Polymeric Material Including a Uretdione-Containing Material, an Epoxy Component, and an Accelerator, Two-Part Compositions, and Methods

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a polymeric material including a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition including components and has a solids content of 90% or greater. The components include a uretdione-containing material including a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself; a first hydroxyl-containing compound; an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group; an epoxy component; and an accelerator. The first hydroxyl-containing compound has more than one OH group and the optional second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol. The present disclosure also provides a two-part composition, in which a polymeric material is included in the first part and the second part includes at least one thiol-containing compound. Further, a method of adhering two substrates is provided, including obtaining a two-part composition; combining at least a portion of the first part with at least a portion of the second part to form a mixture; disposing at least a portion of the mixture on a first substrate; and contacting a second substrate with the mixture disposed on the first substrate. The disclosure also provides a polymeric material and a method of making a two-part composition. Advantageously, two-part compositions according to the present disclosure can be used as coatings and adhesive systems with handling and performance similar to existing two-part urethane systems, but with less sensitivity to water.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to polymeric materials that include uretdione-containing materials and epoxy components, such as two-part compositions.

BACKGROUND

Two-part urethane adhesives and sealants are commercially available from a variety of companies. These systems typically involve one component that is an oligomer/polymer terminated with isocyanate groups and a second component that is a polyol. When mixed, the isocyanate reacts with polyol to form carbamate groups. While this is established and effective chemistry, it suffers from a sensitivity to moisture due to ability of the isocyanate to be deactivated when reacted with water. Hence, there remains a need for adhesives and sealants that advantageously have less sensitivity to water.

SUMMARY

In a first embodiment, a polymeric material is provided. The polymeric material includes a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition including components and has a solids content of 90% or greater. The components include (a) a uretdione-containing material including a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself; (b) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group; (c) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group; (d) an epoxy component; and (e) an accelerator. The optional second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol.

In a second embodiment, a two-part composition is provided. The two-part composition includes (1) a first part including a polymeric material and (2) a second part including at least one thiol-containing compound. The at least one thiol-containing compound has an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8. The polymeric material includes a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition including components and has a solids content of 90% or greater. The components include (a) a uretdione-containing material including a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself; (b) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group; (c) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group; and (d) an epoxy component. The optional second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol.

In a third embodiment, a polymerized product is provided. The polymerized product is the polymerized product of a two-part composition. The two-part composition includes (1) a first part including a polymeric material and (2) a second part including at least one thiol-containing compound. The at least one thiol-containing compound has an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8. The polymeric material includes a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition including components and has a solids content of 90% or greater. The components include (a) a uretdione-containing material including a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself; (b) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group; (c) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group; and (d) an epoxy component. The optional second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol.

In a fourth embodiment, a method of adhering two substrates together is provided. The method includes (a) obtaining a two-part composition; (b) combining at least a portion of the first part with at least a portion of the second part to form a mixture; (c) disposing at least a portion of the mixture on a first major surface of a first substrate; and (d) contacting a first major surface of a second substrate with the mixture disposed on the first substrate. The two-part composition includes (1) a first part including a polymeric material and (2) a second part including at least one thiol-containing compound. The at least one thiol-containing compound has an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8. The polymeric material includes a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition including components and has a solids content of 90% or greater. The components include (a) a uretdione-containing material including a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself; (b) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group; (c) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group; and (d) an epoxy component. The optional second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol.

In a fifth embodiment, a method of making a two-part composition is provided. The method includes (a) providing a first part by forming a polymeric material; and (b) providing a second part including at least one thiol-containing compound. The at least one thiol-containing compound has an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8. The polymeric material includes a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition including components and has a solids content of 90% or greater. The components include (a) a uretdione-containing material including a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself; (b) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group; (c) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group; and (d) an epoxy component. The optional second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol.

The inclusion of the epoxy component imparts a desirable decrease in the viscosity of the polymeric material including uretdione-containing material. The accelerator increases the reaction speed between the thiol-containing compound and either the uretdione-containing material or the epoxy component.

The above summary is not intended to describe each embodiment or every implementation of aspects of the invention. The details of various embodiments are set forth in the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an exemplary method of adhering two substrates together, according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an exemplary article including two substrates adhered together, preparable according to the present disclosure.

Repeated use of reference characters in the specification and drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the disclosure. It should be understood that numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art, which fall within the scope and spirit of the principles of the disclosure. The figures may not be drawn to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure provides polymeric materials, polymerizable compositions, and two-part compositions useful for instance in coatings and/or adhesives that have good flowability and reactivity (e.g., without added solvent), acceptable cure and/or adhesion in a short amount of time, as compared to similar compositions instead containing isocyanates. Further, coatings and adhesives according to at least certain embodiments of the present disclosure are essentially free of isocyanates. This is advantageous because isocyanates tend to be sensitizers upon first contact (e.g., to skin) such that subsequent contact causes inflammation. Coatings/adhesives containing isocyanates exhibit more sensitivity to water than other compounds, as noted above, so minimizing an isocyanate content in a coating or adhesive may improve reliability during curing as well as simplify storage and handling of the polymeric materials, polymerizable compositions, and two-part compositions.

The terms “a”, “an”, “the”, “at least one”, and “one or more” are used interchangeably.

The term “and/or” means one or both such as in the expression A and/or B refers to A alone, B alone, or to both A and B.

The term “essentially” means 95% or more.

The term “equivalents” refers to the number of moles of a functional group (e.g., OH groups, isocyanate groups, uretdione groups, etc.) per molecule of a polymer chain or per mole of a different functional group.

the term “amidine group” does not refer an amidine group in an imidazole ring, although the amidine group may be contained in one or more other rings (e.g., 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene);

The term “alkyl” refers to a monovalent radical of an alkane. Suitable alkyl groups can have up to 50 carbon atoms, up to 40 carbon atoms, up to 30 carbon atoms, up to 20 carbon atoms, up to 16 carbon atoms, up to 12 carbon atoms, up to 10 carbon atoms, up to 8 carbon atoms, up to 6 carbon atoms, up to 4 carbon atoms, or up to 3 carbon atoms. The alkyl groups can be linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination thereof. Linear alkyl groups often have 1 to 30 carbon atoms, 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Branched alkyl groups often have 3 to 50 carbon atoms, 3 to 40 carbon atoms, 4 to 20 carbon atoms, 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Cyclic alkyl groups often have 3 to 50 carbon atoms, 5 to 40 carbon atoms, 6 to 20 carbon atoms, 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or 6 to 10 carbon atoms.

The term “alkylene” refers to a divalent group that is a radical of an alkane. The alkylene can be straight-chained, branched, cyclic, or combinations thereof. The alkylene typically has 1 to 20 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkylene contains 4 to 14 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The radical centers of the alkylene can be on the same carbon atom (i.e., an alkylidene) or on different carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkylene can be substituted with an OH group.

The term “alkane-triyl” refers to a trivalent radical of an alkane.

The term “aryl” refers to a monovalent group that is radical of an arene, which is a carbocyclic, aromatic compound. The aryl can have one to five rings that are connected to or fused to the aromatic ring. The other ring structures can be aromatic, non-aromatic, or combinations thereof. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthyl, acenaphthyl, anthraquinonyl, phenanthryl, anthracenyl, pyrenyl, perylenyl, and fluorenyl.

The term “aralkyl” refers to a monovalent group of formula —R—Ar where R is an alkylene and Ar is an aryl group. That is, the aralkyl is an alkyl substituted with an aryl.

The term “aralkylene” refers to a divalent group of formula —R—Ar^a where R is an alkylene and Ar^a is an arylene (i.e., an alkylene is bonded to an arylene).

The term “arylene” refers to a divalent group that is carbocyclic and aromatic. The group has one to five rings that are connected, fused, or combinations thereof. The other rings can be aromatic, non-aromatic, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the arylene group has up to 5 rings, up to 4 rings, up to 3 rings, up to 2 rings, or one aromatic ring. For example, the arylene group can be phenylene. The term “alkarylene” refers to a divalent group that is an arylene group substituted with an alkyl group or an arylene group attached to an alkylene group. Unless otherwise indicated, the alkarylene group typically has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 4 to 14 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Unless otherwise indicated, for both groups, the alkyl or alkylene portion typically has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Unless otherwise indicated, for both groups, the aryl or arylene portion typically has from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, 6 to 18 carbon atoms, 6 to 16 carbon atoms, 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or 6 to 10 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the arylene group or the alkarylene group has 4 to 14 carbon atoms.

The term “aprotic” refers to a component that does not have a hydrogen atom bound to an oxygen (as in a hydroxyl group) or a nitrogen (as in an amine group). In general terms, any component that does not contain labile H+ is called an aprotic component. The molecules of such components cannot donate protons (H+) to other components.

The term “basic salt” refers to a salt that forms a basic solution if dissolved in water having a pH of 7. The salt may be associated with other substances such as, e.g., water (i.e., a hydrate).

The term “carbamate” refers to a compound having the general formula R—N(H)— C(O)—O—R′. Preferred R groups include alkylene groups.

The term “diisocyanate” refers to a compound having the general formula O═C═N—R— N═C═O. Preferred R groups include alkylene and arylene groups.

The term “diol” refers to a compound with two OH groups.

the term “nonacidic” means free of acidic groups that are at least as acidic as the corresponding carboxyl group;

the term “sulfhydryl group” refers to the -SH group;

The term “triamine” refers to a compound with three amino groups.

The term “polyester” refers to repeating difunctional polymer wherein the repeat units are joined by ester linkages. Ester groups have the general formula —R—C(O)—R′. The term “polyether” refers to repeating difunctional alkoxy radicals having the general formula —O—R—. Preferred R and R′ groups have the general formula —C_nH_2n— and include, for example, methylene, ethylene and propylene (including n-propylene and i-propylene) or a combination thereof. Combinations of R and R′ groups may be provided, for example, as random or block type copolymers.

The term “polyol” refers to a compound with two or more hydroxyl (i.e., OH) groups.

The term “polymeric material” refers to any homopolymer, copolymer, terpolymer, and the like, as well as any diluent.

The term “non-reactive diluent” refers to a component that can be added to adjust the viscosity of the polymerizable composition. By “non-reactive” it is meant that the diluent does not participate in a polymerization reaction (e.g., with a curative, a uretdione-containing material, or a hydroxyl-containing compound having one or more OH groups), of the polymerizable composition. The diluent does not react with such components during manufacture of a two-part composition, during manufacture of a coating or adhesive, during application of the coating or adhesive to a substrate, or upon aging. Typically, the diluent is substantially free of reactive groups. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the unreactive diluent is less than the molecular weight of components such as the uretdione-containing material. The non-reactive diluent is not volatile, and substantially remains in the coating or adhesive after curing. The boiling point of the non-reactive diluent may be greater than 200 ° C.

The term “reactive diluent” refers to a component that can be added to adjust the viscosity of the polymerizable composition and does participate in a polymerization reaction (e.g., with a curative, a uretdione-containing material, or a hydroxyl-containing compound having one or more OH groups), of the polymerizable composition. The diluent reacts with such components during at least one of: during application of the coating or adhesive to a substrate or upon aging. The diluent includes one or more reactive groups, such as epoxy groups. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the reactive diluent is less than the molecular weight of components such as the uretdione-containing material.

The term “primary alcohol” refers to an alcohol in which the OH group is connected to a primary carbon atom (e.g., having the general formula —CH2OH). The term “secondary alcohol” refers to an alcohol in which the OH group is connected to a secondary carbon atom (e.g., having the general formula —CHROH, where R is a group containing a carbon atom).

The term “ambient temperature” refers to a temperature in the range of 20 degrees Celsius to 25 degrees Celsius, inclusive.

In a first aspect, a polymeric material is provided. The polymeric material includes a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition including components and has a solids content of 90% or greater. The components include a uretdione-containing material including a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself; a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group; an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group; and an epoxy component. The optional second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol. Stated another way, the first aspect provides:

A polymeric material comprising a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition comprising components, the components comprising:

• • (a) a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself;
  • (b) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group;
  • (c) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol;
  • (d) an epoxy component; and
  • (e) an accelerator;wherein the polymeric material comprises a solids content of 90% or greater.

A uretdione can be formed by the reaction of a diisocyanate with itself and has the following general formula:

In some embodiments, the diisocyanate comprises a functional group selected from Formula X, Formula XI, and Formula XII:

There are a variety of reaction products that can occur as a diisocyanate reacts with itself, and typically the reaction of a diisocyanate with itself results in a blend of two or more reaction products. Preferably, the reaction of a diisocyanate with itself proceeds to a degree such that the polymeric material contains 25% by weight or less or 23% by weight or less of isocyanate groups, as determined by infrared Fourier Transform spectroscopy (e.g., a Nicolet 6700 FT-IP Spectrometer, Thermo Scientific (Madison, Wis.)) where the weight percent of isocyanate in a material is calculated as the moles of isocyanate functional groups multiplied by 42 grams per mole (g/mol) and divided by the mass of the material.

In certain embodiments, the uretdione-containing material comprises a compound of Formula I:

wherein R₁ is independently selected from a C₄ to C₁₄ alkylene, arylene, and alkaralyene. In some embodiments, the diisocyanate comprises hexamethylene diisocyanate. One preferable uretdione-containing material is a hexamethylene diisocyanate-based blend of materials comprising uretdione functional groups, commercially available under the trade name DESMODUR N3400 from Covestro (Leverkusen, Germany). Additional uretdione-containing materials are commercially available under the trade name CRELAN EF 403 also from Covestro, and under the trade name METALINK U/ISOQURE TT from Isochem Incorporated (New Albany, Ohio).

Typically, the polymerized reaction product (of the polymeric material) comprises greater than one uretdione functional group in a backbone of the polymerized reaction product, such as an average of 1.1 or greater of a uretdione functional group in a backbone of the polymerized reaction product, 1.2 or greater, 1.3 or greater, 1.4 or greater, 1.5 or greater, 1.6 or greater, 1.8 or greater, 2.0 or greater, 2.2 or greater, 2.4 or greater, 2.6 or greater, 2.8 or greater, 3.0 or greater, 3.2 or greater, 3.4 or greater, or 3.6 or greater; and an average of 6.0 or less of a uretdione functional group in a backbone of the polymerized reaction product, 5.8 or less, 5.6 or less, 5.4 or less, 5.2 or less, 5.0 or less, 4.8 or less, 4.6 or less, 4.4 or less, 4.2 or less, 4.0 or less, 3.8 or less, 3.5 or less, 3.3 or less, 3.1 or less, 2.9 or less, 2.7 or less, 2.5 or less, 2.3 or less, 2.1 or less, or even an average of 1.9 or less of a uretdione functional group in a backbone of the polymerized reaction product. Stated another way, the polymerized reaction product may comprise an average of 1.3 to 6.0, inclusive, or 1.5 to 4.0, inclusive, of a uretdione functional group in a backbone of the polymerized reaction product. In select embodiments, the polymerized reaction product comprises an average of 1.3 to 5.0, inclusive, of a uretdione functional group in a backbone of the polymerized reaction product and the polymerizable composition is free of the second hydroxyl-containing compound. The amount of the uretdione functional group can be determined as described in the Examples below.

One exemplary simplified general reaction scheme of a uretdione-containing material with a first-hydroxyl-containing compound and an (optional) second hydroxyl-containing compound is provided below in Scheme 1:

In the particular reaction scheme of Scheme 1, the uretdione-containing material comprises two compounds containing uretdione groups, one of which also contains an isocyanurate compound. In certain embodiments of the polymeric material, the polymerized reaction product (of the polymeric material) comprises an average of 1.3 or fewer isocyanurate units per molecule of the polymerized reaction product. This can be because isocyanurate units may not contribute desirable properties to the polymeric material.

Similarly, an exemplary simplified general reaction scheme of a uretdione-containing material with a first-hydroxyl-containing compound, but without the optional second hydroxyl-containing compound is provided below in Scheme 2:

The polymerized reaction product (of the polymeric material) also typically comprises one or more carbamate functional groups per molecule of the polymerized reaction product in a backbone of the polymerized reaction product. The carbamate functional groups are formed by the reaction of the first hydroxyl-containing compound (and optionally the second hydroxyl-containing compound) with the isocyanate groups present on uretdione-containing compounds. For example, the polymerized reaction product may comprise an average of 0.2 or greater of carbamate functional groups in the backbone of the polymerized reaction product, 0.5 or greater, 1 or greater, 2 or greater, 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, or an average of 8 or greater of carbamate functional groups in the backbone of the polymerized reaction product; and an average of 18 or less of carbamate functional groups in the backbone of the polymerized reaction product, 17 or less, 16 or less, 15 or less, 14 or less, 13 or less, 12 or less, 11 or less, 10 or less, or an average of 9 or less of carbamate functional groups in the backbone of the polymerized reaction product. Stated another way, the polymerized reaction product may comprise an average of 0.2 to 18, inclusive, or 2 to 10, inclusive, of carbamate functional groups in the backbone of the polymerized reaction product. The average carbamate functional group content of the polymerized reaction product can be determined as described in the Examples below.

In certain embodiments, the first hydroxyl-containing compound is an alkylene polyol, a polyester polyol, or a polyether polyol. Often the first hydroxyl-containing compound is a diol, such as a branched diol. For example, in some embodiments the first hydroxyl-containing compound is of Formula II:

HO—R₂—OH   II

wherein R₂ is selected from R₃, an alkylene, and an alkylene substituted with an OH group, wherein R₃ is of Formula III or Formula IV:

wherein each of R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ is independently an alkylene, wherein each of v and y is independently 1 to 40, and wherein x is selected from 0 to 40. Optionally, R₂ is selected from C₁ to C₂₀ alkylene and a C₁ to C₂₀ alkylene substituted with an OH group.

In certain embodiments of the first hydroxyl-containing compound, each of R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ is independently selected from a C₁ to C₂₀ alkylene. Alternatively, the first hydroxyl-containing compound can be of Formula V or Formula VI:

wherein each of R₉ and R₁₁ is independently an alkane-triyl, wherein each of R₁₀ and R₁₂ is independently selected from an alkylene, and wherein each of w and z is independently selected from 1 to 20. Preferably, each of R₁₀ and R₁₂ is independently selected from a C₁ to C₂₀ alkylene.

Suitable first hydroxyl-containing compounds include branched alcohols, secondary alcohols, or ethers, for instance and without limitation, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, diethylene glycol, poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol, 2-ethylhexane-1,3-diol, and 1,3-butanediol. Such suitable first hydroxyl-containing compounds are commercially available from chemical suppliers including for example, Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, Mass.), JT Baker (Center Valley, Pa.), TCI (Portland, Oreg.), and Fisher Scientific (Waltham, Mass.).

In certain embodiments, the optional second hydroxyl-containing compound is an alkyl alcohol, a polyester alcohol, or a polyether alcohol, such as a branched alcohol and/or a secondary alcohol. For example, in some embodiments the second hydroxyl-containing compound is present and is of Formula VII:

R₁₃—OH   VII;

wherein R₁₃ is selected from R₁₄, R₁₅, and a C₁ to C₅₀ alkyl;

wherein R₁₄ is of Formula VIII:

wherein m=1 to 20, R₁₆ is an alkyl, and R₁₇ is an alkylene;

wherein R₁₅ is of Formula IX:

wherein n=1 to 20, R₁₈ is an alkyl, and R₁₉ is an alkylene. Preferably, R₁₃ is a C₄-C₂₀ alkyl, as the alkyl groups below C₄ have a tendency to form a crystalline polymeric material.

Suitable optional second hydroxyl-containing compounds can include branched alcohols or secondary alcohols, for instance and without limitation, 2-butanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, isobutanol, and 2-butyl-octanol, each of which is commercially available from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, Mass.).

In an embodiment, the first hydroxyl-containing compound is of Formula II and the optional second hydroxyl-containing compound is present and is of Formula VII, wherein R₂ of the compound of Formula II is of Formula III, and wherein R₁₃ of the compound of Formula VII is a branched C₄ to C₂₀ alkyl.

In select embodiments, the first hydroxyl-containing compound is a diol and the reaction product comprises 0.2 to 0.65, inclusive, or 0.25 to 0.61, inclusive, of diol equivalents relative to isocyanate equivalents. Optionally, a sum of the OH equivalents of the first hydroxyl-containing compound and the (optional) second hydroxyl-containing compound is equal to or greater than the isocyanate equivalents of the polymeric material.

Preferably, the polymeric material is essentially free of isocyanates. By “essentially free of isocyanates” it is meant that the polymeric material contains 5% by weight or less, 4% by weight or less, 3% by weight or less, 2% by weight or less, or 1% by weight or less of isocyanate groups, as determined by infrared Fourier Transform spectroscopy (e.g., a Nicolet 6700 FT-IP Spectrometer, Thermo Scientific (Madison, Wis.)), where the weight percent of isocyanate in a material is calculated as the moles of isocyanate functional groups multiplied by 42 g/mol and divided by the mass of the material.

The components include at least one epoxy component. It has been discovered that the introduction of a reactive epoxy diluent results in an improvement in the viscosity of a polymeric material including a uretdione-containing material, such that use of crystalline or high viscosity uretdione-containing materials has been enabled.

The epoxy component may optionally include an epoxy resin comprising one or more epoxy compounds that can be monomeric or polymeric, and aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic, hydrogenated, and/or a mixture thereof. Preferred epoxy compounds contain more than 1.5 epoxy groups per molecule and more preferably at least 2 epoxide groups per molecule.

The epoxy component can include linear polymeric epoxides having terminal epoxy groups (e.g., a diglycidyl ether of a polyoxyalkylene glycol), polymeric epoxides having skeletal epoxy groups (e.g., polybutadiene poly epoxy), polymeric epoxides having pendant epoxy groups (e.g., a glycidyl methacrylate polymer or copolymer), or a mixture thereof.

Exemplary epoxy compounds include, for example, aliphatic (including cycloaliphatic) and aromatic epoxy compounds. The epoxy compound(s) may be monomeric, oligomeric, or polymeric epoxides, or a combination thereof. The epoxy component may be a pure compound or a mixture comprising at least two epoxy compounds. The epoxy component typically has, on average, at least 1 epoxy (i.e., oxiranyl) group per molecule, preferably at least about 1.5 and more preferably at least about 2 epoxy groups per molecule. Hence, the epoxy component may comprise at least one monofunctional epoxy, and/or may comprise at least one multifunctional epoxy. In some cases, 3 (e.g., trifunctional epoxy), 4, 5, or even 6 epoxy groups may be present, on average. Polymeric epoxides include linear polymers having terminal epoxy groups (e.g., a diglycidyl ether of a polyoxyalkylene glycol), polymers having skeletal oxirane units (e.g., polybutadiene polyepoxide), and polymers having pendent epoxy groups (e.g., a glycidyl methacrylate polymer or copolymer). Other useful epoxy components are polyhydric phenolic formaldehyde condensation products as well as polyglycidyl ethers that contain as reactive groups only epoxy groups or hydroxy groups. In certain embodiments, the epoxy component comprises at least one glycidyl ether group. The “average” number of epoxy groups per molecule can be determined by dividing the total number of epoxy groups in the epoxy-containing material by the total number of epoxy-containing molecules present.

The choice of epoxy component may depend upon the intended end use. For example, epoxides with flexible backbones may be desired where a greater amount of ductility is needed in the bond line. Materials such as diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A and diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol F can help impart desirable structural adhesive properties upon curing, while hydrogenated versions of these epoxies may be useful for compatibility with substrates having oily surfaces.

Commercially available epoxy compounds include octadecylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, styrene oxide, vinylcyclohexene oxide, glycidol, glycidyl methacrylate, vinylcyclohexene dioxide, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexenecarboxylate, 3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexene carboxylate, bis(3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl) adipate, bis(2,3-epoxycyclopentyl) ether, dipentene dioxide, silicone resin containing epoxy functionality, flame retardant epoxy resins (e.g., DER-580, a brominated bisphenol type epoxy resin available from Dow Chemical Co.), 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether of phenol-formaldehyde novolac (e.g., DEN-431 and DEN-438 from Dow Chemical Co.), and resorcinol diglycidyl ether (e.g., Kopoxite from Koppers Company, Inc.), bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)adipate, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl-5,5-spiro-3,4-epoxy) cyclohexene metadioxane, vinylcyclohexene monoxide 1,2-epoxyhexadecane, alkyl glycidyl ethers such as (e.g., HELOXY Modifier 7 from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc., Waterford, N.Y.), alkyl C12-C14 glycidyl ether (e.g., HELOXY Modifier 8 from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.), butyl glycidyl ether (e.g., HELOXY Modifier 61 from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.), cresyl glycidyl ether (e.g., HELOXY Modifier 62 from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.), p-tert-butylphenyl glycidyl ether (e.g., HELOXY Modifier 65 from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.), polyfunctional glycidyl ethers such as diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butanediol (e.g., HELOXY Modifier 67 from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.), diglycidyl ether of neopentyl glycol (e.g., HELOXY Modifier 68 from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.), diglycidyl ether of cyclohexanedimethanol (e.g., HELOXY Modifier 107 from Shell Chemical Co.), trimethylolethane triglycidyl ether (e.g., HELOXY Modifier 44 from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.), trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (e.g., HELOXY Modifier 48 from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.), polyglycidyl ether of an aliphatic polyol (e.g., HELOXY Modifier 84 from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.), polyglycol diepoxide (e.g., HELOXY Modifier 32 from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.), bisphenol F epoxides, 9,9-bis[4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)phenyl]fluorenone (e.g., EPON 1079 from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc.).

In certain embodiments, the epoxy component comprises an epoxidised (poly)olefinic resin, an epoxidised phenolic novolac resin, an epoxidised cresol novolac resin, a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, or a combination thereof. Commercially available epoxy resins include for instance, epoxidised linseed oil (e.g., VIKOFLEX 7190 from Arkema Inc., King of Prussia, Pa.), epoxy phenol novolac resin (e.g., EPALLOY 8250 from CVC Specialty Chemicals, Moorestown, New Jersey), multifunctional ephichlorohydrin/cresol novolac epoxy resin (e.g., EPON 164 from Hexion Specialty Chemicals GmbH, Rosbach, Germany), and cycloaliphatic epoxy resin (e.g., CELLOXIDE 2021 from Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).

In some embodiments, the epoxy component contains one or more epoxy compounds having an epoxy equivalent weight of from 100 g/mole to 1500 g/mol. More preferably, the epoxy resin contains one or more epoxy compounds having an epoxy equivalent weight of from 300 g/mole to 1200 g/mole. Even more preferably, the curable composition contains two or more epoxy compounds, wherein at least one epoxy resin has an epoxy equivalent weight of from 300 g/mole to 500 g/mole, and at least one epoxy resin has an epoxy equivalent weight of from 1000 g/mole to 1200 g/mole.

Useful epoxy compounds also include glycidyl ethers, e.g., such as those prepared by reacting a polyhydric alcohol with epichlorohydrin. Such polyhydric alcohols may include butanediol, polyethylene glycol, and glycerin.

Useful epoxy compounds also include aromatic glycidyl ethers, e.g., such as those prepared by reacting a polyhydric phenol with an excess of epichlorohydrin, cycloaliphatic glycidyl ethers, hydrogenated glycidyl ethers, and mixtures thereof. Such polyhydric phenols may include resorcinol, catechol, hydroquinone, and the polynuclear phenols such as p,p′-dihydroxydibenzyl, p,p′-dihydroxydiphenyl, p,p′-dihydroxyphenyl sulfone, p,p′-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1-dinaphthylmethane, and the 2,2′-, 2,3′-, 2,4′-, 3,3′-, 3,4′-, and 4,4′-isomers of dihydroxydiphenylmethane, dihydroxydiphenyldimethylmethane, dihydroxydiphenylethylmethylmethane, dihydroxydiphenylmethylpropylmethane, dihydroxy-diphenylethylphenylme thane, dihydroxydiphenylpropylphenylmethane, dihydroxydiphenylbutylphenylmethane, dihydroxydiphenyltolylethane, dihydroxydiphenyltolylmethylmethane, dihydroxydiphenyldicyclohexylmethane, and dihydroxydiphenylcyclohexane.

Similarly, useful epoxy compounds also include a polyglycidyl ether of a polyhydric phenol. Example polyglycidyl ethers of a polyhydric phenol include a polyglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol AD, catechol, or resorcinol.

Useful epoxy compounds also include glycidyl ether esters and polyglycidyl esters. A glycidyl ether ester may be obtained by reacting a hydroxycarboxylic acid with epichlorohydrin. A polyglycidyl ether may be obtained by reacting a polycarboxylic acid with epichlorohydrin. Such polycarboxylic acids may include a dimer acid (e.g., RADIACID 0950 from Oleon, Simpsonville, S.C.), and a trimer acid (e.g., RADIACID 0983 from Oleon). Suitable glycidyl esters include a glycidyl ester of neodecanoic acid (e.g., ERISYS GS-110 from CVC Specialty Chemicals) and a glycidyl ester of a dimer acid (e.g., DRISYS GS-120 from CVC Specialty Chemicals).

Exemplary epoxy compounds also include glycidyl ethers of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and novolac resins as well as glycidyl ethers of aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diols. Examples of commercially available glycidyl ethers include diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A such as those available as EPON 828, EPON 1001, EPON 1310, and EPON 1510 from Hexion Specialty Chemicals GmbH, Rosbach, Germany; those available under the trade name D.E.R. (e.g., D.E.R. 331, 332, and 334) from Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan; those available under the trade name EPICLON from Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc. (e.g., EPICLON 840 and 850) and those available under the trade name YL-980 from Japan Epoxy Resins Co., Ltd.); diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol F (e.g., those available under the trade name EPICLON from Dainippon Ink and

Chemicals, Inc. (e.g., EPICLON 830)); glycidyl ethers of novolac resins (e.g., novolac epoxy resins, such as those available under the trade name D.E.N. from Dow Chemical Co. (e.g., D.E.N. 425, 431, and 438)); and flame retardant epoxy resins (e.g., D.E.R. 580, a brominated bisphenol type epoxy resin available from Dow Chemical Co.). In some embodiments, aromatic glycidyl ethers, such as those prepared by reacting a dihydric phenol with an excess of epichlorohydrin, may be preferred. In some embodiments, nitrile rubber modified epoxies may be used (e.g., KELPOXY 1341 available from CVC Chemical).

Certain epoxy components can advantageously be used in high amounts, e.g., 45% or more by weight, based on the total weight of a polymerizable composition, and maintain an acceptable structural integrity of a coating or adhesive. Such epoxy components preferable for use in amounts of 45 wt. % or greater, 50 wt. %, 55 wt. %, or 60 wt. % or greater, include for instance, a polyglycidyl ether of a polyhydric phenol (preferably a polyglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol AD, catechol, or resorcinol), or at least one of an epoxidised (poly)olefinic resin, epoxidised phenolic novolac resin, epoxidised cresol novolac resin, or a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin.

In some embodiments, the epoxy component has a specified Log octanol water partition coefficient (Log P). Although various methods have been described for determining the Log P of a compound, as used herein, Log P refers to the value obtained by the Moriguchi method (See Moriguchi, I; Hirono, S; Qian, L.; Nakagome, I.; and Matsushita, Y; Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 40 (1992): 127).). The computations were conducted utilizing the software program Molecular Modeling Pro Plus from Norgwyn Montgomery Software, Inc. (North Wales, Pa.).

Log P is defined as the partitioning of the concentrations of a compound in octanol versus water:

Log P=Log([compound]_octanol/[compound]_water)

Higher values of Log P are more hydrophobic, while lower values of Log P are more hydrophilic. The Moriguchi method predicts Log P via a correlation developed employing over 1200 organic molecules having a wide variety of structures. Optionally, the epoxy component exhibits a Log octanol water partition coefficient (Log P) according to the Moriguchi method of less than 27.5, less than 25, less than 23, less than 20, less than 18, less than 16, less than 14, less than 12, less than 10, less than 8, less than 6, less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, or even less than 2.3.

Low viscosity epoxy compound(s) may be included in the epoxy component, for example, to reduce viscosity as noted above. For instance, in some embodiments, the epoxy component exhibits a dynamic viscosity of 100,000 centipoises (cP) or less, 75,000 cP or less, 50,000 cP or less, 30,000 cP or less, 20,000 cP or less, 15,000 cP or less, 10,000 cP or less, 9,000 cP or less, 8,000 cP or less, 7,000 cP or less, 6,000 cP or less, 5,000 cP or less, 4,000 cP or less, or 3,000 cP or less, as determined using a Brookfield viscometer. Conditions for the dynamic viscosity test include use of a LV4 spindle at a speed of 0.3 or 0.6 revolutions per minute (RPM) at 24 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, one or more epoxy components each has a molecular weight of 2,000 grams per mole or less. Examples of low viscosity epoxy compounds include: cyclohexanedimethanol diglycidyl ether, resorcinol diglycidyl ether, p-tert-butylphenyl glycidyl ether, cresyl glycidyl ether, diglycidyl ether of neopentyl glycol, triglycidyl ether of trimethylolethane, triglycidyl ether of trimethylolpropane, triglycidyl p-aminophenol, N,N′-diglycidylaniline, N,N,N′,N′-tetragly cidyl meta-xylylenediamine, and vegetable oil polyglycidyl ether.

In some embodiments, the amount of the epoxy component is 1% by weight or greater, based on the total weight of the polymerizable composition, 5% by weight or greater, 7% by weight or greater, 10% by weight or greater, 12% by weight or greater, 15% by weight or greater, 18% by weight or greater; 21% by weight or greater, 24% by weight or greater, 26% by weight or greater, 31% by weight or greater, 36% by weight or greater, 41% by weight or greater, 45% by weight or greater, or 50% by weight or greater, based on the total weight of the polymerizable composition; and 95% by weight or less, 90% by weight or less, 85% by weight or less, 80% by weight or less, 75% by weight or less, 70% by weight or less, 65% by weight or less, 60% by weight or less, 55% by weight or less, 50% by weight or less, 45% by weight or less, 40% by weight or less, 31% by weight or less, 29% by weight or less, 27% by weight or less, 25% by weight or less, 23% by weight or less, 20% by weight or less, 17% by weight or less, 14% by weight or less, or 10% by weight or less, based on the total weight of the polymerizable composition. In select embodiments, the epoxy component is added in an amount of 5 to 95% by weight, 10 to 75% by weight, 10 to 30% by weight, or 50 to 80% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerizable composition.

The components include at least one accelerator. The accelerator is included to increase the reaction speed when the polymeric material is reacted with a composition containing a thiol-containing compound, in particular reaction speed of the thiol-containing compound with the uretdione-containing material and/or with the epoxy component. The accelerator can also catalyze the reaction of the uretdione-containing material and one or more hydroxyl-containing compounds. In some embodiments, the accelerator comprises an amine curative, for instance pyridine, a substituted pyridine having 5 to 23 carbon atoms, or an amine having the formula NR²⁰R²¹R²² wherein:

• • R²⁰ represents H or a monovalent organic group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms;
  • R²¹ represents H or a monovalent organic group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms;
  • R²² represents a monovalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms; or
  • R²¹ _and R²² taken together represent a divalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, or R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² taken together represent a trivalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms; and

wherein the amine curative does not comprise a substituted or unsubstituted amidine group.

For instance, when the at least one accelerator comprises an amine having the formula NR²⁰R²¹R²². R²⁰ and R²¹ independently represent H or a monovalent organic group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms and may contain hetero atoms such as O and N (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, ethoxyethyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, octyl, decyl, hexadecyl, or octadecyl); R²² represents a monovalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms and may contain hetero atoms such as O and N (e.g., ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, ethoxyethyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, octyl, decyl, hexadecyl, or octadecyl); or R²¹ and R²² taken together represent a divalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g., ethylene, propane-1,3-diyl, butane-1,4-diyl, pentane-1,5-diyl, hexane-1,6-diyl, heptane-1,7-diyl, —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂—, or 2,2-diphenylpropane-1,3-diyl); or R₂₀, R₂₁, and R₂₂ taken together represent a trivalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g., nonane-1,5,9-triyl and 3-(ethyl-2′-yl)pentan-1,5-diyl).

Examples of suitable accelerators include triethylamine; 1,4-diaza[2.2.2]bicyclooctane (DABCO); aniline; N,N-dimethylaniline; 2,6-dimethylaniline; 1-methylimidazole; pyridine; N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine; benzylamine; dicyclohexylamine; N,N-dicyclohexylmethylamine; 4-methylmorpholine; cyclohexylamine; piperidine; morpholine; 1-[bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino]-2-propanol; 1-methylpiperidine; quinuclidine; 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine; 1-methylpyrrolidine; N-benzylmethylamine; 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine; 2-{[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]methylamino}ethanol; 3-dimethylamino-1-propanol; and 2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol.

Examples of suitable accelerators include substituted pyridines having 5 to 23 carbon atoms. Substituted pyridines include chloropyridine, bromopyridine, fluoropyridine, iodopyridine, methylpyridine, ethylpyridine, propylpyridine, tert-butylpyridine, phenylpyridine, methoxypyridine, ethoxypyridine, phenoxypyridine, nitropyridine, dichloropyridine, dibromopyridine, dimethylpyridine, diethylpyridine, di-tert-butylpyridine, methyl nicotinate, ethyl nicotinate, methyl picolinate, ethyl picolinate, methyl isonicotinate, cyanopyridine, and trimethylpyridine.

Commercially available accelerators include a trifunctional amine-terminated polyether available as JEFFAMINE T-403 Polyetheramine and difunctional amine-terminated polyether available as JEFFAMINE THF-100 Polyetheramine, both from Huntsman Corp.; 1,3-benzenedimethanamine, reaction products with epichlorohydrin, available as GASKAMINE 328; and aspartic acid, secondary diamine available as Desmophen NH1220 from Covestro LLC.

In some preferred embodiments, the at least one accelerator is free of substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, amidine, and/or triazole groups.

In some embodiments, the accelerator can be incorporated directly into the uretdione-containing compound by incorporating at least one pendant —CH₂NR²³₂ group wherein each R²³ independently represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or two R²³ groups taken together form an alkylene group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Such compounds can be formed as described above for reactions of mono-ols with uretdione ring-containing compounds with one of more isocyanate groups, except that a tertiary aminoalcohol is used instead. Advantageously, such reactions may be self-catalyzing due to the tertiary amino group. Exemplary aminoalcohols include N,N-dimethyl-2-amino-l-ethanol, N,N-diethyl-2-amino-1-ethanol, N,N-dimethyl-3-amino-l-propanol, N,N-dimethyl-4-amino-l-butanol, N,N-dimethyl-6-amino-1-hexanol, and N,N-dibutyl-8-amino-l-octanol.

In select embodiments, the accelerator is not a separate component, but instead is incorporated into the uretdione-containing material such that the uretdione-containing material comprises at least one pendant —CH₂NR²³₂ group, wherein each R²³ independently represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or two R²³ groups taken together form an alkylene group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Similarly, in other embodiments the accelerator is incorporated into the epoxy component such that the epoxy component comprises at least one pendant —CH₂NR²³₂ group, wherein each R²³ independently represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or two R²³ groups taken together form an alkylene group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. For example, the accelerator may be incorporated into the epoxy component such that the epoxy component comprises a glycidyl amine, preferably an epoxidized product of meta-xylenediamine, an epoxidized product of methylene dianiline, or an epoxidized product of para-amino phenol.

In some embodiments, the accelerator comprises calcium triflate, calcium nitrate, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, tris-(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol, organometallic catalysts such as tin compounds, bismuth compounds, zinc compounds, and zirconium compounds, and/or combinations of any of the preceding materials. Optionally, a bismuth carboxylate may be a suitable accelerator, for instance bismuth neodecanoate and/or bismuth ethylhexanoate. In select embodiments, the polymeric material is free of accelerators that contain tin.

In some embodiments, the epoxy component, the accelerator, or both are not present at the time of the polymerization of the polymerizable composition containing the components of (a) a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself, (b) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group, and, if present, (c) a second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group. In such embodiments, components (a), (b), and, if present, (c), are reacted, and then the epoxy component and/or the accelerator is combined with the reaction product of components (a), (b), and, if present, (c).

In alternate embodiments, the epoxy component, the accelerator, or both are present at the time of reaction of components (a), (b), and, if present, (c). In such embodiments, it is preferred that most or all the epoxy component and the accelerator do not participate in the polymerization of the polymerizable components including components (a), (b), and, if present, (c), but rather remains available for later reaction (e.g., with a curative). Stated another way, in certain embodiments at least one of component (d) or component (e) is present at the time of reaction of components (a), (b), and, if present, (c).

In some embodiments, component (d) is present at the time of reaction of components (a), (b), and, if present, (c) and component (e) is not present at the time of reaction of components (a), (b), and, if present, (c). In other embodiments, component (e) is present at the time of reaction of components (a), (b), and, if present, (c) and component (d) is not present at the time of reaction of components (a), (b), and, if present, (c).

The polymeric material may further comprise one or more additives, e.g., plasticizers, non-reactive diluents, toughening agents, fillers, flow control agents, colorants (e.g., pigments and dyes), adhesion promoters, UV stabilizers, flexibilizers, fire retardants, antistatic materials, thermally and/or electrically conductive particles, and expanding agents including, for example, chemical blowing agents such as azodicarbonamide or expandable polymeric microspheres containing a hydrocarbon liquid, such as those sold under the tradename EXPANCEL by Expancel Inc. (Duluth, Ga.).

Suitable non-reactive diluents can include benzoate esters, for instance and without limitation ethyl benzoate, ethylhexyl benzoate, ethylhexyl hydroxystearate benzoate, C12-C15 alkyl benzoates, and dipropylene glycol dibenzoate. A commercially available non-reactive diluent includes the material available under the tradename BENZOFLEX 131 from Eastman Chemical (Kingsport, Tenn.). Additionally, organic and/or inorganic acids can be utilized as retarders to delay the cure or extend the pot-life of the material. For example, suitable acids can include carboxylic acids.

A plasticizer is often added to a polymeric material to make the polymeric material more flexible, softer, and more workable (e.g., easier to process). More specifically, the mixture resulting from the addition of the plasticizer to the polymeric material typically has a lower glass transition temperature compared to the polymeric material alone. The glass transition temperature of a polymeric material can be lowered, for example, by at least 30 degrees Celsius, at least 40 degrees Celsius, at least 50 degrees Celsius, at least 60 degrees Celsius, or at least 70 degrees Celsius by the addition of one or more plasticizers. The temperature change (i.e., decrease) tends to correlate with the amount of plasticizer added to the polymeric material. It is the lowering of the glass transition temperature that usually leads to the increased flexibility, increased elongation, and increased workability. Some example plasticizers include various phthalate esters such as diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diisoheptyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, dinonyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, and benzylbutyl phthalate; various adipate esters such as di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, diisononyl adipate, and diisodecyl adipate; various phosphate esters such as tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphate, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, trioctylphosphate, and tricresyl phosphate; various trimellitate esters such as tris-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate and trioctyl trimellitate; various sebacate and azelate esters; and various sulfonate esters. Other example plasticizers include polyester plasticizers that can be formed by a condensation reaction of propanediols or butanediols with adipic acid. Commercially available plasticizers include those available under the tradename JAYFLEX DINA available from ExxonMobil Chemical (Houston, Tex.) and PLASTOMOLL (e.g., diisononyl adipate) from BASF (Florham Park, N.J.).

Another optional additive is a toughening agent. Toughening agents can be added to provide the desired overlap shear, peel resistance, and impact strength. Useful toughening agents are polymeric materials that may react with the epoxy resin and that may be cross-linked. Suitable toughening agents include polymeric compounds having both a rubbery phase and a thermoplastic phase or compounds which are capable of forming, with the epoxide resin, both a rubbery phase and a thermoplastic phase on curing. Polymers useful as toughening agents are preferably selected to inhibit cracking of the cured epoxy composition.

Some polymeric toughening agents that have both a rubbery phase and a thermoplastic phase are acrylic core-shell polymers wherein the core is an acrylic copolymer having a glass transition temperature below 0° C. Such core polymers may include polybutyl acrylate, polyisooctyl acrylate, polybutadiene-polystyrene in a shell comprised of an acrylic polymer having a glass transition temperature above 25° C., such as polymethylmethacrylate. Commercially available core-shell polymers include those available as a dry powder under the tradenames ACRYLOID KM 323, ACRYLOID KM 330, and PARALOID BTA 731, from Dow Chemical Co., and KANE ACE B-564 from Kaneka Corporation (Osaka, Japan). These core-shell polymers may also be available as a predispersed blend with a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A at, for example, a ratio of 12 to 37 parts by weight of the core-shell polymer and are available under the tradenames KANE ACE (e.g., KANE ACE MX 157, KANE ACE MX 257, and KANE ACE MX 125) from Kaneka Corporation (Japan).

Another class of polymeric toughening agents that are capable of forming, with the epoxy component, a rubbery phase on curing, are carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile compounds. Commercially available carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile compounds include those available under the tradenames HYCAR (e.g., HYCAR 1300X8, HYCAR 1300X13, and HYCAR 1300X17) from Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. (Cleveland, Ohio) and under the tradename PARALOID (e.g., PARALOID EXL-2650) from Dow Chemical (Midland, Mich.).

Other polymeric toughening agents are graft polymers, which have both a rubbery phase and a thermoplastic phase, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,496,250 (Czerwinski). These graft polymers have a rubbery backbone having grafted thereto thermoplastic polymer segments. Examples of such graft polymers include, for example, (meth)acrylate-butadiene-styrene, and acrylonitrile/butadiene-styrene polymers. The rubbery backbone is preferably prepared so as to constitute from 95 wt. % to 40 wt. % of the total graft polymer, so that the polymerized thermoplastic portion constitutes from 5 wt. % to 60 wt. % of the graft polymer.

Still other polymeric toughening agents are polyether sulfones such as those commercially available from BASF (Florham Park, N.J.) under the tradename ULTRASON (e.g., ULTRASON E 2020 P SR MICRO).

Further optional additives include a flow control agent or thickener, to provide the desired rheological characteristics to the polymeric material. Suitable flow control agents include fumed silica, such as treated fumed silica, available under the tradename CAB-O-SIL TS 720, and untreated fumed silica available under the tradename CAB-O-SIL M5, from Cabot Corp. (Alpharetta, Ga.).

In some embodiments, the polymeric material optimally contains adhesion promoters other than the silane adhesion promoter to enhance the bond to the substrate. The specific type of adhesion promoter may vary depending upon the composition of the surface to which it will be adhered. Adhesion promoters that have been found to be particularly useful for surfaces coated with ionic type lubricants used to facilitate the drawing of metal stock during processing include, for example, dihydric phenolic compounds such as catechol and thiodiphenol.

The polymeric material optionally may also contain one or more fillers (e.g., aluminum powder, carbon black, glass bubbles, talc, clay, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, titanium dioxide, silica such as fused silica, silicates, glass beads, and mica). Particulate fillers can be in the form of flakes, rods, spheres, and the like.

The amount and type of such additives may be selected by one skilled in the art, depending on the intended end use of the composition.

In certain embodiments, the polymeric material is used in an application where it is disposed between two substrates, wherein solvent removal (e.g., evaporation) is restricted, especially when one or more of the substrates comprises a moisture impermeable material (e.g., steel or glass). In such cases, the polymeric material comprises a solids content of 90% or greater, 92% or greater, 94% or greater, 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 98% or greater, or 99% or greater. Likewise, in such embodiments where solvent removal is restricted, the first part, the second part, or both parts of a two-part composition according to the present disclosure comprises a solids content of 90% or greater, 92% or greater, 94% or greater, 95% or greater, 96% or greater, 98% or greater, or 99% or greater. Components that are considered “solids” include, for instance and without limitation, polymers, oligomers, monomers, hydroxyl-containing compounds, and additives such as plasticizers, catalysts, non-reactive diluents, and fillers. Typically, only solvents do not fall within the definition of solids, for instance water or organic solvents.

For convenient handleability, the polymeric material typically comprises a dynamic viscosity of 10 Poise (P) or greater as determined using a Brookfield viscometer, 50 P or greater, 100 P or greater, 150 P or greater, 250 P or greater, 500 P or greater, 1,000 P or greater, 1,500 P or greater, 2,000 P or greater, 2,500 P or greater, or even 3,000 P or greater; and 10,000 P or less, 9,000 P or less, 8,000 P or less, 7,000 P or less, 6,000 P or less, 5,000 P or less, or even 4,000 P or less, as determined using a Brookfield viscometer. Stated another way, the polymeric material may exhibit a dynamic viscosity of 10 Poise (P) to 10,000 P, inclusive, 10 P to 6,000 P, or 10 P to 4,000 P, inclusive, as determined using a Brookfield viscometer. Conditions for the dynamic viscosity test include use of a LV4 spindle at a speed of 0.3 or 0.6 revolutions per minute (RPM) at 24 degrees Celsius.

The polymerizable compositions are often in the form of a two-part composition. Hence, in a second aspect, a two-part composition is provided. The two-part composition includes (a) a first part including a polymeric material and (b) a second part including at least one thiol-containing compound, the at least one thiol-containing compound having an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8. The thiol-containing compound acts as a curative. The polymeric material includes a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition including components. The components include (a) a uretdione-containing material including a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself; (b) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group; (c) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group; (d) an epoxy component; and (e) an accelerator. The optional second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol. Stated another way, the two-part composition includes:

(a) a first part comprising a polymeric material comprising:

• • a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition comprising components, the components comprising:
  • (i) a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself;
  • (ii) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group;
  • (iii) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol; and
  • (iv) an epoxy component
  • wherein the polymeric material comprises a solids content of 90% or greater; and
  • (b) a second part comprising at least one thiol-containing compound, the at least one thiol-containing compound having an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8.

In certain embodiments, the at least one thiol-containing compound has an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 2.0, at least 2.1, at least 2.2, at least 2.3, at least 2.4, at least 2.5, at least 2.6, at least 2.7, or at least 2.8; and an average sulfhydryl group functionality of 5.0 or less, 4.8 or less, 4.6 or less, 4.4 or less, 4.2 or less, 4.0 or less, 3.8 or less, 3.6 or less, or 3.5 or less.

Typically, at least one accelerator (e.g., catalyst) is present in the first part, in the second part, or in each of the first part and the second part. Suitable accelerators are described in detail above with respect to the first part. One or more of these accelerators can be useful in increasing the speed of reaction or catalyzing a reaction of components of the first part with the second part.

Two-part compositions according to the present disclosure use the basic chemical reaction from Scheme 3 below, i.e., a polymeric material comprising a uretdione-containing material and an epoxy component in one part of the system and a thiol-containing compound in the other part of the system. When the thiol-containing compound is mixed with the uretdione-containing material and epoxy component, the thiol groups open the uretdione to form a thioallophanate and open the epoxy ring. This produces an isocyanate-free coating or adhesive system according to Scheme 3:

The accelerator typically accelerates ring-opening addition of the at least one thiol-containing compound to the at least one uretdione-containing material when at least a portion of the first part is combined with at least a portion of the second part. Surprisingly, the reaction of thiol with epoxy and uretdione occur at similar rates forming a singular network. As such, the properties of the system trend from urethane-like to epoxy-like with increasing epoxy content.

Preferably, the uretdione-containing material has an average isocyanate functionality of less than 0.01.

In select embodiments, the at least one accelerator comprises a basic salt having the formula

M⁺_xz^b−_y

wherein

• • M⁺ is a cation having a single positive charge;
  • Z^b− is an oxide anion having a negative charge b⁻, wherein b is 1 or 2; and
  • x and y are positive integers, wherein x equals y times b.

Exemplary cations M⁺ include alkali metal (e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium, or cesium) cations quaternary ammonium (e.g., tetrabutylammonium, tetramethylammonium, or triethylphenylammonium) cations, quaternary phosphonium (e.g., tetrabutylphosphonium or trimethylphenylphosphonium) cations. If M⁺ comprises an organic onium compound, it preferably contains less than or equal to 48 carbon atoms, more preferably less than or equal to 24 carbon atoms, and more preferably less than or equal to 16 carbon atoms.

Exemplary Z^b− oxide anions include hydroxide (b=1), alkoxide (e.g., methoxide, ethoxide, isopropoxide, t-butoxide) anions (b=1), carboxylate (e.g., formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate) anions (b=1), bicarbonate (b=1), carbonate (b=2), oxalate (b=2), oxide (i.e., O) anions (b=2). As used herein, the term “oxide anion” refers to an oxygen-localized anion that forms a basic solution if added to deionized water in sufficient quantity.

In some preferred embodiments, the at least accelerator is free of substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, amidine, and/or triazole groups.

The polymerized reaction product (of the polymeric material) also needs to have enough of a uretdione group functionality per molecule of polymerized reaction product to allow for curing of a two-part composition into an effective polymer network when reacted with a thiol. Typically, the polymerized reaction product comprises an average of 1.3 to 6.0 inclusive, of a uretdione functional group in a backbone of the polymerized reaction product. It is usually advantageous for the first part (e.g., the polymeric material) to be flowable, (e.g., to allow for mixing with the second part) and to readily wet the surface of either a substrate to be coated or two substrates to be adhered. To provide a uretdione-containing polymeric material that has a relatively low viscosity at a high solids content, the composition of the polymerized reaction product should have minimal crystallinity, which can be achieved through the inclusion of the reactive diluent epoxy component. In published reports, uretdione-containing materials used in solvent-borne coatings have had a molecular weight that is too high be practical in the adhesive systems having 90% or greater solids content without also including an epoxy component. Further, it has been found that the amount of diol in a first part of a two-part composition can be included in a range of about 0.2 to 0.65 equivalents relative to the isocyanate equivalents to achieve a suitable viscosity and a sum of the OH equivalents of the first hydroxyl-containing compound and the optional second hydroxyl-containing compound is equal to or greater than the isocyanate equivalents of the polymerized reaction product.

Useful thiol-containing compounds are organic compounds having at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, or even at least 6 thiol groups. Suitable thiol-containing compounds having a single —SH group may include, for example, ethanethiol, 1-propanethiol, 1-butanethiol, 6-mercapto-1-hexanol, 3-mercapto-l-hexanol, 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-ol, 3-mercaptobutyl acetate, 8-mercapto-l-octanol, 9-mercapto-1-nonanol, 1-nonanethiol, 1-decanethiol, and 3-mercaptohexyl hexanoate. In some embodiments, the thiol-containing compound includes a primary thiol, a secondary thiol, or both.

Combinations of thiol-containing compounds may be used. The average thiol functionality of the at least one thiol-containing compound is at least 2. Preferably, the average thiol functionality of the at least one thiol-containing compound is from 2 to 7, more preferably 2 to 5, more preferably 2.5 to 4.5, and more preferably 3.7 to 4.3. Preferred combinations include miscible mixtures, although this is not a requirement.

Many thiol-containing compounds having one thiol group are useful in practice of the method according to the present disclosure.

Many thiol-containing compounds having at least two thiol groups (i.e., polythiols) are useful in practice of the method according to the present disclosure. In some embodiments, polythiol may be an alkylene, arylene, alkylarylene, arylalkylene, or alkylenearylalkylene having at least two mercaptan groups, wherein any of the alkylene, alkylarylene, arylalkylene, or alkylenearylalkylene are optionally interrupted by one or more oxa (i.e., —O—), thia (i.e., —S—), or imino groups (i.e., —NR²⁴— wherein R²⁴ is a hydrocarbyl group or H), and optionally substituted by alkoxy or hydroxyl.

Examples of useful dithiols include 1,2-ethanedithiol, 1,2-propanedithiol, 1,3-propanedithiol, 1,3-butanedithiol, 1,4-butanedithiol, 2,3-butanedithiol, 1,3-pentanedithiol, 1,5-pentanedithiol, 1,6-hexanedithiol, 1,3-dimercapto-3-methylbutane, dipentenedimercaptan, ethylcyclohexyldithiol (ECHDT), dimercaptodiethyl sulfide, methyl-substituted dimercaptodiethyl sulfide, dimethyl-substituted dimercaptodiethyl sulfide, dimercaptodioxaoctane, 1,5-dimercapto-3-oxapentane, benzene-1,2-dithiol, benzene-1,3-dithiol, benzene-1,4-dithiol, and tolylene-2,4-dithiol. Examples of polythiols having more than two mercaptan groups include propane-1,2,3-trithiol; 1,2-bis1(2-mercaptoethypthio1-3-mercaptopropane; tetrakis(7-mercapto-2,5-dithiaheptyl)methane; and trithiocyanuric acid.

Also useful are polythiols formed from the esterification of polyols with thiol-containing carboxylic acids or their derivatives. Examples of polythiols formed from the esterification of polyols with thiol-containing carboxylic acids or their derivatives include those made from the esterification reaction between thioglycolic acid or 3-mercaptopropionic acid and several polyols to form the mercaptoacetates or mercaptopropionates, respectively.

Examples of polythiol compounds preferred because of relatively low odor level include, but are not limited to, esters of thioglycolic acid, a-mercaptopropionic acid, and β-mercaptopropionic acid with polyhydroxy compounds (polyols) such as diols (e.g., glycols), triols, tetraols, pentaols, and hexaols. Specific examples of such polythiols include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol bis(thioglycolate), ethylene glycol bis(β-mercaptopropionate), trimethylolpropane tris(thioglycolate), trimethylolpropane tris(β-mercaptopropionate) and ethoxylated versions, pentaerythritol tetrakis(thioglycolate), pentaerythritol tetrakis(β-mercaptopropionate), and tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate tris(β-mercaptopropionate). However, in those applications where concerns about possible hydrolysis of the ester exists, these polyols are typically less desirable.

Suitable polythiols also include those commercially available as THIOCURE PETMP (pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate)), TMPMP (trimethylolpropane tri(3-mercaptopropionate)), ETTMP (ethoxylated trimethylolpropane tri(3-mercaptopropionate) such as ETTMP 1300 and ETTMP 700), GDMP glycol di(3-mercaptopropionate), TMPMA (trimethylolpropane tri(mercaptoacetate)), TEMPIC (tris[2-(3-mercaptopropionyloxy)ethyl] isocyanurate), and PPGMP (propylene glycol 3-mercaptopropionate) from Bruno Bock Chemische Fabrik GmbH & Co. KG. A specific example of a polymeric polythiol is polypropylene-ether glycol bis((3-mercaptopropionate), which is prepared from polypropylene-ether glycol (e.g., PLURACOL P201, Wyandotte Chemical Corp.) and 0-mercaptopropionic acid by esterification. Suitable polythiols that contain secondary thiols also include those commercially available as KARENZMT PE1 (Pentaerythritol tetrakis (3-mercaptobutylate)) available from Showa Denko, Tokyo, Japan.

Suitable polythiols also include those prepared from esterification of polyols with thiol-containing carboxylic acids or their derivatives, those prepared from a ring-opening reaction of epoxides with H₂S (or its equivalent), those prepared from the addition of H₂S (or its equivalent) across carbon-carbon double bonds, polysulfides, polythioethers, and polydiorganosiloxanes. Specifically, these include the 3-mercaptopropionates (also referred to as β-mercaptopropionates) of ethylene glycol and trimethylolpropane (the former from Chemische Fabrik GmbH & Co. KG, the latter from Sigma-Aldrich); POLYMERCAPTAN 805C (mercaptanized castor oil); POLYMERCAPTAN 407 (mercaptohydroxy soybean oil) from Chevron Phillips Chemical Co. LLP, and CAPCURE, specifically CAPCURE 3-800 (a polyoxyalkylenetriol with mercapto end groups of the structure R²⁵[O(C₃H₆O)_nCH₂CH(OH)CH₂SH]₃ wherein R²⁵ represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1-12 carbon atoms and n is an integer from 1 to 25), from Gabriel Performance Products, Ashtabula, Ohio, and GPM-800, which is equivalent to CAPCURE 3-800, also from Gabriel Performance Products.

Examples of oligomeric or polymeric polythioethers useful for practicing the present disclosure are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,366,307 (Singh et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,762 (Morris et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,472 (Cameron et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,319 (Zook et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,959,071 (DeMoss et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,179 (Zook et al.), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,509,418 (Zook et al.).

In some embodiments, the polythiol in the method according to the present disclosure is oligomeric or polymeric. Examples of useful oligomeric or polymeric polythiols include polythioethers and polysulfides. Polythioethers include thioether linkages (i.e., —S—) in their backbone structures. Polysulfides include disulfide linkages (i.e., —S—S—) in their backbone structures.

Polythioethers can be prepared, for example, by reacting dithiols with dienes, diynes, divinyl ethers, diallyl ethers, ene-ynes, alkynes, or combinations of these under free-radical conditions. Useful dithiols include any of the dithiols listed above. Examples of suitable divinyl ethers include divinyl ether, ethylene glycol divinyl ether, butanediol divinyl ether, hexanediol divinyl ether, diethylene glycol divinyl ether, triethylene glycol divinyl ether, tetraethylene glycol divinyl ether, cyclohexanedimethanol divinyl ether, polytetrahydrofuryl divinyl ether, and combinations of any of these. Useful divinyl ethers of formula CH₂=CHO(R²⁶O)_mCH═CH₂, in which m is a number from 0 to 10, R²⁶ is C₂ to C₆ branched alkylene. Such compounds can be prepared by reacting a polyhydroxy compound with acetylene. Examples of compounds of this type include compounds in which R²⁶ is an alkyl-substituted methylene group such as —CH(CH₃)— (e.g., those obtained from BASF, Florham Park, N.J., as “PLURIOL”, for which R²⁶ is ethylene and m is 3.8) or an alkyl-substituted ethylene (e.g., —CH₂CH(CH₃)— such as those obtained from International Specialty Products of Wayne, N.J., as “DPE” (e.g., DPE-2 and DPE-3). Examples of other suitable dienes, diynes, and diallyl ethers include 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1,6-heptadiyne, 1,7-octadiyne, and diallyl phthalate. Small amounts of trifunctional compounds (e.g., triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trione, 2,4,6-triallyloxy-1,3,5-triazine) may also be useful in the preparation of oligomers.

Examples of oligomeric or polymeric polythioethers useful for practicing the present disclosure are described, for example, in U. S. Pat. No. 4,366,307 (Singh et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,762 (Morris et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,472 (Cameron et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,319 (Zook et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,959,071 (DeMoss et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,179 (Zook et al.), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,509,418 (Zook et al.). In some embodiments, the polythioether is represented by formula HSR²⁷[S(CH₂)₂O[R²⁸O]_m(CH₂)₂SR²⁷]_nSH, wherein each R²⁷ and R²⁸ is independently a C_2-6 alkylene, wherein alkylene may be straight-chain or branched, C_6-8 cycloalkylene, C_6-10 alkylcycloalkylene, —[(CH₂)_pX]_q(CH₂)_r in which at least one —CH₂— is optionally substituted with a methyl group, X is one selected from the group consisting of O, S and —NR²⁹—, where R²⁹ denotes hydrogen or methyl, m is a number from 0 to 10, n is a number from 1 to 60, p is an integer from 2 to 6, q is an integer from 1 to 5, and r is an integer from 2 to 10. Polythioethers with more than two mercaptan groups may also be useful.

Polythioethers can also be prepared, for example, by reacting dithiols with diepoxides, which may be carried out by stirring at room temperature, optionally in the presence of a tertiary amine catalyst (e.g., 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO)). Useful dithiols include any of those described above. Useful epoxides can be any of those having two epoxide groups. In some embodiments, the diepoxide is a bisphenol diglycidyl ether, wherein the bisphenol (i.e., —OC₆H₅CH₂C₆H₅O—) may be unsubstituted (e.g., bisphenol F), or either of the phenyl rings or the methylene group may be substituted by halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo), methyl, trifluoromethyl, or hydroxymethyl. Polythioethers prepared from dithiols and diepoxides have pendent hydroxyl groups and can have structural repeating units represented by formula —SR²⁷SCH₂CH(OH)CH₂OC₆H₅CH₂C₆H₅OCH₂CH(OH)CH₂SR²⁷S—, wherein R²⁷ is as defined above, and the bisphenol (i.e., —OC₆H₅CH₂C₆H₅O—) may be unsubstituted (e.g., bisphenol F), or either of the phenyl rings or the methylene group may be substituted by halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo), methyl, trifluoromethyl, or hydroxymethyl. Mercaptan terminated polythioethers of this type can also be reacted with any of the dienes, diynes, divinyl ethers, and diallyl ethers.

Other useful polythiols can be formed from the addition of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) (or its equivalent) across carbon-carbon double bonds. For example, dipentene and triglycerides which have been reacted with H₂S (or its equivalent). Specific examples include dipentene dimercaptan and those polythiols available as POLYMERCAPTAN 358 (mercaptanized soybean oil) and POLYMERCAPTAN 805C (mercaptanized castor oil) from Chevron Phillips Chemical Co. LLP. At least for some applications, the preferred polythiols are POLYMERCAPTAN 358 and 805C since they are produced from largely renewable materials, i.e., the triglycerides, soybean oil and castor oil, and have relatively low odor in comparison to many thiols. Useful triglycerides have at least 2 sites of unsaturation, i.e., carbon-carbon double bonds, per molecule on average, and sufficient sites are converted to result in at least 2 thiols per molecule on average. In the case of soybean oil, this requires a conversion of approximately 42 percent or greater of the carbon-carbon double bonds, and in the case of castor oil this requires a conversion of approximately 66 percent or greater of the carbon-carbon double bonds. Typically, higher conversion is preferred, and POLYMERCAPTAN 358 and 805C can be obtained with conversions greater than approximately 60 percent and 95 percent, respectively. Useful polythiols of this type also include those derived from the reaction of H₂5 (or its equivalent) with the glycidyl ethers of bisphenol A epoxy resins, bisphenol F epoxy resins, and novolak epoxy resins. A preferred polythiol of this type is QX11, derived from bisphenol A epoxy resin, from Japan Epoxy Resins (JER) as EPOMATE. Other polythiols suitable include those available as EPOMATE QX10 and EPOMATE QX20 from JER.

Still other useful polythiols are polysulfides that contain thiol groups such as those available as THIOKOL LP-2, LP-3, LP-12, LP-31, LP-32, LP-33, LP-977, and LP-980 from Toray

Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd., and polythioether oligomers and polymers such as those described in PCT Publ. No. WO 2016130673 A1 (DeMoss et al.).

The relative amounts of uretdione-containing material, epoxy component, and thiol-containing compound can be described with respect to the equivalents of uretdione, epoxy, and thiol functional groups contained in the materials. In some embodiments, a number of equivalents of uretdione and epoxy is less than 250% of a number of thiol equivalents, 230% or less, 220% or less, 210% or less, 200% or less, 180% or less, 160% or less, 150% or less, or 125% or less of a number of thiol equivalents; and a number of equivalents of uretdione and epoxy is greater than 35% of a number of thiol equivalents, greater than 40%, greater than 45%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, or a number of equivalents of uretdione and epoxy is greater than 75% of a number of thiol equivalents. The number of equivalents of uretdione in the polymerized reaction product can be calculated using the method described in detail in the Examples below.

It has been discovered that it is possible to provide two-part compositions (according to at least certain embodiments of the present disclosure) that are 90% or greater solids and exhibit each of 1) good flowability; 2) acceptable extent of cure; and 3) curing in a relatively short amount of time. Adhesive two-part compositions can further exhibit 4) acceptable adhesion strength following curing. In certain embodiments, the first part and the second part are each flowable at 20° C.

The uretdione-containing material is typically kept separate from the curing agent prior to use of the polymerizable composition. That is, the uretdione-containing material is typically in a first part and the thiol curing agent is typically in a second part of the polymerizable composition. The first part can include other components that do not react with the uretdione-containing material (or that react with only a portion of the uretdione-containing material). Likewise, the second part can include other components that do not react with the thiol curing agent or that react with only a portion of the thiol curing agent. When the first part and the second part are mixed together, the various components react to form the reaction product, for instance as shown below in the general reaction Scheme 4, in which the optional second hydroxyl group is present:

In a third aspect, a polymerized product is provided. The polymerized product is the polymerized product of any of the two-part compositions according to the second aspect described above. The polymerized product typically coats at least a portion of a substrate, and up to the entire surface of a substrate depending on the application. When the polymerized product acts as an adhesive, often the polymerized product is disposed between two substrates (e.g., adhering the two substrates together). Advantageously, the polymerized product of at least some embodiments of the disclosure is suitable for use when at least one substrate comprises a moisture impermeable material, due to the high solids content of the polymerizable composition. Hence, in certain embodiments at least one substrate is made of a metal (e.g., steel), a glass, a wood, a ceramic, or a polymeric material. The polymerized product may also be employed with one or more substrates that have moisture permeability, for instance but without limitation, woven materials, nonwoven materials, paper, foams, membranes, and polymeric films.

In a fourth aspect, a method of adhering two substrates is provided. Referring to FIG. 1, the method includes obtaining a two-part composition 110; combining at least a portion of the first part with at least a portion of the second part to form a mixture 120; disposing at least a portion of the mixture on a first major surface of a first substrate 130; and contacting a first major surface of a second substrate with the mixture disposed on the first substrate 140. The two-part composition includes (i) a first part including a polymeric material and (ii) a second part including at least one thiol-containing compound. The at least one thiol-containing compound has an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8. The polymeric material includes a reaction product of a polymerizable composition including components. The components include (1) a uretdione-containing material including a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself; (2) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group; (3) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol; (4) an epoxy component; and (5) an accelerator. The polymeric material has a solids content of 90% or greater.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the method optionally further comprises securing the first substrate to the second substrate (e.g., with one or more mechanical clamps, under a weighted object, etc.) and allowing the mixture to cure to form an adhesive adhering the first substrate and the second substrate together 150. The method optionally further comprises allowing the mixture to cure for at least 4 hours at ambient temperature to form an adhesive adhering the first substrate and the second substrate together 160. In contrast to some other available two-part compositions that are recommended to be allowed to cure for at least 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, or 12 hours (or at least 1 day, at least 2 days, at least 4 days, or at least 1 week), the present disclosure provides two-part compositions that are allowed to cure for 3 hours or more, 4 hours or more, 6 hours or more, 8 hours or more, or 10 hours or more; and up to 24 hours, up to 20 hours, up to 18 hours, up to 16 hours, up to 14 hours, or up to 12 hours. In some embodiments, the mixture of the first part and the second part is allowed to cure for 3 to 24 hours or 4 to 20 hours.

Stated another way, a method of adhering two substrates together comprises:

• • (a) obtaining a two-part composition, the two-part composition comprising:
    • (i) a first part comprising:
      • a polymeric material comprising a reaction product of a polymerizable composition comprising components, the components comprising:
      • (1) a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself;
      • (2) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group;
      • (3) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol; and
      • (4) an epoxy component;
  • wherein the polymeric material comprises a solids content of 90% or greater; and
    • (ii) a second part comprising at least one thiol-containing compound, the at least one thiol-containing compound having an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8;
  • (b) combining at least a portion of the first part with at least a portion of the second part to form a mixture;
  • (c) disposing at least a portion of the mixture on a first major surface of a first substrate; and
  • (d) contacting a first major surface of a second substrate with the mixture disposed on the first substrate.

Typically, at least one accelerator (e.g., catalyst) is present in the first part, in the second part, or in each of the first part and the second part. Suitable accelerators are described in detail above with respect to the first part. One or more of these accelerators can be useful in increasing the speed of reaction or catalyzing a reaction of components of the first part with the second part.

Depending on the particular application, an amount of each of the first part and the second part obtained will vary; in certain embodiments, an excess of one or both of the first part and the second part is obtained and hence only a portion of one or both of the first part and the second part, respectively, will be combined to form a mixture. In other embodiments, however, a suitable amount of each of the first part and the second part for adhering the first and second substrates together is obtained and essentially all of the first part and the second part is combined to form the mixture. In certain embodiments, combining a (e.g., predetermined) amount of the first part with a (e.g., predetermined) amount of the second part is performed separately from the first and second substrates, while in other embodiments the combining is performed (e.g., directly) on the first major surface of a substrate.

The mixture is typically applied to (e.g., disposed on) the surface of the substrate using conventional techniques such as, for example, dispensing, bar coating, roll coating, curtain coating, rotogravure coating, knife coating, spray coating, spin coating, or dip coating techniques. Coating techniques such as bar coating, roll coating, and knife coating are often used to control the thickness of a layer of the mixture. In certain embodiments, the disposing comprises spreading the mixture on the first major surface of the first substrate, for instance when the mixture is dispensed (e.g., with a nozzle, etc.) on the surface of the substrate such that the mixture does not cover the entirety of a desired area.

Referring to FIG. 2, a schematic cross-section of an article 200 is illustrated. The article 200 comprises a mixture 212 (e.g., an adhesive) disposed on a first major surface 211 of a first substrate 210. The article 200 further comprises a first major surface 213 of a second substrate 214 in contact with (e.g., adhered to) the mixture 212 disposed on the first substrate 210.

Advantageously, the two-part compositions according to at least certain embodiments of the present disclosure are capable of providing at least a minimum adhesion of two substrates together. Following cure, the adhesive preferably exhibits a minimum overlap shear on aluminum of 0.3 megaPascals (MPa), 1 MPa, 5 MPa, 10 MPa, 25 MPa, or 50 MPa. A suitable test for determining the minimum overlap shear is described in the Examples below.

In a fifth aspect, a method of making a two-part composition is provided. The method includes providing a first part by forming a polymeric material including a reaction product of a polymerizable composition; and providing a second part including at least one thiol-containing compound. The thiol-containing compound having an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8. The polymeric material includes a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition including components. The components include (i) a uretdione-containing material including a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself; (ii) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group; (iii) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol; and (iv) an epoxy component. The polymeric material has a solids content of 90% or greater.

Stated another way, a method of making a two-part composition comprises:

• • (a) providing a two-part composition, the two-part composition comprising:
    • (i) a first part comprising:
      • a polymeric material comprising a reaction product of a polymerizable composition comprising components, the components comprising:
        • (1) a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself;
        • (2) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group;
        • (3) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol; and
        • (4) an epoxy component;
  • wherein the polymeric material comprises a solids content of 90% or greater; and
  • (b) providing a second part comprising at least one thiol-containing compound, the at least one thiol-containing compound having an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8.

The components of the first part are as described above with respect to the first aspect and the thiol-containing compound of the second part is as described above with respect to the fourth aspect. Typically, at least one accelerator (e.g., catalyst) is present in the first part, in the second part, or in each of the first part and the second part. Suitable accelerators are described in detail above with respect to the first part.

Select Embodiments of the Disclosure

Embodiment 1 is a polymeric material comprising:

a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition comprising components, the components comprising:

• • (a) a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself;
  • (b) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group;
  • (c) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol;
  • (d) an epoxy component; and
  • (e) an accelerator;
  • wherein the polymeric material comprises a solids content of 90% or greater.

Embodiment 2 is the polymeric material of embodiment 1, wherein components (a), (b), and, if present, (c), are reacted, and then at least one of component (d) or component (e) is combined with the reaction product of components (a), (b), and, if present, (c).

Embodiment 3 is the polymeric material of embodiment 1, wherein at least one of component (d) or component (e) is present at the time of reaction of components (a), (b), and, if present, (c).

Embodiment 4 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is present and is an alkyl alcohol, a polyester alcohol, or a polyether alcohol.

Embodiment 5 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the first hydroxyl-containing compound is an alkylene polyol, a polyester polyol, or a polyether polyol.

Embodiment 6 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the uretdione-containing material comprises a compound of Formula I:

wherein R₁ is independently a C₄ to C₁₄ alkylene, arylene, and alkaralyene.

Embodiment 7 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is present and is of Formula VII:

R₁₃—OH   VII;

wherein R₁₃ is selected from R₁₄, R₁₅, and a C₁ to C₅₀ alkyl;

wherein R₁₄ is of Formula VIII:

wherein m=1 to 20, R₁₆ is an alkyl, and R₁₇ is an alkylene;

wherein R₁₅ is of Formula IX:

wherein n=1 to 20, R₁₈ is an alkyl, and R₁₉ is an alkylene.

Embodiment 8 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the first hydroxyl-containing compound is of Formula II:

HO—R₂—OH

wherein R₂ is selected from R₃, an alkylene, and an alkylene substituted with an OH group, wherein R₃ is of Formula III or Formula IV:

wherein each of R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ is independently an alkylene, wherein each of v and y is independently 1 to 40, and wherein x is selected from 0 to 40.

Embodiment 9 is the polymeric material of embodiment 8, wherein R₂ is selected from a C₁ to C₂₀ alkylene and a C₁ to C₂₀ alkylene substituted with an OH group.

Embodiment 10 is the polymeric material of embodiment 8 or embodiment 9, wherein each of R_4, R_5, R_6, R_7, and R₈ is independently a C₁ to C₂₀ alkylene.

Embodiment 11 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the first hydroxyl-containing compound is of Formula V or Formula VI:

wherein each of R₉ and R₁₁ is independently an alkane-triyl, wherein each of R₁₀ and R₁₂ is independently an alkylene and wherein each of w and z is independently 1 to 20.

Embodiment 12 is the polymeric material of embodiment 11, wherein each of R₁₀ and R₁₂ is independently a C₁ to C₂₀ alkylene.

Embodiment 13 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 12, comprising greater than one uretdione functional group in a backbone of the polymerized reaction product.

Embodiment 14 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 13, comprising an average of 1.3 to 6.0, inclusive, of a uretdione functional group in a backbone of the polymerized reaction product.

Embodiment 15 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 14, comprising an average of 1.5 to 4.0, inclusive, of a uretdione functional group in a backbone of the polymerized reaction product.

Embodiment 16 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 15, comprising a solids content of 94% or greater.

Embodiment 17 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 16, comprising a solids content of 98% or greater.

Embodiment 18 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 17, comprising an average of 0.2 to 18, inclusive, of a carbamate functional group in a backbone of the polymerized reaction product.

Embodiment 19 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the polymeric material is essentially free of isocyanates.

Embodiment 20 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 19, wherein the diisocyanate comprises hexamethylene diisocyanate.

Embodiment 21 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 20, wherein the accelerator comprises a catalyst for reacting the uretdione-containing material with the first hydroxyl-containing compound and, if present, with the second hydroxyl-containing compound.

Embodiment 22 is the polymeric material of embodiment 19, wherein the catalyst comprises a bismuth carboxylate.

Embodiment 23 is the polymeric material of embodiment 22, wherein the bismuth carboxylate is bismuth neodecanoate.

Embodiment 24 is the polymeric material of embodiment 22, wherein the bismuth carboxylate is bismuth ethylhexanoate.

Embodiment 25 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the polymeric material comprises an average of 1.3 or fewer isocyanurate units per molecule of the polymeric material.

Embodiment 26 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 19 or 21 to 25, wherein the diisocyanate comprises a functional group selected from Formula X, Formula XI, and Formula XII:

Embodiment 27 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 26, comprising a dynamic viscosity of 10 Poise (P) to 10,000 P, inclusive, as determined using a Brookfield viscometer.

Embodiment 28 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 27, comprising a dynamic viscosity of 10 P to 6,000 P, inclusive, or 10 P to 4,000 P, inclusive, as determined using a Brookfield viscometer.

Embodiment 29 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 28, further comprising a plasticizer, a non-reactive diluent, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 30 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 29, wherein the epoxy component exhibits a Log octanol water partition coefficient according to the Moriguchi method of less than 27.5, less than 18, less than 10, less than 5, or less than 2.3.

Embodiment 31 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the epoxy component comprises at least one monofunctional epoxy.

Embodiment 32 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 31, wherein the epoxy component comprises at least one multifunctional epoxy.

Embodiment 33 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 32, wherein the epoxy component comprises at least one trifunctional epoxy.

Embodiment 34 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the epoxy component comprises at least one glycidyl ether group.

Embodiment 35 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the epoxy component has a molecular weight of 2,000 grams per mole or less.

Embodiment 36 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 35, wherein the epoxy component exhibits a dynamic viscosity of 100,000 centipoises (cP) or less, 50,000 cP or less, or 20,000 cP or less, as determined using a Brookfield viscometer.

Embodiment 37 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the epoxy component comprises a reaction product of a polyhydric alcohol with epichlorohydrin.

Embodiment 38 is the polymeric material of embodiment 37, wherein the polyhydric alcohol comprises butanediol, polyethylene glycol, or glycerin.

Embodiment 39 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the epoxy component comprises a glycidyl ether ester or a polyglycidyl ester.

Embodiment 40 is the polymeric material of embodiment 39, wherein the glycidyl ether ester is obtained by reacting a hydroxycarboxylic acid with epichlorohydrin, or wherein the polyglycidyl ester is obtained by reacting a polycarboxylic acid with epichlorohydrin.

Embodiment 41 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 40, wherein the epoxy component comprises a polyglycidyl ether of a polyhydric phenol.

Embodiment 42 is the polymeric material of embodiment 41, wherein the polyglycidyl ether of a polyhydric phenol is a polyglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol AD, catechol, or resorcinol.

Embodiment 43 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 42, wherein the epoxy component comprises an epoxidised (poly)olefinic resin, an epoxidised phenolic novolac resin, an epoxidised cresol novolac resin, a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 44 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 38, wherein the epoxy component is present in an amount of 5% to 95% by weight, 10% to 75% by weight, 10% to 30% by weight, or 50% to 80% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerizable composition.

Embodiment 45 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 44, wherein the epoxy component is present in an amount of 45% or more by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerizable composition, and the epoxy component comprises either a polyglycidyl ether of a polyhydric phenol, preferably a polyglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol AD, catechol, or resorcinol, or at least one of an epoxidised (poly)olefinic resin, epoxidised phenolic novolac resin, epoxidised cresol novolac resin, or a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin.

Embodiment 46 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 45, further comprising at least one additive selected from a toughening agent, a filler, a flow control agent, an adhesion promoter, a colorant, a UV stabilizer, a flexibilizer, a fire retardant, an antistatic material, a thermally and/or electrically conductive particle, or an expanding agent.

Embodiment 47 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 46, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is present and is selected from 2-butanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, isobutanol, and 2-butyl-octanol.

Embodiment 48 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 47, wherein the first hydroxyl-containing compound is selected from 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, diethylene glycol, poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol, 2-ethylhexane-1,3-diol, and 1,3-butanediol.

Embodiment 49 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 10 or 13 to 48, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is present and is of Formula VII and the first hydroxyl-containing compound is of Formula II, wherein R₂ of the compound of Formula II is of Formula III, and wherein R₁₃ of the compound of Formula VII is a branched C₄ to C₂₀ alkyl.

Embodiment 50 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 49, wherein a sum of the OH equivalents of the first hydroxyl-containing compound and the second hydroxyl-containing compound is equal to or greater than the isocyanate equivalents of the polymeric material.

Embodiment 51 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 50, wherein the first hydroxyl-containing compound is a diol and the reaction product comprises 0.2 to 0.65, inclusive, of diol equivalents relative to isocyanate equivalents.

Embodiment 52 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 51, wherein the first hydroxyl-containing compound is a diol and the reaction product comprises 0.25 to 0.61, inclusive, of diol equivalents relative to isocyanate equivalents.

Embodiment 53 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 52, wherein the first hydroxyl-containing compound comprises a branched diol.

Embodiment 54 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 52, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is present and comprises a branched alcohol.

Embodiment 55 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 54, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is present and comprises a secondary alcohol.

Embodiment 56 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 3, 5, 6, 8 to 46, 48, or 50 to 53, wherein the polymerized reaction product comprises an average of 1.3 to 5.0, inclusive, of a uretdione functional group in a backbone of the polymerized reaction product and wherein the polymerizable composition is free of the second hydroxyl-containing compound.

Embodiment 57 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 56, wherein the accelerator comprises an amine curative.

Embodiment 58 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 57, wherein the accelerator comprises a nonacidic amine curative comprising pyridine, a substituted pyridine having 5 to 23 carbon atoms, or an amine having the formula NR²⁰R²¹R²² wherein:

• • R²⁰ represents H or a monovalent organic group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms;
  • R²¹ represents H or a monovalent organic group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms;
  • R²² represents a monovalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms; or
  • R²¹ and R²² taken together represent a divalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, or
  • R²⁰, R²¹, and R²² taken together represent a trivalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms; and

wherein the amine curative does not comprise a substituted or unsubstituted amidine group.

Embodiment 59 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 57, wherein the accelerator is incorporated into the uretdione-containing material such that the uretdione-containing material comprises at least one pendant —CH₂NR²³₂ group, wherein each R²³ independently represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or two R²³ groups taken together form an alkylene group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms.

Embodiment 60 is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 57, wherein the accelerator is incorporated into the epoxy component such that the epoxy component comprises at least one pendant —CH₂NR²³₂ group, wherein each R²³ independently represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or two R²³ groups taken together form an alkylene group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms.

Embodiment 61 is the polymeric material of embodiments 1 to 57, wherein the accelerator is incorporated into the epoxy component such that the epoxy component comprises a glycidyl amine, preferably an epoxidized product of meta-xylenediamine, an epoxidized product of methylene dianiline, or an epoxidized product of para-amino phenol.

Embodiment 62 is a two-part composition comprising:

(1) a first part comprising a polymeric material comprising a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition comprising components, the components comprising:

• • (a) a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself;
  • (b) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group;
  • (c) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol; and
  • (d) an epoxy component;wherein the polymeric material comprises a solids content of 90% or greater; and

(2) a second part comprising at least one thiol-containing compound, the at least one thiol-containing compound having an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8.

Embodiment 63 is the two-part composition of embodiment 62, wherein the first part, the second part, or both, further comprises an accelerator, wherein the accelerator accelerates ring-opening addition of the at least one thiol-containing compound to the at least one uretdione-containing material when at least a portion of the first part is combined with at least a portion of the second part.

Embodiment 64 is the two-part composition of embodiment 63, wherein the at least one accelerator comprises a basic salt having the formula

M⁺_xZ^b−_y

• • wherein
    • M⁺ is a cation having a single positive charge;
  • Z^b− is an oxide anion having a negative charge b⁻, wherein b is 1 or 2; and
    • x and y are positive integers, wherein x equals y times b.

Embodiment 65 is the two-part composition of embodiment 63 or embodiment 64, wherein the accelerator is present in the first part, and wherein the first part is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 61.

Embodiment 66 is the two-part composition of any of embodiments 62 to 65, wherein the at least one uretdione-containing material has an average isocyanate functionality of less than 0.01.

Embodiment 67 is the two-part composition of any of embodiments 62 to 66, wherein the at least one thiol-containing compound has an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 2.0 or at least 2.5.

Embodiment 68 is the two-part composition of any of embodiments 62 to 67, wherein the at least one thiol-containing compound has an average sulfhydryl group functionality of less than or equal to 5.

Embodiment 69 is the two-part composition of any of embodiments 62 to 68, wherein a number of equivalents of uretdione and epoxy is less than 250% of a number of thiol equivalents.

Embodiment 70 is the two-part composition of any of embodiments 62 to 69, wherein a number of equivalents of uretdione and epoxy is 200% or less of a number of thiol equivalents.

Embodiment 71 is the two-part composition of any of embodiments 62 to 70, wherein a number of equivalents of uretdione and epoxy is greater than 35%, greater than 45%, or greater than 50%, of a number of thiol equivalents.

Embodiment 72 is the two-part composition of any of embodiments 62 to 71, wherein the thiol-containing compound comprises a primary thiol.

Embodiment 73 is the two-part composition of any of embodiments 62 to 72, wherein the thiol-containing compound comprises a secondary thiol.

Embodiment 74 is the two-part composition of any of embodiments 62 to 73, wherein the first part and the second part are each flowable at 20 ° C.

Embodiment 75 is a polymerized product of the two-part composition of any of embodiments 62 to 74.

Embodiment 76 is the polymerized product of embodiment 75, wherein the polymerized product coats at least a portion of a substrate.

Embodiment 77 is the polymerized product of embodiment 75 or embodiment 76, wherein the polymerized product is disposed between two substrates.

Embodiment 78 is the polymerized product of embodiment 76 or embodiment 77, wherein at least one substrate comprises a moisture impermeable material.

Embodiment 79 is the polymerized product of any of embodiments 76 to 78, wherein at least one substrate is made of a metal.

Embodiment 80 is a method of adhering two substrates together, the method comprising:

• • (a) obtaining a two-part composition, the two-part composition comprising:
    • (1) a first part comprising a polymeric material comprising a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition comprising components, the components comprising:
  • (a) a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself;
  • (b) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group;
  • (c) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol; and
  • (d) an epoxy component;
    • wherein the polymeric material comprises a solids content of 90% or greater; and
    • (2) a second part comprising at least one thiol-containing compound, the at least one thiol-containing compound having an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8;
  • (b) combining at least a portion of the first part with at least a portion of the second part to form a mixture;
  • (c) disposing at least a portion of the mixture on a first major surface of a first substrate; and
  • (d) contacting a first major surface of a second substrate with the mixture disposed on the first substrate.

Embodiment 81 is the method of embodiment 80, wherein the first part, the second part, or both, further comprises an accelerator.

Embodiment 82 is the method of embodiment 81, wherein the accelerator is present in the first part, and wherein the first part is the polymeric material of any of embodiments 1 to 61.

Embodiment 83 is the method of any of embodiments 80 to 82, further comprising securing the first substrate to the second substrate and allowing the mixture to cure to form an adhesive adhering the first substrate and the second substrate together.

Embodiment 84 is the method of any of embodiments 80 to 83, further comprising allowing the mixture to cure for at least 4 hours at ambient temperature to form an adhesive adhering the first substrate and the second substrate together.

Embodiment 85 is the method of embodiment 83 or embodiment 84, wherein the adhesive exhibits a minimum overlap shear on aluminum of 0.3 megaPascals (MPa).

Embodiment 86 is the method of any of embodiments 80 to 85, where the combining is performed on the first major surface of the first substrate.

Embodiment 87 is the method of any of embodiments 80 to 86, wherein the disposing comprises spreading the mixture on the first major surface of the first substrate.

Embodiment 88 is a method of making a two-part composition, the method comprising:

• • (a) providing a first part by forming a polymeric material comprising a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition comprising components, the components comprising:
    • (i) a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself;
    • (ii) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group;
    • (iii) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol; and
    • (iv) an epoxy component;
  • wherein the polymeric material comprises a solids content of 90% or greater; and
  • (b) providing a second part comprising at least one thiol-containing compound, the at least one thiol-containing compound having an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8.

EXAMPLES

Unless otherwise noted or readily apparent from the context, all parts, percentages, ratios, etc. in the Examples and the rest of the specification are by weight. Table 1, below, lists materials used in the examples and their sources.

TABLE 1
Materials List
DESIGNATION	DESCRIPTION	SOURCE
DN3400	HDI-based oligomer with uretdione	Covestro, Leverkusen,
	functional groups obtained as	Germany
	DESMODUR N3400
2-ethyl hexanol	2-ethylhexanol	Alfa Aesar,
		Haverhill, Massachusetts
2-Butanol	2-Butanol	Alfa Aesar
1,3-BD	1,3-butanediol	Alfa Aesar
NPG	2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol	Alfa Aesar
BiND	bismuth neodecanoate	Gelest, Morrisville,
		Pennsylvania
T650	Poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol with	Invista
	a molecular weight of 650 g/mol
	obtained under the trade designation
	TERATHANE 650
DBU	1,8 -Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene	Alfa Aesar
AK54	2,4,6-tris-	TCI America, Portland,
	(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol	Oregon
H107	Cyclo hexane dimethanol diglycidyl	Hexion Inc., Columbus,
	ether obtained under the trade	Ohio
	designation HELOXY 107
EGS110	Glycidyl ester of neodecanoic acid	Emerald Performance
	obtained under the trade designation	Materials, Vancouver,
	ERISYS GS-110	Washington
EGE6	2-Ethylhexyl glycidyl ether obtained	Emerald Performance
	under the trade designation ERISYS	Materials
	GE-6
EGE21	1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether	Emerald Performance
	obtained under the trade designation	Materials
	ERISYS GE-21
EGE20	Neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether	Emerald Performance
	obtained under the trade designation	Materials
	ERISYS GE-20
H48	Trimethylol propane triglycidyl ether	Hexion Inc.
	obtained under the trade designation
	HELOXY 48
H505	Castor oil polyglycidyl ether obtained	Hexion Inc.
	under the trade designation HELOXY
	505
EGE31	Triglycidyl ether of trimethylolethane	Emerald Performance
	obtained under the trade designation	Materials
	ERISYS GE-31
EGE35H	Special grade of the triglycidyl ether	Emerald Performance
	of castor oil obtained under the trade	Materials
	designation ERISYS GE-35H
EGA240	Tetrafunctional epoxy resin based on	Emerald Performance
	meta-Xylenediamine obtained under	Materials
	the trade designation ERISYS GA-240
ELV5	Chemically inert, low viscosity liquid	Evonik Industries, Essen,
	hydrocarbon resin obtained under the	Germany
	trade designation EPODIL LV5
JT403	Trifunctional amine-terminated	Huntsman Corporation,
	polyether obtained under the trade	The Woodlands, Texas
	designation JEFFAMINE T-403
	Polyetheramine
JD400	Difunctional amine-terminated	Huntsman Corporation
	polyether obtained under the trade
	designation JEFFAMINE D400
JTHF100	Difunctional amine-terminated	Huntsman Corporation
	polyether obtained under the trade
	designation JEFFAMINE THF-100
	Polyetheramine
JD230	Difunctional amine-terminated	Huntsman Corporation
	polyether obtained under the trade
	designation JEFFAMINE D230
IPDA	Isophorone diamine	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis,
		Missouri
G328	1,3-benzenedimethanamine; reaction	Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
	products with epichlorohydrin,	Company, New York,
	obtained under the trade designation	New York
	GASKAMINE 328
G240	Reaction product between MXDA and	Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
	styrene; obtained under the trade	Company
	designation GASKAMINE 240
C5607	Solvent-free phenalkamine obtained	Cardolite Corporation,
	under the trade designation	New Jersey
	CARDOLITE 5607
TTD	4,7,10-Trioxatridecane-1,13-diamine	Sigma-Aldrich
B9-88	Non-reactive diluent, high solvating	Eastman Chemical
	benzoate ester plasticizer obtained	Company, Kingsport,
	under the trade designation	Tennessee
	BENZOFLEX 9-88
A350a	Ancamide 350A, Standard reactive	Evonik Industries, Essen,
	liquid polyamide. Possesses low	Germany
	viscosity and high imidazoline
	content.
EPON 828	BPA Epoxy solution obtained under	Hexion Inc.
	the trade designation EPON 828
Epoxy-Mix	Epoxy mixture of equal weight percent
	of EGE31, EGE6, EGE21, EGS110,
	EPON 828, and H505
V150	Multifunctional amine-terminated	Gabriel Performance
	polyamide obtained under the trade	Products, Ashtabula,
	designation VERSAMID 150	Ohio
PETMP	Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-	TCI America
	mercaptopropionate) (tetrafunctional
	thiol curative)
DMDO	3,6-Dioxa-1,8-octane-dithiol	TCI America
	(difunctional thiol curative)
TMPMP	Trimethylolpropane Tri(3-	TCI America
	mercaptopropionate) (Triunctional
	Thiol Curative)
ETTMP 700	Ethoxylated-Trimethylolpropan Tri(3-	Bruno Bock
	Mercaptopropionate) is a tri-
	functional Polythiol
ETTMP 1300	Ethoxilated-Trimethylolpropan Tri(3-	Bruno Bock
	Mercaptopropionate) is a tri-
	functional Polythiol
TTG	Pentaerythritol	TCI America
	Tetrakis(mercaptoacetate)
Et3N	Triethyl amine	EMD Millipore, Billerica,
		MA, USA
DABCO	1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane	Alfa Aesar
N-methyl diethanolamine	N-methyl diethanolamine	Alfa Aesar
1-{bis[3-	1-{bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-	Sigma-Aldrich
(dimethylamino)propyl] -	amino}-2-propanol
amino}-2-propanol
2-{[2-(dimethylamino)-	2-{[2-(dimethylamino)-	Alfa Aesar
ethyl]methylamino}ethanol	ethyl]methylamino}ethanol
3-dimethylamino-1-	3-dimethylamino-1-propanol	Alfa Aesar
propanol
2-[2-(dimethylamino)-	2-[2-(dimethylamino)-ethoxy]ethanol	TCI America
ethoxy]ethanol
7-methyl-1,5,7-	7-methyl-1,5,7-	TCI America
triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec-	triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5ene
5ene
DBN	1,5-diazabycyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene	Alfa Aesar
2,6-dimethylaniline	2,6-dimethylaniline	Alfa Aesar
1-methylimidazole	1-methylimidazole	Alfa Aesar
pyridine	pyridine	Alfa Aesar
benzylamine	benzylamine	Alfa Aesar
TMA OH (25% aq)	25% tetramethylammonium	Alfa Aesar
	hydroxide solution in H2O
NH1220	aspartic acid, secondary diamine	Covestro
	obtained as DESMOPHEN NH1220
CL 1000	Aliphatic secondary diamine curative	Dorf Ketal Chemicals
	obtained under the trade designation	LLC Houston, Texas
	CLEARLINK 1000
Karenz	Pentaerythritol tetrakis (3-	Showa Denko, Tokyo,
	mercaptobutylate) curative obtained	Japan
	under the trade designation
	KARENZMT PE1

Test Methods

Overlap Shear Test Method

The performance of adhesives derived from uretdione-containing polymeric material was determined using overlap shear tests. Aluminum coupons (25 millimeter (mm)×102 mm×1.6 mm) were sanded with 220 grit sandpaper and wiped with isopropanol and dried. The uretdione-containing polymeric material and the thiol curative were each added to a plastic cup and mixed at 2700-3500 revolutions per minute (RPM) for 45 seconds to 90 seconds using a speed mixer (DAC 150 FV SpeedMixer from FlackTek, Landrum, S.C.). Catalyst was then added, and the mixture was mixed for at 2700-3500 RPM 15 to 30 seconds using a combination of hand mixing with a wood applicator stick and the speed mixer.

The mixture was then applied to a 25 mm×13 mm area on one end of the aluminum coupon, and two pieces of stainless steel wire (0.25 mm diameter) were placed in the resin to act as bondline spacers. One end of a second aluminum coupon was then pressed into to the mixture to produce an overlap of approximately 13 mm. A binder clip was placed on the sample, and it was allowed to cure for at least 18 hours. The samples were tested to failure in shear mode at a rate of 2.54 mm/minute using a tensile load frame with self-tightening grips (MTS Systems, Eden Prairie,). After failure, the length of the overlap area was measured. The overlap shear value was then calculated by dividing the peak load by the overlap area, to result in units of pounds per square inch (psi) or megapascals (MPa).

Impact Strength Test Method

The impact strength of the materials was determined by measuring the resistance of the bonded aluminum coupons had to breaking under the impact of one swing of a pendulum hammer (Instron, CEAST 9050 Impact Pendulum, 21.6J hammer). The test samples were prepared identically to the Overlap Shear test method. The results are reported in terms of energy absorbed per unit of specimen width, in units of Joules.

Gel Point Determination Test Method

The pot life of uretdione polymeric materials was determined by monitoring the time required to reach a gel. The uretdione polymeric material and the thiol curative were each added to a plastic cup and mixed for 30 seconds using a DAC 150 FV SpeedMixer at 3000 RPM. The mixture was mixed by hand for 10 seconds and then mixed again for 30 seconds using a speed mixer at 3000 RPM. Catalyst was then added and the mixture was mixed for 30 seconds using a speed mixer at 3000 RPM. The mixture was hand-mixed until the material could not be drawn without breaking, which was determined to be the gel point. Time in hours, minutes and seconds (e.g., hh:mm:ss) was calculated from the addition of catalyst until the moment gelation occurred.

FTIR Characterization

The infrared (IR) spectra of the polymeric material samples and the cured adhesives were obtained using an infrared Fourier Transform spectrometer (NICOLET 6700 FT-IR Spectrometer, Thermo Scientific, Madison, Wis.) equipped with a Smart iTR Diamond Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) accessory. For all the polymeric materials the isocyanate peak at 2260 cm⁻¹ was not present in the infrared spectrum, indicating that the isocyanate had reacted completely with the alcohols during the preparation of the polymeric materials. For all the polymeric materials, a strong uretdione signal at 1760 cm⁻¹ was observed. For all the cured adhesives, the uretdione signal at 1760 cm¹ had nearly disappeared, indicating reaction of the uretdione group during the cure of the adhesives.

NMR Analysis of DN3400

DN3400 was dissolved in deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent. The 1H proton spectrum was taken with a 500 MHz NMR (AVANCE III 500 MHz spectrometer equipped with a broadband cryoprobe from Bruker, Billerica, Mass.). The resulting spectrum had 5 major signals. Signals at 1.31 parts per million (ppm) and 1.55 ppm were attributed to methylene groups at the 3 and 4 positions and the 2 and 5 positions of the HDI derivatives, respectively. A signal at 3.17 ppm was attributed to methylene protons adjacent to a uretdione group. A signal at 3.34 ppm was attributed to methylene protons adjacent to an isocyanate group. A signal at 3.74 ppm was attributed to methylene protons adjacent to an isocyanurate group. The integrations of these three methylene signals were 1.35, 1.79, and 0.49, respectively. The published values for DN3400 are an equivalent weight of isocyanate of 193 g/equivalent and 22 weight percent isocyanate. The ratio of the integration of the signal at 3.17 ppm over the integration of the signal at 3.34 ppm is 0.75, which corresponds to 16 wt % uretdione. The ratio of the integration of the signal at 3.74 ppm over the integration of the signal at 3.34 ppm is 0.27, which corresponds to 3 wt % isocyanurate. The functionality of DN3400 is published as 2.5 (in “Raw Materials for Automotive Refinish Systems” from Bayer Materials Science, 2005), so the average molecular weight of the molecule in DN3400 is 193 grams/equivalent×2.5 equivalents/mole =482 grams/mol. For every 2.5 isocyanate methylene groups, there are 0.75*2.5=1.875 uretdione methylene groups. There are two methylene groups per uretdione group, so there are about 0.94 uretdione groups per molecule of DN3400.

Calculation of Uretdione Functionality in Polymeric Materials

A modified Carothers equation relates degree of polymerization (DP) to the average functionality (fav) and conversion (p) in a step growth polymerization [Carothers, Wallace (1936). “Polymers and Polyfunctionality”. Transactions of the Faraday Society. 32: 39-49]:

DP=2/(2−(p*fav))

This equation can be used to calculate the average degree of polymerization of each polymerized reaction product. Based on the degree of polymerization, the average number of uretdione groups in the polymerized reaction product (fUD) can be calculated by:

fUD=DP *(DN3400 molecules)*(uretdione groups per DN3400 molecule)/(total molecules)

where the values for “DN3400 molecules” and the “total molecules” correspond to the respective moles of molecules used to make the polymerized reaction product, and the value for “uretdione groups per DN3400 molecule” is 0.94, as calculated based on the NMR data (above). It is shown below that polymeric materials with an average uretdione functionality between 0.94<(fUD)<5 in combination with a diluent produce reasonably good properties when cured.

General Polymerization Reaction Product Preparation

Bismuth neodecanoate, DN3400, the chain extender, the capping group, and epoxy (when applicable) were added to a glass jar according to Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5. The amounts of alcohol that were added correspond to the equivalent values in Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5 (relative to the equivalents of isocyanate). The mixture was stirred magnetically at 700 RPM. Initially the mixture was hazy, and after about one minute, the mixture became clear and slightly warm. The mixture then continued to exotherm noticeably. Stirring was continued for a total of 5 minutes, and the polymerization reaction product was then allowed to cool to room temperature.

The composition and calculated uretdione functionality of each formulation are reported in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

The mixtures were then tested for overlap shear (OLS) according to the Overlap Shear Test Method described above. Overlap shear test results are reported in Tables 8, 9, and 10 for the various formulations tested. Gel points for various examples were tested according to the Gel Point Determination Test Method described above and are reported in Table 7. Impact strength was measured on various examples according to the Impact Strength Test Method described above and are reported in Table 11.

TABLE 2
Polymerized Reaction Product Formulations
					Calculated
	Capping Group	Chain Extender			Uretdione
			Relative			Relative	DN3400	BiND	Functionality,
Sample	Type	g	equiv.	Type	g	equiv.	g	g	fUD
EX-1A	2-Butanol	0.90	0.63	NPG	0.37	0.37	3.72	0.01	1.74
EX-1B	2-Butanol	21.3	0.75	NPG	4.98	0.25	73.9	0.20	1.37
EX-1C	2-ethyl	4.02	1.00	N/A	N/A	0	5.95	0.02	0.94
	hexanol
EX-1D	2-Butanol	9.59	0.45	NPG	8.21	0.55	55.4	0.15	3.0
EX-1E	2-Butanol	14.17	0.49	NPG	10.35	0.50	75.3	0.20	2.59
EX-1F	2-Butanol	7.54	0.42	NPG	45.61	0.58	46.7	0.13	3.41
EX-1G	2-Butanol	4.52	0.39	NPG	5.02	0.61	30.4	0.082	4.0
EX-1H	2-Butanol	4.10	0.35	NPG	5.35	0.65	30.5	0.15	5.0
N/A = not applicable.

TABLE 3

Polymerized Reaction Product Formulations

Calculated

Capping

Chain

Chain

Uretdione

Group

Relative

Extender 1

Relative

Extender 2

Relative

DN3400

BiND

Functionality,

Sample

Type

g

equiv.

Type

g

equiv.

Type

g

equiv.

g

g

fUD

EX-2A

2-Butanol

12.3

0.58

NPG

5.01

0.34

T650

8.00

0.09

55.4

0.150

1.99

TABLE 4

Polymerized Reaction Product Formulations

Calculated

Capping Group 1

Capping Group 2

Chain Extender

Uretdione

Relative

Relative

Relative

DN3400

BiND

Functionality,

Sample

Type

g

equiv.

Type

g

equiv.

Type

g

equiv.

g

g

fUD

EX-3A

2-Butanol

5.32

0.19

2-ethyl

28.03

0.56

NPG

4.98

0.25

73.9

0.2

1.37

hexanol

TABLE 5
Polymerized Reaction Product Formulations
			Calculated
	BiND		Uretdione
	Alcohol	Relative	Diol	Relative	DN3400	Catalyst	NCO/	Functionality,
Sample	Type	g	Equiv.	Type	g	Equiv.	g	g	OH	fUD
EX-4A	1-[Bis[3-	12.69	0.64	NPG	1.54	0.36	15.72	0.043	1.00	1.730
	(dimethylamino)propyl]amino]-
	2-propanol
EX-4B	3-dimethylamino-1-propanol	5.91	0.64	NPG	1.69	0.36	17.3	0.047	1.00	1.717
EX-4C	2-[2-	7.15	0.64	NPG	1.58	0.36	16.2	0.044	1.00	1.716
	(Dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol
EX-4D	2-[2-(dimethylamino)-	7.15	0.64	NPG	1.58	0.36	16.2	0.044	1.00	1.72
	ethoxy]ethanol
EX-4E	3-dimethylamino-1-propanol/	0.86/4.7	0.64	NPG	2.1	0.36	21.9	0.059	1.00	1.72
	2-butanol
EX-4F	2-butanol	4.48	0.64	N-methyl	2.07	0.36	18.4	0.050	1.00	1.73
				diethanolamine

TABLE 6
Polymerized Reaction Product Formulations
						Calculated
	Capping Group	Chain Extender				Uretdione
	Relative		Relative	Epoxy	DN3400,	BiND,	Functionality,
Sample	Type	g	equiv.	Type	g	equiv.	Type	g	g	g	fUD
EX-5A	2-Butanol	4.52	0.63	NPG	1.84	0.37	EGE31	2.78	18.59	0.05	1.74
EX-5B	2-Butanol	3.27	0.45	NPG	2.80	0.55	EGE20	2.78	18.88	0.05	3.00
EX-5C	2-Butanol	2.83	0.39	NPG	3.14	0.61	EGE20	2.78	18.99	0.05	4.00

TABLE 7
Viscosities of Polymerized Reaction Product-Epoxy Mixtures
	Polymerized
	Reaction Product	Epoxy	Viscosity	Viscosity	Viscosity
		Amt		Amt	at 3 days,	at 5 weeks,	at 8 weeks,
Sample	Type	(g)	Type	(g)	Poise	Poise	Poise
EX-6	EX-1A	10	H107	1.11	3120	3410	—
EX-7	EX-1A	10	EGS110	1.11	3100	8100	—
EX-8	EX-1A	10	EGE6	1.11	1510	2550	—
EX-9	EX-1A	10	EGE21	1.11	2330	2700	—
EX-10	EX-1A	10	EGE20	1.11	3550	2810	—
EX-11	EX-1A	10	H48	1.11	5260	6500	—
EX-12	EX-1A	10	H505	1.11	5860	>110000	—
CE-13	EX-1A	10	no diluent	N/A	>110000	>110000	—
EX-14	EX-1A	10	H107	2.22	—	—	1350

TABLE 8
Adhesive Performance of Thiol Cured Epoxy-Polymerized Reaction Product Blends
	Average
	Overlap
	Polymerized	Epoxy			Shear on	Standard
	Reaction Product		Weight %	Thiol	Catalyst	Aluminum,	Deviation,
Sample	Type	g	Type	g	Epoxy**	Type	g	Type	g	psi (MPa)	psi (MPa)
CE-15	EX-1A	5.00	N/A	N/A	0	PETMP	0.97	AK 54	0.11	189.1 (1.30)	23.6 (0.16)
EX-16	EX-1A	3.00	H107	0.33	10	PETMP	0.78	AK 54	0.14	343.0 (2.37)	77.4 (0.53)
EX-17	EX-1A	3.00	EGS110	0.33	10	PETMP	0.69	AK 54	0.12	247.2 (1.70)	64.8 (0.45)
EX-18	EX-1A	3.00	EGE6	0.33	10	PETMP	0.72	AK 54	0.12	182.7 (1.26)	18.7 (0.13)
EX-19	EX-1A	3.00	EGE21	0.33	10	PETMP	0.85	AK 54	0.15	347.3 (2.39)	57.5 (0.40)
EX-20	EX-1A	3.00	EGE20	0.33	10	PETMP	0.83	AK 54	0.14	45.1 (0.31)	14.5 (0.10)
EX-21	EX-1A	3.00	H48	0.33	10	PETMP	0.80	AK 54	0.14	61.9 (0.43)	9.9 (0.07)
EX-22	EX-1A	3.00	H505	0.33	10	PETMP	0.60	AK 54	0.10	39.4 (0.27)	20.8 (0.14)
EX-23	EX-1A	3.00	EGE31	0.33	10	PETMP	0.87	AK 54	0.15	522.0 (3.60)	242.6 (1.67)
EX-24	EX-1A	3.00	EGE35H	0.33	10	PETMP	0.67	AK 54	0.12	22.0 (0.15)	16.1 (0.11)
EX-25	EX-1A	3.00	EGA240	0.33	10	PETMP	1.02	AK 54	0.18	428.3 (2.95)	50.0 (0.34)
EX-26	EX-1B	3.00	EGA240	0.16	5	PETMP	0.79	AK 54	0.14	1254.2 (8.65)*	275.2 (1.90)
EX-27	EX-1B	3.00	EGA240	0.33	10	PETMP	1.02	AK 54	0.18	1422.4 (9.81)*	161.6 (1.11)
EX-28	EX-1B	3.00	EGA240	0.53	15	PETMP	1.28	AK 54	0.17	2023.5 (13.95)*	103.0 (0.71)
EX-29	EX-1B	3.00	EGA240	0.75	20	PETMP	1.57	AK 54	0.17	2265.0 (15.62)*	93.6 (0.65)
EX-30	EX-1B	3.00	EGA240	1.29	30	PETMP	2.28	AK 54	0.24	1377.9 (9.50)*	54.7 (0.38)
EX-31	EX-1B	1.00	EGA240	1.00	50	PETMP	1.52	AK 54	0.13	1599.5 (11.03)*	200.5 (1.38)
EX-32	EX-1B	1.00	EGA240	3.00	75	PETMP	4.17	AK 54	0.29	1060.6 (7.31)*	54.3 (0.37)
EX-33	EX-1B	0.10	EGA240	0.90	90	PETMP	1.21	AK 54	0.08	790.5 (5.45)*	119.9 (0.83)
EX-34	EX-1A	3.00	EPON 828	0.16	5	TMPMP	0.76	AK 54	0.12	1159.9 (8.00)*	N/A
EX-35	EX-1A	3.00	EPON 828	0.33	10	TMPMP	0.90	AK 54	0.14	1396.3 (9.63)*	N/A
EX-36	EX-1A	3.00	EPON 828	0.53	15	TMPMP	1.05	AK 54	0.17	1154.7 (7.96)*	29.9 (0.21)
EX-37	EX-1A	3.00	EPON 828	0.75	20	TMPMP	1.22	AK 54	0.20	1258.9 (8.68)*	533.6 (3.68)
EX-38	EX-1A	3.00	EPON 828	1.29	30	TMPMP	1.64	AK 54	0.26	1662.5 (11.46)*	373.0 (2.57)
EX-39	EX-1A	1.00	EPON 828	1.00	50	TMPMP	1.00	AK 54	0.16	1906.0 (13.14)*	226.7 (1.56)
EX-40	EX-1A	1.00	EPON 828	3.00	75	TMPMP	2.57	AK 54	0.41	2425.8 (16.72)*	339.5 (2.34)
EX-41	EX-1A	0.10	EPON 828	0.90	90	TMPMP	0.73	AK 54	0.12	2166.3 (14.94)*	82.7 (0.57)
EX-42	EX-2A	2.78	H48	0.309	10	PETMP	0.783	AK 54	0.13	462.5 (3.19)	74.2 (0.51)
EX-43	EX-2A	2.11	H48	0.702	25	PETMP	1.028	AK 54	0.17	350.0 (2.41)	35.2 (0.24)
EX-44	EX-2A	1.22	H48	1.218	50	PETMP	1.348	AK 54	0.22	433.6 (2.99)	75.1 (0.52)
EX-45	EX-2A	0.538	H48	1.613	75	PETMP	1.593	AK 54	0.26	496.2 (3.42)	32.7 (0.23)
EX-46	EX-1E	3.00	EGE31	0.75	20	PETMP	1.23	AK 54	0.21	363.57 (2.51)	90.02 (0.62)
EX-47	EX-1F	3.00	EGE31	0.75	20	PETMP	1.00	AK 54	0.17	94.33 (0.65)	22.19 (0.15)
EX-48	EX-1E	3.00	EGA240	0.75	20	PETMP	1.58	AK 54	0.27	959.00 (6.61)	31.51 (0.22)
EX-49	EX-2A	2.33	EGE31	0.259	10	ETTMP	1.304	AK 54	0.10	115.28 (0.79)	22.9 (0.16)
						700
EX-50	EX-2A	1.851	EGE31	0.206	10	ETTMP	1.862	AK 54	0.081	46.993 (0.32)	2.36 (0.02)
						1300
EX-51	EX-2A	2.82	EGE31	0.313	10	TTG	0.749	AK 54	0.12	378.47 (2.61)	27.8 (0.19)
EX-52	EX-2A	2.95	EGE31	0.327	10	DMDO	0.599	AK 54	0.13	77.3 (0.53)	14.54 (0.10)
EX-53	EX-3A	3.00	EGE31	3.00	50	PETMP	3.07	AK 54	0.18	228.6 (1.58)	66.7 (0.46)
EX-54	EX-1C	1.0	EGE31	1.0	50	PETMP	1.0	AK 54	0.08	200.6 (1.38)	32.1 (0.22)
EX-55	EX-1D	3.00	EGE31	0.33	10	TMPMP	0.945	AK 54	0.085	949.07 (6.54)	174.2 (1.20)
EX-56	EX-1G	3.00	EGE31	0.33	10	TMPMP	0.948	AK 54	0.085	697.07 (4.81)	52.4 (0.36)
EX-57	EX-1H	3.00	EGE31	0.33	10	TMPMP	0.950	AK 54	0.085	Mixture was immiscible
EX-58	EX-2A	3.00	Epoxy-	0.171	5.4	PETMP	0.560	AK54	0.09	124.4 (0.86)	22.1 (0.15)
			Mix
EX-59	EX-5A	3.00	***	N/A	10	PETMP	0.778	AK 54	0.10	549.4	278.9 (1.92)
EX-60	EX-5B	3.00	***	N/A	10	PETMP	0.842	AK 54	0.10	344.4 (2.37)	68.3 (0.47)
EX-61	EX-5C	3.00	***	N/A	10	PETMP	0.845	AK54	0.10	496.3 (3.42)	N/A
EX-62	EX-5A	2.00	EGA240	0.095	17	PETMP	0.610	AK 54	0.10	729.7 (5.03)	143.9 (0.99)
EX-63	EX-5B	2.00	EGA240	0.095	17	PETMP	0.650	AK54	0.10	1260.1 (8.69)	192.3 (1.33)
EX-64	EX-1B	3.00	GE 20	0.158	5	Karenz	0.737	AK54	0.14	73.1 (0.5)	4.95 (0.03)
*Pulled at 0.5 inches/minute instead of 0.1 inches/minute;
**Relative to Uretdione Content,
*** Epoxy was present in the polymerized reaction product,
N/A = not applicable.

TABLE 9

Catalyst Evaluation with Different Polymerized Reaction Products and Epoxy Components

Average

Overlap

Polymerized

Shear on

Standard

Reaction Product

Epoxy

Thiol

Catalyst

Aluminum,

Deviation,

Gel Point

Sample

Type

g

Type

g

Type

g

Type

g

psi (MPa)

psi (MPa)

(hh:mm:ss)

EX-65

EX-2A

3.00

EPON 828

0.333

TMPMP

0.953

EX-4B

0.300

621.2 (4.28)

67.9 (0.47)

00:33:30

EX-66

EX-2A

3.00

EGE31

0.333

PETMP

0.920

EX-4C

0.300

384.8 (2.65)

0.5 (0.0)

00:05:00

EX-67

EX-2A

3.00

H107

0.333

PETMP

0.910

EX-4A

0.300

378.4 (2.61)

23.5 (0.16)

—

EX-68

EX-2A

3.00

EGE31

0.333

PETMP

0.950

EX-4F

0.300

344.8 (2.38)

33.3 (0.23)

—

EX-69

EX-4D

3.00

EGE31

0.333

PETMP

0.869

—

—

712.9 (4.92)

10.3 (0.07)

00:20:37

EX-70

EX-4E

3.00

EGE31

0.333

TMPMP

0.894

—

—

279.7 (1.93)

57.8 (0.40)

00:00:50

EX-71

EX-2A

1.71

EGE20

0.426

TMPMP

0.792

JT403

0.077

87.74 (0.60)

16.43 (0.11)

00:05:30

EX-72

EX-2A

1.71

EGE20

0.427

TMPMP

0.794

G328

0.073

30.51 (0.21)

1.69 (0.01)

00:11:15

EX-73

EX-2A

1.71

EGE20

0.427

TMPMP

0.793

CL 1000

0.074

124.16 (0.86)

9.89 (0.07)

00:13:00

EX-74

EX-2A

1.72

EGE20

0.430

TMPMP

0.800

A350a

0.048

115.82 (0.80)

17.93 (0.12)

00:06:30

EX-75

EX-2A

1.68

EGE20

0.420

TMPMP

0.782

NH1220

0.116

N/A

N/A

Did not gel

EX-76

EX-2A

1.69

EGE20

0.421

TMPMP

0.784

JD400

0.109

N/A

N/A

00:11:00

EX-77

EX-2A

1.68

EGE20

0.420

TMPMP

0.782

V150

0.158

Cured too

N/A

00:00:30

quickly to

bond

EX-78

EX-2A

0.635

EGE31

1.91

DMDO

1.29

DBU

0.172

Cured too

N/A

<20

seconds

quickly to

bond

EX-79

EX-2A

0.572

EGE31

1.72

PETMP

1.56

DBU

0.155

Cured too

N/A

<20

seconds

quickly to

bond

EX-80

EX-2A

0.571

EGA240

0.571

PETMP

0.857

benzylamine

0.060

1445.5 (9.97)

37.2 (0.26)

12-24

h

EX-81

EX-2A

0.571

EGA240

0.571

PETMP

0.857

2,6-dimethylaniline

0.068

548.9 (3.78)

3.8 (0.50)

>24

h

EX-82

EX-2A

0.571

EGA240

0.571

PETMP

0.857

1-methylimidazole

0.046

1929.5 (177.5)

13.3 (1.22)

12-24

h

EX-83

EX-2A

0.571

EGA240

0.571

PETMP

0.857

TMA OH (25% aq)

0.206

Cured too

N/A

<20

seconds

quickly to

bond

EX-84

EX-2A

0.571

EGA240

0.571

PETMP

0.857

pyridine

0.044

1289.3 (8.89)

153.2 (1.06)

12-24

h

EX-85

EX-2A

0.571

EGA240

0.571

PETMP

0.857

DBN

0.070

Cured too

N/A

<20

seconds

quickly to

bond

EX-86

EX-2A

0.571

EGA240

0.571

DMDO

0.640

7-methyl-1,5,7-

0.086

Cured too

N/A

<20

seconds

triazabicyclo(4.4.0)

quickly to

dec-5ene

bond

TABLE 10
Impact of Non-Reactive Diluents on Adhesive Performance
	Average
	Overlap
	Polymerized	Plasticizer			Shear on	Standard
	Reaction Product		Wt %	Thiol	Catalyst	Aluminum,	Deviation,
Sample	Type	g	Type	g	Plasticizer*	Type	g	Type	g	psi (MPa)	psi (MPa)
CE-87	EX-1A	3.00	ELV5	0.08	5	PETMP	0.58	AK54	0.10	327.0 (2.25)	153.58 (1.05)
CE-88	EX-1A	3.00	ELV5	0.16	10	PETMP	0.58	AK54	0.10	380.33 (2.62)	167.05 (1.15)
CE-89	EX-1A	3.00	B9-88	0.16	10	PETMP	0.58	AK54	0.10	163.00 (1.12)	70.45 (0.49)
CE-90	EX-1A	3.00	B9-88	0.16	10	TMPMP	0.63	AK54	0.10	165.33 (1.14)	14.29 (0.099)
CE-91	EX-1A	3.00	ELV5	0.16	10	TMPMP	0.63	AK54	0.10	142.33 (0.98)	29.02 (0.20)
CE-92	EX-1A	3.00	—	—	0	PETMP	0.58	AK54	0.10	221.50 (1.53)	84.15 (0.58)
*Relative to Uretdione-Containing Polymerized Reaction Product

TABLE 11
Impact Testing
	Polymerized				Impact
	Reaction Product	Epoxy	Thiol	Catalyst	Strength
Sample	Type	g	Type	g	Type	g	Type	g	Average, J
EX-93	EX-2A	2.78	H48	0.31	PETMP	0.78	AK54	0.13	3.81
EX-94	EX-2A	2.11	H48	0.70	PETMP	1.03	AK54	0.17	3.59
EX-95	EX-2A	1.22	H48	1.22	PETMP	1.35	AK54	0.22	3.08
EX-96	EX-2A	0.54	H48	1.61	PETMP	1.59	AK54	0.26	3.01

Other modifications and variations to the present disclosure may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, which is more particularly set forth in the appended claims. It is understood that aspects of the various embodiments may be interchanged in whole or part or combined with other aspects of the various embodiments. All cited references, patents, or patent applications in the above application for letters patent are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety in a consistent manner. In the event of inconsistencies or contradictions between portions of the incorporated references and this application, the information in the preceding description shall control. The preceding description, given in order to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the claimed disclosure, is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the claims and all equivalents thereto.

Claims

1. A polymeric material comprising: a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition comprising components, the components comprising: (a) a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself;(b) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group;(c) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol;(d) an epoxy component; and(e) an accelerator;wherein the polymeric material comprises a solids content of 90% or greater and exhibits a dynamic viscosity of 10 Poise (P) to 10,000 P, inclusive, as determined using a Brookfield viscometer.

2. The polymeric material of claim 1, wherein components (a), (b), and, if present, (c), are reacted, and then at least one of component (d) or component (e) is combined with the reaction product of components (a), (b), and, if present, (c).

3. The polymeric material of claim 1, wherein the epoxy component comprises a reaction product of a polyhydric alcohol, a hydroxycarboxylic acid, or a polycarboxylic acid with epichlorohydrin.

4. The polymeric material of claim 1, wherein the epoxy component is present in an amount of 45% or more by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerizable composition, and the epoxy component comprises either a polyglycidyl ether of a polyhydric phenol or at least one of an epoxidised (poly)olefinic resin, epoxidised phenolic novolac resin, epoxidised cresol novolac resin, or a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin.

5. The polymeric material of claim 1, wherein the accelerator comprises a nonacidic amine curative comprising pyridine, a substituted pyridine having 5 to 23 carbon atoms, or an amine having the formula NR20R21R22 wherein: R20 represents H or a monovalent organic group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms;R21 represents H or a monovalent organic group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms;R22 represents a monovalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms; orR21 and R22 taken together represent a divalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, orR20, R21, and R22 taken together represent a trivalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms; andwherein the amine curative does not comprise a substituted or unsubstituted amidine group.

6. The polymeric material of claim 1, wherein the accelerator is incorporated into the uretdione-containing material, the epoxy component, or both, such that the uretdione-containing material, the epoxy component, or both comprises at least one pendant —CH2NR232 group, wherein each R23 independently represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or two R23 groups taken together form an alkylene group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms.

7. A two-part composition comprising: (1) a first part comprising a polymeric material comprising a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition comprising components, the components comprising: (a) a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself;(b) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group;(c) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol; and(d) an epoxy component;wherein the polymeric material comprises a solids content of 90% or greater; and(2) a second part comprising at least one thiol-containing compound, the at least one thiol-containing compound having an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8.

8. The two-part composition of claim 7, wherein the first part, the second part, or both, further comprises an accelerator.

9. The two-part composition of claim 8, wherein the accelerator is present in the first part, and wherein the first part is the polymeric material of claim 1.

10. The two-part composition of claim 8, wherein the at least one accelerator comprises a basic salt having the formula M+xZb−y wherein M+ is a cation having a single positive charge;Zb− is an oxide anion having a negative charge b−, wherein b is 1 or 2; andx and y are positive integers, wherein x equals y times b.

11. The two-part composition of claim 7, wherein the at least one uretdione-containing material has an average isocyanate functionality of less than 0.01.

12. The two-part composition of any of claim 7, wherein the at least one thiol-containing compound has an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 2.0 and less than or equal to 5.

13. The two-part composition of claim 7, wherein a number of equivalents of uretdione and epoxy is less than 250% of a number of thiol equivalents and greater than 35%, greater than 45%, or greater than 50%, of a number of thiol equivalents.

14. A polymerized product of the two-part composition of claim 7.

15. The polymerized product of claim 14, wherein the polymerized product coats at least a portion of a substrate.

16. A method of adhering two substrates together, the method comprising: (a) obtaining a two-part composition, the two-part composition comprising: (1) a first part comprising a polymeric material comprising a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition comprising components, the components comprising:(i) a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself;(ii) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group;(iii) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol; and(iv) an epoxy component;wherein the polymeric material comprises a solids content of 90% or greater; and(2) a second part comprising at least one thiol-containing compound, the at least one thiol-containing compound having an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8;(b) combining at least a portion of the first part with at least a portion of the second part to form a mixture;(c) disposing at least a portion of the mixture on a first major surface of a first substrate; and(d) contacting a first major surface of a second substrate with the mixture disposed on the first substrate.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising securing the first substrate to the second substrate and allowing the mixture to cure to form an adhesive adhering the first substrate and the second substrate together.

18. A method of making a two-part composition, the method comprising: (a) providing a first part by forming a polymeric material comprising a polymerized reaction product of a polymerizable composition comprising components, the components comprising: (i) a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate reacted with itself;(ii) a first hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group;(iii) an optional second hydroxyl-containing compound having a single OH group, wherein the second hydroxyl-containing compound is a primary alcohol or a secondary alcohol; and(iv) an epoxy component;wherein the polymeric material comprises a solids content of 90% or greater; and(b) providing a second part comprising at least one thiol-containing compound, the at least one thiol-containing compound having an average sulfhydryl group functionality of at least 1.8.