POLYPHASE ELECTRIC ENERGY METER

Abstract

A polyphase electric energy meter comprises a microcontroller with a front end that converts analog current input signals and analog voltage input signals to digital current and voltage samples for processing by the microcontroller. The front end includes separate input channels, each for one of the current input signals with a sigma-delta modulator followed by a decimation filter. The front end further includes a common input channel for all voltage input signals with a multiplexer, an analog-to-digital converter and a de-multiplexer. The separate input channels and the common input channel provide the digital current and voltage samples for processing by the microcontroller.

Description

BACKGROUND

In a typical three-phase electric energy meter current input signals are derived from the three phases with current transformers and voltage input signals are derived from the three phases with a resistive voltage divider. The current and voltage input signals are sampled and the current samples are multiplied with the voltage samples to obtain electric energy samples which are cumulated to provide an indication representative of consumed electric energy.

In an advanced electric energy meter the current and voltage input signals are converted to digital input samples for further processing by a microcontroller. One straight-forward approach is to use separate input channels, each for one of the three current or voltage input signals and each with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). In this “synchronous” approach all input signals are processed in parallel and synchronously. With high accuracy requirements over a large dynamic range, e.g. smaller than 1% over a range of 1:2000, high resolution (at least 16-bit) ADCs are needed that are usually implemented with a sigma-delta modulator followed by a decimation filter. While the approach promises to be successful, it requires a large die space and is expensive. An alternative approach is to use a single high resolution ADC with an input multiplexer and an output de-multiplexer. In this “sequential” approach the current and voltage input signals are sequentially switched to the input of the ADC and the resulting digital samples are corrected in phase to compensate for the delays introduced by the sequential sampling. The sequential approach needs less die space, but requires a complex analog-to-digital converter to combine the high resolution requirements with the need to multiplex through all current and voltage signals.

SUMMARY

The invention provides a polyphase electric energy meter comprising a microcontroller with a front end that offers high resolution at moderate die space requirements.

Specifically, the polyphase electric energy meter of the invention comprises a microcontroller with a front end that converts analog current input signals and analog voltage input signals to digital current and voltage samples for processing by the microcontroller. The front end includes separate input channels, each for one of the current input signals with a high resolution analog-to-digital converter, preferably a sigma-delta modulator followed by a decimation filter. The front end further includes a common input channel for all voltage input signals with a multiplexer, an analog-to-digital converter and a de-multiplexer. The separate input channels and the common input channel provide the digital current and voltage samples for processing by the microcontroller.

The invention is based on the understanding that only the current input signals, due to their possibly high dynamic range, need an analog-to-digital conversion at a high resolution and that the voltage input signals with their small dynamic range can be sampled sequentially at a moderate resolution. Thus, for a three-phase meter, only three high resolution are needed ADCs for the three current input signals and a single ADC of a moderate resolution for the voltage input signals.

In a preferred embodiment, the multiplexer has one input for each voltage input signal and at least one additional input for an auxiliary input signal such as a temperature signal or a battery voltage signal. Since the voltage samples are taken at a moderate rate, the multiplexer can be implemented with additional time slots so that more than just the voltage input signals can be processed in the single common input channel.

When an application requires the neutral current to be measured in addition to the three live currents, the front end comprises three of the separate input channels, each for one of three current phases, and an additional separate input channel for the neutral current input signal. Alternatively the multiplexed ADC can be used if a reduction of accuracy for the conversion of the neutral current is acceptable.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further advantages and features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description with reference to the appended drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a microcontroller incorporating a front-end; and

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a polyphase electric energy meter implemented with a microcontroller as illustrated in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

The microcontroller 10 generally shown in FIG. 1 includes a front-end 12 which has a plurality of analog inputs and a plurality of digital outputs. The analog inputs are adapted to receive external analog input signals and the digital outputs are internal to the microcontroller for further processing therein.

With reference to FIG. 2, the front-end 12 includes three parallel input channels, each with a fully differential programmable gain amplifier PGA and a sigma-delta modulator followed by a decimation low-pass filter. The differential inputs of the amplifier PGA receive analog current input signals I_A, I_B and I_C, respectively, and the decimation filters provide corresponding digital current output samples I_AD, I_BD and I_CD, respectively.

The front-end 12 further includes a multiplexer MUX with four analog inputs receiving voltage input signals V_A, V_B, V_C and V_N, respectively, and a number of further optional inputs for application of auxiliary external or internal signals. The output of multiplexer MUX is connected to the input of an analog-to-digital converter ADC, the digital output of which is connected to a de-multiplexer De-MUX. the de-multiplexer De-MUX provides digital voltage samples V_AD, V_BD, V_CD, and V_ND, respectively, and one or more optional parameter samples P.

A block “Synchronization” in the front-end 12 synchronizes operation of all sigma-delta modulators, of the multiplexer MUX and de-multiplexer De-MUX, and of the ADC.

The electric energy meter is connected to the three phases A, B and C of a three-phase power source 14 which feeds a three-phase load 16. Specifically, each phase has an associated current transformer CT_A, CT_B and CT_C, respectively, and a resistive voltage divider VD_A, VD_B and VD_C, respectively. In a well-known manner, the current transformers CT_A, CT_B and CT_C generate the current input signals I_A, I_B and I_C, and the voltage dividers VD_A, VD_B and VD_C provide the voltage input signals V_A, V_B, V_C. The neutral voltage signal V_N is applied directly to a corresponding input of the multiplexer MUX. Optional input signals such as external parameters (temperature, battery voltage, etc.) or internal analog signals are applied to further inputs of multiplexer MUX.

In operation, the analog current and voltage input signals are converted to digital samples for further processing by the microcontroller. Specifically, the current input signals are analog-to-digital converted at a high resolution (e.g., at least 16-bit resolution) in parallel and synchronously by the three separate input channels, each with a programmable gain amplifier and a sigma-delta modulator followed by a decimation filter. Thus, three digital current samples I_AD, I_BD and I_CD are available at the output of the front-end 12. In turn, the voltage input signals are sequentially applied to the ADC, which may have a moderate resolution of, e.g., 12 bits, and corresponding digital voltage samples V_AD, V_BD and V_CD are available at the outputs of the de-multiplexer De-MUX.

The digital current and voltage samples at the output of the front-end 12 are further processed by the microcontroller by means of software which accounts for the delays of the multiplexed voltage samples.

In some applications, an additional input channel is included with an associated further current transformer placed in the neutral line. This additional input channel may be similar to the three separate input channels and include a programmable gain amplifier followed by a sigma-delta modulator and a low-pass decimation filter.

Those skilled in the art to which the invention relates will appreciate that the described embodiments are merely representative embodiments and that there are variations of the described embodiments and other embodiments within the scope of the claimed invention.

Claims

1-6. (canceled)

7. A polyphase analog front end comprising: a plurality of programmable gain amplifiers (PGA), wherein each PGA is adapted to receive a current signal;a multiplexer that is adapted to receive a plurality of voltage signals;a plurality of sigma-delta modulators, wherein each sigma-delta modulator is coupled to at least one of the PGAs;an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that is coupled to the multiplexer; anda synchronizer that is coupled to each of the sigma-delta modulators and to the ADC.

8. The polyphase analog front end of claim 7, wherein the polyphase analog front end further comprises a decimation filter that is coupled to each sigma-delta modulator.

9. The polyphase analog front end of claim 7, wherein the polyphase analog front end further comprises a demultiplexer that is coupled to the ADC.

10. A system comprising: a source having a plurality of phases;a load that is coupled to each phase of the source;a plurality of current transformers, wherein each transformer is coupled to at least one of the phases;a plurality of voltage dividers, wherein each voltage divider is coupled to at least one of the phases;a microcontroller having an analog front end, wherein the analog front end includes: a plurality of programmable gain amplifiers (PGA), wherein each PGA is coupled to at least one of the transformers;a multiplexer that is coupled to each of the voltage dividers;a plurality of sigma-delta modulators, wherein each sigma-delta modulator is coupled to at least one of the PGAs;an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that is coupled to the multiplexer; anda synchronizer that is coupled to each of the sigma-delta modulators and to the ADC.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the system further comprises a decimation filter that is coupled to each sigma-delta modulator.

12. The system of claim 10, wherein the system further comprises a demultiplexer that is coupled to the ADC.