodiments). Thus, the same sinusoidal current can be provided to more than one transmitter coil in at least some such embodiments.
The receiving sensors described herein can be implemented using any sensor that is capable of detecting the magnitude and/or phase of a magnetic field. In one embodiment, the receiving sensors are coils (e.g., inductors) made of insulated copper wire. Ferromagnetic material can be placed inside each coil (e.g., to provide enhanced effective cross-section area). In alternative embodiments, the receiving sensors are Hall-effect sensors. Other types of appropriate sensors may also be used.
Four transmitter coils 104 are distributed around the circumference of the LWD tool, at a position that is closer to one end (shown towards the left hand side of
In this example, these transmitter coils are located within recesses 106 in the body of LWD tool 22. These recesses can be machined into the body of LWD tool 22. The recesses can be filled with non-conductive material. The transmitter coils can be insulated from each other, as well as from the receiver sensors.
Two sets of receiver sensors are distributed around the circumference of the other end (away from the transmitter coils) of LWD tool 22. The receiver sensors are configured to detect the magnetic field induced by the transmitter coils. Since the receiver sensors are detecting a magnetic field, there is no need for a physical electrical connection to couple the transmitter coils and receiver sensors.
In one embodiment, the receiver sensors are located approximately 2 meters from the transmitter coils. Each set of receiver sensors is located in a respective plane, each of which forms a transverse cross section of LWD tool 22. Receiver sensors 108 include four sensors (only three of which can be seen in the view of
The second set of receiver sensors, receiver sensors 112, is also distributed around the circumference of LWD tool 22. Receiver sensors 112 are placed in a different transverse cross sectional plane of LWD tool 22 than receiver sensors 108. Receiver sensors 112 are oriented such that a long axis of each of receiver sensors 112 is perpendicular to the long axis of LWD tool 22, as well as to the long axis of each of receiver sensors 108 and the long axis of each of the transmitter coils 104. Receiver sensors 112 are located within recesses 114 in the body of LWD tool 22. Like the recesses that house the transmitter coils and receiver sensors 108, recesses 114 can be filled with non-conductive material.
Each of receiver sensors 108 and 112 is configured to operate independently. Accordingly, each receiver sensor can independently measure a magnetic field, such that each receiver sensor obtains a different measurement of the same magnetic field. Thus, the receiver sensors 108 and 112 can each be insulated from each other, as well as from transmitter coils 104.
Receiver sensors 108 and 112 are each configured to output an electrical signal indicative of the magnitude and/or phase of a detected magnetic field. In one embodiment, each of receiver sensors 108 and 112 is a receiver coil. The magnetic field induces a voltage in these coils. The magnitude and phase of this induced voltage in the receiver coils, relative to the current (which is used to enable the transmitter coils to generate the magnetic field) in transmitter coils 104, provides a measure of the electrical resistivity of the surrounding formation. The phase difference and/or amplitude ratio of the induced voltages in (or resistivity measured at) a pair of the receiver sensors can be used to determine the resistivity of the portion of the formation that lies between the two receiver sensors in the pair.
The orientation of each receiver sensor's long axis, relative to the orientation of the transmitter coil(s), determines the portion of the magnetic field that the receiver sensor will be sensitive to, as will be explained in the context of
Since primary magnetic field 400 is an alternating field which propagates through the rock media, it is partially reflected by the boundary between media of differing resistivities. Accordingly, the primary magnetic field is reflected by the anomalous formation 406. The resulting reflected field 402 alters primary magnetic field 400, tilting the angle of the primary magnetic field's vector by an amount that is related to the relative strength of the reflection and the distance to the boundary between surrounding formation 404 and anomalous formation 406. The effect of the reflected magnetic field on the primary magnetic field is more pronounced closer to the boundary between the two formations, such that a receiver sensor closer to the boundary will respond to a stronger component of the reflected magnetic field than a receiver sensor further from the boundary.
The receiver sensors that are oriented in the same manner as the transmitter coils will be primarily sensitive to the primary magnetic field. These receiver sensors will also be sensitive to the reflected magnetic field. In particular, these receiver sensors (e.g., receiver sensors 108 of
The receiver sensors (e.g., receiver sensors 112 of
As LWD tool 22 moves through the borehole, LWD tool 22 can detect changes in the resistivity of the surrounding formation. Such changes in resistivity indicate that the surrounding formation is changing, since different types of geological formations have different resistivities. Thus, the presence of an anomalous formation within the surrounding formation will cause the detected resistivity to change as the drill bit nears the anomalous formation. The measured resistivity can be used to determine the type of geological formation surrounding the drill bit, as well as the type and/or location of anomalies within the surrounding geological formation, as will be discussed in more detail below.
The sensor arrangements of
As noted above, many other sensor configurations are possible, in addition to those shown in
Other numbers of receiver sensors can also be included within each set, so long as each set includes at least two sensors. For example, some embodiments may include three sensors, while other embodiments include eight sensors.
As another example, instead of having each sensor within a given set of sensors (where each set contains sensors having substantially the same axis orientation, relative to the axis of the drill collar) in substantially the same cross-sectional plane of the drill collar, some sensors in a given set are located in a different cross-sectional plane than other sensors in the same set. Similarly, in some alternative embodiments, sensors from different sets may be arranged in substantially the same cross-sectional plane of the drill collar.
Another variation in sensor configuration can switch the location of the transmitter coils and one or both sets of receiver coils. Thus, some embodiments may place transmitter coils closer to the drill bit and receiver sensors towards the other end (furthest from the drill bit), while other embodiments place one or both sets of receiver sensors closer to the drill bit while placing the transmitter coils further from the drill bit. Similarly, in one embodiment, the transmitter coils may be located towards the middle of the drill collar, and one or more sets of receiver sensors may be located towards each end of the drill collar, such that the transmitter coils are between two sets of receiver sensors. Still another variation in sensor arrangement can orient the transmitter coils such that the long axis of the transmitter coils is perpendicular to the long axis of the LWD tool.
A receiver sensor (e.g., one of receiver sensors 108 of
A similar spacing and arrangement (now shown in
Different embodiments can vary from the spacing described herein. For example, due to imprecision in measurement and/or machining tools, it is often impractical to attempt to obtain perfectly even spacing. Accordingly, most embodiments allow for some margin of error (e.g., 0.5%, 1%, or 5%, depending on the measurement and/or machining tools available and/or the desired accuracy of the resulting LWD tool) in the spacing and/or orientation of the transmitting coils and/or receiver sensors.
In some embodiments, even greater variations in spacing are used. Instead of having each sensor be arranged at a position that is spaced approximately 90 degrees from two other sensors, alternative embodiments may locate sensors around the circumference of the drill collar using a more varied spacing. For example, in one alternative embodiment, each sensor may be located closer than 90 degrees (e.g., 80 degrees) to one neighboring sensor and more than 90 degrees (e.g., 100 degrees) from the other neighboring sensor.
The position of each sensor can be mechanically keyed to a separate directional sensor or orientation sensor (e.g., a gyroscope). This allows the signal detected by each sensor to be analyzed as a component of a vector electromagnetic field, which has a direction referenced to the gravity vector and/or the direction of the magnetic north pole, or to an inertial reference vector.
The method begins at 200, when a magnetic field is induced in a formation. As noted above, inducing a magnetic field can involve applying a sinusoidal current to one or more transmitter coils at a prespecified frequency. This operation can be performed by a current generator (e.g., an oscillator operating under the control of a control module, which can in turn be responsive to an operator's commands to take a measurement), operating in conjunction with one or more transmitter coils that are coupled to receive the sinusoidal current produced by the current generator.
At 205, electrical signals (e.g., a voltage induced in two or more receiver sensors) are received. The electrical signals indicate the magnitude and/or phase of a reflected magnetic field at multiple locations around the drill collar. In particular, each electrical signal indicates the magnitude and/or phase of a reflected magnetic field, as measured at a respective one of several locations along the circumference of the drill collar. These electrical signals are generated by two or more receiver sensors and received by components such as those shown in
At 210, a vector representation of the reflected magnetic field is calculated, based upon the electrical signals received at 205. This vector representation can be calculated by a control module (e.g., control module 302 of
Oscillator 310, switching module 310, and power amplifier 304 operate to enable one or more transmitter coils in order to induce a magnetic field in a formation surrounding the LWD tool. In particular, oscillator 310 (or any other appropriate current generator) generates a sinusoidal current (e.g., in the range of 100-400 KHz), which is then provided to power amplifier 304 via switching module 312. In this embodiment, control module 302 controls switching module 312 in order to select when the sinusoidal current is provided to power amplifier 304 (e.g., the current can only be provided when an operator is requesting that the magnetic field be induced in the surrounding formation for testing purposes). Power amplifier 304 amplifies the sinusoidal current, which is then provided to one or more transmitter coils (not shown) in the LWD tool.
The frequency of oscillator 310 can be selected based upon the desired responsiveness of the LWD tool. For example, in many situations, it is desirable to maximize the distance from the borehole at which the LWD tool is able to sense an anomalous formation, since this will give a driller early warning that he may soon encounter changed formation conditions. The radial depth of investigation is strongly influenced by the phenomenon of “skin depth,” which is a characteristic distance that an alternating magnetic field can penetrate into a conductive medium. The skin depth is defined as the distance at which an electromagnetic field has experienced a phase-shift of 45 degrees and an attenuation of 1/e (−8.68 dB). Skin depth may be calculated as follows:
Skin Depth,δ(meters)=(2/ω·μσ)½
where ·ω· is the angular frequency (radians/second), μ·· is the magnetic permeability of the medium (Henries/meter), and a is the conductivity of the medium (Siemens/meter).
Since the field must penetrate into the formation and be reflected back to be detected by the receiving sensors, the field effectively makes two trips, so the attenuation and phase-shift of the received signal will be doubled when the investigation distance equals the skin-depth. A practical limit for detection distance is when the attenuation reduces signal levels below the noise or accuracy limit of the measurement circuits attached to the receiving coils. To maximize the skin-depth in a given medium, one can choose to minimize the frequency since this is the only independent parameter. However, the magnitude of the signal induced in a receiving sensor is proportional to frequency, so a best compromise must be found in the tool design. Such a compromise can be found by using a frequency in the range of 100-400 KHz for embodiments in which the transmitter coils are spaced a few meters or so from the receiver sensors. At a frequency of 200 KHz, the skin depth ranges from 0.4 to 40 meters for a typical rock resistivity range of 0.1 to 1000 ohm-meters. Thus, the potential depth of investigation could be at least several meters in the higher resistivity range typical of most hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir rocks.
A voltage, which is dependent upon the magnetic field in the surrounding formation, can be induced in each receiver sensor. Each of the receiver sensors (not shown) is coupled to a respective low noise amplifier 306, which amplifies the signal induced in the respective receiver sensor and provides that amplified signal to switching module 308. Control module 302 controls switching module 308 (e.g., in order to select which receiver sensor's output is input to signal mixer, detector, and filter 314 at any given time).
The output of switching module 308 is provided to signal mixer, detector, and filter 314. Signal mixer, detector, and filter 314 also receive a reference signal (fref) (e.g., indicating the signal provided to the transmitter coils) from oscillator 310. Signal mixer, detector, and filter 314 can, among other things, remove unwanted noise from the amplified signal. For example, signal mixer, detector, and filter 314 can remove unwanted noise from image frequencies.
Signal mixer, detector, and filter 314 provides its output to analog-to-digital converter 316, which in turn outputs a digital representation of the signal received from signal mixer, detector, and filter 314 to control module 302. Control module 302 then processes this digital signal (in conjunction with other digital signals representing the signals detected at the other sensors included in the LWD tool) in order to produce a vector representation of the reflected magnetic field. In particular, control module 302 can obtain the magnitude and/or phase of the signal detected at each sensor, as well as positional information identifying the location of each sensor (e.g., relative to the gravity vector, magnetic North, or the axis of the LWD tool), in order to obtain a vector representation of the magnetic field. This vector representation can then be used to determine the resistivity and location (e.g., in terms of direction and distance) of an anomalous formation. Control module 302 can also process the received digital signals in order to identify the resistivity of the surrounding formation in the absence of any anomaly.
In one embodiment, the magnitude and phase of the induced voltage in a pair of receiver sensors (a pair includes two sensors in the same set, which includes sensors having the same orientation, that are spaced approximately 180 degrees apart from each other on the circumference of the LWD tool), relative to the current in the transmitter coil, is an accurate measure of the electrical resistivity of the rock in a selected location. Accordingly, the phase difference or the amplitude ratio between signals from a pair of closely-spaced receiver sensors (e.g., any two of the receiver sensors in a given set of similarly oriented receiver sensors) provides an accurate indication of rock resistivity in a narrow slice of rock between the sensors. Thus, control module 302 can calculate a value that is representative of the formation resistivity, based upon the signals received from the receiver sensors.
In particular, for a pair of sensors having axes parallel to the axis of the transmitter coil(s), the vector representation of the magnetic field can be calculated by calculating the ratio of the signals obtained by that pair of sensors. This representation also indicates the resistivity of the formation generally located in the axial region between the sensors. The signals received by these sensors, which are responsive to both the primary and reflected (if any) magnetic fields, can be used to calculate the resistivity of both a homogeneous geological formation and an anomalous geological formation (if any).
If instead the pair of sensors have axes that are perpendicular to the axis of the transmitter coil(s), so that the sensors are only sensitive to a reflected magnetic field, if any, the signals from these sensors can be used to determine the resistivity of an anomalous formation (e.g., by calculating the ratios of signals received by pairs of sensors).
If two sets of sensors, which are oriented perpendicular to each other, are included, the signals received from one set of sensors (e.g., those sensors sensitive to the primary field) can be used to calculate the resistivity of a homogeneous surrounding geological, while the signals received from the other set of sensors can be used to calculate the resistivity of the anomalous geological formation.
In general, when a receiver sensor is spaced apart from a transmitter coil, the voltage V induced in a receiving sensor due to a sinusoidal current I flowing in the transmitter coil is:
V(volts)=−jωM·(1−jkL)·ejkL·I(amperes)
where j is the imaginary operator (−1)1/2, M is the mutual inductance between the transmitter and receiver (Henries), L is the spacing between the transmitter and receiver (meters), k is the complex propagation coefficient of the medium, k=[jωμ(σ+jω∈)]1/2, and ∈ is the dielectric permittivity of the medium (Farads/meter).
Assuming that the dielectric permittivity of the medium has negligible effect on propagation, then the propagation coefficient reduces to the form:
k=(jωμσ)1/2
k=(1+j)/δ
Substituting this into Eq. 2 and re-arranging terms results in the simplified form:
V/I=−jωM·[1−(j−1)L/δ]·e(j-1)L/δ
In Eq. 5, V/I represents a transfer-function between coils, jωM represents the low-frequency mutual coupling, [1−(j−1)L/δ] □ represents the spreading effect (since this example is focused on operating in the near-field region of the transmitter and receivers), and e(j-1)L/δ represents the plane-wave propagation in the medium. L/δ is a dimensionless term, since it is a ratio between two physical distances.
Control module 302 can be configured to use Eq. 5 to predict the phase-shift and attenuation of the transfer-function in a medium of varying conductivity. Circuitry 300 can be configured to also use Eq. 5 to predict the reflected field from a rock-bed boundary (e.g., the boundary between a surrounding formation and an anomalous formation) in proximity to the LWD tool. If the boundary is parallel to the tool axis and at a distance of D meters, then the total distance from transmitter coil to the boundary and back to the receiver sensor is a matter of geometry:
Total Distance D′=2[D2+(L/2)2]1/2
Substituting D′ for L in Eq. 5 allows calculation of the reflected component of the signal, assuming that the reflection coefficient of the boundary is nearly −1, which is true if there is a large ratio (>10) between the conductivities of the two media on either side of the boundary. If we are only concerned with the phase of a received signal relative to the phase of the induced primary magnetic field, then the phase velocity of the field is constant in the medium regardless of distance, so the phase-shift may be simply represented as:
Phase-shift Θ=πD′/4δ
If the receiver sensor is oriented in a manner (e.g., such as shown in
Distance to Boundary D=[(2Θδ/π)2−(L/2)2]1/2
The resistivity of the rock surrounding the tool can be determined from the simultaneous measurement with receiver sensors that are oriented in the same manner as the transmitter coils (e.g., as shown in
Control module 302 can use that resistivity of the surrounding formation to compute the skin-depth to be used in Eq. 8, and hence find the value of D. In some embodiments, an advanced 3-dimensional Finite-Element computer-modeling program such as FEMLAB™, available from Comsol, Inc. of Burlington, Mass., may be employed to simulate a wide range of formation conditions and to create a database, allowing control module 302 to perform inversion of measured phase-shift to actual boundary distance using the measured phase-shift and the database of simulated formation conditions. Such simulated results can be stored in memory 320 (e.g., in the form of a lookup table), allowing control module 302 to lookup a measured phase shift and obtain an appropriate distance to a boundary.
Thus, control module 302 can detect whether the LWD tool (and thus the drill bit to which the LWD tool is attached) is approaching or moving away from an anomaly. For example, as described above, control module 302 can compare the most recently calculated set of apparent resistivities detected by each sensor to historical resistivity values (e.g., generated by a computer-modeling program) stored in memory 320. If any of the resistivities have increased relative to the historical resistivities, control module 302 can determine that the LWD tool is approaching a more resistive anomaly. Similarly, if any of the detected resistivities have decreased relative to the historical resistivities, control module 302 can determine that the LWD tool is approaching a less resistive anomaly.
The output from a directional sensor included in and/or coupled to the LWD tool can then be used to determine the relationship between that known point and a standard directional vector, such as magnetic north or the gravity vector. The output from the directional sensor can thus be provided to control module 302, which can use this information to calculate a relative azimuthal angle describing the location of the anomaly relative to the standard directional vector.
More exact techniques can be used to calculate the azimuthal angle and distance to a resistivity anomaly using the configuration of the sensors. An example is described below with respect to
The magnetic field vector (shown as a bold arrow pointing towards LWD tool 22) approaches LWD tool at a relative angle 8 that is defined with respect to axis 700 of LWD tool 22. The magnetic field vector is normal to the surfaces of constant magnetic field strength, and indicates the general direction of a resistivity anomaly such as a bed-boundary that attenuates and reflects a magnetic field generated by a transmitter within LWD tool 22.
A voltage is induced in each of sensors X and Z by the magnetic field. The voltage induced in sensor X is Vx and the voltage induced in sensor Z is Vz. These voltages can be used to calculate the relative angle θ as the arctangent of the ratio of Vx to Vz, such that θ=arctangent (Vx/Vz). This angle represents the relative angle in the plane defined by the X and Z axis. This technique allows the relative angle to be detected, while also providing a robust LWD tool assembly since very little metal needs to be removed from the circumference of the collar to allow for insertion of the sensors.
If there is a similarly oriented sensor Y (not shown in
The two angles together specify the direction of the magnetic field vector relative to axis 700 of LWD tool 22. In some embodiments, additional calculations can be applied to the calculated angles and/or during the calculation of these angles. For example, the voltages induced in the sensors can be scaled to account for differences in the gain of each of the sensors, and also to correct for the influence of the conductive drill collar of LWD tool 22, which can perturb the magnetic field detected by all or some of the sensors. The corrections can be derived from computer modeling of the performance of LWD tool 22 in various situations.
The two angles can be combined with the distance estimate described above to provide a complete vector representation, in terms of distance, magnitude, and angle, of the magnetic field. The magnitude Vm of the magnetic field is equal to the square root of the sum of Vx squared, Vy squared, and Vz squared. Again, certain scaling factors can be applied to the component voltages prior to calculating Vm, depending upon the particular configuration of the sensor coils being used.
Another more general solution of the measured voltages Vx, Vy, and Vz in a polar coordinate system is more useful in some situations. We define an azimuthal angle (here, an angle of rotation around the Z axis relative to a fixed reference-point) as AZI, and an angle relative to the Z axis in any azimuthal direction (i.e., a relative bearing) as RB. Then AZI=arctangent (Vy/Vx) and RB=arccosine (Vz/Vm). With this solution, it is not necessary to rotate the drill-collar to obtain a complete solution of the direction of the magnetic vector.
Using the AZI angle and the Distance D as described previously, the data presentation method described below can be used to generate a polar display.
Returning to
Transmission module 318 can also receive information sent to control module 302 by a surface system and/or another sub. For example, transmission module 318 can receive information indicating that a surface user would like LWD tool 22 to begin measuring the resistivity of the surrounding formation. Transmission module 318 can provide this information to control module 302 and/or store this information for subsequent access by control module 302. Transmission module 318 can be configured to interface to and/or communicate via a wire line cable (e.g., wire line cable 24 of
In some embodiments, at least some of the components shown in
While certain components are shown as part of the LWD tool in
Alternatively, in some embodiments, an LWD tool may store and transmit only the digitized raw measurements from the sensors, for more detailed computations using a computer at a surface location, and thus the majority, or even all, of control module 302 may be implemented at such a surface computer. In still other embodiments, the LWD tool will be designed to process and transmit some of the data as described, but due to the limited data-rate of transmission available, the complete set of measured data will be stored (e.g., in Flash Memory) within the tool for later download to a surface computer when the borehole assembly is returned to the surface (e.g., during a bit run).
While specific equations have been described in the above description of
It is noted that all or some of the control module 302 shown in
It is noted that the program instructions and data (e.g., such as a history log and/or lookup table) consumed by and/or implementing all or part of control module 302 can be stored on various computer readable media such as memory 320. In some embodiments, such program instructions can be stored on a computer readable storage medium such as a CD (Compact Disc), DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), hard disk, optical disk, tape device, floppy disk, and the like. In order to be executed by a processor, the instructions and data are loaded into memory from the other computer readable storage medium. The instructions and/or data can also be transferred to a computing device for storage in memory via a network such as the Internet or upon a carrier medium.
Meandering channel 820 and wiring channel 810 can be filled with non-conducting material, such as a composite epoxy/ceramic material or an elastomer which surrounds and protects a receiver sensor 830 in hole 840, and wires (in wiring channel 810) coupling the receiver sensor to electrical connector 800.
Using a meandering channel (as opposed to a non-meandering channel having the maximum width and length of the meandering channel) retains more of the metal of the drill collar. By retaining more of the metal in the drill collar, the drill collar's strength can be relatively less affected by the inclusion of the receiver sensor. Additional, the retained metal can provide increased protection to receiver sensor 830 from abrasions and impacts that occur during drilling. At the same time, the meandering channel ensures that there is no electrically conductive path around receiver sensor 830. If present, such an electrically conductive path could short-circuit receiver sensor 830.
LWD Tool Using Measured Survey Current
Current transmitter module 905 is configured to cause a current to be injected into the subsurface geologic formation surrounding a borehole in which LWD tool 22 is inserted. In one embodiment, current transmitter module is electrically and/or mechanically coupled to one or more transmitters (not shown) on the outside of LWD tool 22 by one or more contacts (e.g., spring actuated contacts).
Current transmitter module 905 can include an oscillator (e.g., configured to produce a sinusoidal wave at a frequency in the range 100 Hz-10 KHz) as well as an associated power amplifier configured to boost the signal level of the output from the oscillator. In one embodiment, the oscillator is a digital sine wave synthesizer that also generates a synchronous square wave control signal for a phase sensitive detector included in current sensor module 925.
Current sensor module 925 is configured to quantify an amount of current received by (or another electrical characteristic detected at) each of several sensors disposed on the outside of the LWD tool Like current transmitter module 905, current sensor module 925 can be electrically and/or mechanically coupled to each of several sensors by a contact (e.g., a spring actuated contact). Current transmitter module 905 and current sensor module 925, as well as their respective sensors, transmitter(s), and contacts, can be electrically insulated from each other.
Current transmitter module 905 and/or current sensor module 925 can also include a sensor to detect a formation voltage. For example, in one embodiment, current transmitter module 905 includes an external sensor coupled to internal circuitry for determining the formation voltage. The voltage sensor can be a monitor electrode that is electrically insulated from the transmitter that injects current into the formation. Information representing the magnitude of the formation voltage can be provided to control module 910.
As noted above, current transmitter module 905 is configured to inject current into the formation surrounding LWD tool 22 via one or more transmitters. The return path of the current passes through the sensors coupled to current sensor module 925. Based upon the proportion of the amount of current injected by current transmitter module 905 relative to the amount of current received by each sensor coupled to current sensor module 925, a calculation module 912 within control module 910 can calculate various formation characteristics, as described in more detail below.
In the illustrated example, control module 910 includes calculation module 912 and communication module 914. Control module 910 is configured to receive information from current transmitter module 905 that indicates the amount of current injected into the surrounding formation. Control module 910 also receives information from current sensor module 925 that indicates the amount of current received by each of several sensors.
Based on the information received by control module 910, calculation module 912 can process the received information to calculate one or more values. In particular, based upon the information received from current sensor module 925, calculation module 912 can determine whether the drill bit is approaching an anomaly within the formation and, if so, calculate an azimuthal angle describing the location of the anomaly as well as a magnitude of a characteristic (e.g., conductivity or resistivity) of the anomaly and a distance to the anomaly. More details regarding the types of calculations that can be performed by calculation module 912 are provided below in the discussions of
Communication module 914 is configured to communicate information received by control module 910 and/or calculated by calculation module 912 to another sub or to a surface system. Communication module 914 can be configured to interface to and/or communicate via a wire line cable (e.g., wire line cable 24 of
In one embodiment, control module 910 (or a combination of control module 910 and current transmitter module 905 and/or current sensor module 925) is implemented as an inner cartridge that includes all of the active components of LWD tool 22, including electronic circuits, communication circuits, directional sensors, and the like. In some embodiments, this inner cartridge is retrievable, such that the inner cartridge can be installed and/or withdrawn from LWD tool 22 while LWD tool 22 is below the surface. For example, the inner cartridge can be installed or withdrawn through the drillstring using a slick line cable or wireline attached to the upper end of the LWD tool. The drillstring can include a muleshoe (not shown) to accept and orient the inner cartridge in such an embodiment.
While certain components are shown as part of LWD tool in
In the example of
It is noted that other sensor arrangements can be used in other embodiments. For example, instead of having the sensors be evenly spaced, some sensors can be slightly closer to others (e.g., instead of having sensors at 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, sensors can be located at 0°, 95°, 180°, and 275°. Such an arrangement can still allow sensors within a given pair of sensors to be located directly opposite from each other, if desired.
As yet another alternative, some sensors may be located in different planes than other sensors. For example, while the example of
Furthermore, it is noted that other embodiments can include differing numbers of sensors. For example, one alternative embodiment can include six sensors around the circumference of LWD tool 22. Another alternative embodiment can include eight sensors. These sensors can be evenly spaced around the periphery of LWD tool 22, or the spacing can be varied as described above.
In embodiments such as the one shown in
In some embodiments, the LWD tool is configured to provide measurements at a fixed rate (e.g., one measurement every five minutes). In such embodiments, the LWD tool can be slowly rotated throughout the measurement process, such that the LWD tool is rotated the desired number of degrees between successive measurements. Thus, measurements can be taken while the LWD tool is slowly rotating (as opposed to being taken while the LWD is in a fixed, non-rotating position).
As shown, calculation module 912 includes conductivity values calculation module 1002, memory 1010, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020, formation property calculation module 1022, and graphics module 1030. Calculation module 912 is also coupled (e.g., via communication module 914 of
Conductivity values calculation module 1002 is configured to receive current values from current transmitter module 905 and/or current sensor module 925 of
Conductivity values calculation module 1002 can also receive one or more voltage values (not shown) that represent the formation voltage (e.g., the formation voltage can be the voltage detected between current transmitter module 905 and current sensor module 925). Such voltage value(s) can be received from current transmitter module 905 of
Conductivity values calculation module 1002 can be configured to correct the received current values in order to account for any errors introduced by the measurement process. For example, current values can be corrected for any offset errors. The offset errors, if any, can be detected and quantified by switching calibrated signals in the inputs of the measurement circuits. The voltage value, which represents the formation voltage, can similarly be corrected for any errors.
Once conductivity values calculation module 1002 has received and, if desired, corrected the received current and voltage values, conductivity values calculation module 1002 can calculate the individual apparent conductivity for each sensor, as well as a background conductivity. To calculate the individual apparent conductivity values, each individual current value is divided by the formation voltage value and multiplied by a tool constant.
For example, if there are four sensors in the LWD tool, calculation module 912 receives four individual current values IA1, IA2, IA3, and IA4, which represent the current received by respective sensors A1, A2, A3, and A4, from current sensor module 925. In this example configuration, which will be referred to throughout the discussion of
Conductivity values calculation module 1002 then calculates the background conductivity, σAB. If all of the sensors are receiving substantially the same amount of current, conductivity values calculation module 1002 can calculate the background conductivity by averaging the apparent conductivity values. For example, in the situation in which there are four sensors, and thus four apparent conductivity values, the background conductivity can be calculated as:
If some of the sensors are receiving different amounts of current, it indicates that the drill bit may be approaching an anomaly. In this situation, conductivity values calculation module 1002 can use the most-recently calculated background conductivity as the current background conductivity, instead of calculating a new average.
After calculating the apparent conductivity values σA1-σAN (where N is the number of sensors) and the background conductivity σAB, conductivity values calculation module 1002 can provide these values to one or more other modules within calculation module 912. For example, conductivity values calculation module 1002 can write these values to memory 1010 as part of history log 1012.
In general, at any given time, history log 1012 stores one or more sets of apparent conductivities (and/or resistivities) and/or one or more background conductivities (and/or resistivities) that have been previously calculated by conductivity values calculation module 1002. History log 1012 can be configured to store a maximum number of such sets of values (e.g., history log 1012 can be implemented as a circular queue, such that once history log 1012 is full, the newest entry to history log 1012 will be written over the oldest entry stored in history log 1012).
Conductivity values calculation module 1002 can also provide the apparent conductivity values to azimuthal angle calculation module 1020. Azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 is configured to calculate an azimuthal angle, θA, from the apparent conductivity values. The azimuthal angle describes the location of an anomaly within a geographic formation (such an anomaly can be a parallel bed of rock that has different electrical characteristics than the rock formation currently being encountered by the drill bit) relative to a known point on the LWD tool. The azimuthal angle is used to define a vector that is perpendicular to the surface of the LWD tool and that describes the direction in which the anomaly is focused.
Azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 makes determinations as to whether (1) the apparent conductivities indicate that the LWD tool is approaching an anomaly within the formation and (2) if so, whether the anomaly is more or less conductive than the surrounding formation. Based on these determinations, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 can then calculate the azimuthal angle θA that describes the location of the anomaly relative to a known point (e.g., a prespecified one of the sensors) on the LWD tool. Azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 is configured to calculate θA by computing the arctangent of the ratio of the differences between the apparent conductivities (or resistivities) detected at sensors in the same pair of sensors. As noted above, sensors within the same pair are typically located on substantially opposite sides of the LWD tool.
To determine whether the LWD tool (and thus the drill bet to which the LWD tool is attached) is approaching an anomaly, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 can perform one or more comparisons. For example, azimuthal angle calculation module 320 can compare the individual apparent conductivity values. If the values differ from each other, it can be an indication that the formation is not uniform. Alternatively (or additionally), azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 can compare the most recently received set of apparent conductivities (or resistivities) to historical apparent conductivity values stored in history log 1012. If differences exist, it can indicate that the LWD tool is approaching an anomaly within the formation. If the apparent conductivities (or resistivities) indicate that no anomaly is present, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 does not need to calculate the azimuthal angle.
If an anomaly is present, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 then determines whether the anomaly is more or less conductive than the surrounding formation. This determination can be based on a comparison of the most recently received set of apparent conductivities with one or more historical conductivities stored in history log 1012. If any of the apparent conductivities have increased relative to the historical conductivities, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 can determine that the LWD tool is approaching a more conductive anomaly. Similarly, if any of the apparent conductivities have decreased relative to the historical conductivities, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 can determine that the LWD tool is approaching a less conductive anomaly. It is noted that similar determinations can be made using resistivity instead of conductivity.
As an alternative to using history log 1012, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 can attempt to determine whether the anomaly is more or less conductive based solely on the relative amount of current currently being detected by each sensor. For example, in embodiments configured with four sensors A1-A4, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 (or another module, such as conductivity values calculation module 1002) can identify the sensor Amin that is receiving the least amount of current and the sensor Amax that is receiving the greatest amount of current. If the anomaly is more conductive than the formation, then Amin is the nearest sensor and Amax is the furthest sensor, while if the anomaly is more resistive than the formation, Amax is the furthest sensor and Amin is the nearest sensor. An example of this situation is illustrated in
In
Returning to
In other words, the sensor nearest a conductive anomaly receives a far greater percentage of the total current than does the sensor farthest from a resistive anomaly. Therefore, the conductive and resistive anomaly cases can be distinguished, based upon the magnitude of the ratio of the measured sensor currents. The particular range of magnitudes to assign to conductive or resistive anomalies can be determined by performing computer simulations of the particular LWD tool being used, and this range may vary among different LWD tools.
It is noted that in some situations, the current values may not provide enough information to definitely determine whether the anomaly is more or less conductive than the surrounding formation (e.g., if the anomaly is oriented directly between two sensors). In this situation, historical information, such as that stored in history log 1012, can be used to decide whether the anomaly is more or less conductive.
As noted briefly above, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 can calculate the azimuthal angle θA by calculating the arctangent of the difference in resistivity or conductivity at each sensor of a pair of sensors (e.g., pair 1 includes sensors A1 and A3, and pair 2 includes sensors A2 and A4). In an embodiment in which the LWD tool has four sensors, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 can calculate the azimuthal angle θA using the following formulas. If the anomaly is more conductive than the surrounding formation, the azimuthal angle can be computed from the apparent conductivity values, as shown in the following formula:
If instead the anomaly is more resistive than the surrounding formation, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 can calculate the azimuthal angle using either the apparent resistivity values ρA1-ρA4 or the apparent conductivity values:
The azimuthal angle calculated by the above formulas is calculated relative to a known point (i.e., the azimuthal angle is not calculated relative to whichever sensor is currently closest to or furthest from the anomaly). Accordingly, the resulting azimuthal angle describes the location of the anomaly relative to a known point (e.g., the location of one of the sensors). For example, if the azimuthal angle is calculated relative to the position of sensor A1, an azimuthal angle of 0° indicates that the anomaly is located closest to sensor A1.
The output from a directional sensor included in and/or coupled to the LWD tool can then be used to determine the relationship between that known point and a standard directional vector, such as magnetic north or the gravity vector. The output from the directional sensor can thus be provided to azimuthal angle calculation module 1020, which can use his information then allows azimuthal angle calculation module to calculate a relative azimuthal angle describing the location of the anomaly relative to the standard directional vector. This relative azimuthal angle can be provided to graphics module 1030, as described in more detail below.
Formation property calculation module 1022 calculates the magnitude of the conductivity σA of the anomaly. Together, the magnitude calculated by formation property calculation module 1022 and the angle calculated by azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 define a vector quantity. It is noted that instead of (or in addition to) calculating conductivity of the anomaly, formation property calculation module 1022 can calculate resistivity of the anomaly.
Formation property calculation module 1022 is configured to calculate the conductivity σA based upon the ratio, Inear-to-far, of current received at the sensor nearest to the anomaly to current received at the sensor farthest from the anomaly. Formation property calculation module 1022 also uses the azimuthal angle θA calculated by azimuthal angle calculation module 1022, to obtain σA.
To be able to calculate Inear-to-far, formation property calculation module 1022 first identifies which of the sensors is nearest the anomaly. This sensor will be the near sensor, and the other sensor included in the same pair as the near sensor will be the far sensor. The azimuthal angle θA, which (as described above) is directly computed from the apparent conductivities at each of the sensors by azimuthal angle calculation module 1020, can be used to identify which sensor is nearest the anomaly, since this angle is calculated relative to a fixed point on the LWD tool. Accordingly, formation property calculation module 1022 can receive information specifying azimuthal angle θA from azimuthal angle calculation module 1020 and use that information to identify the near and far sensors. If two of the sensors are equidistant from the anomaly (e.g., if θA=45°, 135°, 225°, or 315°), either of the two closest sensors may be designated as the near sensor, and the corresponding opposite sensor can be designated as the far sensor.
Once the near and far sensors have been identified, formation property calculation module 1022 can calculate the ratio Inear-to-far of current at the near sensor to current at the far sensor. The calculation uses the current values received by conductivity values calculation module 1002 (alternatively, conductivity values calculation module 1002 can calculate Inear-to-far and provide Inear-to-far to formation property calculation module 1022).
Formation property calculation module 1022 then uses the information in lookup table 1014 to calculate σA and a distance between the anomaly and the borehole. In one embodiment, the information in lookup table 1014 is generated by simulating the LWD tool's response using a finite element computer model. For example, a three-dimensional finite element code model can be used to determine the response of a particular LWD tool to an anomaly that has a contrasting rock resistivity relative to the surrounding formation and that has a plane boundary parallel to the axis of the LWD tool. During modeling, the plane boundary is placed at different distances and azimuthal angles relative to the LWD tool. The resistivity (or conductivity) contrast between the anomaly and the surrounding formation is also altered. While these values are being varied, the voltages and currents associated with each sensor on the tool are computed. The results of the modeling correlate a particular azimuthal angle and Inear-to-far with one or more resistivities (or conductivities) as well as one or more distances (here, each distance is the distance between the boundary of the anomaly and the borehole).
Accordingly, formation property calculation module 1022 can provide the azimuthal angle and near-to-far current ratio to lookup table 1014 and obtain one or more corresponding distances and one or more corresponding formation property (e.g., resistivity or conductivity) magnitudes. In one embodiment, each lookup will return one or more distance and magnitude pairs, as described in more detail below. In some situations, an exact match may not be found in lookup table 1014, and thus formation property calculation module 1022 may need to interpolate between the values in two adjacent entries of lookup table 1014. Alternatively, the information stored in lookup table 1014 can be represented by a set of mathematical functions, and formation property calculation module 1022 can use curve-fitting techniques to obtain the magnitude and distance values based upon those functions.
It is noted that due to ambiguities, several magnitude and distance pairs can correspond to the same near-to-far current ratio and azimuthal angle pair. For example, the same near-to-far current ratio and azimuthal angle pair can correspond to both a more conductive anomaly located further from the LWD tool and a less conductive anomaly located closer to the LWD tool. Absent additional information to determine which of these potential anomaly characteristic pairs is the correct characteristic pair, the LWD tool can simply provide all possible characteristic pairs and graphics module 1030 can display each possible characteristic of the anomaly to an operator.
As an example of how the information in lookup table 1014 can be calculated and used, in one embodiment, finite element simulations can be performed for three different azimuthal angles, eight different values of anomaly resistivity, and 12 different anomaly-to-borehole distances, resulting in a total of 288 simulation scenarios. The resulting information can be saved to lookup table 1014 as a sequence of 288 near-to-far current ratios, and these ratios can be arranged in three main groups. The first group of 96 values corresponds to simulations in which the azimuthal angle is 0°, the next 96 values correspond to simulations in which the azimuthal angle is 22.5°, and the final 96 values correspond to simulations in which the azimuthal angle is 45°. Each group of 96 values includes eight subgroups. Each subgroup corresponds to one of the eight resistivity values, and these subgroups can be arranged in increasing order of resistivity. The 12 values in each subgroup correspond to the 12 anomaly-to-borehole distances for which the simulations were performed, arranged in order of increasing distance.
To use this information, formation property calculation module 1022 first selects two of the three azimuthal angles for which the finite element model was solved. The two angles are selected such that the range bounded by the two angles contains the azimuthal angle calculated by azimuthal angle calculation module 1020. For example, if the azimuthal angle is 15°, formation property calculation module 1022 can select θ1=0° and θ2=22.5°. Formation property calculation module 1022 can then obtain information identifying a set of distances and corresponding near-to-far current ratios for each of the selected angles from lookup table 1014.
Since the selected angles are not equal to the calculated azimuthal angle, formation property calculation module 1022 can then use interpolation to generate an interpolated set of distances and corresponding near-to-far current ratios, based upon the set of information obtained from lookup table 1014. For example, assume that lookup table 1014 indicates that for θ1=0° and θ2=22.5°, the following distances correlate to the near-to-far current ratios listed in the same column, for an anomaly having a resistivity of 0.2 Ω-m:
Based upon this information, formation property calculation module 1022 can calculate an array of near-to-far current values versus distance for the measured azimuthal angle of 15° by interpolating between the corresponding points in the two arrays of finite element data corresponding to θ1=0° and θ2=22.5°.
Now, formation property calculation module 1022 can use the interpolated data along with the near-to-far current ratio to obtain an estimate of the distance to a 0.2 Ω-m anomaly. If an exact match for the calculated near-to-far current ratio is not present in the lookup table, formation property calculation module 1022 can select two values of the near-to-far ratio from the interpolated data, such that the selected values define a range that includes the measured near-to-far current ratio. For example, if the measured near-to-far current ratio is 3.0, formation property calculation module 1022 can select near-to-far ratio values 5.314919 and 2.509660, which correspond to distances of 0.1016 meters and 0.1524 meters, respectively. Interpolating between the corresponding distance values, formation property calculation module 1022 obtains a distance estimate of 0.143521 meters, or about 5.65″. Accordingly, based on the information obtained from lookup table 1014, the near-to-far current ratio (3.0 in this example) and azimuthal angle measured by the LWD tool is consistent with a 0.2 Ω-m parallel bed at a distance of 5.65″.
As mentioned above, multiple distance and magnitude pairs can correspond to the same near-to-far current ratio and azimuthal angle. Thus, formation property calculation module 1022 can repeat the process described above for one or more other anomaly resistivity values specified in lookup table 1014. Each magnitude and distance pair obtained by formation property calculation module 1022 can be provided to graphics module 1030.
Thus, as the above example shows, formation property calculation module 1022 can use information (such as the information stored in lookup table 1014 of
Graphics module 1030 is configured to receive values calculated by conductivity values calculation module 1002, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020, and formation property calculation module 1022. Based upon these values, graphics module 1030 is configured to generate information to be displayed to a user on display device 1040. In some embodiments, this information is primarily textual.
In other embodiments, graphics module 1030 is configured to generate one or more graphics that represent one or more of the quantities received from the other modules. For example, in one embodiment, graphics module 1030 is configured to generate a polar display that includes graphical content representing the anomaly that is being characterized by the values provided to graphics module 1030. The graphical content can be displayed upon a polar display, in which the center of the polar display corresponds to a location of a borehole in which the LWD tool is located.
In such an embodiment, graphics module 1030 can be configured to generate information defining one or more regions, each of which represents a possible position of the anomaly relative to the borehole and magnitude (in terms of conductivity, resistivity, or another formation characteristic) of the anomaly. The different regions can be distinguished by using different colors and/or shading patterns to fill and/or outline each region.
As noted above, lookup table 1014 can provide one or more magnitudes and distances to formation property calculation module 1022. A region can be generated for each magnitude and distance pair, and thus multiple regions can be displayed on the polar display. The number of regions to display will depend upon the distance between each region and the borehole and the resolution of the polar display.
In one embodiment, graphics module 1030 generates the boundary of each region by identifying a tangent line. The tangent line is calculated based upon the azimuthal angle and the distance component of the magnitude and distance pair to be represented by that region. The tangent line intersects a circle (centered at the center of the polar display) that has a radius equal to the distance component. This tangent line can then be used as the boundary of the region. Specific equations that graphics module 1030 can implement to generate the tangent line are described below with respect to
The magnitude component of the magnitude and distance pair to be represented by that region is used to determine how to shade that region. For example, a key or legend that correlates different conductivities or resistivities to particular color and/or shading schemes can be displayed as part of the graphic. Based upon the magnitude that corresponds to a particular region, graphics module 1030 can select the appropriate color and/or shading scheme and fill the region with the selected color and/or shading scheme.
While specific equations have been described in the above description of
While
As another alternative, the LWD tool can calculate the individual apparent conductivity (or resistivity) values and provide the values to a surface device, which can then calculate background conductivity σAB, near-to-far current ratio Inear-to-far, azimuthal angle θA, and anomaly conductivity σA and distance.
As yet another alternative, the surface device can implement graphics module 1030 instead of calculation module 912. Thus, the LWD tool can provide the values generated by conductivity values calculation module 1002, azimuthal angle calculation module 1020, and formation property calculation module 1022 to the surface device, which can then input the values to graphics module 1030. Many other alternative implementations, which can subdivide the functionality shown in
Polar Display
Polar display 1250 includes a center portion 1255, which represents the borehole. Polar display 1250 also includes several concentric rings 1260, which represent various distances, labeled 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 (e.g., specifying distance in meters, feet, or inches), from the borehole.
The majority of the display is shaded with shade 1265. This pattern represents the resistivity of the formation through which the borehole is currently passing (e.g., this resistivity can be determined by taking the inverse of the background conductivity generated by conductivity values calculation module 1002 of
Two regions 1270 and 1275 of different resistivity are also shown on the display. Region 1270 is shaded using shade 1280 and region 1275 is shaded using shade 1285. Each of these regions is shown as being located at a different radial distance from the center of the polar display. The angular direction of the regions indicates the direction of the anomaly relative to magnetic north (when drilling a substantially vertical well) or the gravity vector (when drilling a substantially horizontal well). Each region 1270 and 1275 can correspond to a magnitude and distance pair calculated by, for example, formation property calculation module 1022 of
Based upon the polar display, an operator is able to determine the direction and proximity of an adjacent anomaly. As noted above, there may be several potential ways to characterize the anomaly (using multiple magnitude and distance pairs, as described above), since the LWD tool can respond in the same way to highly conductive bed at a greater distance as to a less conductive bed at close proximity. Thus, multiple possible characterizations of the anomaly can be displayed on the polar display, as indicated by the two regions displayed in
In some embodiments, information about the anomalies already encountered by the borehole can be stored as part of the logging history. The graphics module can access this logging history and, in some situations, use the logging history to select fewer than all of the regions to display (e.g., if the logging history indicates that the anomaly has a particular resistivity, only the region having that resistivity needs to be displayed).
To generate regions such as 1270 and 1275 for display on a polar display, a graphics module (e.g., such as graphics module 1030 of
The tangent line intercepts one of the concentric circles at a point having coordinates x=−R·sin θ, y=R·cos θ, where R is the distance associated with the region and θ is the relative azimuthal angle associated with the anomaly. The tangent line also intersects the y-axis of the polar display at a point where x=0, y=R/cos θ. Accordingly, the equation of the tangent line is:
Since only a portion of the tangent line will be displayed, the graphics module can truncate the tangent line, such that:
x2+y2≦R2.
Thus, a graphics module can calculate a tangent line that defines the boundary of a region corresponding to a particular possible characteristic (as defined by a magnitude distance pair) of an anomaly. If there is room on the display to show multiple such regions, additional tangent lines can be calculated and used to define the boundaries of the other regions.
The method begins at 1300, when the LWD tool identifies an electrical characteristic (e.g., current and/or voltage) at each of several sensors included as part of the LWD tool. Based upon the identified characteristics, a near-to-far ratio is calculated, which indicates the ratio of the electrical characteristic detected at the sensor nearest to an anomaly relative to the electrical characteristic detected at the sensor furthest from the anomaly, as shown at 1310. Techniques for identifying the near and far sensors are described above in the description of
At 1320, an azimuthal angle is calculated, based upon the electrical characteristics detected at the sensors. The azimuthal angle can be calculated, for example, by determining the apparent conductivity of a formation at each of the sensors, using the individual electrical characteristic identified by each of the sensors, and then using the apparent conductivities to calculate the azimuthal angle.
At 1330, one or more distances and magnitudes are obtained from a lookup table, based upon the near-to-far ratio and the azimuthal angle. Information identifying the azimuthal angle, distance, and magnitude can then be provided to a user, as shown at 1340. This information can be provided in the form of a graphical display.
The graphics module then calculates graphical information defining a region that is bordered by the tangent line, as shown at 1410. This graphical information can be based upon the tangent line as well as the magnitude calculated in
If there are more regions to be displayed, as determined at 1420, operations 1400 and 1410 can be repeated for each additional region. Once all of the graphical information for each region has been calculated, the regions are rendered on a polar display, as shown at 1430.
The graph of
Finite element modeling of (or other simulation of) a LWD tool can predict the current distribution, as sensed by the LWD tool, that will arise from a given formation-anomaly combination, based on the specific geometric relationship and electrical characteristics of the formation and the anomaly. As discussed above, one type of anomaly is a parallel bed (a planar region parallel to the borehole), which can have a resistivity that is markedly higher or lower than that of the adjacent formation. As previously discussed, if the resistivity of a parallel bed is lower than that of the formation, then the sensor nearest the parallel bed will receive more current than the sensor on the opposite side of the LWD tool (i.e., the sensor farthest from the parallel bed). On the other hand, if the resistivity of the parallel bed is higher than that of the formation, the exact opposite holds, such that the nearest sensor receives less current than the sensor farthest from the bed.
Additionally, a further observation can be made regarding the relationship between the “normalized” near-to-far current ratio Inorm and the distance to the parallel bed. The normalized near-to-far current ratio (for a conductive parallel bed) as follows:
As shown in
Returning to
It is noted that the program instructions and data (e.g., such as history log 1012 and/or lookup table 1014) implementing all or part of calculation module 912 can be stored on various computer readable media such as memory 1010. In some embodiments, such program instructions can be stored on a computer readable storage medium such as a CD (Compact Disc), DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), hard disk, optical disk, tape device, floppy disk, and the like. In order to be executed by a processor, the instructions and data are loaded into memory from the other computer readable storage medium. The instructions and/or data can also be transferred to a computing device for storage in memory via a network such as the Internet or upon a carrier medium.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with several embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific forms set forth herein. On the contrary, the present invention is intended to cover such alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as can be reasonably included within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/697,726, entitled “Azimuthal Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) Tool,” filed Feb. 1, 2010 now abandoned, and naming Paul L. Sinclair and Thomas A. Springer as the inventors, which is in turn a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/756,504, entitled “Azimuthal Measurement-While-Drilling (MWD) Tool,” filed May 31, 2007 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,377, and naming Paul L. Sinclair and Thomas A. Springer as the inventors. This application is also a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/400,561, entitled “Azimuthally Sensitive Resistivity Logging Tool, filed Feb. 20, 2012, and naming Paul L. Sinclair and Joseph K. Clontz as the inventors, which is in turn a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/268,038, entitled “Azimuthally Sensitive Resistivity Logging Tool,” filed Nov. 10, 2008 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,120,361, and naming Paul L. Sinclair and Joseph K. Clontz as the inventors. These applications are assigned to CBG Corporation, the assignee of the present invention, and are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety and for all purposes as if completely and fully set forth herein.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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6411087 | Fan et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
7657377 | Sinclair et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
20100332137 | Meadows et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country | |
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20130184995 A1 | Jul 2013 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11756504 | May 2007 | US |
Child | 12697726 | US | |
Parent | 13592290 | US | |
Child | 12697726 | US | |
Parent | 13400561 | Feb 2012 | US |
Child | 13592290 | US | |
Parent | 12268038 | Nov 2008 | US |
Child | 13400561 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 12697726 | Feb 2010 | US |
Child | 13592290 | US |