Patent Application
20250026103
The present disclosure relates generally to apparatus, systems, and methods of manufacture for composite preform components and, more particularly, to a fibrous preform architecture for high temperature composites.
Shaped composite bodies are utilized in aerospace applications. Various systems and methods are known in the art for forming a preform into a shaped composite body. In typical high temperature composite manufacturing, a dry fabric may be used to make a preform. The dry preform is then densified using gas infiltration. There are many variables that determine the success of the densification stage, including the number of available pathways for the gas to infiltrate uniformly into the center of the preform.
According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a porosity gradient fibrous preform is provided. The porosity gradient fibrous preform includes a first fabric-resin layer having a first plurality of fibers and a first resin, and a second fabric-resin layer having a second plurality of fibers and a second resin. The second fabric-resin layer is positioned further outward from a center of the porosity gradient fibrous preform than the first fabric-resin layer. The first resin is different from the second resin.
In various embodiments, the first resin is configured to be pyrolyzed to generate a first porosity in the first fabric-resin layer and the second resin is configured to be pyrolyzed to generate a second porosity in the second fabric-resin layer, the second porosity being greater than the first porosity. In various embodiments, the porosity gradient fibrous preform further comprises a third fabric-resin layer having a third plurality of fibers and a third resin, the third fabric-resin layer being positioned further outward from the center of the porosity gradient fibrous preform than the second fabric-resin layer, wherein the third resin is configured to be pyrolyzed to create a third porosity, and wherein the third porosity is greater than the second porosity.
In various embodiments, the porosity gradient fibrous preform further comprises a first carbon powder mixed with the first resin, and the first carbon powder and the first resin are configured to be pyrolyzed to generate the first porosity. In various embodiments, the porosity gradient fibrous preform further comprises a second carbon powder mixed with the second resin, and the second carbon powder and the second resin is configured to be pyrolyzed to generate the second porosity.
In various embodiments, at least a portion of the first resin and at least a portion of the second resin are configured to be pyrolyzed from the porosity gradient fibrous preform to create a path through the porosity gradient fibrous preform for infiltration of a fluid. In various embodiments, the fluid infiltration includes chemical vapor infiltration.
In various embodiments, a char yield of the first resin is greater than a char yield of the second resin.
In various embodiments, a fiber volume of the first fabric-resin layer is equal to that of the second fabric-resin layer, and the percentage of the fiber volume is at least 25% by volume of the porosity gradient fibrous preform.
In various embodiments, the resin comprises of at least one of a thermoplastic or a thermoset resin.
According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a manufacturing method is provided. The manufacturing method includes forming a porosity gradient fibrous preform by arranging a plurality of fabric-resin layers, each comprising a plurality of fibers and a resin, wherein a fiber volume of the plurality of fibers for each fabric-resin layer is uniform throughout the plurality of fabric-resin layers, and pyrolyzing the resin to create a sequentially increasing porosity from a center of the porosity gradient fibrous preform toward an outer surface of the porosity gradient fibrous preform.
In various embodiments, the manufacturing method further comprises pyrolyzing the resin from the porosity gradient fibrous preform to create a path through the porosity gradient fibrous preform for infiltration of a fluid.
In various embodiments, after pyrolyzing the resin from the porosity gradient fibrous preform, a porosity of the porosity gradient fibrous preform sequentially increases from the center of the porosity gradient fibrous preform toward the outer surface of the porosity gradient fibrous preform.
In various embodiments, the manufacturing method further comprises mixing a carbon powder with the resin, a volume of the carbon powder decreases from the center of the porosity gradient fibrous preform toward the outer surface of the porosity gradient fibrous preform.
In various embodiments, a composition of the resin various among the plurality of fabric-resin layers.
In various embodiments, arranging the plurality of fabric-resin layers includes positioning a second fabric-resin layer over a first fabric-resin layer having a first portion of the plurality of fibers and a first portion of the resin, the second fabric-resin layer having a second portion of the plurality of fibers and a second portion of the resin, the second fabric-resin layer being positioned further outward from the center of the porosity gradient fibrous preform than the first fabric-resin layer.
In various embodiments, the first portion of the resin has a composition that is different from that of the second portion of the resin.
In various embodiments, the percentage of the fiber volume is at least 25% by volume of the porosity gradient fibrous preform.
In various embodiments, the first portion of the resin includes a polyamide and the second portion of the resin includes at least one of an epoxy, a bismaleimide, and a phenolic.
According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, a manufacturing method is provided. The manufacturing method includes forming a porosity gradient fibrous preform by arranging a plurality of fabric-resin layers, each comprising a plurality of fibers and a resin, mixing a carbon powder with the resin, a volume of the carbon powder decreases from a center of the porosity gradient fibrous preform toward the outer surface of the porosity gradient fibrous preform, and pyrolyzing the resin from the porosity gradient fibrous preform to create a sequentially increasing porosity from the center of the porosity gradient fibrous preform toward an outer surface of the porosity gradient fibrous preform. A fiber volume of the plurality of fibers for each fabric-resin layer is uniform throughout the plurality of fabric-resin layers.
The present disclosure may include any one or more of the individual features disclosed above and/or below alone or in any combination thereof.
The foregoing features and elements may be combined in various combinations without exclusivity, unless expressly indicated herein otherwise. These features and elements as well as the operation of the disclosed embodiments will become more apparent in light of the following description and accompanying drawings.
The following detailed description of various embodiments herein makes reference to the accompanying drawings, which show various embodiments by way of illustration. While these various embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosure, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that changes may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the detailed description herein is presented for purposes of illustration only and not of limitation. Furthermore, any reference to singular includes plural embodiments, and any reference to more than one component or step may include a singular embodiment or step. Also, any reference to attached, fixed, connected, or the like may include permanent, removable, temporary, partial, full or any other possible attachment option. Additionally, any reference to without contact (or similar phrases) may also include reduced contact or minimal contact. It should also be understood that unless specifically stated otherwise, references to “a,” “an,” or “the” may include one or more than one and that reference to an item in the singular may also include the item in the plural. Further, all ranges may include upper and lower values and all ranges and ratio limits disclosed herein may be combined.
Various systems and methods are known in the art for generating a fibrous preform for carbon-carbon composites. In typical carbon-carbon manufacturing, a fibrous preform may be manufactured and this fibrous preform may then be densified using gas infiltration. There are many variables that determine the success of the densification stage, including the number of available pathways for the gas to infiltrate uniformly into the center of the fibrous preform. Typically, fiber volume and lack of adequate gas flow paths inhibit uniform densification and yield a component with greater than 10 percent porosity.
Disclosed herein are systems and methods for a porosity gradient fibrous preform architecture for high temperature composites that provides numerous pathways for fluids, i.e. uniform gas, infiltration into the center of the porosity gradient fibrous preform during densification. In various embodiments, resins of various char yields are disposed into fabric layers of, for example, woven fabric layers, non-crimp fabric layers, such as unidirectional or stitched unidirectional, or felt fabric layers. In various embodiments, resins of various types and/or compositions are disposed into fabric layers of the porosity gradient preform. In various embodiments, a black carbon powder is mixed with resin in sequentially decreasing amounts within interior fabric-resin layers of the porosity gradient preform. A fibrous preform of the present disclosure includes several fiber-resin layers and features a porosity gradient wherein the preform has a lower porosity at the center of the preform and sequentially higher porosity in a direction away from the center of the preform toward the outer surface of the preform. The gradient may be generated by a size of pores or a number of pores or both. The pores are interconnected to provide a path for subsequent infiltration. Low porosity implies the space is occupied by a non-porous material—e.g., fiber or resin.
As used herein, a fusible fiber is comprised of one or more polymers with a combined char yield of 25% elemental carbon or greater by weight and a residual mass of less than 1% by weight. As used herein, a fugitive fiber is comprised of one or more polymers with a combined char yield of 5% elemental carbon or less by weight, and a residual mass of less than 1% by weight. As used herein, char yield is defined as the weight of the carbon remaining expressed as a percentage of the total starting weight of the fiber or resin when the fiber material or resin material is heated (or pyrolyzed) in an inert atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen or argon) at temperatures of up to about 1000 degrees Celsius (about 1832 degrees fahrenheit). As used herein, residual mass is defined as the weight of the fiber remaining expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the starting fiber when the fiber material is heated (or oxidized) in an oxidizing atmosphere (e.g., air, or oxygen) at temperatures of up to about 1000 degrees Celsius (about 1832 degrees fahrenheit). It should be noted that while a residual mass of 1% or less is preferred in the production of carbon-carbon composite structures for high temperature applications, a residual mass of greater than 1% may be acceptable for certain lower temperature applications or in applications where the excessive residual mass and the associated residues do not adversely impact performance.
In various embodiments, the fabric layers may be stacked, in a near net shape tool, with each successive layer containing the desired resin char yield thereby forming a porosity gradient fibrous preform. In various embodiments, the resin type and/or composition may be varied such that interior plies of the porosity gradient fibrous preform may contain one or more types of resins that results in a relatively low porosity while the exterior plies of the porosity gradient fibrous preform may conversely contain one or more different types of resins that result in a relatively higher porosity. In various embodiments, during stacking, the fabric layers may be tacked together using a variety of methods, e.g., an adhesive tackifier, a hot iron to locally melt a binder, among others. In various embodiments, as the porosity gradient fibrous preform is stacked, the various fabric layers may be joined through thickness reinforcement (TTR) via needling, tufting, stitching, or z-pinning, using a TTR fiber thread that includes fugitive fibers, fusible fibers, and/or carbon fibers. In various embodiments, once all the fabric layers are stacked, then all the fabric layers are needled, tufted, stitched, or z-pinned together. In various embodiments, as each successive fabric layer is added, then the fabric layers may be needled, tufted, stitched, or z-pinned together. In various embodiments, the needling, tufting, stitching, or z-pinning may penetrate all the fabric layers. In various embodiments, the needling, tufting, stitching, or z-pinning may penetrate only a predefined number of fabric layers. In various embodiments, a number of fabric layers that are needled, tufted, stitched, or z-pinned may vary as the porosity gradient fibrous preform is generated. In various embodiments, once the porosity gradient fibrous preform is completely stacked and needled, the porosity gradient fibrous preform may be placed in a close die mold or vacuum bag tooling and subjected to heat and pressure to consolidate the porosity gradient fibrous preform.
In various embodiments, once consolidation is complete, the porosity gradient fibrous preform may undergo pyrolysis, or heat-treatment in an inert environment (pyrolysis may be alternatively referred to as pyrolyzation), where the resin in the matrix is burned and/or evaporated, leaving behind a carbon char in the matrix to form a porosity gradient preform. In various embodiments, once pyrolysis is complete, the porosity gradient fibrous preform may undergo CVI densification. In various embodiments, once the CVI densification is complete, the porosity gradient fibrous preform may undergo skim cut machining where the surface of the porosity gradient fibrous preform is modified to meet a set of standards for the porosity gradient fibrous preform. In various embodiments, the pyrolysis, CVI densification and skim cutting may be repeated until a desired part density is reached. In various embodiments, once the desired part density is reached, a final machining may be performed on the porosity gradient fibrous preform to meet desired porosity gradient fibrous preform dimensions.
In various embodiments, once the resin is cured, the porosity gradient fibrous preform may undergo pyrolysis where the resin in the matrix is burned and/or evaporated, and the remaining carbon in the matrix forms a porosity gradient preform. In various embodiments, once pyrolysis is complete, the porosity gradient fibrous preform may undergo further densification via CVI densification. In various embodiments, once the CVI densification is complete, the porosity gradient fibrous preform may undergo skim cut machining where the surface of the porosity gradient fibrous preform is modified to meet a set of standards for the porosity gradient fibrous preform. In various embodiments, at least one of polymer infiltration, the pyrolysis, CVI densification and skim cutting may be repeated until a desired part density is reached. In various embodiments, once the desired part density is reached, a final machining may be performed on the porosity gradient fibrous preform to meet desired porosity gradient fibrous preform dimensions.
With reference to
In various embodiments, the type and/or composition of the resins 114 can sequentially vary with each fabric-resin layer from the centerline 116 toward outer surface 118 and outer surface 119 along the thickness direction 120. For example, the type and/or composition of each resin 114 can be selected so that, upon being cured and/or undergoing pyrolysis, the resins create a sequentially increasing porosity to create a path through the porosity gradient fibrous preform 100 for infiltration of a fluid, as described in further detail herein. Stated differently, a type and/or composition of the resin 114 is selected so that the porosity sequentially increases from a center of the porosity gradient fibrous preform 100 toward an outer surface (e.g., outer surface 118 and/or outer surface 119) of the porosity gradient fibrous preform 100. In this manner, a porosity of the resin 114, after being cured and/or undergoing pyrolysis, corresponds with a position of the resin 114 with respect to centerline 116 (i.e., increasing porosity with distance of the resin 114 from the centerline 116). In various embodiments, a moisture content of the resin sequentially increases with each fabric-resin layer from the centerline 116 toward outer surface 118 and outer surface 119 along the thickness direction 120.
In various embodiments, when heated to a cure temperature and/or a pyrolysis temperate, the moisture in the resin 114 tends to create bubbles in the resin 114, thereby increasing porosity. In this regard, the higher the moisture content, the greater the porosity of the cured resin 114 when subjected to the cure temperature and/or the pyrolysis temperature. Moisture content can be determined using a gravimetric moisture analyzer, wherein the moisture content is expressed as a weight percentage of the resin.
In various embodiments, resin 114a (also referred to herein as a first resin) includes a polyamide resin, such as a dimer acid-based (DAB) polyamide or a polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin. In various embodiments, resin 114b (also referred to herein as a second resin) includes an epoxy resin and/or a bismaleimide (BMI) resin. In various embodiments, resin 114c (also referred to herein as a third resin) includes a phenolic resin. By increasing the moisture content of the resin 114 near the exterior of the porosity gradient fibrous preform 100, a porosity of the porosity gradient fibrous preform 100 increases near the exterior of the porosity gradient fibrous preform 100 to thereby allow a fluid to infiltrate the interior of the porosity gradient fibrous preform 100 during a CVI process, as described herein, and thereby achieve more uniform and/or increased part density.
Having described various apparatus, systems, and methods for varying resin type and/or composition to generate pores within the resin 114, it is further contemplated that porosity of the resin 114 can be selected based upon the char yield of the resin 114. In this regard, with reference again to
It is further contemplated that porosity of the resin 114 can be selectively varied by adding a carbon powder to the resin. With reference to
Although illustrated as having five fabric layers 102, 104, 106, 108, and 110, it should be understood that any number of fabric layers can be used to form the fibrous preform 100, so long as the fabric layers are chosen to have increasing porosity from the centerline 116 toward the outer surface 118. In various embodiments, once the desired number of layers has been reached for the preform ply stack, fabric layers 102, 104, 106, 108, and 110 may be joined through thickness reinforcement (TTR) via external needling, tufting, stitching, or z-pinning, among others. In various embodiments, the TTR utilizes a TTR fiber thread that includes fugitive fibers, fusible fibers, and/or carbon fibers. In various embodiments, the TTR is performed in a uniform manner such that a number of needles, tufts, stiches, or z-pins are consistent along a length of the fabric layers 102, 104, 106, 108, and 110 in the x-direction. In various embodiments, a transport depth in the z-direction of the TTR is through all the fabric layers 102, 104, 106, 108, and 110 of the porosity gradient fibrous preform for the length of the porosity gradient fibrous preform in the x-direction. In various embodiments, generating a TTR fibrous preform in this manner takes advantage of random fiber placement for uniform densification in the through thickness direction, while maintaining high in-plane strengths.
In various embodiments, each fabric layer 102, 104, 106, 108, and 110 has a directionality that coincides with the direction of the fibers 112. The directionality of adjacent fabric layers (e.g., fabric layer 106 and fabric layer 108) can be the same, in accordance with various embodiments. The directionality of adjacent fabric layers (e.g., fabric layer 106 and fabric layer 108) can differ, in accordance with various embodiments
Referring now to
At block 510, once consolidation is complete, the porosity gradient fibrous preform undergoes pyrolysis where a portion of the resin and/or fugitive fibers (if any fugitive fibers exist) in the porosity gradient fibrous preform are burned, melted, or evaporated, and the remaining portion of the resin and the fusible fibers are pyrolyzed into a carbon matrix and create a path through the thickness of the porosity gradient fibrous preform for infiltration of fluids. Subsequent to pyrolysis, the weight ratio percentage of the resin 114 (which at this point is carbon char (i.e., carbon)) in fabric layer 106 can be between 30% and 50%, between 35% and 45%, between 37% and 43%, or between 35% and 50%, in accordance with various embodiments. In various embodiments, the weight ratio percentage of the resin 114 (which at this point is carbon char (i.e., carbon)) in fabric layer 104 and/or fabric layer 108 is between 25% and 40%, between 28% and 38%, or between 30% and 35%, in accordance with various embodiments. In various embodiments, the weight ratio percentage of the resin 114 (which at this point is carbon char (i.e., carbon)) in fabric layer 102 and/or fabric layer 110 is between 20% and 35%, between 20% and 30%, or between 20% and 28%, in accordance with various embodiments.
At block 512, once pyrolysis is complete, the porosity gradient fibrous preform may undergo CVI densification. At block 514, once the CVI densification is complete, the porosity gradient fibrous preform may undergo skim cut machining where the surface of the porosity gradient fibrous preform modified to meet a set of standards for the porosity gradient fibrous preform. At block 516 a determination is made as to whether a desired part density is reached. If at block 516 the desired part density has not been reached, the operation returns to block 510. If at block 516 the desired part density has been reached, then, at block 518, a final machining may be performed on the porosity gradient fibrous preform to meet desired porosity gradient fibrous preform dimensions.
Therefore, the illustrative embodiments provide for the creation of complex contour fibrous preforms, with a variety of thicknesses, which take advantage of porosity gradient created by varying resin type and/or composition. The porosity gradient preform construction of the present disclosure tends to improve part quality and make the CVI process more effective. The porosity gradient tends to enable higher densification yields in thick sections or complex contour geometries.
With reference to
With momentary reference to
With reference to
With reference to
Benefits and other advantages have been described herein with regard to specific embodiments. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures contained herein are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in a practical system. However, the benefits, advantages, and any elements that may cause any benefit or advantage to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of the disclosure. The scope of the disclosure is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” Moreover, where a phrase similar to “at least one of A, B, or C” is used in the claims, it is intended that the phrase be interpreted to mean that A alone may be present in an embodiment, B alone may be present in an embodiment, C alone may be present in an embodiment, or that any combination of the elements A, B and C may be present in a single embodiment; for example, A and B, A and C. B and C, or A and B and C.
Systems, methods, and apparatus are provided herein. In the detailed description herein, references to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “various embodiments,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. After reading the description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the disclosure in alternative embodiments.
Numbers, percentages, or other values stated herein are intended to include that value, and also other values that are about or approximately equal to the stated value, as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art encompassed by various embodiments of the present disclosure. A stated value should therefore be interpreted broadly enough to encompass values that are at least close enough to the stated value to perform a desired function or achieve a desired result. The stated values include at least the variation to be expected in a suitable industrial process, and may include values that are within 10%, within 5%, within 1%, within 0.1%, or within 0.01% of a stated value. Additionally, the terms “substantially,” “about,” or “approximately” as used herein represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the term “substantially,” “about,” or “approximately” may refer to an amount that is within 10% of, within 5% of, within 1% of, within 0.1% of, and within 0.01% of a stated amount or value.
Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112 (f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.” As used herein, the terms “comprises.” “comprising.” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
Finally, it should be understood that any of the above-described concepts can be used alone or in combination with any or all of the other above-described concepts. Although various embodiments have been disclosed and described, one of ordinary skill in this art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of this disclosure. Accordingly, the description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the principles described or illustrated herein to any precise form. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching.
