Patent Application
20100005716
Not applicable.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to permanently installed irrigation systems and more specifically to underground, permanently installed irrigation systems for the irrigation and planting of landscape and flower beds that conserve water which decreases labor requirements for the installation of the flower bed. The present invention further relates to plant containers and, more specifically, to an apparatus that promotes plant growth while conserving and storing water and providing air to the roots of the plant life growing within the plant container.
2. Description of the Related Art
The goal of any installed landscape and flowerbed irrigation system is to irrigate the target landscape plants as efficiently as is possible with minimum labor and parts, and therefore, the lowest installed cost possible. If these requirements are met, the water required to irrigate the landscape and flowerbed plants is conserved and the cost of installing the landscape/flower bed irrigation system is minimized. Current state of the irrigation systems for landscape/flower beds can be broken into three broad categories: sprinklers, drip and flood irrigation.
One of the earliest forms of irrigation is the flood irrigation concept. This type of irrigation requires that the flowerbed area to be irrigated be manipulated and contoured such that the water will flow into all of the required areas to be irrigated without leaving the intended area before the water has had sufficient time to soak into the surface soil. This requires labor intensive berming of the perimeter of the landscape/flower bed area and a source of water emission contained within the bermed perimeter. The benefits of this type of landscape/flower bed irrigation are low initial cost of the irrigation system with regard to materials and ease of installation. The drawbacks of this form of flood irrigation for a landscape/flower bed is efficiency due to evaporation as the water sits on the surface of the bed and excessive loss of water due to deep percolation past the root zone of the plantings in the landscape flower bed. Another drawback of the conventional landscape/flower bed with a flood irrigation system is the high level of labor required in the excavating and planting of the bed. The bed must have a berm completely around the perimeter and the landscape flower/plants must be located at the proper depth. Also, for a health flowerbed it is often necessary to dig down 12 to 18 inches and amend the soil to provide suitable growing conditions for the plantings. For landscape and flower plants, the soil must be a texture to allow for water and air to be available to the plant at all times. Still another drawback of flood irrigation for flower/landscape beds is that by definition the entire area of the bed if flooded, providing moisture for the weeds/weed seeds which exist in the flower/landscape bed base soil, promoting the growth of the weeds. This unintended weed growth increases the labor requirement for maintaining well-kept flower landscape beds. The unintended weed growth can also result in increased chemical herbicide weed killer usage, which can result in increased chemical run-off and environmental damage. Altogether, flood irrigation has been low on efficiency and high in labor requirements for landscape/flower beds installation of the bed and irrigation system.
The second form of irrigation to be discussed, sprinkler irrigation, is by far the most commonly used form of irrigation for landscape/flower beds. This form of irrigation utilizes in flower/landscape beds consists of pipes located underground with shrub risers with spray nozzles threaded on them, referred to as fixed spray risers, or pop up spray head or sprinkler devices which pop up and then retract underground in between irrigation events. The spray nozzles affixed to either fixed risers or pop up risers spray out water in a pattern, which sprays out over the entire flower bed/landscape area. Due to the irregular shape and varying width of flower/landscape beds, it is often impossible to target spray head water only on the intended flower/landscape bed without significant over spray into unintended areas. Also, the distributing of water from these sprinkler devices is often interrupted in flower/landscape beds due to the height of the plantings in these areas creating irregular wetting patterns. Sprinkler irrigation in flower/landscape beds suffers from inefficiencies found in sprinkler irrigation of turf areas, namely high evaporation losses from being thrown in the air and evaporation from collecting on the leaf area material. In addition to the inherent distribution inefficiencies of broadcasting water through the air, sprinkler irrigation also suffers from the basic inefficiency of attempting to irrigate the entire flower/landscape bed while the planting area may only cover as little as 50 percent of the bed. In addition to irrigating the entire area automatically cutting the efficiency, the moisture not irrigating the bedding plants will irrigate weeds and weed seeds in the landscape bed soil, increasing again the need for herbicide chemicals. In all, sprinkler irrigation for flower/landscape beds, while being the most widely used form of irrigation, falls short of efficiency and is labor intensive and complicated to install and design.
The third form of prior art irrigation system is known as drip irrigation. Drip irrigation for flower/landscape beds comes in two installation methodologies, subsurface and surface drip irrigation. First for subsurface drip irrigation, a drip emitter line is buried six to twelve inches below the flower/landscape bed with the lines being twelve to eighteen inches apart. The emitters emit water at a rate from 0.5 to 2 gallons per hour and are subsurface drip emitter layout grid is to water the soil beneath the flower/landscape bed completely. The grid results in subsurface watering, but is subject to several limitations and inefficiencies. The physics of water movement through various textures of soil can act to limit the efficiency of subsurface drip irrigation. In a course soil, such as sand, the water moves outward and upward due to capillary action, but to a great extent once the soil is saturated the water moves downward due to gravity force. This basic form of movement happens in all soil types, to the greatest extent in sand and to a lesser extent in a clay soil. As water drops below the drip line grid, which is already six to eight inches deep, it passes out of the root zone of flower/landscape plants. In addition to dropping below the root zone of the plantings, the fact that the grid irrigates the entire bed area, where the plantings may only occupy 50 percent of the bed area, the efficiency of the water placement is reduced. Placing the drop line below the bed surface creates several maintenance considerations, such as roots growing into the many individual, low flow emitter devices, cutting of the multiple emitter lines from shovels and maintenance tools, and plugging of the small emitter orifices with soil and sediment. The prevention of roots growing into the emitters can be accomplished by impregnating the plastic, which the emitters are molded out of with a chemical herbicide such as Treflan. To prevent damage from tools and shovels the lines must be buried as deep as possible, however this just makes the problem of water loss below the root zone greater. In addition to efficiency and maintenance concerns, there is also the increased labor requirements of installing the subsurface system.
In a modification of subsurface drip, U.S. Pat. No. 5,921,711, issued to Jonas Sipaila, entitled Subsurface Fluid Distribution Apparatus and Method, teaches a drainage and irrigation system based upon an unpressurized half pipe contained within a chamber filled with a significant depth of washed sand material. In this patent, it teaches excavation down to a required depth, laying of a liner, placement of a water channel, non-pressurized pipe, and filling with a washed sand material of significant depth (13 inches) to provide a growing root zone for the planted plant material. While this patent method does provide a controlled root zone, it is very expensive to provide the excavation and material for the root zone growth. Also, the method suffers from being the most labor intensive of all types of flower/landscape bed installation, requiring complete excavation to a significant depth and total replacement of the root zone growth material. Another limitation of this type of system is that it must be installed perfectly flat and in a descending order if more than one unit is installed in a serial manner. So that in addition to all of the additional labor requirements, there is extensive grading and leveling requirements. This system attempts to improve efficiency but does so at great expense in cost of labor and materials. It markedly increases the time required to establish a flower/landscape bed.
The next form of drip irrigation for flower/landscape beds is surface drip irrigation. In this form of drip irrigation, the drip emitters are located on the surface of the flower/landscape bed, typically with an emitter for each plant. This form of irrigation does provide increased efficiency due to watering at the plants only but is extremely sensitive to disturbance on the surface by tools and maintenance activities. This type of drip irrigation is the most utilized form of drip irrigation. The small molded and extruded plastic components of this form of irrigation are easily destroyed by normal gardening activities such as raking and digging, removing weeds, planting new flower/landscape beds, etc. Another danger is that because of the small diameter tubing and emitters that the point emission devices get moved away from the intended watering areas, increasing inefficiency in the irrigation system. While the surface drip irrigation system is not as labor intensive as the flood, sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation systems to install, it is still fairly design and labor intensive to calculate the proper flow rate for each emitter/planting combination and the properly layout the entire system.
In a recent irrigation system for the irrigation of turf grass invented by the inventor of the current invention, U.S. Pat. No. 6,161,776 entitled Subsurface Mat Amendment System and Apparatus was developed to provide a simpler irrigation system specifically for the irrigation of turf grass. This system can be classified as a form of subsurface irrigation but because it is a continuous product intended for turf, it is not efficient for the irrigation of flower/landscape plantings.
Aside from the labor requirement of installing whatever form of irrigation system is selected for the flower/landscape bed, there is a significant element of labor required in the preparation of the flowerbed itself. Typical steps required to establish a flower/landscape bed in a typical turf grass lawn include: laying out the shape of the area, removing the turf grass, weeds and stones to a depth of 12 inches, brining whatever soil amendment might be required for the soil base material, incorporating the amendments or tilling the soil to give a friable, open mixture of soil, creating border for the flower/landscape bed to prevent invasive turf grass and weeds from penetrating the bed, applying a weed killer to kill any weed or grass left in the bed, and then finally smoothing out the final surface of the bed. Once all of these tasks are completed, then the form of irrigation system can be installed to provide moisture to the plants within the bed.
A popular, alternative form of gardening involves use of containers with and without support chains and planting decorative horticultural plants therein so that the container, if desired, can be suspended from the support chains from an elevated location, such as a tree branch, porch ceiling, room ceiling, etc. This form of gardening is commonly referred to as “hanging basket gardening” and commonly highlights decorative plants, such as annual color plants. Alternatively, the containers can be placed on a non-elevated surface, such as a table surface or ground surface.
While this methodology provides a very aesthetically pleasing display of the plant life, it presents a very problematic situation from a plant maintenance point of view. One common difficulty with hanging basket gardening is that, because the plant material is planted in soil, the soil medium must have drainage, as non-drained soil loses all of the air in its pore space causing the plant to rot and die in the anaerobic conditions. The requirement for drainage means that plants within the containers must be watered frequently-up to twice per day depending upon growing conditions (heat and wind).
The limited amount of soil that can be contained in the volume of the hanging basket also increases the frequency of watering. For example, a typical state of the art hanging basket is approximately twelve inches in diameter at the top and tapers down to eight inches in diameter at a depth of six inches at the bottom. The previously mentioned dimensions provide less than one half of a cubic foot of soil and contain very little water to support the plant life in the elevated conditions.
The requirement of frequent watering has been a source of consternation for gardeners as the plants frequently die back. As a result, there have been several attempts to arrive at devices and methodologies that provide more water to the containers and extend the watering cycle.
One of these attempts centers on the use of a water-tight, shallow saucer-shaped device positioned at the bottom of the container to provide a reservoir of water that would wick up into the root zone of the contained plants. Variations of this technique include externally-attached reservoirs, internally-hidden reservoirs, and reservoirs attached to the side of the basket. The overriding limitation of this approach to extending the watering time is the relatively little amount of water that the reservoir can hold without taking up too much of the volume of soil available to the plants. If the reservoir (which by definition has no drainage) is too great of a volume, the air available to the roots of the plants in the container becomes too small and the plant will rot, as it needs both air and oxygen in an appropriate ratio. Typical reservoir approaches to extending watering times will contain an extra ten to twelve ounces of water as compared to a simple drained soil container. The extra ten to twelve ounces of water does slightly extend the watering time, but can harm the growth of the plant material by limiting the amount of air available to the roots.
Another approach to the reservoir watering is demonstrated by U.S. Pat. No. 6,789,355 to Rajagopalan, which incorporates a waterproof liner within a coco mat liner for a hanging basket. The waterproof liner forms a hidden reservoir at the bottom of the basket that holds additional water over a drained or field capacity soil that would normally be contained within the area of the lined basket. While this does contain an extra ten ounces of water within the bottom soil of the basket, it does so at the expense of the air that would have been contained in that soil. As stated in the primary claim of the '355 patent, there must be an overflow zone between the waterproof integrated liner and the top of the basket so that not all of the growth medium, or soil, is totally saturated. The exchange of extra water for air within the soil means this approach has the same limitations as mentioned previously with reservoir systems.
Yet another approach to extending the watering cycle is centered on incorporating polymer gels into the soil of the container to increase the water-holding capacity of the soil. While these polymer gels will swell and cause the soil to contain additional water (as compared to untreated soil), they do not at the same time increase the air-holding capacity of the soil. Moreover, research into the water-holding polymer gels has found that the water contained and absorbed by these gels is held in too tight of a state for the roots of the plants to be able to effectively extract the water. This approach, therefore, has had only limited success. All in all, no one container planting system has been able to significantly extend the duration of time between required watering while also providing an optimum air and water combination to the root systems of the plants growing within the container.
It is therefore a general objective of the current invention to overcome the above-described limitations and labor requirements associated with prior art irrigation systems for flower/landscape beds and also the labor requirements for installing the flower/landscape bed itself.
In order to accomplish the objections of the current invention, the system apparatus according to the invention includes in one preferred embodiment a panel made up of multiple materials including a plastic base material, a flexible, porous wicking material such as polyurethane foam, a length of tubing such as polyethylene tubing, one or more flow controlled emission device(s), an optional non-sealed metallic conduit which the tube and emission device is inserted into, an optional water holding material such as a polymer crystal, and connector devices to interlock the panel with other panels if desired to form a multiple panel flower/irrigation bed if desired and an optional rigid mesh material. The base plastic material that forms the bottom and sides of the panel can range from a flexible polyethylene sheet to a semi-flexible vacuum formed thermoplastic shell to a rigid vacuum formed thermo-plastic shell or a injection molded rigid plastic shell combined with a flexible polyethylene material to form the bottom tray. The base plastic material can vary in thickness depending upon the toughness of the materials but should be such that it is durable enough to withstand being placed upon sticks, rocks or other possible projections without penetrating the material. The base plastic material can be solid or with a slight porosity in all or certain areas to allow the movement of water and air through the rest of the panel. The flexible wicking material is an open cell reticulated, polyether polyurethane foam or in an alternate embodiment bonded crumb rubber and polyurethane material. The length of tubing that is embedded within the panel is a typical polyethylene tube of ⅛th to 1-inch diameter as typically used in irrigation applications or in an alternative embodiment a cross-linked polyethylene material. The flow controlled emission device is a typical flow control disk with a various flow rate from ½ to 60 gallons per hour depending upon the number emission devices or the desired precipitation rate of the panel. The flow control device can also be simply a hole or open end of a fitting which flows water in a controlled manner in to the panel. The water holding polymer gel is that which is typically available for holding water in a soil medium. The non-sealed metallic sheath is a wound metal material made from non-corrosive metal and is not sealed to provide water movement through the conduit. The push to connect fitting can be a barbed push on fitting or an insert compression type of fitting typically available within the irrigation industry for use with polyethylene pipes. The option wire mesh fabric like commonly available chicken wire or screen mesh can be added to the panel to provide additional protection to the finished composite panel.
The invention apparatus in one preferred embodiment is assembled to a complete product as follows:
The flower/landscape panel bed system is installed by simply placing the panels in the desired area where a flower/landscape bed is desired. The panels can be placed on surfaces of turf grass, where the grass beneath the panel will die and compost beneath the panel and not emerge through the panel, leaving just the flower/landscape panels with no sub growth through. The panels can also be placed directly on uncultivated soil of any type, as the flowers/landscape plants grow within the panel material. It has even been demonstrated that a thriving flowerbed can be grown on solid asphalt in Phoenix, Ariz. on the western side of a building. The panels can be placed in an arrangement where one panel connects directly into another panel or is separated and connected by a length of polyethylene tubing. Once the final panel is attached, an end plug should be fairly level to facilitate water distribution. The initial panel is then connected to a pressurized water source and water fills the emission lines of all the panels simultaneously. The water fills the lower reservoirs of each panel. The landscape flowers and plants are planted into the panels by simply removing the flowers/plants from the shipping pots/containers or trays that they came in from the nursery or point of purchase and inserting the root ball/soil combination directly into the hole. Once all the holes are filled as desired, mulch is then placed on the surface of the panels and into the holes of any planting holes that were not filled, if any. As a final step a border of landscape blocks or stones or mulch can be added around the panels. Once charged with water, the panels provide water air and a root support structure to the roots growing out of the soil/soil combination into the growth matrix, and also a structure for the plant support.
The engineered, irrigation flower and landscape bed panel provides an instant, irrigated flower/landscape bed ready for the planting of flowers. It eliminates the need to dig out beds, cultivate soil, import soil amendments, etc. Once connected to a pressurized water source, each connected panel(s) fills with water through the first layer of wicking material (typically polyether polyurethane foam). The landscape/flower soil/root ball of each plant rests on top of the first layer of porous wicking material in the pre-cut holes in the secondary top layer of foam. The top layer of porous wicking material is covered with mulch to create a top layer of the panel(s) and hold moisture in the top layer of porous wicking material and create a moist, humid 100% humidity zone with a structure that the plant roots can penetrate into. The plant roots grow out of the soil/soil area in the cutout of the top porous wicking material into the side areas. The roots are also able to grow into the bottom wicking panel to pick up moisture and if necessary for support of the flower/landscape plants. The open cell porous wicking material forms an optimum growth medium for the planted flowers and landscape beds as it contains ample amounts of readily available water and air in an optimum structure for roots to grow into. With a partially porous to non-porous bottom and sides, there is no loss of the irrigation water to the lower surface that the landscape panel is placed on. With the mulch surface on the top of the panel evaporation through the upper surface of the landscape panel is also minimized, creating a watering situation were all of the water emitted into the landscape panel is available to the landscape plants. The dewatering of the panels is accomplished mainly through the transpiration of the planted materials within the panels. Water movement throughout the panel vapor phase as the wicking material below the mulch is at 100 percent humidity. The water is constantly redistributing throughout the panel allowing for even water distribution not available in a conventional flowerbed soil situation. With the panel installed over the base soil weeds and weed seeds that were present in the soil are not allowed to grow up through the panel material, making for a flower or landscape bed with no weeds. When installed over any type of soil area or existing landscape, the landscape panels provide a means to have a lush landscape/flower bed with minimal input of labor and water.
The landscape/flower panels, once installed with the flower/landscape plantings, provide a permanent irrigation planting bed system with several advantages over conventional landscape/flower beds with irrigation. Some of the advantages include:
It is also a general objective of the current invention to overcome the above-described limitations and frequent watering requirements associated with plants growing in a container while providing a plentiful supply of air to the roots of the plants in these systems. In order to accomplish the objectives of the current invention, the present invention includes in one embodiment a container, which can typically consist of a thermo-formed plastic shell, a coco lined wire basket or any other container of any suitable material. A water-impermeable barrier is positioned to prevent water from draining therethrough. The barrier can be accomplished with a waterproof liner, spray on waterproofing material, or any method suitable to create the moisture barrier.
The container holds a body or panel of continuous porous material, such as open cell foam, so that when water is introduced into the body or panel it will flow through the pores thereof and trap air within the pore spaces. The water and air become available to the root system of the contained plants growing from the porous material. Typical examples of the porous material include polyether polyurethane foam material, bonded crumb rubber and polyurethane binder, or any material with the properties and ability to trap air and allow water and roots to move through the body.
The roots of the plant are inserted into the body via a planting hole disposed therein. Preferably, the porous material thereafter closes to surround the inserted root ball of the plant so that the plant material is held secure even prior to the roots growing into the porous material. The pore size of the porous material is such that the roots of the plant(s) can easily grow into the pore spaces and have access to the water and air that is contained therein. The porous material forms an optimum growth medium for the planted plants and contains ample amounts of readily available water and air in an optimum structure into which the roots of the plants can grow. Other aspects of the inventions include the use a layers of continuous porous material within the container.
Because of the water-impermeable barrier, the porous material can be filled with no loss from drainage as is typical in other systems. Experiments with products made to the specifications contained within this disclosure were able to contain up to two gallons of water compared to approximately twelve ounces for saucer or reservoir systems as described supra.
The body or panel 111 fills at least a portion of the interior space defined by the container 110. As described supra, the porous material has spaces that allow movement of irrigation water therethough and also trap air. Suitable materials for the body or panel 111 of porous material include open cell foam, polyether polyurethane foam, bonded crumb rubber and polyurethane material, and webbed material.
A water-impermeable barrier 112 is positioned between the container 110 and the body or panel 111 so that water 113 cannot drain through the container 110. Preferably, in this embodiment, the barrier 112 runs to substantially to the top of the container 110.
At least one planting hole 117 is disposed in the body or panel 111 to receive a plant's roots. Preferably, each planting hole 117 is a slit formed in the top surface of the porous material which can be pulled sufficiently wide so that the roots of the plant can be inserted into the body or panel 111. After insertion, the planting hole 117 will close over and around the roots to secure the plant in place.
A water-impermeable barrier comprising a rubber plug 228 is positioned in a drainage hole 230 in the bottom of the container 110 beneath the first and second layers 220, 222 of porous material so that irrigation water 213 cannot drain through the container 210. It is also anticipated that, instead of the rubber plug 228, a liner as described supra could be positioned between the first and second layers 220, 222 of porous material and the container 210. Preferably, the liner would extend to the top edge of the container 210.
The first layer 220 of porous material is positioned above and adjacent the second layer 222. The first layer 220 has at least one planting hole 217 disposed therein for receiving the roots or root ball of a plant. In this embodiment, it is preferred that the planting hole 217 is a slit in the porous material that can be pulled apart to receive the roots or root ball and which will close back around the roots or root ball once released. Although it is preferable that the first and second layers 220, 222 are of porous material having the same water flow and air capturing characteristics, it is contemplated that each layer of wicking material could be formed of a different porous material. Irrigation water is delivered through a fluid charge inlet, which in this embodiment is the top surface 216 of the first layer 220 of wicking material.
Although the embodiments described supra include suspension hardware for elevating the plant life as is traditional for hanging basket gardens, it is also anticipated that the present invention also could be employed in a non-suspended manner. For example, the present invention may rest upon a table, stand, or a ground surface.
The present invention is described in terms of preferred embodiments in which specific apparatuses and methods are described. Those skilled in the art will recognize that alternative embodiments of such apparatuses, and alternative applications of the method, can be used in carrying out the present invention. Other aspects and advantages of the present invention may be obtained from a study of this disclosure and the drawings, along with the appended claims. Moreover, the recited order of the steps of the methods described herein are not meant to limit the order in which those steps may be performed.
This is a continuation-in-part application that claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/998,119, filed Nov. 28, 2007, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/600,625, filed Jun. 20, 2003 and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,407,340, which claimed the benefit of provisional application No. 60/390,097 filed Jun. 26, 2002. Each of the above-referenced applications and patents is incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60390097 | Jun 2002 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10600625 | Jun 2003 | US |
| Child | 11998119 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11998119 | Nov 2007 | US |
| Child | 12417259 | US |
