Patent Application
20180030922
The present disclosure relates to minimizing mass, enhancing heat transfer, and increasing durability and longevity of engine assemblies by using strategic incorporation of polymeric composites, for example, by incorporating polymeric composites having microchannels or wires formed therein for heating and cooling engine assemblies.
This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.
Traditionally, engine components for automotive applications have been made of metals, such as steel and iron. Metals components are robust, typically having good ductility, durability, strength and impact resistance. While metals have performed as acceptable engine components, they have a distinct disadvantage in being heavy and reducing gravimetric efficiency, performance and power of a vehicle thereby reducing fuel economy of the vehicle.
Weight reduction for increased fuel economy in vehicles has spurred the use of various lightweight metal components, such as aluminum and magnesium alloys as well as use of light-weight reinforced composite materials. While use of such lightweight materials can serve to reduce overall weight and generally may improve fuel efficiency, issues can arise when using such materials in an engine assembly due to high operating temperatures associated with the engine assembly. For example, the lightweight metal components can also have relatively high linear coefficients of thermal expansion, as compared to traditional steel or ceramic materials. In engine assemblies, the use of such lightweight metals can cause uneven thermal expansion under certain thermal operating conditions relative to adjacent components having lower linear coefficients of thermal expansion, like steel or ceramic materials, resulting in separation of components and decreased performance. Additionally, light-weight reinforced composite materials may have strength limitations, such as diminished tensile strength, and they can degrade after continuous exposure to high temperatures. Thus, lightweight engine assemblies having increased durability under high temperature operating conditions along with enhanced methods of heat transfer (e.g., heating and cooling) for such engine assemblies are needed to further improve efficiency of operation and fuel economy.
This section provides a general summary of the disclosure, and is not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features.
In certain aspects, the present disclosure provides an engine assembly. The engine assembly may comprise a metal liner defining a cylindrical region for receiving a piston, wherein the metal liner has an interior surface, an opposing exterior surface, a first terminal surface and an opposing second terminal surface. The engine assembly may further comprise a polymeric composite housing disposed around at least a portion of the exterior surface of the metal liner, wherein the polymeric composite housing comprises a polymer and a plurality of reinforcing fibers and at least one of: (i) a plurality of microchannels for receiving a heat transfer fluid for heating and/or cooling the engine assembly; and (ii) at least one wire for heating the engine assembly. The engine assembly may further comprise a metal cylinder head having a fifth terminal surface and an opposing sixth terminal surface, wherein the sixth terminal surface of the metal cylinder head is adjacent to the first terminal surface of the metal liner.
In other aspects, the present disclosure provides a method for heating and/or cooling an engine assembly. The method may comprise one or more of the following: (i) circulating a heat transfer fluid for heating or cooling the engine assembly through a plurality a microchannels disposed in a polymeric composite housing comprising a polymer and a plurality reinforcing fibers disposed around at least a portion of an exterior surface of a metal liner, wherein the metal liner defines a cylindrical region for receiving a piston; and (ii) applying an electrical current to at least one wire disposed in the polymeric composite housing for heating the engine assembly.
Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. The description and specific examples in this summary are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
The drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes only of selected embodiments and not all possible implementations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings.
Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Example embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough, and will fully convey the scope to those who are skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are set forth such as examples of specific compositions, components, devices, and methods, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific details need not be employed, that example embodiments may be embodied in many different forms and that neither should be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. In some example embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known technologies are not described in detail.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The method steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as an order of performance. It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed.
When an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “engaged to,” “connected to,” “attached to” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected, attached or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly engaged to,” “directly connected to,” “directly attached to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” and the like). As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Terms such as “first,” “second,” and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments.
Spatially relative terms, such as “inner,” “outer,” “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. Spatially relative terms may be intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the example term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
It should be understood for any recitation of a method, composition, device, or system that “comprises” certain steps, ingredients, or features, that in certain alternative variations, it is also contemplated that such a method, composition, device, or system may also “consist essentially of” the enumerated steps, ingredients, or features, so that any other steps, ingredients, or features that would materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the invention are excluded therefrom.
Throughout this disclosure, the numerical values represent approximate measures or limits to ranges to encompass minor deviations from the given values and embodiments having about the value mentioned as well as those having exactly the value mentioned. Other than in the working examples provided at the end of the detailed description, all numerical values of parameters (e.g., of quantities or conditions) in this specification, including the appended claims, are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about” whether or not “about” actually appears before the numerical value. “About” indicates that the stated numerical value allows some slight imprecision (with some approach to exactness in the value; approximately or reasonably close to the value; nearly). If the imprecision provided by “about” is not otherwise understood in the art with this ordinary meaning, then “about” as used herein indicates at least variations that may arise from ordinary methods of measuring and using such parameters.
In addition, disclosure of ranges includes disclosure of all values and further divided ranges within the entire range, including endpoints and sub-ranges given for the ranges.
In a vehicle, such as an automobile, an engine is a power source that produces torque for propulsion. The engine is an assembly of parts, including cylinder liners, pistons, crankshafts, combustion chambers, and the like. In a four stroke internal combustion engine each piston has an intake stroke, a compression stroke, a power stroke, and an exhaust stroke. During the intake stroke, a piston moves downward and an inlet valve is opened to permit a gaseous air mixture to fill a combustion chamber. During the compression stroke, intake and exhaust valves are closed and the piston moves upward to compress the gaseous air mixture. During the power stroke, the gaseous air mixture in the combustion chamber is ignited by a spark plug and the rapidly expanding combustion gases drive the piston downward. During the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve is opened and the piston moves upward to discharge the combustion gases (exhaust gases). Overall, during internal combustion, the engine components may be subjected to varying amounts of stresses as well as varying temperatures due to the exothermic combustion reactions occurring in the engine block.
As discussed above, as weight of engine components within a given engine architecture increases, power, fuel economy, and efficiency may decrease. Thus, it is desirable to include various lightweight components, such as lightweight metals and lightweight composite material, in engine assemblies instead of the traditional steel and/or iron components to decrease weight of the engine but also to maintain structural integrity of the engine. In addition to inclusion of lightweight materials, suitable cooling and/or heating of the engine assembly is also desirable to maintain longevity of the engine assembly and to increase fuel economy.
Thus, engine assemblies for use in vehicle assemblies are provided herein which include a combination of components formed of lightweight materials (e.g., polymeric composite materials) and traditional materials and having suitable heat transfer features for heating and cooling the engine assembly. Advantageously, such engine assemblies also may result in an improvement in noise, vibration and harshness. While the engine assemblies described herein are particularly suitable for use in components of an automobile, they may also be used in a variety of other vehicles. Non-limiting examples of vehicles that can be manufactured by the current technology include automobiles, tractors, buses, motorcycles, boats, mobile homes, aircrafts (manned and unmanned), campers, and tanks.
Thus, the present disclosure contemplates an engine assembly including combinations of traditional metal components, lightweight metal components and/or polymeric composite components as well as heat transfer features for heating and/or cooling the engine assembly. For example, as best shown in
The engine assembly 1 may further include a cylinder head 13 having a fifth terminal surface 14 and an opposing sixth terminal surface 15. At least a portion of the sixth terminal surface 15 may be adjacent to the first terminal surface 5 of the liner 2. The cylinder head 13 may be any suitable material, such as but not limited to metal (e.g. steel, iron, magnesium alloy, aluminum alloy, metal composite) or ceramic (e.g., alumina, silicon carbide magnesium alloy, aluminum alloy, metal composite)). In certain variations, the cylinder head 13 is a metal material. The liner 2 may be held in place by its contact with the cylinder head 13 and housing 8. A coolant channel 16 may be defined between at least a portion of the exterior surface 4 of the liner 2, an interior surface 9 of the housing 8 and the sixth terminal surface 15 of the cylinder head 13. If more than one liner is present, there may be a continuous coolant channel 16 adjacent to each liner or there may be discrete coolant channels corresponding to each liner. The coolant channel 16 is capable of receiving a suitable heat transfer fluid for cooling the engine assembly 1. Examples of suitable heat transfer fluids include, but are not limited to air, water, oil, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, methanol, and combinations thereof. The air may be supplied from an air conditioning system or produced from movement of the vehicle. In particular, the heat transfer fluid is a mixture of water and ethylene glycol. As shown in
The cylinder head 13, housing 8 and/or liner 2 may be coupled together by any suitable fasteners. For example, a plurality of fasteners 17 (e.g. bolts) may join together the cylinder head 13 and the housing 8. The plurality of fasteners 17 may comprise any suitable material, such as, but not limited to, metal, polymeric composites and combinations thereof. Additionally or alternatively, a suitable sealant (not shown) and/or gasket (not shown) may be present between at least a portion of the sixth terminal surface 15 of the cylinder head 13, at least a portion of the first terminal surface 5 of the liner 2, and/or a least a portion of the third terminal surface 11 of the housing 8.
The cylindrical region 7 defined by the liner 2 may receive a piston 18. The piston 18 is connected to a crankshaft 20 via a connecting rod 19. The piston 18, connecting rod 19, and the crankshaft 20 may be any suitable material, e.g., metal, ceramic, polymeric composite, and combinations thereof. As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, the engine assembly 1 shown in
In various embodiments, the housing 8 comprises a cylinder housing portion 8a and crank housing portion 8b. The cylinder housing portion 8a and the crank housing portion 8b may be integrally formed, as shown in
In certain aspects, the housing 8 is a polymeric composite material. In such instances, the housing 8 may comprise a suitable polymer and plurality of suitable reinforcing fibers. Examples of suitable polymers include, but are not limited to a thermoset resin, a thermoplastic resin, elastomer and combination thereof. Preferable polymers include, but are not limited to epoxies, phenolics, vinylesters, bismaleimides, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyamides, polyimides and polyamideimides. Examples of suitable reinforcing fibers include, but are not limited to carbon fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, polyethylene fibers, organic fibers, metallic fibers, and combinations thereof. In particular, the reinforcing fibers are glass fibers and/or carbon fibers. The reinforcing fibers may be continuous fibers. Advantageously, the housing 8 comprising a polymeric composite material as described herein may have a compression strength of about 100 MPa to about 2000 MPa, about 500 MPa to about 1000 MPa or about 1000 MPa to about 1500 MPa.
In order to heat and/or cool the engine assembly 1, the housing 8 (e.g., polymeric composite) can further include a plurality of microchannels 25, as shown in
The microchannels 25 may have a substantially round cross-section. As understood herein, “substantially round” may include circular and oval cross-sections and the dimensions of the cross-section may deviate in some aspects. The microchannels 25 may have a diameter of less than about 8,000 μm. Additionally or alternatively, the microchannels 25 have a diameter of about 0.1 μm to about 8,000 μm, 0.1 μm to about 5,000 μm, 0.1 μm to about 1,000 μm, about 1 μm to about 500 μm or about 1 μm to about 200 μm. Additionally or alternatively, the microchannels 25 may have a substantially rectangular cross-section. As understood herein, “substantially rectangular” may include square cross-sections and the dimensions of the cross-section may deviate in some aspects. Preferably, at least a portion of the microchannels 25 are interconnected, which may prevent blockages. The microchannels 25 may be oriented in any suitable direction, for example, axially, radially, spiral, branched, intersecting, criss-crossing and combinations thereof.
Polymeric composites can be formed by using strips of the composite precursor material, such as a fiber-based material (e.g., cloth or graphite tape). The composite may be formed with one or more layers, where each layer can be formed from contacting and/or overlapping strips of the fiber-based material. The fiber-based substrate material may also comprise a resin. The resin can be solidified (e.g., cured or reacted) after the fiber-based material is applied to the work surface (e.g., opposing exterior surface 4 of liner 2) and thus can serve to bond single or multiple layers together in the polymeric composite.
Various methods are typically employed for introducing resin to impregnated fiber-based substrate composite material systems: wet winding (or layup), pre-impregnating (referred to as “pre-preg”), and resin transfer molding. For wet winding, a dry fiber reinforcement material can be wetted with the resin as it is used, usually by submersion through a bath. For pre-impregnating (pre-preg), the resin is wetted into the fiber-based material in advance, and usually includes a step of partially curing the resin to have a viscous or tacky consistency (also known as a B-stage partial cure), and then winding up the pre-preg fiber-based material for later use. Pre-preg composite material systems tend to use thermoset resin systems, which can be cured or reacted by elevated temperatures with cure or reaction times ranging from about 1 minute to about 2 hours (depending on the cure or reaction temperatures). However, some pre-preg materials may employ resins that cure or react with actinic radiation (e.g., ultraviolet radiation (UV)). For resin transfer molding, dry fiber reinforcement material may be placed into a mold and resin may be infused into the mold under pressure (e.g., about 10 psi to about 2000 psi). Injection molding techniques known in the art may also be used to introduce resin into the reinforcement material, particularly where the reinforcement material comprise discontinuous fibers. For example, a precursor comprising a resin and the reinforcement material may be injected or infused into a defined space or mold followed by solidification of the precursor to form the polymeric composite material. The term “injection molding” also includes reaction injection molding using at thermoset resin. In certain other aspects, the present teachings also contemplate an attaching step where a reinforcement material is applied, for example, via filament winding, braiding or weaving near, within, and/or over the work surface (e.g., opposing exterior surface 4 of liner). The method may optionally comprise applying or introducing an uncured or unreacted resin composition into or onto the fiber-based reinforcement material. By applying, it is meant that the uncured or unreacted resin composition is wetted out onto the fiber-based material and thus may be coated on a surface of the fiber-based material or imbibed/impregnated into the reinforcement fiber-based material (for example, into the pores or openings within the reinforcement fiber-based material). After the resin is introduced to the regions having the reinforcement material, followed by solidifying (e.g., curing or reacting) to form the polymeric composite. Pre-preg fiber-based material may be applied via filament winding, braiding or weaving as well.
In certain other aspects, the present teaching also contemplates a process of using sacrificial fibers to form the microchannels 25 in the polymeric composite (e.g., housing 8). As shown in
Following incorporation of the sacrificial fibers 203, a resin 204 is infused into the preform 200 and the preform 200 is solidified (e.g., reacted or cured) under suitable conditions, as shown in
In other variations, a composite precursor material may be injection molded or otherwise applied to the opposing exterior surface 4 of liner 2, which may be followed by solidification (e.g., curing or reacting) to form the housing 8.
Additionally or alternatively, the polymeric composite (e.g., housing 8) may include a plurality of microspheres (not shown) for improved heat transfer. The microspheres may be ceramic or glass, and optionally, may be coated with a metal, ceramic and/or nanoparticles. Preferably, the coating has a high thermal conductivity, e.g., aluminum, copper, tin and the like. The microspheres may have a diameter of less than about 1,000 μm. Additionally or alternatively, the microspheres have a diameter of about 0.1 μm to about 1,000 μm, about 1 μm to about 500 μm or about 1 μm to about 200 μm.
Additionally or alternatively, the polymeric composite (e.g., housing 8) may include at least one wire for heating the engine assembly. For example, as shown in
In a particular embodiment, the polymeric composite housing comprises one or more of: (i) a plurality of microchannels as described herein; (ii) at least one wire as described herein; and (iii) a plurality of microspheres as described herein. Additionally or alternatively, the polymeric composite housing comprises two or more of (i), (ii) and (iii) (e.g., (i) and (ii), (i) and (iii), (ii) and (iii)). Additionally or alternatively, the polymeric composite housing comprises (i), (ii) and (iii).
Referring back to
In other variations, polymeric composites used herein for the housing 8 and/or the polymeric composite layer 26 may be made by any other suitable methods known in the art, e.g., pultrusion, reaction injection molding, injection molding, compression molding, prepreg molding (in autoclave or as compression molding), resin transfer molding, and vacuum assisted resin transfer molding. Further, fiber precursors may be made by any other suitable methods known in the art, e.g., braiding, weaving, stitching, knitting, prepregging, hand-layup and robotic or hand placement of tows.
In various aspects, as shown in
In other variations, it is further contemplated that one or more of the engine assembly components described herein include one or more mechanical interlock features for coupling together the various engine components. For example, complementary protruding flanges, grooves, channels, locking wings of differing shapes could be used as mechanical interlock features. In particular, as shown in
In one particular embodiment, the present disclosure contemplates an engine assembly (e.g., engine block) comprising: a metal liner defining a cylindrical region for receiving a piston, wherein the metal liner has an interior surface, an opposing exterior surface, a first terminal surface and an opposing second terminal surface; a polymeric composite housing disposed around at least a portion of the exterior surface of the metal liner, wherein the polymeric composite housing comprises a polymer as described herein (e.g., thermoplastic or thermoset resin) and a plurality reinforcing fibers as described herein (e.g., carbon fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, polyethylene fibers, ceramic fibers, organic fibers, metallic fibers, and combinations thereof) and at least one of: (i) a plurality of microchannels as described herein for receiving a heat transfer fluid as described herein for heating and/or cooling the engine assembly; and (ii) at least one wire as described herein for heating the engine assembly; and a metal cylinder head having a third terminal surface and an opposing fourth terminal surface, wherein the fourth terminal surface of the metal cylinder head is adjacent to the first terminal surface of the metal liner. The polymeric composite housing may comprise a cylinder housing portion as described herein and a crank housing portion as described herein. Additionally or alternatively, the engine assembly may further comprise a coolant channel as described herein defined between at least a portion of the exterior surface of the metal liner, an interior surface of the polymeric composite housing and the fourth terminal surface of the metal cylinder head. Additionally or alternatively, the engine assembly may further comprise a polymeric composite layer as described herein (e.g., discontinuous carbon fibers) disposed around at least a portion of an exterior surface of the polymeric composite housing and/or extending around at least a portion of the metal cylinder head. Additionally or alternatively, the engine assembly may further comprise a metal cap in communication with a ninth terminal surface of the polymeric composite housing and the fourth terminal surface of the metal cylinder head. Additionally or alternatively, the exterior surface of the metal liner may comprise one or more mechanical interlock features as described herein to couple with the polymeric composite housing.
As discussed above, during internal combustion, engine assemblies are subjected to varying amounts of stresses as well as temperature extremes. Thus, in other various embodiments, the present disclosure contemplates methods of heating/or cooling an engine assembly as described herein (e.g., engine assembly 1). The method may comprise circulating a suitable heat transfer fluid as described herein (e.g., air water, oil, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, methanol, and the like) for heating or cooling the engine assembly through a plurality of microchannels (e.g., microchannels 25) as described herein disposed in a housing as described herein (e.g., housing 8). The heat transfer fluid may be supplied by a pump from at least one reservoir or supply channel to at least one inlet in the microchannels. This system and process may be referred to as a first heating and cooling loop in the engine assembly. In various aspects, the heat transfer fluid may be introduced to the microchannels at temperatures suitable for heating or cooling the engine assembly. For example, if the heat transfer fluid is a liquid, it may be introduced and circulated through the microchannels at temperature between its freezing point and boiling point. Alternatively, if the heat transfer fluid is a gas, it may be introduced and circulated through the microchannels at a temperature above the condensation temperature of the gas. Non-limiting examples of temperatures at which the heat transfer fluid may be introduced into and/or circulated through the microchannels are about 10° C. to about 120° C., about 20° C. to about 100° C. or about 20° C. to about 90° C.
The housing may be formed of a lightweight metal (e.g., aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy), a ceramic material (e.g., alumina, silicon carbide) or a polymeric composite material as described herein. In particular, the housing is a polymeric composite material comprising a polymer as described herein (e.g., thermoset, thermoplastic resin) and a plurality reinforcing fibers (e.g., carbon fibers, glass fibers, metallic fibers, and the like). The housing may be disposed around at least a portion of an exterior surface of a liner as described herein (e.g., liner 2), wherein the liner defines a cylindrical region for receiving a piston as described herein (e.g., piston 18). The liner may be any suitable material, e.g. metal or ceramic. In particular, the liner is metal.
Additionally or alternatively, the methods may include applying an electrical current to at least one wire as described herein (e.g., wires 302) disposed in the housing as described herein (e.g., housing 8) for heating the engine assembly. Electricity may be provided by a battery or other suitable external source and controlled by a control unit. For example, the engine assembly may be heated to temperatures of about 200° C. to about 350° C., about 200° C. to about 250° C. or about 250° C. to about 350° C. This system and process may be referred to as a second heating loop in the engine assembly. Additionally or alternatively, the methods may further include incorporating a plurality of microspheres as described herein in the housing (e.g., housing 8) for improving heat transfer in the engine assembly.
In various aspects, the method may further comprise circulating a second heat transfer fluid as described herein (e.g., air, water, oil, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, methanol, and the like) to a coolant channel as described herein (e.g., coolant channel 16) for cooling the engine assembly. The second heat transfer fluid may be the same or different than the heat transfer fluid supplied to the microchannels in the housing. The coolant channel may be defined between at least a portion of an exterior surface (e.g., exterior surface 4) of the liner (e.g., liner 2), an interior surface (e.g., interior surface 9) of the housing (e.g., housing 8) and a terminal surface (e.g., sixth terminal surface 15) of a cylinder head (e.g., cylinder head 13). The heat transfer fluid may be supplied by a pump from at least one reservoir or supply channel to at least one inlet in the coolant channel 16 in the engine assembly. This system and process may be referred to as a third cooling loop in the engine assembly. The heat transfer fluid may circulate through the fourth cooling loop at any suitable temperature, for example, from the environmental temperature up to about 120° C. As used herein, “environmental temperature” refers to ambient temperature of the vehicle. The environmental temperature prior to operation may in certain examples range from about −40° C. to about 50° C. It is understood herein the method may include one or more of the first heating and cooling loop, the second heating loop, and the third cooling loop.
In one particular embodiment, a method for heating and/or cooling an engine assembly, wherein the method comprises one or more of the following: (i) circulating a heat transfer fluid for heating or cooling the engine assembly through a plurality a microchannels disposed in a polymeric composite housing comprising a polymer as described herein (e.g., thermoplastic or thermoset resin) and a plurality reinforcing fibers as described herein (e.g., carbon fibers, glass fibers, aramid fibers, polyethylene fibers, ceramic fibers, organic fibers, metallic fibers, and combinations thereof) disposed around at least a portion of an exterior surface of a metal liner, wherein the metal liner defines a cylindrical region for receiving a piston; and (ii) applying an electrical current to at least one wire as described herein disposed in the polymeric composite housing for heating the engine assembly. Additionally or alternatively, the heat transfer fluid may be introduced to the microchannels at a temperature of from the environmental temperature as described herein up to about 120° C. For example, the heat transfer fluid may be introduced to the microchannels at a temperature of about −40° C. to about 120° C., about −30° C. to about 120° C., about 0.0° C. to about 120° C., about −20° C. to about 90° C., about 10° C. to about 120° C., about 20° C. to about 100° C. or about 20° C. to about 90° C. Additionally or alternatively, the method may further comprise circulating another heat transfer fluid as described herein to a coolant channel defined between at least a portion of the exterior surface of the metal liner, an interior surface of the polymeric composite housing and a fourth terminal surface of a metal cylinder head.
The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure. Individual elements or features of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be used in a selected embodiment, even if not specifically shown or described. The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the disclosure, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the disclosure.
