Porous aluminum pyrazoledicarboxylate frameworks

Abstract

A porous aluminum-based metal-organic framework (MOF) comprises inorganic aluminum chains linked via carboxylate groups of 1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylate (HPDC) linkers, and of formula: [Al(OH)(C5H2O4N2)(H2O)].

Description

INTRODUCTION

Water adsorption by porous solids is important for many industrial applications, such as the dehumidification,¹ adsorption-driven heat pump for air-conditioning,² and more recently, direct water harvesting from atmosphere for clean water generation.³ Criteria for porous solids that can be applied in these applications are (1) high capacity for maximum water or heat delivery; (2) steep uptake at low relative partial pressure (P/P₀, 0.1-0.3) (3) high stability and cycling performance (4) easy regeneration.⁴ Traditional materials such as zeolites suffer from low capacity and high regeneration energy, while silica gels suffer from a gradual uptake and only reach high uptake at high relative pressures (close to saturation). Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been recently proposed to this field, which show great potential.^2-5 For examples, MOF-801 (zirconium fumarate) has a steep water uptake at P/P₀=0.05 to 0.1 and the maximum uptake is 28 wt % (P/P₀=0.9), MOF-841 (zirconium methanetetrayltetrabenzoate) has a steep uptake at P/P₀=0.2 and the maximum uptake is 48 wt %,⁴ MIL-160 (aluminum furandicarboxylate) has a steep uptake at P/P₀=0.05 to 0.2 and the maximum uptake is 37 wt %.⁵ All those materials show good cycling performance. A device based on MOF-801 for water harvesting have been demonstrated recently, being capable of harvesting 28 wt % water per MOF mass at low relative humidity (20%) and requires no additional input of energy.¹

We demonstrated here the use of MOF-303 and MOF-573 for water harvesting. MOF-303 has a steep uptake at P/P₀=0.15 and the maximum uptake is 48 wt %. The material can be easily fully regenerated at room temperature, with no decrease in performance in 5 cycles. Further kinetic cycling test shows that the materials shows no decrement in performance for up to 150 cycles (34 wt % delivery capacity under following condition: adsorption in 40% R.H. N₂ flow, desorption in dry N₂ flow at 85° C. for 30 mins), demonstrating high capacity and high stability of this material (FIG. 3).

We also demonstrated here the use of MOF-303 for gas adsorption and separation. Specifically, we measured the carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen uptake of MOF-303 at 273 K, 283 K, and 298 K. MOF-303 shows uptakes of 120 cm³ cm⁻³ of carbon dioxide, 23 cm³ cm⁻³ of methane at 1 bar, 298 K, and exhibits selectivity of 4.9 (CO₂ to CH₄), 18.5 (CO₂ to N₂), and 4.0 (CH₄ to N₂).

MOF-303 can be used to capture other oxide based gases similar to CO₂, such as SO₂, NO_x, which can be applied to remove these pollutants from air and post-combustion flue gases.

We further demonstrated the use of MOF-303 for high-pressure methane storage. It is shown that MOF-303 can hold 190 cm³ cm⁻³ of methane at 35 bar, 298 K, which is in line with the best performing materials ever reported (HKUST-1, 190-227 cm³ cm⁻³, Ni-MOF-74, 208-230 cm³ cm⁻³),⁷ the delivery capacity is 106 cm³ cm⁻³, indicating the application for storage and delivery of energy gases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This disclosure provides two porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), MOF-303, [Al(OH)(C₅H₂O₄N₂)(H₂O)] and MOF-573 [Al(OH)(C₅H₂O₄N₂) (H₂O)] constructed by linking aluminum (III) ions and 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid. These MOFs show permanent porosity and have Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas of 1380 and 980 m²g⁻¹, respectively. MOF-303 and MOF-573 can be easily synthesized in hot water with only aluminum chloride or sulfate salt, 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid, and a base (e.g. NaOH) in short period (12-72 h). We demonstrated the use of MOF-303 for water harvesting from humid air. The material can take 500 cm³g⁻¹ (40 wt %) water at low relative humidity (P/P₀=0.2), and can be easily fully regenerated at room temperature, with no decrease in performance after 5 cycles. Further kinetic cycling test shows that the material at least shows no decrement in performance for up to 150 cycles (34 wt % working capacity under following condition: adsorption in 40% R.H. N₂ flow, desorption in dry N₂ flow at 85° C. for 30 mins), demonstrating use for water harvesting from humid air.

The easy synthesis and scalibilty allows a variety of applications, including water harvesting from humid air. The material (MOF-303) provides high capacity compared to other known materials at low relative humidity, which provides a key component of portable and clean water generating devices.

In an aspect the invention provides a porous aluminum-based metal-organic framework (MOF) comprising inorganic aluminum chains linked via carboxylate groups of 1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylate (HPDC) linkers, and of formula: [Al(OH)(C₅H₂O₄N₂)(H₂O)], wherein: each Al (III) ion is capped by four O atoms from four different carboxylate groups and two O atoms from two hydroxyl groups forming AlO₆ octahedra, and the AlO₆ octahedra form corner-sharing chains, depending on the cis- and trans-position of the two adjacent bridging hydroxyl groups, helical chains in MOF-303 (cis-) and MOF-573 (trans-) form respectively.

In embodiments the MOF is MOF-303, wherein:

the linkers further bridge two of the chains together, leading to the formation of a 3D framework delimiting square-shaped one dimensional channels with diameter of 6 Å in diameter (measured by the largest fitting sphere);

the MOF-303 has a topology of xhh; and/or

the MOF has permanent porosity and a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 1380 and pore volume of 0.55 cm³ g⁻¹.

In embodiments the MOF is MOF-573, wherein:

the linkers further bridge two of the chains together, leading to the formation of a 3D framework delimiting square-shaped one dimensional channels with diameter of 5 Å in diameter (measured by the largest fitting sphere);

the MOF has a topology of upt; and/or

the MOF has permanent porosity and a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 980 m² g⁻¹ and pore volume of 0.56 cm³ g⁻¹.

In embodiments, the MOF further comprises an adsorbed material such as water, or a gas such carbon dioxide, or other oxide such as SO₂ or NOx (NO, NO₂, etc.) or a fuel or flue gas, such as a hydrocarbon gas like methane, propane, etc.

In further aspects the invention provides a method of making the MOF comprising the step of linking aluminum (III) ions and 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid.

In further aspects the invention provides a method of using the MOF for water harvesting from humid air, comprising the steps of: contacting the MOF with humid air to absorb water from the air, and desorbing the water.

In further aspects the invention also provides methods of using the disclosed MOFs, such as for gas adsorption, comprising the steps of: contacting the MOF with a gas wherein the gas adsorbs into the MOF, such as wherein the gas is carbon dioxide, or other oxide such as SO₂ or NOx (NO, NO₂, etc.) or a fuel or flue gas, such as a hydrocarbon gas like methane, propane, etc.

The invention encompasses all combination of the particular embodiments recited herein, as if each combination had been laboriously recited.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1(a). Structure demonstration of MOF-303: aluminum oxide chain.

FIG. 1(b). Al(III) coordinates to four carboxylate groups and two hydroxyl groups; in MOF-303; one dimensional channels viewed along a axis.

FIG. 1(c). Structure demonstration of MOF-573: aluminum oxide chain.

FIG. 1(d). Al(III) coordinates to four carboxylate groups and two hydroxyl groups; in MOF-573; one dimensional channels viewed along a axis.

FIG. 2(a). Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of activated MOF-303 and simulated one based on as-synthesized single crystal, the same patterns indicate a rigid structure upon desolvation.

FIG. 2(b). Nitrogen adsorption isotherm of MOF-303 at 77 K. Solid circles represent adsorption branch, empty circles represent desorption branch.

FIG. 2(c). Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of activated MOF-573, as-synthesized MOF-573, and simulated one based on as-synthesized single crystal, different patterns indicate structural changes upon desolvation, representing flexible nature, structure after desolvation is under study.

FIG. 2(d). Nitrogen adsorption isotherm of MOF-303 at 77 K. Solid circles represent adsorption branch, empty circles represent desorption branch.

FIG. 3(a). Water adsorption isotherms of MOF-303 at 298 K. Five cycles are tested, showing identical uptake. Sample is evacuated for 5 hours at room temperature during each cycle.

FIG. 3(b). Water adsorption isotherms of MOF-573 at 298 K. Five cycles are tested, showing identical uptake. Sample is evacuated for 5 hours at room temperature during each cycle.

FIG. 3(c). Humidity swing cycling test using DSC-TGA. The sample was purged with 40% RH N₂ flow until saturated adsorption, then was regenerated under dry N₂ flow at 358 K for 30 mins before next cycle. 150 cycles are done and there is no obvious performance decrease.

FIG. 3(d). Assuming exponential decay, 32 wt % will be maintained after 10,000 cycles.

FIG. 4(a). Carbon dioxide adsorption isotherms of MOF-303 at 273, 283, and 298 K.

FIG. 4(b). Methane adsorption isotherms of MOF-303 at 273, 283, and 298 K.

FIG. 4(c). Nitrogen adsorption isotherms of MOF-303 at 273, 283, and 298 K.

FIG. 4(d). High-pressure methane uptake (up to 60 bar) of MOF-303 at 298 K.

FIG. 5. Asymmetric unit in the single-crystal structure of MOF-303 (atoms are shown isotropically). Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.

FIG. 6. Pawley refinement of activated MOF-303.

FIG. 7. Asymmetric unit in the single-crystal structure of MOF-573 (thermal ellipsoids with 30% probability). Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.

FIG. 8. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) trace for the activated sample of MOF-303.

FIG. 9. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) trace for the activated sample of MOF-573.

DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Unless contraindicated or noted otherwise, in these descriptions and throughout this specification, the terms “a” and “an” mean one or more, the term “or” means and/or.

It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein, including citations therein, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

The present invention relates to the preparation of two porous aluminum-based MOFs and the examination of their properties in water harvesting, as well as gas adsorption such as methane, carbon dioxide, etc. Specifically, MOF-303, [Al(OH)(C₅H₂O₄N₂)(H₂O)] and MOF-573 [Al(OH)(C₅H₂O₄N₂)(H₂O)] constructed by linking aluminum (III) ions and 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid. MOF-303 and MOF-573 can be synthesized in hot water with low-cost starting materials, aluminum chloride hexahydrate or aluminum sulfate octacahydrate, 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid, and a base (e.g. NaOH) in short period (24 h or 72 h) at 100° C.

Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies show that both MOF-303 and MOF-573 contains inorganic aluminum chains linked via the carboxylate groups of the linkers and the hydroxyl groups. Each Al (III) ion is capped by four O atoms from four different carboxylate groups and two O atoms from two hydroxyl groups forming AlO₆ octahedra, and AlO₆ octahedra form corner-sharing chains, depending on the cis- and trans-position of the two adjacent bridging hydroxyl groups, helical chains in MOF-303 (cis-) and MOF-573 (trans-) form respectively. The ditopic linker further bridged two of the chains together, leading to the formation of a 3D framework delimiting square-shaped one dimensional channels with diameter of 6 Å and 5 Å in diameter, respectively (measured by the largest fitting sphere). MOF-303 has a topology of xhh, and MOF-573 has a topology of upt (FIG. 1).

These two MOFs show permanent porosity and have Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas of 1380 and 980 m² g⁻¹ and pore volume of 0.55 and 0.56 cm³ g⁻¹, respectively (FIG. 2). Interestingly, MOF-303 represents a rigid framework while MOF-573 represents a flexible structure, evidenced by the change of pxrd patterns upon activation and the huge hysteresis in nitrogen sorption isotherms, indicating structural transformation upon activation and gas adsorption.

We demonstrated here the use of MOF-303 and MOF-573 for water harvesting. MOF-303 has a steep uptake at P/P₀=0.15 and the maximum uptake is 48 wt %. The material can be easily fully regenerated at room temperature, with no decrease in performance in 5 cycles. Further kinetic cycling test shows that the materials shows no decrement in performance for up to 150 cycles (34 wt % delivery capacity under following condition: adsorption in 40% R.H. N₂ flow, desorption in dry N₂ flow at 85° C. for 30 mins), demonstrating high capacity and high stability of this material (FIG. 3).

We also demonstrated here the use of MOF-303 for gas adsorption and separation. Specifically, we measured the carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen uptake of MOF-303 at 273 K, 283 K, and 298 K. MOF-303 shows uptakes of 120 cm³ cm⁻³ of carbon dioxide, 23 cm³ cm⁻³ of methane at 1 bar, 298 K, and exhibits selectivity of 4.9 (CO₂ to CH₄), 18.5 (CO₂ to N₂), and 4 (CH₄ to N₂) (FIG. 4)

MOF-303 can also capture other oxide based gases similar to CO₂, such as SO₂, NO_x, which can be applied to remove these pollutants from air and post-combustion flue gases.

We further demonstrated the use of MOF-303 for high-pressure methane storage. It is shown that MOF-303 can hold 190 cm³ cm⁻³ of methane at 35 bar, 298 K, which is in line with the best performing materials ever reported (HKUST-1, 190-227 cm³ cm⁻³, Ni-MOF-74, 208-230 cm³ cm⁻³),⁷ the delivery capacity is 106 cm³ cm⁻³, indicating the application for storage and delivery of energy gases.

REFERENCES

• (1) Golubovic, et al. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2006, 49, 2802.
• (2) Henninger, et al. C. Eur J. Inorg. Chem. 2012, 2012, 2625
• (3) Kim, H., et al. Science 2017, 356, 430.
• (4) Furukawa, H.; Gandara, F.; Zhang, Y.-B.; Jiang, J.; Queen, W. L.; Hudson, M. R.; Yaghi, O. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 4369.
• (5) Cadiau, et al. Adv. Mater 2015, 27, 4775.
• (6) Datta, S. J.; Khumnoon, C.; Lee, Z. H.; Moon, W. K.; Docao, S.; Nguyen, T. H.; Hwang, I. C.; Moon, D.; Oleynikov, P.; Terasaki, O.; Yoon, K. B. Science 2015, 350, 302-306.
• (7) He Y.; Zhou, W.; Qian, G.; Chen, B. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 5657-5678.

Supplement: Synthetic Procedures.

Aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl₃.6H₂O), aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate [Al₂(SO₄)₃.18H₂O], 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid monohydrate (H₃PDC.H₂O), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), anhydrous methanol were purchased from commercial source and were used directly without further purification.

All the synthetic procedures were conducted in open air. The MOFs were activated by the following procedure: Firstly, the as-synthesized crystalline material was exchanged with fresh DI water for one day, six times per day; then exchanged with anhydrous methanol for one day, six times per day. After that, the solvent-exchanged MOFs were filtered, dried in air before fully evacuated to remove guest molecules under dynamic vacuum (Masterprep, 0.01 Torr) at ambient temperature for 4 h, then at elaborated temperature of 50° C. for 2 h, 100° C. for 2 h, 150° C. for 2 h and finally 180° C. for 2 h to give the activated sample. Additionally, the sample can also be directly activated under flow hot air (above 100° C.) after washing with water. The following measurements were all conducted using the activated samples unless otherwise noted.

Elemental analyses (EA) were performed using a Perkin Elmer 2400 Series II CHNS elemental analyzer; attenuated-total-reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra were recorded on a Bruker ALPHA Platinum ATR-FTIR Spectrometer.

MOF-303 (xhh), Al(OH)(HPDC)(H₂O).

5.2 g aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl₃.6H₂O, 21.54 mmol) and 3.75 g 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid monohydrate (H₃PDC.H₂O, 21.54 mmol) were dissolved in 360 mL water in a 500 mL glass jar, 15 mL NaOH aqueous solution (1.3 g, 32.5 mmol) was added to the above mixture dropwise under stirring. The vial was then sealed and heated in 100° C. isothermal oven for 24 h. (Yield: 1.5 g, 35% based on linker). Single crystal suitable for X-ray diffraction study were made by occasion, in brief, 0.6 mmol AlCl₃.6H₂O, 0.6 mmol H₂PZDC, and 0.7 mmol NaOH were mixed in 4 mL H₂O, the mixture was sealed in a 23 mL Autoclave and placed in 100° C. isothermal oven for 7 days, EA: Calcd. for Al(OH)(C₅H₂O₄N₂)(H₂O): C, 27.79; H, 2.33; N, 12.96%. Found: C, 27.62; H, 2.26; N, 12.74%. ATR-FTIR (4000-400 cm⁻¹): 1667 (w), 1601 (s), 1525 (m), 1482 (w), 1440 (m), 1386 (s), 1193 (m), 1106 (m), 998 (s), 848 (w), 791 (s), 588 (br), 456 (s), 422 (w).

MOF-573 (utp), Al(OH)(HPDC)(H₂O).

0.100 g Aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate (Al₂(SO₄)₃.18H₂O, 0.15 mmol), 0.052 g 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid monohydrate (H₃PDC.H₂O, 0.3 mmol), and 0.15 mmol NaOH were mixed in 2 mL water in a 4 mL glass vial. The vial was then sealed and heated in 100° C. isothermal oven for 3 days. (Yield: 30% based on linker). EA: Calcd. for Al(OH)(C₅H₂O₄N₂): C, 27.79; H, 2.33; N, 12.96%. Found: C, 27.73; H, 2.13; N, 12.84%. ATR-FTIR (4000-400 cm¹): 3667 (w), 3290 (br), 1592 (s), 1572 (s), 1521 (m), 1423 (s), 1380 (s), 1190 (s), 1124 (br), 103 (s), 993 (s), 850 (m), 841 (w), 826 (w), 801 (s), 675 (w), 637 (w), 570 (s), 493 (m), 446 (s).

Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction Analysis

Single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) data was collected for both MOFs using as-synthesized crystals. Data for MOF-303 was collected at beamline 11.3.1 of the ALS at LBNL, equipped with a Bruker Photon 100 CMOS area detector using synchrotron radiation (10-17 KeV), at 0.7749(1) Å. Data for MOF-573 was collected on a Bruker D8 Venture diffractometer equipped with a CMOS area detector using micro-focus Cu Kα radiation (λ=1.54184 Å). Samples were mounted on MiTeGen® kapton loops and placed in a 100(2) K nitrogen cold stream.

Data were processed with the Bruker APEX2 software package,^1,2 integrated using SAINT v8.34A and corrected for the absorption by SADABS routines (no correction was made for extinction or decay). The structures were solved by intrinsic phasing (SHELXT) and refined by full-matrix least squares on F² (SHELXL-2014). Atomic positions of MOF-303 can be obtain from the single crystal data, but the anisotropic refinement remains unstable due to the poor diffraction of the crystals, thus the structure model was further refined by Pawley refinement using Material Studio 7.0.³ All non-hydrogen atoms in MOF-573 were refined anisotropically. Hydrogen atoms were geometrically calculated and refined as riding atoms, highly disordered guest molecules occupying the cavities of the structure, which could not be modeled and so were accounted for using solvent masking using the Olex2 software package.^4,5 See the CIFs for further details.

MOF-303.

A colorless plate-shaped (20 μm×20 μm×10 μm) crystal of as-synthesized MOF-303 was quickly picked up from the mother liquor, and placed in paratone oil, and mounted at beamline 11.3.1 at the ALS using radiation at λ=0.7749(1) Å at 100 K.

MOF-573.

A colorless plate-shaped (50 μm×50 μm×20 μm) crystal of as-synthesized MOF-573 was quickly picked up from the mother liquor and mounted at Bruker D8 Venture diffractometer equipped with a CMOS area detector using micro-focus Cu Kα radiation (λ=1.54184 Å).

Low Pressure Gas Adsorption Measurements

Ultrahigh-grade gases (99.999% for N₂, CO₂, CH₄, and He) and activated samples of MOFs were used for measurements. The N₂ (77 K) isotherms were measured on a Quadrasorb-SI. Apparent surface area of ZIFs were estimated by BET methods. The CO₂, CH₄, and N₂ adsorption isotherms were measured at 273 K, 283 K and 298 K and at pressures up to 1.0 bar using Autosorb-1 (Quantachrome) volumetric gas adsorption analyzer. High-pressure methane adsorption isotherms were measured using the static volumetric method on an HPVA-100 from the VTI Corporation (currently Particulate Systems). A liquid nitrogen bath was used for adsorption measurements at 77 K. A water circulator was used for measurements at 273, 283, and 298 K. The framework density was measured using a pycnometer (Ultrapyc 1200e, Quantachrome).

Water Adsorption Measurements.

Water vapor isotherms at 298 K were measured in-house on a BEL Japan BELSORP-aqua3. Prior to measurements, the analyte water was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and then evacuated under dynamic vacuum at least twice to remove any gases in the reservoir. The measurement temperature was controlled and monitored with a water bath held at 298 K. Helium was used to estimate dead space for vapor adsorption measurements.

SUPPLEMENTAL REFERENCES

• (1) Bruker. APEX2. (Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wis., U.S.A. 2010).
• (2) Sheldrick, G. M. Acta Cryst. A 2008, 64, 112-122.
• (3) Accelrys Inc. Materials Studio 7.0.
• (4) Dolomanov, O. V.; Bourhis, L. J.; Gildea, R. J.; Howard, J. A. K.; Puschmann, H. J. Appl. Cryst. 2009, 42, 339-341.
• (5) Rees, B.; Jenner, L. B.; Yusupov, M. Acta Cryst. D 2005, 61, 1299-1301.

TABLE S1
Crystal data and structure determination
for MOF-303; single crystal data set
	Compound	MOF-303
	Chemical formula	C20H12O20N8Al4
	Formula mass	792.30
	Crystal system	monoclinic
	Space group	P21
	λ (Å)	0.7749	(1)
	a (Å)	12.2714	(16)
	b (Å)	14.572	(2)
	c (Å)	14.253	(2)
	β (°)	101.787	(10)
	Z	4
	V (Å3)	2495.0	(6)
	Temperature (K)	100	(2)
	Size/mm3	0.01 × 0.02 × 0.02
	Density (g/cm−3)	1.159
	Measured reflections	16277
	Unique reflections	3425
	Parameters	209
	Restraints	1
	Rint	0.172
	θ range (°)	2.2-19.7
	R1, wR2	0.2948 0.6525
	S (GOF)	2.86
	Max/min res. dens. (e/Å3)	2.32/−1.38
	aR1 = Σ||Fo| − |Fc||/Σ|Fo|;
	bwR2 = [Σw(Fo2 − Fc2)2/Σw(Fo2)2]1/2;
	cS = [Σw(Fo2 − Fc2)2/(Nref − Npar)]1/2.

TABLE S2
Crystal data and structure determination for MOF-573
	Compound	MOF-573
	Chemical formula	C10H6O10N4Al2
	Formula mass	560.15
	Crystal system	Monoclinic
	Space group	P21/c
	λ (Å)	1.54184
	a (Å)	12.2611	(7)
	b (Å)	14.5296	(8)
	c (Å)	14.3042	(3)
	β (°)	101.624	(5)
	Z	4
	V(Å3)	2496.0	(3)
	Temperature (K)	100	(2)
	Size/mm3	0.05 × 0.05 × 0.02
	Density (g/cm−3)	1.491
	Measured reflections	17262
	Unique reflections	2704
	Parameters	349
	Restraints	22
	Rint	0.065
	θ range (°)	4.4-51.3
	R1, wR2	0.1485, 0.4273
	S (GOF)	1.09
	Max/min res. dens. (e/Å3)	1.26/−0.87
	aR1 = Σ||Fo| − |Fc||/Σ|Fo|;
	bwR2 = [Σw(Fo2 − Fc2)2/Σw(Fo2)2]1/2;
	cS = [Σw(Fo2 − Fc2)2/(Nref − Npar)]1/2.

Claims

1. A porous aluminum-based metal-organic framework (MOF) comprising inorganic aluminum chains linked via carboxylate groups of 1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylate (HPDC) linkers, and of formula: [Al(OH)(C5H2O4N2)(H2O)], wherein: each Al (III) ion is capped by four O atoms from four different carboxylate groups and two O atoms from two hydroxyl groups forming AlO6 octahedra, and the AlO6 octahedra form corner-sharing chains, and depending on the cis- and trans-position of two adjacent bridging hydroxyl groups, helical chains in MOF-303 (cis-) and MOF-573 (trans-) form respectively.

2. The MOF of claim 1 that is MOF-303, wherein: the linkers further bridge two of the chains together, leading to the formation of a 3D framework delimiting square-shaped one dimensional channels with diameter of 6 Å in diameter (measured by the largest fitting sphere);the MOF-303 has a topology of xhh; and/orthe MOF has permanent porosity and a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 1380 and pore volume of 0.55 cm3 g−1.

3. The MOF of claim 1 that is MOF-573, wherein: the linkers further bridge two of the chains together, leading to the formation of a 3D framework delimiting square-shaped one dimensional channels with diameter of 5 Å in diameter (measured by the largest fitting sphere);the MOF has a topology of upt; and/orthe MOF has permanent porosity and a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 980 m2 g−1 and pore volume of 0.56 cm3 g−1.

4. The MOF of claim 1 further comprising an adsorbed material that is water.

5. The MOF of claim 2 further comprising an adsorbed material that is water.

6. The MOF of claim 3 further comprising an adsorbed material that is water.

7. The MOF of claim 1 further comprising an adsorbed material that is carbon dioxide.

8. The MOF of claim 2 further comprising an adsorbed material that is carbon dioxide.

9. The MOF of claim 3 further comprising an adsorbed material that is carbon dioxide.

10. A method of making the MOF of claim 1 comprising the step of linking aluminum (III) ions and 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid.

11. A method of making the MOF of claim 2 comprising the step of linking aluminum (III) ions and 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid.

12. A method of making the MOF of claim 3 comprising the step of linking aluminum (III) ions and 3,5-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid.

13. A method of using the MOF of claim 1 for water harvesting from humid air, comprising the steps of: contacting the MOF with humid air to absorb water from the air, and desorbing the water.

14. A method of using the MOF of claim 2 for water harvesting from humid air, comprising the steps of: contacting the MOF with humid air to absorb water from the air, and desorbing the water.

15. A method of using the MOF of claim 3 for water harvesting from humid air, comprising the steps of: contacting the MOF with humid air to absorb water from the air, and desorbing the water.

16. A method of using the MOF of claim 1 for gas adsorption and separation, comprising the steps of: contacting the MOF with a gas wherein the gas adsorbs into the MOF, such as wherein the gas is carbon dioxide.

17. A method of using the MOF of claim 2 for gas adsorption and separation, comprising the steps of: contacting the MOF with a gas wherein the gas adsorbs into the MOF, such as wherein the gas is carbon dioxide.

18. A method of using the MOF of claim 3 for gas adsorption and separation, comprising the steps of: contacting the MOF with a gas wherein the gas adsorbs into the MOF, such as wherein the gas is carbon dioxide.