Patent Application
20170190616
This disclosure relates to concrete mixtures containing ductile reinforcing microfibers and to processes of reinforcing concrete matrices against propagation of microscopic cracks by incorporating copolymer microfibers into the concrete pre-mixture.
Concrete lifetime, durability, and toughness is limited by its resistance to the formation and coalescence of microscopic cracks in the portland cement. These are exacerbated by freeze-thaw cycles and water intrusion/migration. By itself, concrete has a limited local fracture resistance owing to little energy being consumed by damage in the volume of material around a brittle failure.
Fibrous reinforcement is a well-known method for improving the physical properties of cement and concrete structures, such as for the production of pipes, corrugated boards, roofing slates, machine foundations, storage tank walls, reactors, aircraft runways, roads, pilings and many other high strength articles.
Of the fibers currently used for cement reinforcement, polyacrylonitrile and polyvinyl alcohol fibers are preferred because they combine high fiber strength with good adhesion to a cement matrix. Unfortunately, both are expensive materials and significantly increase the cost of producing fiber reinforced cement structures. A variety of other less-expensive materials have been considered for production of cement reinforcement fibers. Steel fibers have been tried and found inadequate because they suffer from chemical attack by the alkaline environment of curing cement. Glass and polyester fibers also degrade due to the alkaline environment of the curing cement matrix. Polyethylene homopolymers or polypropylene homopolymers, copolymers or terpolymers have been explored, as have various surfactants for fiber coating. Additionally fibers made from polymer alloys have been suggested.
However, despite recent advances, there remains an unmet need in the art to optimize concrete with reinforcing fibers which are able to help reduce the formation and propagation of microscopic cracks in concrete.
In one form the present disclosure is directed to a cementitious mixture, comprising a mineral cement and synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer microfibers.
In another form, present disclosure is directed to a cementitious mixture, comprising a mineral cement and microfibers which comprise a first population of microfibers formed from at least a first synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer and a second population of microfibers formed from a second synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer, different from said first copolymer, wherein monomers forming said different copolymers are selected to provide different physical characteristics to each of said different synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymers.
In another form, the present disclosure is directed to a process for reinforcing a cementitious matrix, comprising adding polymeric microfibers comprising one or more synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymers to a cementitious premixture containing a mineral cement.
Described herein is a reinforced cementitious matrix, such as a reinforced concrete, and a process for formulating such a matrix.
All numerical values within the detailed description and the claims herein are modified by “about” or “approximately” the indicated value, and take into account experimental error and variations that would be expected by a person having ordinary skill in the art.
Each of the following terms written in singular grammatical form: “a,” “an,” and “the,” as used herein, may also refer to, and encompass, a plurality of the stated entity or object, unless otherwise specifically defined or stated herein, or, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the phrases “a device,” “an assembly,” “a mechanism,” “a component,” and “an element,” as used herein, may also refer to, and encompass, a plurality of devices, a plurality of assemblies, a plurality of mechanisms, a plurality of components, and a plurality of elements, respectively.
Each of the following terms: “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains”, “containing”, “comprises,” and “comprising,” and, their linguistic or grammatical variants, derivatives, and/or conjugates, as used herein, means “including, but not limited to.”
Throughout the illustrative description, the examples, and the appended claims, a numerical value of a parameter, feature, object, or dimension, may be stated or described in terms of a numerical range format. It is to be fully understood that the stated numerical range format is provided for illustrating implementation of the forms disclosed herein, and is not to be understood or construed as inflexibly limiting the scope of the forms disclosed herein.
Moreover, for stating or describing a numerical range, the phrase “in a range of between about a first numerical value and about a second numerical value,” is considered equivalent to, and means the same as, the phrase “in a range of from about a first numerical value to about a second numerical value,” and, thus, the two equivalently meaning phrases may be used interchangeably.
It is to be understood that the various forms disclosed herein are not limited in their application to the details of the order or sequence, and number, of steps or procedures, and sub-steps or sub-procedures, of operation or implementation of forms of the method or to the details of type, composition, construction, arrangement, order and number of the system, system sub-units, devices, assemblies, sub-assemblies, mechanisms, structures, components, elements, and configurations, and, peripheral equipment, utilities, accessories, and materials of forms of the system, set forth in the following illustrative description, accompanying drawings, and examples, unless otherwise specifically stated herein. The apparatus, systems and methods disclosed herein can be practiced or implemented according to various other alternative forms and in various other alternative ways.
It is also to be understood that all technical and scientific words, terms, and/or phrases, used herein throughout the present disclosure have either the identical or similar meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, unless otherwise specifically defined or stated herein. Phraseology, terminology, and, notation, employed herein throughout the present disclosure are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
Concrete lifetime, durability, and toughness is limited by its resistance to the formation and coalescence of microscopic cracks in the portland cement. According to the present disclosure, strong but ductile semi-crystalline, especially low-crystallinity copolymer microfibers are added to a cementitious mixture, such as concrete, to improve local energy dissipation and prevent crack propagation in the cured concrete. This is accomplished with a combination of crystal plasticity, amorphous network extension and strength, and polar molecule addition or fiber surface treatment for improved adherence to or in the host mineral phase. High pH that evolves during cement curing may convert some polar groups to salts, which have unsurpassed affinity to the host mineral phase. Applications for this microscopically toughened concrete include performance structures (blast-proof), long-life infrastructure, prefabricated civil structures (bridge supports), and to enhance downhole cement curing integrity and blowout prevention.
Inclusion of ductile but strong polymer microfibers into the cementitious material allows the fibers to intersect a nascent or propagating crack and “bridge” it, such that the fibers both dissipate energy with crack opening, and also bear load, which takes the driving force for propagation away from the crack tip. This methodology is part of the fracture toughness strategy of dense bone: low toughness hydroxyapatite mineral is reinforced by a lightly cross-linked collagen fiber matrix, allowing fiber bridging of cracks. Conventional, highly crystalline concrete reinforcing fibers are known to have high tensile strengths, but are relatively brittle. It has been found that use of relatively low-crystallinity copolymers for concrete reinforcement results in a balance of strength properties, wherein the microfibers have good tensile strength, but also good ductility which inhibits breakage of the microfibers during the stress imparted by microscopic cracking of concrete both during curing and subsequently during stresses induced by such as overhead vehicular traffic, when the reinforced concrete is used as a road surface.
The microfibers advantageously have an affinity for the host mineral phase to enhance adherence to the mineral phase and to transmit stress without pulling out under local tension. In the case of polyolefins, this requires some functionalization such that the polymer, or at least the microfiber surfaces thereof have exposed polar groups in sufficient density. This can be accommodated with such as maleated chemistries or the like, or with simple Corona plasma surface treatment of the fibers.
The microfibers can be spun using solution spinning, melt extrusion or any other fiber spinning technique which is suitable for making fibers having diameters less than about 1 mm. Suitable fiber diameters can be less than about 0.5 mm (500 μm), or less than about 100 μm, such as from about 10 μm to about 100 μm, or from about 20 μm to about 60 μm. The spun microfibers, which are generally continuous when spun, can be chopped into smaller fibers, since if they are too long they can ball-up during the process of mixing of the wet concrete and will not reinforce as fibers. However, if they are too short, they will not bridge cracks. Accordingly, the chopped fibers will have an aspect ratio (i.e. length/diameter) which is optimized to have both adequate length to bridge microscopic cracks in concrete and adequate diameter to impart sufficient resistance to balling up or otherwise bending. The optimum aspect ratio will depend on the polymer chemistry and the level of crystallinity of the polymer microfibers so-formed. The microfibers can be formed, stored and shipped as nonwoven fabrics, and subsequently chopped into suitable staple fiber lengths at the location of mixing or use.
The polymers used to form the microfibers have at least some level of crystallinity, but not high enough crystallinity to render the microfibers brittle. In this mariner, the microfibers will have some ductility, which acts to resist fiber breakage upon application of the tensile forces incurred in the curing concrete matrix, as well as those incurred subsequent to curing due to loading of the concrete surface, such as that applied to a road surface by vehicular traffic. In this way, even if microscopic cracks are formed, the reinforcing microfibers will survive the cracking and reduce propagation of the microscopic cracks. It is advantageous if the synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer microfibers have a ductility greater than about 50%, as measured by strain to failure.
The low-crystallinity microfibers of the present disclosure also result in improvements as compared to amorphous microfibers, which can break when drawn by the tensile forces of the concrete matrix. In contrast, due to having some level of crystallinity, the microfibers of the present disclosure will dissipate the energy imparted by the cracking concrete matrix, without breaking, and can even demonstrate an increase in breaking resistance when stretched to near a maximum elongation.
One form the present disclosure is directed to a cementitious mixture, comprising a mineral cement, and synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer microfibers. Mineral cements are inorganic materials which when combined with water can bind other materials together. Suitable mineral cements for use in the presently disclosed compositions include Portland cements, pozzolan-lime cements, slag-lime cements, supersulfated cements, calcium sulfoaluminate cements and any other natural cements. As is well-known in the art, mineral cements can contain a wide variety of inorganic compounds, including SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO and SO3, most or all of which are modified to ionic species in the presence of water added to cure the cement. Additionally, it is well-known that during curing, cement mixtures can reach very alkaline pH, even as high as pH 13 or more.
The presently disclosed cementitious mixtures can be mixed in the dry or wet states, and can be further mixed with conventional additives, including one or more of sand, fly ash, fine and/or coarse aggregates, blast furnace slag, pozzolans, fumed silica, wetting agents, air entrainers, air detrainers, corrosion inhibitors, set accelerators or set retarders, depending upon the desired applications for the cured concrete product. Optimization of fiber loading can be ascertained by well-known methods, and can vary based upon the chemical and physical nature of the microfibers selected for inclusion and the desired characteristics of the wet and/or cured concrete.
The synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer microfibers useful in the presently disclosed cementitious mixtures can be spun from any copolymer which demonstrates at least some low level of crystallinity. By “copolymer” is meant a polymer which is composed of at least two or more comonomer components. The copolymers can be two-component polymers (di-polymers), or even three-component polymers (terpolymers), or the like. The copolymers are synthetic, formed by polymerization of the selected monomer components, or even by modification of naturally occurring polymers. Examples of such copolymers include random or non-random ethylene or propylene copolymers comprising from about 0.5 mol % to about 25 mol %, or from about 1 mol % to about 10 mol %, or from about 2 mol % to about 8 mol %, or even from about 3 mol % to about 7 mol % of one of ethylene or propylene monomeric units, and from about 75 mol % to about 99.5 mol % of the other.
The crystallinity of these copolymers can be “tuned” to be within a desired range, such as from about 1% to about 60%, even from about 5% to about 45%, or even from about 10% to about 30%, as measured by Differential Scanning calorimetry, by varying the ratio of the ethylene and/or propylene co-monomers or other backbone defects such as tacticity or branching. Alternatively, a low crystallinity copolymer can be formed by copolymerizing ethylene or propylene with an alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid or anhydride, such as maleic acid or maleic anhydride, which acts to reduce the normally high level crystallinity of polyolefin.
Advantageously, the copolymers of the present disclosure are formulated such that the microfibers formed therefrom have exposed polar groups having chemical affinity with minerals present in curing or cured cementitious mixtures. For example, the spun microfibers can be plasma-treated to form polar groups, such as hydroxyl groups, on the surfaces thereof, or can be formulated to include repeating units of at least two different monomer compounds, wherein at least one of the monomer compounds has terminal polar groups. Such polar group-containing monomers include the above-mentioned alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acids or anhydrides, such as maleic acid or maleic anhydride, or unsaturated organic sulfonic acids, or their salts or ester derivatives. The polar group-containing monomers can be selected to have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, such as where the molecules have a hydrophobic (non-polar) moiety on one end and a hydrophilic (polar) moiety on the other end. When copolymerized with relatively non-polar, hydrophobic monomers such as ethylene and/or propylene, the polar group of these monomers will preferentially bloom to the surface of the copolymer during polymerization in a known manner, and the resulting spun microfibers will have polar groups on the surfaces thereof.
In a particularly advantageous form, the copolymer can be an ionomer. The term “ionomer” or “ionomer resin” means an extrudable resin comprising repeating units of both electrically neutral repeating units and a fraction of ionized units (usually no more than 15 mole percent) covalently bonded to the polymer backbone as pendant group moieties, which can be ionically cross-linked by neutralizing at least a part of a carboxyl group in an ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, such as cross-linked ethylene-methacrylic acid and ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers, with a cationic species, such as Ca++, Mg++, Mn++, Co++, Ni++, Cu++, Zn++ and Pb++, or the like.
It is possible that there may be no single fiber composition that will adequately reinforce cementitious compositions against microscopic cracking at all use temperatures, but an ensemble of materials with varying thermal properties could span the range. In this regard, the present disclosure is directed to a cementitious mixture, comprising a mineral cement and microfibers which comprise a first population of microfibers formed from at least a first synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer and a second population of microfibers formed from a second synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer, different from said first copolymer, wherein monomers forming said different copolymers are selected to provide different physical characteristics to each of said different synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymers. Each “population” of microfibers includes a collection of microfibers which can have substantially the same diameters and aspect ratios, but are spun from different low-crystallinity copolymers. Alternatively, the at least two populations of microfibers can be selected to have different physical characteristics.
For example, the different populations of microfibers can be selected to have differing diameters and aspect ratios, and/or differing thermal characteristics, such as differing softening temperatures, and/or differing crystallinities, and/or differing tensile strengths or ductilities and/or differing stiffnesses. In this way the ultimate cured cementitious composition can be engineered to have enhanced resistance to microscopic cracking at different temperatures, such as is encountered by vehicular roadways during different times of day and different seasons of the year, as compared to cementitious compositions having only a single population of microfibers. Instead, by utilizing at least two different microfiber populations, the combined thermal and strength characteristics of the microfibers in each population can be optimized for different temperature ranges, such as by modifying the monomer components and/or concentrations of each population, or by varying the microfiber diameters and/or aspect ratios.
Accordingly, it can be advantageous if the first synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer and the second synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer have softening temperatures which differ by at least about 10° C., such as where a first synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer has a softening temperature of from about −20 to about 0° C., and a second synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer has a softening temperature of from about 20 to about 40° C., and wherein the different synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymers have different strain-hardening capacities as measured by the maximum tensile stress attainable after substantial ductile drawing. The softening temperature can then be defined as the highest temperature where substantial strain-hardening is observed (ultimate stress greater than the ductile flow stress). For example, each population of microfibers can have differing ultimate tensile strength at a given temperature by over 50%, even if each is roughly equivalent when tested at its respective softening temperature. Additionally, the microfiber characteristics can be optimized by including microfiber populations in which the synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymers of the microfibers each have different crystallinities in ranges from about 1% to about 60%, even from about 5% to about 45%, or even from about 10% to about 30%, as measured by Differential Scanning calorimetry, by varying the ratio of the ethylene and propylene co-monomers or other backbone defects such as tacticity or branching.
In some forms it can be advantageous if the monomer composition of the fibers is selected to include cross-linkable components, such as for example non-conjugated dienes, alkoxysilanes, vinyl sulfonyls, or other such cross-linkable groups. In this manner the microfibers can be lightly cross-linked after formation of the microfibers to improve their toughness, prior to mixing into a wet or dry cementitious composition. The cross-linkable groups can be either those which can be cross-linked by radiation, or by addition of external compounds suitable to cross-link the groups, such as peroxides or the like.
In one example, a preferred material formulation is a lightly crosslinked Vistamaxx™, a propylene-based polymer, with as high a crystallinity as possible. In the absence of crosslinks, a very high molecular weight copolymer may suffice. This imparts both high viscosity and some resistance to degradation from the local environment. Further, at high temperatures (summer road surface) it may be that the microfibers have little strength due to softening. Cross-linking or high viscosity may limit damage to the microfibers such that they continue functioning under a wide variety of conditions.
An additional form of the presently disclosed disclosure is directed to a process for reinforcing a cementitious matrix, comprising adding polymeric microfibers comprising one or more synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymers to a cementitious premixture containing a mineral cement. As described above, it can be particularly advantageous if the polymeric microfibers comprise at least a first population of microfibers formed from a first synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer and a second population of microfibers formed from a second synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymer, different from said first copolymer, the monomers of each different copolymer being selected to provide different physical characteristics to each of said different synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymers. In this way the cementitious compositions can be optimized to have different microfibers made of different synthetic, low-crystallinity copolymers which have different thermal characteristics, such as different softening temperatures, different ductilities, different tensile strengths, and the like.
While the present disclosure has been described and illustrated by reference to particular forms, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the disclosure lends itself to variations not necessarily illustrated herein. For this reason, then, reference should be made solely to the appended claims for purposes of determining the true scope of the present disclosure.
