1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a position determination. More specifically, the present invention provides a position estimation system and method by a wireless communication network.
2. State of Technology
The maturing of integrated circuitry, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and communication theory has precipitated the emergence of wireless networks and has led to the economic and computational feasibility of networks having a large number of self-sufficient and/or reliant nodes. Each node can be designed to, for example, sense elements of its environment, perform simple computations, and/or communicate with peer groups or directly to an external interrogator. In wireless network applications such as environmental monitoring of ground water or airborne chemicals, firefighters in buildings, or soldiers in caves, it is desirable to know the location of such network nodes independent of, for example, a Global Positioning System (GPS).
Background information on an existing technology that computes estimates of unknown locations of, for example, a radio terminal or a radio tag emitting a signal can be found in, U.S. Patent No. 2003/0174086 A1, titled “Determining a Time of Arrival of a Sent Signal,” issued Sep. 18, 2003 to Hirt, including the following: “The present invention provides a solution for determining a time of arrival tn, abbreviated to TOA, and if desirable, the absolute TOA, of one or a plurality of signals emitted by one or a plurality of transmitters, e.g. terminals or radio tags, and receivable at different location of known spatial coordinates. In particular, the solution is based on measuring and comparing the total signal transfer time (TSTT) of signals, in such a way that explicit knowledge of absolute time or absolute time synchronization between components located at different spatial positions is not required.”
Background information on a system and method that utilizes peer-to-peer proximity measurements together with a known geographical position can be found in, U.S. Pat. No. 6,473,038 B2, titled, “Method and Apparatus for Location Estimation,” issued Oct. 28, 2002 to Patwari et al., including the following: “a system and method operate to provide location estimates for mobile devices. The system does not require a great deal of installed infrastructure. Moreover in the case of urban canyons and inside buildings where there are numerous obstructions to the propagation of signals (e.g., GPS signals), the system is able to function to provide location information for devices that might otherwise be out of range.”
Background information on a system that utilizes Ultra Wideband (UWB) or short pulses to estimate the position of a receiver by measuring the one-way flight time of a pulse sent from multiple independent transmitters can be found in, U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,950, titled, “Ultra Wideband Precision Geolocation System,” issued Apr. 25, 2000 to Fontana, including the following, “The system includes a set of N (where N>2) untethered UWB transceivers located at fixed positions, an untethered UWB receiver at the target, and a processor at the target for resolving time-of-flight measurement ambiguities of received pulses to determine precise geolocation by solving a set of equations according to time-of-flight measurements and surveyed positions of N−1 transceivers.”
Background information on a system that utilizes transmitted and received pulse trains to measure distances between radio devices can be found in, U.S. Pat. No. 6,674,396 B2, titled, “System and Method For Distance Measurements by Inphase and Quadrature Signals in A Radio System,” issued Jan. 6, 2004 to Richards et al., including the following, “the key to measuring a distance according to the present invention is to precisely measure the time it takes for a single bit to travel from a first radio transceiver to a second radio transceiver. Since in reality it is difficult to transmit and receive a single bit, the distance is measured by determining the time it takes a pulse train to travel from a first radio transceiver to a second transceiver and then from the second radio transceiver back to the first radio transceiver. Stated in other terms, the distance is measured by determining the travel time for a complete exchange of data between the first and second radio transceivers.”
Background information on a system that utilizes beacons to determine a location of mobile units can be found in, U.S. Patent No. 2003/0028323, titled, “Material Handling Systems with High Frequency Radio Location Devices,” issued Feb. 6, 2003 to Zeitler et al., including the following, “A material handling system uses high-frequency location devices for determining the location of mobile units, such as AGV's, overhead mono-rails, conveyor components, or individual articles being transported by such devices . . . . The location devices work in cooperation with a number of stationary location devices, such as beacons, that are positioned within the environment at known locations, such as in or adjacent the ceiling of the workplace environment.”
Accordingly, the present invention provides a wireless localization solution by a method and system that includes statistical processing of time of flight information to estimate a position of a receiving device.
Accordingly, the present invention wireless position estimation method that includes statistically filtering time of flight information resulting from replies to queries to produce a plurality of range measurements; and calculating a position estimate as a result of processing a predetermined collected number of filtered range measurements.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a wireless position estimation method that includes: transmitting from one or more known positions a plurality of queries; continuously collecting a plurality of replies from one or more receivers upon receipt of the plurality of queries; filtering time of flight information resulting from the transmission and the one or more replies to produce a plurality of range measurements; wherein the filtering includes a two-stage statistical analysis; and calculating a position estimate of each of the one or more receivers as a result of a predetermined collected number of filtered range measurements from the one or more known positions.
A final aspect of the present invention provides a position estimation wireless system that includes at least one receiver and one or more transmitters arranged from known positions and capable of transmitting a plurality of said wireless queries; wherein statistically filtering of wireless replies produce a plurality of range measurements that can be further utilized to calculate a position estimate to locate unknown receivers.
Accordingly, the invention provides a wireless localization solution by a method and system that includes statistical processing of time of flight information to estimate a position of a receiving device. Such an invention can be applied in sensor network applications, such as environmental monitoring of water in the soil or chemicals in the air where the position of the network nodes is deemed critical. Moreover, the present invention can be arranged to operate in areas where a Global Positioning System (GPS) is not available, such as inside buildings, caves, and tunnels.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the disclosure, illustrate an embodiment of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
Referring now to the following detailed information, and to incorporated materials; a detailed description of the invention, including specific embodiments, is presented. The detailed description serves to explain the principles of the invention.
Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, constituents, reaction conditions and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the subject matter presented herein. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the subject matter presented herein are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
General Description
A network as disclosed herein, often includes transmitter and receiver nodes distributed randomly within a predetermined area depending upon the ranging capabilities of the utilized wireless communication frequency bands, e.g., IEEE, Ultra-Wideband, etc. Transmitters in the present invention have known positions via, for example, satellites or other methods known in the art, while receivers have unknown positions. Generally, transmitters can determine receiver(s) position through time-of-flight ranging and information sharing.
The present invention provides a closed-form (i.e., an exact mathematical solution) two or three dimensional position estimation method and system to determine one or more receiver(s) positions of down to less than about 20 feet, more often down to about one foot in distance by combining multiple round trip time of flight measurements collected by one or more transmitters, often at least four transmitters communicating in a wireless network with such receivers. Such a localized position estimation method and system is provided by statistically monitoring time durational interaction, i.e., time-of-flight, of devices, such as, but not limited to, cell phones, pagers, personal identification cards, laptops, and Personal Digital Assistants (a handheld personal computer, e.g., an iPAQ manufactured by Hewlett Packard/COMPAQ), having wireless communication circuitry embedded in their framework.
Specific Description
As a beneficial wireless communication embodiment, system 100, as shown in
The same pulse shape can be transmitted and modulated based on, for example, changing amplitude, position, or time separation between the pulses for a number of respective channels. In addition, the free-space radiated pulse may have a pulse-width of about 5 ns or less, often about 1 ns or less, and more often less than about 200 picoseconds wide with average power levels of up to about 5 mW. When utilizing beneficial transmitted pulse durations of less than about 200 picoseconds, range determinations can easily be resolved to less than about one foot by the methods of the present invention. To achieve such accuracy on the order of less than about one foot, transmitters and receivers of the present invention can be designed to each have orthogonal binary identification (ID) codes. In such an arrangement, a transmitter can send its encoded UWB signal to a receiver in the form of an electronic query, which is capable of replying with the exclusive-or of the transmitter and receiver codes. On receiving a wireless reply, the transmitter can extract the receiver ID code and time-of-flight information to calculate a range of the receiver node. Orthogonal codes can be utilized to provide unique radio identity allowing ranging to take place as accurately as possible within the physical layer so as to not rely on software timing.
In an additional arrangement, system 100, as shown in
As another example embodiment, a wireless technology, such as, but not limited to, International Electronic and Electrical Engineers (IEEE) 802.11a or IEEE 802.11b, may additionally be incorporated into the present invention as the wireless standard based on its present common use in both business and home environments that enables users high-speed access to networks and the Internet while roaming throughout an area. Moreover, several new IEEE protocols for wireless communication, such as, but not limited to, an UWB physical layer (PHY) option in the IEEE 802.15.3 Personal Area Network (PAN) standard that can support data rates of up to 110 Mbits/s over a range of 10 m, and others, are also ready for introduction for use in wireless systems and may be considered as a protocol for the wireless standard of the present invention.
As an example method embodiment using such IEEE technology, each transmitter 12, 14, and receiver 20, as shown in
For every query, such as for example, a PING or a MAC level query, issued by a predetermined transmitter, such a transmitter can receive a batch of as one example, 50 replies verifying a connection and noting an elapsed time. As each batch of replies arrives, received information is directed through two stages of statistical filtering to extract a real query time, since signal multi-path and unknown computer processing time can impart substantial variation within a batch and between batches.
Measurement Filtering
FIGS. 2(a), 2(b), 2(c), and 2(d), graphically illustrates the filtering stage method of the present invention designed to remove data outliers to enable calculation of a single scalar distance measurement.
In the first filter stage, batch 50 of received data, as shown in
A second filter stage includes a recursive weighted least-squares (WLS) estimator capable of predicting a true value of a variable given sequential batches of “noisy” (e.g., data outliers) variable measurements over time. Such a filter works recursively by updating the least-squares solution after every new batch of data arrives. For an example query, such as a PING, issued at the kth sampling interval, a batch of m new measurements zk is received and the PING time at the next interval zk+1 is estimated and called {circumflex over (z)}k+1. To achieve this, zk is assumed to have the form:
Assuming a first-order system of constant velocity, the matrix H defines the behavior of the system, the vector nk is the residual measurement error, and Δt=tn−tn-1 is the sampling time. Accordingly, the WLS solution to equation (1) is:
{circumflex over (x)}k={circumflex over (x)}k+1+Kk(zk−H{circumflex over (x)}k+1); (2)
which is the estimate xk of that minimizes a quadratic cost function of residual error and includes the previous estimate plus the residual error scaled by a gain matrix. Such a gain matrix of the present invention is:
Kk=Pk−1+HT(HPk−1HT+Rk)−1; (3)
where Pk is the error covariance matrix representing the error after the kth estimate;
Pk=(Pk−1−1+HTRk−1H)−1. (4)
Finally, some of the measurements are presumed better than others and a “weighting matrix” Rk is defined, which is proportional to each new measurement's variation from the previous estimate, or:
Nk=I{circle over (×)}zk−I{circumflex over (z)}k−1; and (5)
where the operator {circle over (×)} is an element-by-element product of the measurement vector zk with the identity matrix, resulting in a diagonal matrix of measurement values. Such weights can “reward” points that are more closely equal to the previous estimate in a feedback operation.
Returning back to the figures,
Generating Position Estimates
Each transmitter of the present invention can be designed to utilize a structured graphical user interface (GUI) non-commercial, commercial, or modified commercial software package such as, for example, MATLAB, to operate as a communications infrastructure and enable such transmitters to share received most current filtered range measurements, R*, associated with each receiver. Range estimate is the round-trip time of flight (TOF) filtered using the methods as discussed above multiplied by the velocity of the signal (the speed of light). With enough R*'s, a final converged position estimate of a system network can be calculated using the closed-form method of equations (5) and (6), with a position estimate of a receiver value using the methods of the present invention converging to and remaining at a settled value after a predetermined time, such as, for example, about 1000 time-steps (e.g., one minute sampling at 10 ms).
Ranging Accuracy and Additional Transmitters
It should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following appended claims.
The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. W-7405-ENG-48 between the United States Department of Energy and the University of California for the operation of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.