Patent Application
20070225472
The present invention relates to improved biodegradable polyanhydride polymers, and to polyanhydride polymers having elasticity characteristics suitable for a variety of implantation uses, such as biodegradable stents.
Biodegradable polymers are being used for many applications in medicine, including as a carrier for controlled release drug delivery systems, and in biodegradable bone pins, screws, and scaffolds for cells in tissue engineering. A principal advantage of the materials based on biodegradable polymers over existing non-biodegradable polymers or metal-based material is that the products are removed over time by bioerosion, avoiding the need for surgical removal.
Despite the growing need in medical applications, only few synthetic biodegradable polymers are currently used routinely in humans as carriers for drug delivery: ester copolymers of lactide, lactone and glycolide (PLA family) and anhydride copolymers of sebacic acid (SA) and 1,3-bis-carboxyphenoxy)propane (CPP). PLA is the most widely used due to its history of safe use as surgical sutures and in current drug delivery products like the Lupron Depot 19. While the development of PLA remains among the most important advances in medical biomaterials, there are some limitations that significantly curtail its use, in particular:
1. PLA polymers typically take a few weeks to several months to completely degrade in the body, but the device is typically depleted of drug more rapidly.
2. PLA devices undergo bulk erosion, which leads to a variety of undesirable outcomes, including exposure of unreleased drug to a highly acidic environment.
3. It is difficult to release drugs in a continuous manner from PLA particles owing to the polymers' bulk-erosion mechanism.
4. The particularly fine PLA particles needed for intravenous injection or inhalation can agglomerate significantly, making resuspension for injection or aerosolization for inhalation difficult.
Polyanhydrides, because of their more labile polymer bond, show a more rapid degradation rate and also tend to exhibit surface, rather than bulk degradation. Because of these advantages, polyanhydrides polymers may be preferred in biological applications where it is critical to achieve a high degradation rate and/or a better controlled rate of erosion from the polymer surface.
More recently, mixed polester/polyanhydride polymers that combine the release characteristics of both polyester and polyanhydride polymers have been proposed. See, for example, Storey, R. et al., J. Macromol Sci., Pure Appl. Chem., A34(2) pp 265-280 (1997),. U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,652, and Korhonen, H. et al., Macromol Chem. Phys., 205, pp 937-945 (2004). These polymers may be thought of as containing a selected proportion of ester and anhydride linkages along the polymer backbone chains. Increasing the proportion of anhydride linkages in the mixed polymers leads to enhanced rate of surface erosion. In certain types of mixed polyester/polyanhydride polymers, at least, the rate of erosion was found to be biphasic, evidencing a relatively rapid release of polyester components and a slower breakdown of the released polyester moieties.
One limitation of polyanhydride polymers, however, is their relatively high stiffness, or Young's modulus of elasticity, typically in the range of 3-5 GPa, making these polymers unsuitable for applications in which polymer expansion or bending is required. One important area where an expandable polymer would be useful is intravascular stents, which are carried on balloon catheters and deployed at a site of vascular injury by radial expansion, requiring the ability to expand significantly, and once expanded to hold their shape within a vessel. These physical requirements have limited stent construction heretofore largely to metal-lattice construction.
It would thus be desirable to provide a biocompatible, biodegradable polymer having improved biodegradation and drug-release properties. It would also be desirable to provide a biocompatible, biodegradable stent having the requisite deformability and shape-retention, but also capable of biodegrading over a desired“stenting” period and exhibiting surface rather than bulk erosion.
The invention includes, in one aspect, polyanhydride polymer having the structure:
where E is a para ester linkage or an ortho or para ether linkage, the pre-polymer is an α-ω,-dihydroxy terminated polyester or polyether polymer having a molecular weight in a selected range between 1 to 10 Kdaltons; x=80% to 98% by weight, y=20% to 2% by weight, n=2 to 4, m=2 to 10; and the average total number of anhydride linkages is a selected number in the range between 5-30. The linked phenoxy structure in the polymer may be 1,3-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane anhydride, present in the polymer in at least 2% by weight. The prepolymer may be an α-ω,-dihydroxy terminated polylactide, polyε-caprolactone or polyglycolide polymer, and may include an internal polyethylene glycol group.
In one exemplary embodiment, the pre-polymer has an average molecular weight greater than 5 Kdaltons and less than 7.5 Kdaltons, and the polymer has an average total number of anhydride linkages between 8 and 12.
The polymer may be joined at one of its ends to a branched alcohol, forming a branched polyanhydride polymer.
In another aspect, the invention includes a method of producing a biodegradable, polyanhydride polymer having a selected Young's modulus between 1.5-3 GPa. In practicing the method, a polylactide, polycaprolactone or polyglycolide α-ω,-dihydroxy polymer whose polymer chains having an average polymer-chain molecular weight greater than 5 Kdaltons and less than 10 Kdaltons is selected, where lower Young's modulus values are attained by selecting an average polymer-chain molecular weight greater than 5 Kdaltons and less than about 7.5 Kdaltons. The α-ω,-dihydroxy polymer is converted to α-ω,-dianhydride chains, and polymerized under time and temperature conditions effective to produce a polylactide-based polyanhydride polymer having a selected average number of anhydride linkages in the range between 5 and 30, where lower Young's modulus values are attained with a lower average total number of anhydride linkages.
The α-ω,-dihydroxy polymer chains selected in may be polylactide, polyγ-caprolactone, or polyglycolide chains having an average molecular weight greater than 5 and less than about 7.5 Kdaltons, and the total number of anhydride linkages produced in the polymerization step are between 8-12.
For use in producing a biodegradable, polyanhydride polymer having a rate of surface degradation that is effective to fully erode a bar of the polymer having dimensions of 50 microns×50 microns×2 mm, when incubated in phosphate buffered saline at 37° C., within a selected period of 5-180 days, wherein the α-ω,-dianhydride chains are polymerized in step (iii) under conditions effective to produce a selected rate of surface degradation, where a higher rate of surface degradation is achieved with a greater average total number of anhydride linkages.
The step of converting the α-ω,-dihydroxy polymer to α-ω,-dianhydride chains may include reacting the α-ω,-dihydroxy chains with succinic or glutaric anhydride under conditions effective to convert the α-ω,-dianhydride chains to α-ω,-dicarboxylic acid chains, removing unreacted anhydride, and reacting the α-ω,-dicarboxylic acid chains with acetic anhydride under conditions effective to achieve the selected average number of anhydride linkages in the anhydride polymer.
The polymerization step may be carried out in the presence of a dicarboxy phenoxy alkyl dianhydride compound of the form:
where the polyanhydride polymer formed has the structure:
where E is a para ester linkage or an ortho or para ether linkage, the pre-polymer is an α-ω,-dihydroxy terminated polyester or polyether polymer having a molecular weight in a selected range between 1 to 10 Kdaltons;
x=80% to 98% by weight, y=20% to 2% by weight, n=2 to 4, m=2 to 10; and the average total number of anhydride linkages is a selected number in the range between 5-30, preferably 5-25.
In still another aspect, there is disclosed a biodegradable polyester-based polyanhydride polymer having, as a repeating polymer unit, a polylactide, polycaprolactone or polyglycolide α-ω,-dianhydride chain having an average molecular weight greater than 5 and less than 10 Kdaltons, and between 8-12 anhydride linkages. The polymer is characterized by: (i) a Young's modulus between 1.5-3 GPa, and (ii) a rate of surface degradation that is effective to fully erode a bar of the polymer having dimensions of 50 microns×50 microns×2 mm, when incubated in phosphate buffered saline at 37° C., within a selected period of 5-365 days. Rates of full erosion may be, for example, 5-30 days, 5-90 days, 5-180 days and 50-365 days.
The polymer may be used, for example, as the core or base of an expandable, intravascular stent, and/or may be used as a polymeric carrier of a drug-eluting coating in an expandable stent.
In a related embodiment, the invention includes an expandable, biodegradable stent comprising a biodegradable, polyanhydride polymer having, as a repeating polymer unit, the dianhydride of a polylactide, polycaprolactone or polyglycolide α-ω,-dihydroxy polymer having an average molecular weight greater than 5 and less than 10 Kdaltons, a selected Young's modulus between 1.5 and 3, and a selected average number of anhydride linkages in the range between 5 and 25.
In one embodiment, the polyanhydride polymer forms a biodegradable stent core, and the core is coated, on its exterior surface(s), with a polymer coating composed of a second biodegradable polyanhydride having a Young's modulus greater than 3, and a drug embedded therein.
These and other objects and features of the present invention will become more fully apparent when the following detailed description is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
I. Definitions
Unless indicated otherwise, the terms below have the following definitions:
A “polyanhydride polymer” is a polymer having at least some anhydride linkages between subunits of the polymer chain. More particularly, a polyanhydride polymer as defined herein, includes polyester or polyether subunits or blocks joined by anhydride linkages, and this polymer is also identified herein as a mixed polyester/polyanhydride or polyether/polyanhydride polymer. This polyanhydride polymer may also contain other polymer subunits or blocks, forming block copolymers whose blocks are linked by anhydride linkages. The composition of such polyanhydride co-polymers may be expressed in terms of relative weight percent of the two polymer blocks making up the block co-polymer.
A “prepolymer” refers to a polyester or polyether polymer chain which, when converted to a suitable α-ω,-dicarboxylic acid terminated polymer, forms the polymer subunits of one of the polymer subunits in a polyanhydride polymer. The dicarboxylic acid form of the prepolymer may also be referred to as a prepolymer.
A polymer subunit or block refers to a chain of two or subunits of the same polymer, such as a polyester subunit or a diphenoxy subunit, where the polymer subunit can itself contain additional components, such as a polyethylene glycol core joining polyester moieties.
The “average number of anhydride linkages” in an anhydride polymer is the average total number of anhydride linkages present connected the one or more polymer subunits in the polyanhydride chains, and may be determined, for example, by determining the average molecular weight of the anhydride polymer, knowing the relative amounts and sizes of the individual polymer blocks making up the polyanhydride polymer.
The “average molecular weight of polymer chains” in a polymer composition is the average molecular weight of the chains determined with respect to polylactide standard (from Polymer source Inc.) by size exclusion chromatography, according to standards methods (Ref: A. Kowalski, et. al., Macromolecules 1998, 31, 2114). Average molecular weight of the poly lactide anhydrides also be measured by other means, including laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, as described Zhu, H. et al, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, Volume 9, Number 4, April 1998, pp. 275-281(7). Viscosity average molecular weight of the polylacdide anhydride can be determined by solution viscosity measured in chroloform at 35 C using Ubbelohde viscometer size 4 (obtained from Cannon Instrument Co. USA). Intrinsic viscosity is defined as the viscosity of polymer solution in unlimited dilute concentration. It is independent on the concentration by virtue of extrapolation to zero concentration. In practice, when the polymer solution is enough dilute to separate the chain each other by solvent, the relative viscosity (ηr) and specific viscosity (ηsp) will follow the equations:
ηsp/c=[η]+k′[η]2c
ln ηr/c=[η]+k″[η]2c
where:
ηr=η solution/η solvent
ηsp=(η solution/η solvent)−1
Within the dilute concentration range, intrinsic viscosity can be obtained by plotting ηsp/c vs. c and ln ηr/c vs c to extrapolate the line to c=0.
The relationship between intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight can be found in Mark-Houwink equation:
[η]=κMα
where κ and α are parameters related to type of polymer, solvent and temperature. The molecular weight can be calculated from intrinsic viscosity if the parameters are known. In the present case, for example, the poly (D/L-lactide) based polyanhydride can be considered as pure poly(D/L-lactide) with several anhydride linkages instead of ester linkages. The parameters of poly(D/L-lactide) can be used to estimate the molecular weight of polyanhydride. The estimate anhydride linkage per chain of the polymer can be estimated from the molecular weight of the polyanhydride divided by the molecular weight of the pre polymer. The average number of anhydride linkage can also be determined from Light Scattering detectors attached on line with size exclusion chromatography. The size of macromolecule is large enough to emitting the light scattering, which can be used to calculate the molecular weight. Combining size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and light scattering on-line detector gives a rapid, efficient way to determine molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Unlike pure polylactide, polylactide anhydride cannot be eluted properly through the column packing materials. This might be due to strong adsorption of the polyanhydride chains with the packing material of our columns.
In the determination of the molecular weights of the polyanhydride, the SEC columns are disconnected and a known concentration of polyanhydride is directly injected to the Viscotek T60A dual detector (Visco-LS) and the Varian 9040 RI detector with a guard column between the sample injector and the detectors. Chloroform (dried on CaH2) or THF (dried over benzophenone/Na complex) is used as the eluent at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. dn/dc of the polymer was calculated in CHCl3 and in THF. Molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity and radius of gyration were than analyzed by the Viscotek TriSEC software.
“Young's modulus” or “Young's modulus of elasticty” is a measure of the stiffness of a given material. It is defined as the limit for small strains of the rate of change of stress with strain. This can be experimentally determined from the slope of a stress-strain curve created during tensile tests conducted on a sample of the material, and is usually expressed in GPa, i.e., 1012 N/m2. Relatively stiff polymers, such as conventional polyanhydrides, polystyrene, and polyimides, have Young's modulus values in the range 3-5. Soft or highly flexible polymer, such as polyethylene, or rubber, can have Young's modulus values below 1. Young's modulus measurements can be made, for example, as described in L. A. Carlsson et al., Experimental Characterization of Advanced Composite Materials, Chapter 3 and 4, and ASTM Standard #E111-4 method, as detailed, for example, in the ACTIVE STANDARD: E111-04 Standard Test Method for Young's Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus, available form ASTM international
The synthesis of the polymers of the invention generally proceeds in three steps. First, one of more prepolymer blocks or block subunits are provided, e.g., by synthesis. As will be seen further below, one of the prepolymers, and typically the dominant polymer subunit in the polyanhydride polymer, is preferably a polyester prepolymer having a molecular weight in the range 1-10 Kdaltons. Where the invention is practiced to produce a polyanhydride polymer having a desired Young's modular of elasticity in the range 1.5-3, the prepolymer has a molecular weight greater than 5 Kdaltons and preferably less than about 10 Kdaltons, preferably about 6-7 Kdaltons.
The polyester prepolymer may include a non-polyester core, for example, a dihydric alcohol core, such as a diethylene glycol core, as seen below in Examples 1 and 2 with respect to
In addition to a polyester (and/or polyether) prepolymer component(s), the polyanhydride polymer of the invention may contain other block components, such as diphenoxy subunits, such as the 1,3 bis carboxy phenoxy propane subunit whose synthesis is described in Example 4 with respect to
In the second step in forming the polyanhydride of the invention, the prepolymer component(s) from above are converted to terminal-group dicarboxylic acids, e.g., from α-ω,-dihydroxy terminated polyester prepolymers, to corresponding α-ω,-dicarboxylic acid terminated prepolymers. This conversion is typically carried out by reaction of the prepolymer with succinic anhydride. More generally, reaction of reaction of α-ω,-dihydroxy terminated polyester (or polyether) polymers with cyclic anhydride produce α-ω,-dicarboxylic acid terminated polyester (or polyether) prepolymers, according to known methods. Methods for converting polyester or polyether or mixed polyether/polyester polymers to corresponding dicarboxylic acids are well-known in the art. Exemplary methods are described in Example 2 below with respect to reference to
In the final polymerization step, prepolymer components of the polymer are polymerized under conditions effective to link the prepolymer components by anhydride linkages. This is done, in one exemplary method, by first reacting the dicarboxylic acid prepolymer or block components with acetic anhydride, to convert the terminal acid groups to corresponding anhydrides. The prepolymer dianhydrides are then dried to remove unreacted acetic anhydride. In the final polymerization step, the dianhydride block or prepolymer components are mixed in a desired weight proportion, as noted above, and reacted under conditions effective to produce a polyanhydride polymer having a selected number of polyanhydride linkages, e.g., 3-30 anhydride linkages.
One exemplary polymerization method that is the one method described in Example 2 below with reference to
1. The molecular weight of the polyester (or polyether) prepolymer. As noted above, and seen from the data in Section III below, greatest polymer flexibility (lowest Young's modulus) can be achieved at a polyester prepolymer molecular weight of greater than 5 Kdaltons and less than about 7-10 Kdaltons;
2. The extent of polymerization as measured by the average number of anhydride linkages in the final polymer, which will effect both elasticity and rate of surface degradation;
3. The presence of block components other polyester prepolymers. For example, including the polyanhydride includes the 1,3,-bis carboxyphenoxypropane component described in Example 4 has the effect of improving the bioerosion characteristics of the polymer, for example, to favor bioerosion over bulk erosion.
III. Applications
A. Polymer Characteristics
As noted above, the present invention provides a method for producing a biodegradable, polyanhydride polymer having a selected Young's modulus between 1.5-3 GPa, and optionally, a polymer having both a selected Young's modulus and selected rate of surface degradation.
Young's modulus of the polyanhydridepolymer may be determined by standard methods, such as by the ASTM Standard #E111-4 method, as described above. Young's modulus measurements carried out on various polyanhydrides of the invention showed increasing elasticity (lower Young's modulus values) with greater polyester lengths (a polyester prepolymer with a diethyleneglycol core) with increasing prepolymer molecular weight in the molecular weight range 1-6 Kdaltons, and decreasing elasticity as the prepolymer molecular weight was increased beyond about 6-7.5 Kdaltons, at a fixed number of about 10 anhydride linkages. In general, the method of the invention will be effective in achieving Young's modulus values in the range 1.5-3, as opposed to the higher values (e.g., greater than 3 and up to 5, seen with conventional anhydride polymers.
The second variable in the polymer method is number of anhydride linkages, which will affect both elasticity and rate of polymer degradation. In carrying out the method of the invention, once an optimal prepolymer length is identified, for purposes of obtaining desired elasticity properties in the polymer, the polymerization conditions can be varied to achieve a selected number of anhydride linkages, typically selected to strike a balance between achieving desired elasticity properties and surface degradation properties. The selected average number of anhydride linkages is preferably between 5-30, where polyanhydride polymers having a greater number of such linkages showing more rapid surface degradation rates.
To illustrate, at a polyester prepolymer molecular weight of between 6-7.5 Kdaltons, optimal flexibility is achieved under polymerization conditions that yield an average of about 8-12, and more specifically, about 10 anhydride linkages. However, if a greater surface degradation rate is desired, polymerization conditions yielding a greater number of anhydride linkages, e.g., up to 30, would be employed. As can be seen from Example 2, increasing numbers of anhydride linkages is achieved by carrying out the polymerization reaction for longer periods, e.g., up to 6-12 hours, and optionally, at somewhat higher temperatures, e.g., 170° C. preferably at 180° C.
The degradation properties of the novel polyanhydrides of the invention can be seen from the degradation plots shown in
As seen from
B. Biodegradable Stents
The polyester- or polyether-based polyanhydrides of the invention have a number of biomedical applications that take advantage of the improved elasticity and/or degradation properties of the polymers. For example, the block-copolymers described with respect to
An important application of the high-flexibility polyanhydride described above is in a biocompatible, biodegradable intravascular stent. Currently stents for use at intravascular sites of injury are deployed by radial expansion over a balloon catheter, and thus require the ability to expand significantly and to hold their expanded shape when deployed, properties that led to the widespread use of metals, such as stainless steel, in stent construction. The present invention provides an expandable, shape-retaining bioerodable stent material, allowing the advantages of physical stenting, but in a device that will ultimately biodegrade by surface erosion over a selected stenting period.
The stent's core may be coated with a biodegradable drug-eluting coating, designed to release an anti-restensosis drug, such as taxol or rapamycin, embedded in the coating, over a selected time period. Typically, drug-elution is designed to occur over a relatively short period, e.g., 3 days to two weeks post implantation, and therefore the coating can be formed advantageously from a conventional polyanhydride with rapid surface erosion characteristics. Such a drug-containing polymer may be prepared by known methods, and applied to the stent core by conventional means, such as by dipping or spraying. The coating has a typical thickness between 3-50 microns and thus can be expanded, along with the stent core, even though the coating has a Young's modulus in the range greater than 3 GPa.
This aspect of the invention thus includes an expandable, biodegradable stent comprising a biodegradable, polyanhydride polymer having, as a repeating polymer unit, the dianhydride of a polylactide, polycaprolactone or polyglycolide α-ω,-dihydroxy polymer having an average molecular weight greater than 5 and less than 10 Kdaltons, a selected Young's modulus between 1.5 and 3, and a selected average number of anhydride linkages in the range between 5 and 25. In the embodiment just described, the polyanhydride polymer forms a biodegradable stent core which is coated, on its exterior surface(s), with a polymer coating composed of a second biodegradable polyanhydride having a Young's modulus greater than 3, and a drug embedded therein.
The following examples will illustrate various methods for synthesizing and characterizing polyanhydride polymers, in accordance with the present invention, but are in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The steps in this example are described with reference to
The presence of lactide monomer in the form polymer was checked by FTIR by the disappearance of a characteristic absorbance at 1250 cm−1 from the cylic structure of the monomer. The yield of the polymer was 109 g. The SEC and NMR analysis show that the polymer has the required molecular weight (Mn 6500, Mw/Mn 1.08) as expected and bears two-hydroxyl termini on the chain ends. After drying the hydroxyl terminated poly(D/L-lactide) under vacuum and azeotrope distillation over toluene (to ensure the moisture free prepolymer), 8 g of succinic anhydride (sublimed under vacuum) was mixed with polymer and the mixture was heated to 130° C. for 8 hours.
The polymer was dissolved in dichloromethane when it is cold. 500 ml of water was introduced and the solution was stirred for 1 hour. The water was separated by a separatory-globes shape funnel. The washing of the polymer solution was carried out three times to remove the unreacted succinic anhydride (the disappearance of the anhydride peak (1820 cm−1) on the FTIR spectrum). The polymer was recovered from precipitation into cold diethyl ether. The yield of the polymer was 105 g.
The steps in this example are described with reference to
Additional anhydrides were similarly prepared using (i) the α-ω,-di carboxylic acid of a poly lactide pre-polymer having molecular weight 500; (ii) the α-ω,-di carboxylic acid of a poly lactide prepolymer having molecular weight of 1000.
The steps in this example are described with reference to
Dry α-ω,-di carboxy terminated PEG was mixed with acetic anhydride (chemical purity+99%), and the solution was reflux for 8 hours. Then, the vacuum was applied to remove the excess of acetic anhydride. The highly viscous mass material was added with 50 mg of calcium oxide, under Argon protection, the mixture was cooked at 165° C. until melting. The temperature was increased to 180° C. for 4 hours with vacuum removal of acetic anhydride. Finally, the temperature will reach 195° C. for 8 hours to extend the molecular weight to maximum. The resulting polyanhydride is pure enough for our applications. The molecular weight was estimated from viscosity about 30,000 to 50,000.
The steps in this example are described with reference to
Although the invention has been described with respect to certain methods and applications, it will be appreciated that a variety of changes and modification may be made without departing from the invention as claimed.
