Patent Application
20240327083
Laser marked positional indicators having a bitmapped pattern.
Many packages include parts that are moveable relative to one another. For example, some packages include molded indicators on one or both of the container or closure that can be used to determine that the closure is properly engaged with the container. Trigger sprayers often have a rotatable nozzle or nozzle cover that has one or more indicators molded therein that the user interprets to determine that the nozzle or nozzle cover is in the desired position. For example, the nozzle or nozzle cover may have one or more indicators that indicate that the sprayer is on, off, streaming, and/or spraying. The user can rotate the nozzle or nozzle cover until the indicator of the desired operable state of the package is presented to the user.
One problem with molded parts that have positional indicators is that most often, the indicators have the same color as the remainder of the molded part. Users may perceive the indicators based on the elevational difference between the indicator and the remainder of the part or shadows cast by the indicators. This can make the indicator difficult to see in suboptimal lighting conditions, which include low light and multidirectional lighting sources. Molded positional indicators are subject to wear and tear during use which may deteriorate the indicators during use. Printed positional indicators may also be problematic since printing is often a slow process, printing on curved surfaces can be challenging, printing is subject to scuffing, and printing may degrade if the contents of the package contact the positional indicator.
With the above limitations in mind, there is a continuing unaddressed need for packages having positional indicators that can be produced at high speed, are inexpensive to produce, have durable positional indicators, and readily perceivable by users.
A package comprising a first part and a second part moveable relative to one another; a first part positional indicator integral with said first part, wherein said first part positional indicator comprises a bitmapped pattern of chemically or structurally modified bits of said first part, wherein said bitmapped pattern comprises at least two rows of said bits.
A measuring cup 10 is shown in
A dosing indicium 60 is a marked portion of the sidewall 40 associated with a partial volume of the measuring cup 10 as measured orthogonal to a resting plane of the measuring cup. The measuring cup 10 can comprise more than one dosing indicium 60. The measuring cup 10 can comprise at least two dosing indicia 60. One of the dosing indicia 60 can be positioned to indicate a first volume or quantity of liquid and another dosing indicium can be positioned to indicate a second volume or quantity of liquid that differs from said first volume or quantity of liquid.
The measuring cup 10 can be fabricated from a thermoplastic material selected from the group of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyethylene naphthalatc (PEN), polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate (PCT), glycol-modified PCT copolymer (PCTG), copolyester of cyclohexanedimethanol and terephthalic acid (PCTA), polybutylene terephthalatc (PBCT), acrylonitrile styrene (AS), styrene butadiene copolymer (SBC), or a polyolefin, for example one of low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLPDE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and combinations thereof. The thermoplastic material may be a recycled thermoplastic material or combination of virgin thermoplastic material and recycled thermoplastic material. The measuring cup 10 can be a single layer of material or multiple layer of the same or different materials. The measuring cup 10 can comprise more than about 1%, optionally more than about 20%, optionally from about 1% to 100% by weight carbon from carbon capture. The measuring cup 10 can comprise pulp. Pulp can be constitutive material of the measuring cup 10 or an additive to the constitutive material of the measuring cup 10. The measuring cup 10 can be fabricated from paper or paper board or other material comprising pulp.
Pigments, colorants, and laser absorption additives may be added to the material used to construct the measure cup. Titanium dioxide and carbon black are pigments commonly used to opacify thermoplastic materials.
A laser, such as a pulse laser, including a short pulse laser, may be used to form the chemically or structurally modified bits of the dosing indicium 60 described herein. Suitable choice of laser wavelength in combination with pigments/colorants may suitably laser mark the surface, by chemically or structurally modifying the surface of the article. Laser absorption additives can be added to provide for more vivid and readable laser marks than can be achieved without such additives. These laser absorption additives generally absorb the laser energy specific to the wavelength followed by initiating a color change to the surrounding matrix (via local heating to cause carbonization, foaming, etc.) or the laser absorption additive itself undergoes a chemical or physical change. Examples of laser absorption additives include: titanium dioxide (TiO2), antimony tin oxide (ATO), ATO coated substrates such as mica, Sb2O3, carbon black, bismuth oxide, mixed metal oxides, metal phosphates, effect pigments, zero valent metals, and mixtures thereof. An example of laser marking laser absorption additives are those commonly sold under the tradename IRIOTEC, by Merck KGaA of Darmstadt, Germany, and LASERSAFE by Eckart GmbH.
Lasers for use in the present invention are commercially available and include nano, pico, femto second lasers. These short pulse lasers can emit pulses applied at high energy-densities and high repetition rates, the high energies and high repetition rates are important to allow laser-marking the measuring cup 10 at high speed. The laser marks themselves, which are the chemically or structurally modified bits, include marks made by oxidation, reduction, ablation, etching, foaming, carbonization, and chemical modification including bleaching to the constitutive material of the measuring cup 10.
Any suitable laser can be used to mark the measuring cup 10 with chemically or structurally modified bits. An example of a lasing apparatus 200 comprising a laser 220 useful for marking a measuring cup 10 is illustrated in
In the lasing apparatus 200 depicted in
The combined optics of the lasing apparatus 200 may function so as to sweep the laser beam 228 across the surface of the measuring cup 10 in successive passes, marking the surface with chemically or structurally modified bits in a pattern. The laser beam 228 may sweep across the article along a first row in the grid in the X-direction, being directed by the X-mirror 222, while emitting pulses. The combination of the sweep-speed of the X-mirror 222 and the repetition rate of the laser pulses, then, determines the spacing of chemically or structurally modified bits along the X-direction. The laser 220 may emit a pulse while sweeping across the measuring cup 10 at a given location thereby resulting in a chemically or structurally modified location, or the laser 220 may omit a pulse while sweeping across the measuring cup 10 at a given location thereby resulting in an unmarked location. The laser beam 228 may be swept across the measuring cup 10 at a constant velocity while emitting and/or omitting pulses.
The laser beam 228 may subsequently sweep across the measuring cup 10 along a second row of the grid (such as a row adjacent to the first row) while emitting pulses. The laser beam 228 may sweep across the first and seconds rows in the same direction or in opposite directions. For example, the laser beam 228 may sweep across the first row from “left-to-right” and across the subsequent/adjacent row from “right-to-left”.
Frequency or Repetition Rate, measured in Hz, is the number of laser pulses a single laser can deliver in a second. For instance a 1 MHz laser delivers 1,000,000 pulses per second where a 100 kHz repetition rate laser delivers 100,000 pulses per second. This lever can be important for processing a particular laser job in a short period of time. The more pulses per unit time available correlates inversely to the cycle time within a given row for a particular job. Pulse Energy is the amount of energy a single laser pulse contains and is typically measured in μJ or μJ. Average power=pulse energy (J)*rep rate (Hz or 1/sec). Typically, pulse energy is in the range of 5 μJ to 2000 μJ (2 μJ), optionally in the range of 7 μJ-1000 μJ, and optionally 10 μJ-300 μJ. Peak power is equal to pulse energy divided by pulse duration, and can be less than 100 nanoseconds, less than 50 nanoseconds, less than 20 nanoseconds, less than 10 nanoseconds, or less than 1 nanosecond. Therefore, pulse energy and pulse duration are linearly related to peak power. Shorter pulse durations like nanosec, picosec and femtosec lasers allow for very higher peak power which aid in the ability to mark articles.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the laser energy must be absorbed by the material constituting the measuring cup 10 for the measuring cup 10 to be marked with a chemically or structurally modified portion.
The laser energy may be absorbed by the material, optionally thermoplastic material, constituting the measuring cup 10 or by a laser absorption additive incorporated in the material constituting the measuring cup 10. As such, the wavelength of the laser 220 must overlap with an absorption band in the spectrum of at least one of the material, optionally thermoplastic material, or a laser absorption additive incorporated into the measuring cup 10. For example, pulse lasers utilizing 355 nm (UV) may be absorbed by TiO2 added to the article, 532 nm (Green) may be absorbed by precious metal nanoparticles like gold, silver and copper, and 9-12 μm (IR) may be absorbed by PET which may be the base material of the article. Other pairings of laser wavelengths with the material, optionally thermoplastic material, or laser absorption additives for the measuring cup 10 exist and are contemplated herein.
The measuring cup 10 can be marked with chemically or structurally modified bits by the process of foaming, carbonization, ablation, etching, reduction, oxidation, or chemical modification. The term foaming means a process whereby the laser beam melts and vaporizes a portion of material which creates gas bubbles that become trapped or partially trapped within the molten resin and reflect the light diffusely when cooled. Foaming will generally produce lighter markings in areas that the laser has marked, and this method can be used for dark colored or opaque materials and translucent materials. The term translucent as used herein means the material, layer, article, or portion of the article being measured has total luminous transmittance of greater than 0% and less than or equal to 90%. The term transparent as used herein means the material, layer, article, or portion of the article being measured has a total luminous transmittance from greater than 90% to 100%. Translucent and transparent materials are light pervious. The term opaque as used herein means the material, layer, article, or portion of the article being measured has total luminous transmittance of about 0%. The total luminous transmittance is measured in accordance with ASTM D1003.
Carbonization is a chemical modification process that produces strong dark contrasts on bright surfaces, and is commonly used on carbon-containing polymers or bio polymers or natural materials such as such as leather and wood and pulp-based materials. When carbonizing a material, the laser heats up the surface (minimum 100° C.) emitting oxygen, hydrogen, or a combination decomposition products. Carbonizing generally leads to dark chemically modified bits having higher carbon content, that is elemental carbon content or higher ratio of carbon to hydrogen, versus the original material or adjacent unmodified constituent material, making it a good choice for lighter colored articles, while the contrast may be less apparent on darker materials.
Reduction and oxidation chemical modification processes involve the laser energy changing the oxidation state of at least one of the article's components such as a laser absorption additive or opacifying pigment, resulting in a discoloration or color change that is viewed as a chemically modified bit. For instance, the energy imparted from a UV laser can promote the reduction of TiO2 to form a titanium sub-oxide where the oxidation state of titanium has been reduced to less than +4 and whereby this reduction results in a color change from colorless to blue, dark blue to black.
There are additional methods of marking a measuring cup 10. For example, annealing is a laser process available for metals and other materials. The heat produced from the laser beam chemically modifies the constituent material below the surface of the constituent material by way of oxidation, which results in a change of color on the material surface.
Staining is another chemical modification process achievable as the result of the chemical reaction created on materials when the heat of a laser beam is applied to the constituent material. Variations in color shades will depend on the compositions of the materials being stained. For example, lighter colored plastic materials can often discolor during the laser etching process, resulting in dark marking from the soot particles produced.
Laser engraving is the process of removing material as the workpiece surface is melted and evaporated by the laser beam, which produces an impression in the surface being engraved. Laser engraving is a structural modification of the sidewall 40 and may also be a chemical modification of the sidewall 40.
Removing material, sometimes referred to as etching, is a process where the laser beam removes the top-most surface of a substrate or coating that was previously applied to the article's substrate. A contrast is produced as a result of the different colors of top coat and substrate or different topography and texture of the etched region versus the adjacent region. Etching is a structural modification of the sidewall 40. Although there is no specific limitation on the maximum or minimum depth of an etch, etching depths are typically in the range of about 0.001 mm to about 2.0 mm, including any depth within the range, such as for example, 0.010 mm, 0.075 mm, 0.100 mm, 0.200 mm, 0.300 mm, 0.400 mm, 0.500 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm and others.
Bleaching or photobleaching (sometimes termed fading), which is a chemical modification, is the photochemical alteration of a chromophore (such as in a pigment or dye) or fluorophore molecule such that its inherent color is permanently lost and/or is unable to fluoresce. This is caused by cleaving of covalent bonds or non-specific reactions between the chromophore/fluorophore and surrounding molecules.
Spot-size in laser marking relates to the focused area where the laser beam contacts the article. Spot size is the diameter of a round spot, or the average of 2 to 4 diameters taken around and within an irregularly shaped spot so that the computed diameter corresponds approximately to a circle having an area approximately equal to the area of the spot. The spot size can be modified by focusing or de-focusing the laser beam, but the fluence (energy per unit area) within the spot decreases as the spot is de-focused. Theoretically, the minimum spot-size achievable with any laser is the wavelength of the laser itself. As a practical matter, the minimum spot size achievable with pulse lasers may be from about 7 μm to about 20 μm. The spot sizes can be in the range of from about 5 μm to about 300 μm, optionally 10 μm to about 150 μm, optionally from about 20 μm to about 100 μm, optionally from about 30 μm to about 80 μm, optionally from about 40 μm to about 60 μm. Another way to think about spot size in a marking context is the size of the paintbrush an artist is using to paint. If fine detail is desired, then smaller spots sizes may be used. If larger areas are to be marked large spot sizes may be used. However, laser marking mechanisms require a minimum fluence to achieve the desired mark so balancing pulse energy, pulse duration, pulse overlap and spot size may be important.
Further, there is a region around the laser-contact spot which may also be heated in the course of the marking, though little or no material may be marked. The heat-effected zone can still yield effects such as crystallization which can impact the appearance and/or performance of the target material. Short pulse lasers (nano-second) have some heat effected zone, although substantially less than micro-second pulsed or continuous wave (CW) type lasers, (e.g. CO2, longer pulse IR lasers, etc.). Pico and femto second lasers are often referred to as ultra-short pulse and have very little to no heat effected zone. This capability can be helpful to control the thermal effects of the marking.
Geometry of the bit spacing can also be a key contributor to the cycle time and fluence or energy per unit area provided to an article. For example, the spacing between bits may be such that the bits do not overlap at all and have 0% overlap. At 0% overlap, each individual laser pulse is responsible for the energy provided to a chemically or structurally modified bit of the measuring cup 10. If the laser does not have sufficient pulse energy or peak power to form the desired chemically or structurally modified bit, then the pulse spacing can be decreased by an amount such that the chemically or structurally modified bits overlap in either one or both the X and Y-directions. Overlapping the chemically or structurally modified bits includes providing more than one laser pulse to the area of the measuring cup 10 in which the chemically or structurally modified bits overlap which, provides higher fluence or energy per unit area to that portion of the article. Additionally, pulse spacing can be an important lever for cycle time. If a laser has a fixed repetition rate or pulse frequency, then to achieve the lowest process time the pulses need to be spread out as much as possible while still achieving the desired mark type and mark contrast.
Pulse duration is the length of time a pulse remains continuously above half its maximum value. The shorter the pulse, the higher the peak power can be created with a common average power. This is because average power=pulse energy (J)*rep rate (Hz or 1/sec). Peak power is equal to pulse energy divided by pulse duration. Therefore, when pulse duration gets significantly smaller, the resulting peak pulse power is significantly higher. This peak power enables improved carbonization, foaming, ablation, etching, oxidation, reduction, etc. on the targets being marked. Short and ultrashort (pico/femto) pulse lasers take advantage of this phenomenon to be able to mark parts and can drive marking mechanisms typically not found in longer pulse lasers.
As mentioned, the lasing apparatus 200 sweeps the laser beam 228 across the measuring cup 10 while the laser pulses are either emitted from the laser or no pulse is emitted. A marked location occurs when the laser 220 emits a pulse to a given location and no location is marked when the laser does not emit a pulse to a given location. The laser beam 228 may be swept across the measuring cup 10 at a constant velocity while the repetition rate of the laser is constant, so the spacing of the bits will be regular in the direction in which the laser beam is swept across the measuring cup 10 (i.e. the X-direction).
The laser beam 228 may be swept across the measuring cup 10 in subsequent rows. The laser beam may be swept from left-to-right or from right-to-left and may sweep in the same direction as it is moved from row to row or may be swept in alternating directions as it moves from row to row. A key contributor to reducing cycle time includes sweeping the laser beam 228 in alternating directions as it moves from row to row. The rows may be generally parallel to one another. The distance between adjacent rows is the Y-distance. The rows can be orthogonal to or substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the measuring cup 10. The rows can be parallel to or substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the measuring cup 10. The rows can be aligned at an angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the measuring cup 10.
The locations in adjacent rows may lie directly above/below one another or may be offset relative to one another. If the offset is too great, the image produced by the laser marking (i.e. an icon or alphanumeric character) may appear blurred and may be illegible to the consumer or to a machine.
Various bitmapped patterns are illustrated in
In
In
Optionally, the bits 80/potential locations 82 amongst rows R can be in registration within one another and the spacing between adjacent rows R can vary. For example, the spacing between pairs of rows, for example R1:R2, R2:R3, R3:R4, et cetera, can differ from one another or differ from adjacent pairs of rows R.
Optionally, the bits 80/potential locations 82 within rows R of the bitmapped pattern 70 may be nonuniformly spaced, by way of nonlimiting example as shown in
The bits 80/potential locations 82 can be spaced apart from one another in an irregular pattern amongst rows R for example as shown in
Bits 80/potential locations 82 constituting each of the rows R can be center to center spaced apart from one another by a first spacing S1 and the rows can spaced apart from one another by a second spacing S2, by way of nonlimiting example as shown in
Aspects of high speed laser marking on articles and high speed laser making processes for marking articles are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 17/963,214, 17/963,215, 17/987,893, and 17/987,895.
The measuring cup 10 can be a closure 100 of a container 75 that is removably engaged with the container 75, as shown in
In use, the measuring cup 10 can function to contain the contents of the container 75 within the container 75. When the closure 100 is removed from the container 75 and the open end 30 is oriented upwardly, the closure 100 can function as the measuring cup 10 into which the contents of the container 75 can be dispensed.
For containers 75 in which the contents are solid objects, such as particulate laundry products and the like, the bottom end 20 need not be a closed bottom end. For example, the bottom end 20 can comprise an aperture 110. The aperture 110 can provide a pathway through which the consumer can sample the aroma of the contents of the container 75. If the closure 100 is rapidly fitted to the container 75 the aperture 110 can provide a pathway for gas to escape so that the pressure within the container 75 is ambient pressure. For contents that off-gas over time, the aperture 110 can provide for a pathway for such off gas to escape from the container 75 or through which the scent of the contents of the container 75 can be sampled. The aperture 110 can have an open area that is smaller than the cross-sectional area of individual particles that are contained in the container 75. The aperture 110 can have an open area less than about 0.0001 m2, optionally less than about 0.00001 m2, optionally less than about 0.000001 m2.
The bottom end 20 can define a resting plane 120 of the measuring cup 10. The resting plane 120 is the plane upon which the bottom end 20 of the measuring cup 10 rests when the open end 30 is oriented upwardly. The bottom end 20 may be flat or substantially flat such that the entirety of the bottom end 20 rests on the resting plane 120. Optionally, the bottom end 20 may be shaped to rest upon a portion or portions of the bottom end 20 that are flat and in plane with one another such that the bottom end 20 can rest stably on a flat surface. Optionally, the bottom end 20 may rest upon 3 or more contact locations that are in plane with one another such that the bottom end 20 can rest stably on a flat surface. When the bottom end 20 is resting on a horizontal table, the resting plane 120 is coincident with the surface of the horizontal table upon which the bottom end 20 rests. Optionally, the bottom end 20 may be rounded. For example, the bottom end 20 can be a dome or part of a dome. The measuring cup 10 in its entirety can be a domed shape.
The open end 30 can be defined by a peripheral rim 130. The sidewall 40 can have a sidewall height 140 between the resting plane 120 and the peripheral rim 130. The sidewall height 140 is measured orthogonal to the resting plane 120. The sidewall height 140 is a scalar quantity.
The dosing indicium 60 can have a dosing indicium height 150. The dosing indicium height 150 is measured orthogonal to the resting plane 120. The dosing indicium height 150 is a scalar quantity. The dosing indicium height 150 can be measured over a maximum extent of the dosing indicium orthogonal to the resting plane 120 and can be from about 20% to about 100% of the sidewall height 140 measured at the dosing indicium 60. A dosing indicium 60 having such a height relative to the sidewall height 140 can be easy for the user to identify on the exterior surface 90 of the measuring cup 10. A bitmapped pattern 70 can provide an advantage over a vector generated dosing indicium 60 in that for the same or similar desired overall visual impression for the dosing indicium 60, a bitmapped pattern 70 can be marked on the measuring cup 10 can often be faster than a vector generated dosing indicium 60, which ultimately reduces the cost of production of the measuring cup 10. Furthermore, at a given production rate per measuring cup 10, a larger bitmapped pattern 10 can be provided than would otherwise be markable using a vector process. A larger bitmapped pattern 10 corresponds to a larger dosing indicium 60, which can be easier to use than a smaller dosing indicium 60 that might be providable using a vector process. High speed marking of measuring cups 10 using vector processes tends to be limited to marking thin lines that are substantially parallel to the resting plane 120 and may only include numbers being in a small font size (e.g. 14 point or less), which may be difficult for the user to sec.
Vector processes tend to be slow because of the multiple fixed short start and stop points that require the galvo sets to spend the majority of the time accelerating to the user set maximum velocity which is determined by the pulse spacing multiplied by the repetition rate and the length of the vector distance. Lengthy vector distances allow the vector lasing apparatus to reach its maximum velocity, while shorter vector distances has the lasing apparatus constantly accelerating and decelerating and never reaching maximum velocity resulting in longer marking times.
The vector process is less accurate than the bitmap process at high speeds, due to the acceleration/de-acceleration of the galvo sets steering the laser beam. Specifically, the location of each laser mark must be communicated from a computer driven software to the laser marking apparatus and such communication must be updated during the marking of the dosing indicium 60, for example, as the laser beam traverses a given row. Typical update frequencies for this communication are about 10 μs, so a laser outputting pulses with a repetition rate of 100 kHz would allow for an update in the communication for each individual laser pulse/mark. As the velocity of the laser beam across the surface of the article increases, repetition rates of greater than 100 kHz are required to achieve the desired spacing amongst bits 80 within the rows, and each update from the software must now communicate the location of multiple marked bits 80 (or potential locations 82). While the calculations can be performed nearly instantaneously, in the extremely fast time-domains of high-speed laser marking, the galvos cannot respond as quickly, and the accelerate/de-accelerate profile of the vector process results in a significant number of misplaced marked bits 80 within a given row R.
For a given area of dosing indicium 60 that is more than a straight line, a bitmapped pattern 70 can be produced more quickly than a vector marked dosing indicium 60. From a practical perspective, given the production speed limitations of vector processes, using a bitmapped pattern 70 can enable a larger dosing indicium 60 to be produced than could be produced using a vector process in a reasonable amount of time. A bitmapped pattern 70 constituting a dosing indicium 60 that is a continuous region present on more than about 0.5% of the exterior surface 90 of the sidewall 40 can be practical to mark at high speed, meaning that a high production rate of marked measuring cups 10 is possible. The dosing indicum 60 can be a continuous region present on more than about 0.5%, optionally more than about 0.75%, optionally more than about 1%, optionally more than about 1.25%, optionally more than about 1.5% of the interior surface, optionally more than about 3% of the exterior surface 90, optionally more than about 5% of the exterior surface 90. The measuring cup 10 can comprise more than one dosing indicium 60 and the dosing indicia 60 combined can be present on more than about 3%, optionally more than about 3.5%, optionally on more than about 4%, optionally on more than about 5% of the exterior surface 90, optionally more than about 8% of the exterior surface 90. A larger dosing indicium 60 can be easier for the user to use to measure the amount of product dispensed into the measuring cup.
The sidewall 40 can extend around a longitudinal axis L. The dosing indicium 60 can comprise a continuous or discontinuous marked portion 160 parallel to the resting plane 120. The marked portion 160 can traverse more than about 5 degrees of the sidewall 40 about the longitudinal axis L. The longitudinal axis L can project through the bottom end 20 and the open end 30. The sidewall 40 can be unmarked immediately adjacent the dosing indicium 60 along the marked portion 160. Such a dosing indicium 60 is large enough to be visually apparent to the user and can provide for a horizontal measuring line that corresponds with the desired volume of the contents of the container 75 to be used in a measured quantity. Providing an unmarked portion immediately adjacent the dosing indicium 60 can make the dosing indicium 60 visually apparent against an unmarked background that is part of the of the sidewall 40.
The marked portion 160 can have a boundary 162 parallel to the resting plane 120. The sidewall 40 can be unmarked along the boundary 162. The sidewall 40 immediately adjacent the dosing indicium 60 can be unmarked along the boundary 162 of the dosing indicium 60 that is oriented away from the resting plane 120. The dosing indicum 60 can comprise a continuous or discontinuous marked portion 160 that extends to the boundary 162 of the dosing indicium 60 that is oriented away from the resting plane 120 and is parallel to the resting plane 120. Optionally, the dosing indicium 60 can be a line or dashed line 163 parallel to the resting plane 120 and traversing more than about 5 degrees of the sidewall 40 about the longitudinal axis L. The boundary 162 can traverse more than about 5 degrees of the sidewall 40 about the longitudinal axis L. Optionally, boundary 162 can traverse more than about 10 degrees, optionally more than about 15 degrees, optionally more than about 20 degrees, of the sidewall 40 about the longitudinal axis L. The longer the boundary 162 about the longitudinal axis L the easier it might be for the user to recognize the boundary 162 and fill the measuring cup 10 up to the boundary 162 with the desired volume of liquid or other material. The dosing indicium 60 can be a continuous region 172. For example, the dosing indicium 60 can be a bitmapped pattern 70 constituting a measuring bar. Optionally, the dosing indicium 60 can be a bitmapped pattern 70 constituting a line parallel to the resting plane 120.
The bits 80 forming the dosing indicium 60 can comprise gas bubbles. The gas bubbles can be distributed in the bits 80 in the material constituting the sidewall 40. During formation of the gas bubbles, some of the bubbles may erupt from the exterior surface 90 of the sidewall 40 and result in the exterior surface 90 of the sidewall 40 having a rough surface. The dosing indicium 60 can comprise more gas bubbles per unit area than portions of the sidewall 40 adjacent the dosing indicium 60.
The bits 80 forming the dosing indicium 60 can have a higher carbon content than the sidewall 40 adjacent the dosing indicium 60. Such bits 80 can be formed with a laser that carbonizes the portion of the sidewall 40, for example the exterior surface 90 or the exterior surface 90 and material underneath the exterior surface 90, at which the laser is directed. Optionally, the sidewall 40 can comprise an absorption additive. The absorption additive within the bits 80 can have a different oxidative state than the absorption additive within the sidewall 40 adjacent the dosing indicium 60. The oxidative state of the absorption additive can be higher or lower relative to the oxidative state of the absorption additive in the sidewall 40 adjacent the dosing indicium 60. Optionally, the bits 80 forming the dosing indicium 60 can be ablated or etched relative to the sidewall adjacent the dosing indicium 60.
The sidewall 40 of the measuring cup 10 can be light pervious. A light pervious sidewall 40 can be practical for providing the user the ability of the user to see the contents being measured in the measuring cup 10 when the user views the exterior surface 90 of the sidewall 40.
To provide for a dosing indicium 60 that is readily perceptible by the user it can be practical that there be a difference in lightness between the exterior surface 90 coincident with the dosing indicium 60 and the exterior surface 90 remote from the dosing indicium 60. Comparison of a continuous area such as dosing indicium 60 can be accomplished by automatic thresholding and masking the Region of Interest (ROI). In the CIELAB color space framework, the difference in lightness can be characterized by L*. The average L* of the ROI can be found using a scanner setup such as described herein by the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method. The exterior surface 90 can have a |ΔL*outside| that is the average value of L* of the exterior surface 90 coincident with the dosing indicium 60 minus the average value of L* of a similar sized area on the exterior surface 90 remote from the dosing indicium 60. The absolute value is used to account for a dark indicium on a light surface or a light indicium on a dark surface. |ΔL*outside| can be greater than about 1, optionally greater than about 3, optionally greater than about 10.
The exterior surface 90 can have a 95% Bin Value Absolute ΔL* greater than about 1, optionally greater than about 3, optionally greater than about 5, optionally greater than about 10, according to the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method using either a white backing or a black backing. The 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method uses a mixture of indicium 60 and unmarked area for the ROI. Optionally, the exterior surface 90 can have a 95% Bin Value Absolute ΔL* greater than about 3, optionally greater than about 5, optionally greater than about 10, according to the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method using either a white backing or a black backing. Optionally, the exterior surface 90 can have a 95% Bin Value ΔE greater than about 1 according to the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method using either a white backing or a black backing. Optionally, the exterior surface 90 can have a 95% Bin Value ΔE greater than about 3, optionally greater than about 5, optionally greater than about 10, according to the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method using either a white backing or a black backing. Without being bound by theory, an exterior surface 90 having a dosing indicum 60 as such is thought to be easily identified and used by users.
The measuring cup 10 can comprise threads 85 or lugs. The threads 85 or lugs can be positioned on the exterior surface 90 or interior surface 50 of the sidewall 40. The threads 85 or lugs can be oriented towards the longitudinal axis L or away from the longitudinal axis L. The threads 85 or lugs can be nearer to the open end 30 than the bottom end 20. The threads 85 or lugs can be constituted by a continuous or intermittent thread around the exterior surface 90 or the interior surface 50. The threads 85 or lugs can be longitudinally interior of the sidewall 40. Lugs can be employed on the interior surface 50 of the sidewall 40 as a component of a bayonet fitting that can couple the measuring cup 10 to the neck of the container 75 having the complementary component of a bayonet fitting.
The measuring cup 10 can comprise two dosing indicia 60 positioned radially about the longitudinal axis L, or even at radially opposite positions about the longitudinal axis L. Two dosing indicia 60 can make it simpler and faster for users of the measuring cup 10 to find a dosing indicium 60 to reference as they pour the contents of the container 75 into the measuring cup 10.
The measuring cup 10 can further comprise an inner collar 230 projecting from said bottom end 20 such that said inner collar 230 is between said sidewall 40 and said longitudinal axis L (
The measuring cup 10 can be engaged with a container 75 having a primary label face 170, as shown in
The dosing indicium 60 can be out of alignment from the primary label face 170 by an angle β more than about 45 degrees about the longitudinal axis L. That is, the angle ß sweeps orthogonal to the longitudinal axis L. The visual appearance of a dosing indicium 60 marked on the exterior surface 90 when viewed from outside the measuring cup 10 may not be satisfactory. The dosing indicium 60 on the exterior surface 90 being perceived by the user viewing the exterior surface 90 may be distracting. As such, it can be desirable to position the dosing indicium 60 such that it is not presented in line with the site line 190 of the viewer 195 of the primary label face 170.
The sidewall 40 can comprise two dosing indicia 60. Both of the dosing indicia 60 can be out of alignment from the primary label face 170 by an angle ß more than about 45 degrees about the longitudinal axis L. Arranged as such, both dosing indicia 60 can be oriented more to the sides of the container 75 as opposed to being aligned with the primary label face 170. That can reduce the visibility of the dosing indicia 60 when the primary label face 170 is viewed.
Optionally, the bottom end 20 can comprise a bitmapped pattern 70 of chemically or structurally modified bits 80 of the bottom end 20. The bitmapped pattern 70 on the bottom end 20 can comprise at least two rows R of bits 80. The bitmapped pattern 70 on the bottom end 20 can define usage instructions, dosing instructions, branding, date coding, and the like. The bitmapped pattern 70 on the bottom end 20 can direct the user to employ the bitmapped pattern 70 of the sidewall 40 constituting the dosing indicium 60.
The measuring cup 10 can comprise a handle 12 extending from one or both of the open end 30 and sidewall 40 (
The laser marking as described herein can be employed to mark a package or component thereof (
The package 300 can comprise a first part positional indicator 330 integral with the first part 310 (
The first part positional indicator 330 can be a graphic, text, or other indicium that is recognizable by a user of the package. The first part positional indicator 330 can be understood by the user to indicate that the first part 310 and the second part 320 are positionally related in a manner such that the package 300 is functional. For example, the position of the first part positional indicator 330 can understood to indicate that the package 300 is in a configuration in which the contents of the package 300 can be dispensed. By way of nonlimiting example, the first part positional indicator 330 can be indicative that a spray nozzle or valve or the like, as applicable, is in an open or functional position. Optionally, the first part positional indicator 330 can be indicative that the package is in a locked versus unlocked condition or closed versus and open condition.
The package 300 can further comprise a second part positional indicator 340 integral with the second part 320. The second part positional indicator 340 can comprise a bitmapped pattern 70 of chemically or structurally modified bits 80 of the second part 320. The bitmapped pattern 70 of the second part positional indicator 340 can comprise at least two rows of bits 80.
The second part positional indicator 340 can be graphic, text, or other indicium that is recognizable by a user of the package. Together, the first part positional indicator 330 and the second part positional indicator 340 can be positionally related to one another to indicate an operational state of the package 300. In the first position, the first part positional indicator 330 and the second part positional indicator 340 can be spaced apart from one another. In the second position, the first positional indicator 330 and the second part positional indicator 340 can be nearer to one another than in the first position.
For example, the first part positional indicator 330 and the second part positional indicator 340 can be spaced apart from one another when the package is in a non-operable state. One or both of the first part 310 and the second part 320 can be moved to position the first part positional indicator 330 and second part positional indicator 340 nearer to one another to indicate that the package is in an operable state. Nonlimiting examples of non-operable states include a locked condition, a closed condition, or the like. Optionally, the first part positional indicator 330 and the second part positional indicator 340 when in the second position relative to one another can together coherently complete a graphic, text, or other indicium. For example, the first part positional indicator 330 and the second part positional indicator 340 when in the second position relative to one another can together spell the word “on.” The letter “o” can be the first part positional indicator 330 and the letter “n” can be the second part positional indicator 340. Optionally, the first part positional indicator 330 can be a graphic of the case of a lock and the second part positional indicator 340 can be a graphic of a shackle of lock. In the first position, both ends of the shackle can be associated with the case, which could be indicative that the trigger is locked or that the outlet of the package 300 is blocked. In the second position, one end of the shackle could be spaced apart from the case, which could be indicative that the trigger is unlocked or that the outlet of the package 300 is open.
Optionally, the first part positional indicator 330 and the second part positional indicator 340 when in the second position relative to one another can together coherently deconstruct or change a graphic, text, or other indicium that is complete when the first part positional indicator 330 and the second part positional indicator 340 are in the first position relative to one another.
Optionally, the first part 310 can comprise more than one first part positional indicator 330. The first part 310 and the second part 320 can have a first position relative to one another in which one of the first part positional indicators 330 and the second part positional indicator 340 are associated with one another and a second position relative to one another in which another of first part positional indicator 330 and the second part positional indicator 340 are associated with one another. Optionally, the second part positional indicator 340 can be the letter “o.” One of the first part positional indicators 330 can be letters “ff” and the other first part positional indicator 330 can be the letter “n” (
Optionally, the letter “o” can be the first part positional indicator 330 and the letters “ff” can be the second part positional indicator 340 such that when the first part 310 and second 320 are in the second position, the coherent word “off” is visually or tactilely perceptible by the user.
By way of nonlimiting example, the first part positional indicator 330 and the second part positional indicator 340 when in the first position can together constitute a graphic of a lock and when the first part positional indicator 330 and second part positional indicator 340 are moved relative to one another to be in the second position the graphic can be a an unlocked lock (
The first part 310 coincident with said first part positional indicator 330 can have a first color and the first part 310 remote from said first part positional indicator 330 can have a second color. The first part 310 can have a 95% Bin Value ΔE greater than about 1, optionally greater than about 3, optionally greater than about 5, optionally greater than about 10, according to the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method using either a white backing or a black backing. Optionally, the first part 310 can have a 95% Bin Value Absolute ΔL* greater than about 1, optionally greater than about 3, optionally greater than about 5, optionally greater than about 10, according to the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method using either a white backing or a black backing.
Similarly, the second part 320 coincident with the second part positional indicator 340 can have a first color and the second part 320 remote from the second part positional indicator 340 can have a second color. The second part 320 can have a 95% Bin Value ΔE greater than about 1, optionally greater than about 3, optionally greater than about 5, optionally greater than about 10, according to the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method using either a white backing or a black backing. Optionally, the second part 320 can have a 95% Bin Value Absolute ΔL* greater than about 1, optionally greater than about 3, optionally greater than about 5, optionally greater than about 10, according to the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method using either a white backing or a black backing.
The second part 320 can be a rotatable dispensing outlet component 350. The dispensing outlet component 350 can be selected from the group of a nozzle, nozzle cover, and lock. For example, the nozzle can be molded part through which the contents of the package 300 are dispensed. The nozzle can have a position in which the nozzle is in fluid communication with the contents of the package 300 and other positions in which the nozzle is not in fluid communication with the contents of the package. The molded part can comprise more than one nozzle, each nozzle having a difference structure sized and dimensioned to generate a spray characteristic that differs from other nozzles constituting the molded part.
Optionally, the second part 320 can comprise an open region 360 (
The first part 310 can be a closure 100 and the second part 320 can be a container 75 having an opening 76 (
The material constituting the measuring cup 10 can be colored. The color of the unmarked material can be yellow (L*=88.815, a*=13.05, b*=88.178), dark blue (L*=45.587, a*=11.407, b*=−57.519), dark purple (L*=40.877, a*=52.184, b*=−36.827), light blue (L*=75.039, a*=−19.931, b*=−32.492), light purple (L*=61.052, a*=23.611, b*=−40.46), dark blue (L*=31.622, a*=24.242, b*=−60.097), or green (L*=77.91, a*=−43.147, b*=57.65). For each of the aforesaid colors, the coordinates L*, a*, and b* for the color can be the coordinate reported plus or minus 10% of the coordinate reported.
The material constituting the measuring cup 10 can be colored. The color of the unmarked material constituting the measuring cup 10 can be as set forth in Table 1. Each of the coordinates L*, a*, and b* for the color of each example could be the coordinate reported plus or minus 10% of the coordinate reported.
Plaques of polypropylene 0.97 mm thick having the colors in Table 1 were marked. The plaques were marked as described in Table 2.
The plaques having the colors of Table 1 were laser marked. The average CIELAB colors of the marked locations of the material as measured on the sides of the material that were marked were as set forth in Table 3. Table 3 also includes the |ΔL*| between marked and unmarked locations. The term |ΔL*| is used since this side could constitute a visible surface of a first part 310 or second part 320. These differences are indicative of how distinctly the marked location stands out from the unmarked material when the material is viewed from the side of the plaque that is marked.
To measure the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement of a visual effect disposed on an article, a sample must be identified that includes the visual effect to be analyzed. This is done by visually locating the visual effect to be analyzed. If available, an area of low curvature or an area which can be made suitably flat using pressure or a frame on the article is selected to sample. The sample is prepared by cutting a rectangular piece from the article in such a fashion that the sample is nearly flat. To obtain the sample, sharp scissors (or other cutting means that will not destroy the sample piece itself) are used to first cut a piece from the article wall A sharp single edge, GEM polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated stainless steel razor blade such as available from Electron Microscopy Sciences, 1560 Industry Road, Hatfield, PA 19440 (item #71970), or the like, is used to carefully trim the sample down to the desired dimensions. The center of the sample must include both marked and unmarked regions. The sample will be scanned and a circular region of interest (C-ROI) will be analyzed from the center of the sample. The C-ROI should contain at least 50,000 pixels. Pixel count can be calculated from the equation below:
At least 10% of the circular area of the sample must be made up of a marked region and at least 10% of the circular area of the sample must be made up of non-marked region. The sample can be any suitable size so long as it is larger than a circle positioned at the sample's center with the required diameter. The C-ROI should be free of any cutting-edge artifacts and visible dirt.
Since the visual perception of semi-transparent samples can be affected by the background color, it is best practice to evaluate the samples over a white and a black background. The sample is separately scanned while having a white backing and then a black backing where, for example, the backings can consist of the white and black halves of the 2856 Byko-chart Brushout 5DX card available from BYK-Gardner, Germany, or an equivalent having a spatially consistent appearance of L*>91, −5<a*<5, and −3<b*<3 for the white backing and spatially consistent appearance of L*<8, −2<a*<2, and −2<b*<2 for the black backing The backing is placed on the opposite surface of the article from which the scan image will be collected. The sample is conditioned at about 23° C.±2 C.° and about 50%±2% relative humidity for 2 hours prior to analysis.
A flatbed scanner capable of scanning a minimum of 24 bit color at 1200 dpi optical resolution (maximum scan resolution of the CCD elements, using the definition of ISO 14473) with manual control of color management (a suitable scanner is an Epson PERFECTION V750/V850 Pro from Epson America Inc., Long Beach CA, or equivalent) is obtained and calibrated, as set forth herein. The scanner is interfaced with a computer running color calibration software capable of calibrating the scanner against a color reflection IT8 target compliant with ISO 12641 such as SilverFast from LaserSoft Imaging AG, Kiel, Germany utilizing a corresponding reference file compliant with ANSI method IT8.7/2-1993 (suitable color calibration software is MONACO EZCOLOR or IISTUDIO available from X-Rite Grand Rapids, MI, or equivalent). The color calibration software constructs an International Color Consortium (ICC) color profile for the scanner, which is used to color correct an output image using an image analysis program that supports application of ICC profiles (a suitable program is PHOTOSHOP available from Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, or equivalent). The color corrected image is then converted into the CIE L*a*b* color space for subsequent color analysis (a suitable image color analysis software is MATLAB version 9.12 available from The Mathworks, Inc., Natick, MA).
The scanner is turned on 30 minutes prior to calibration and image acquisition. Any automatic color correction or color management options included in the scanner software are turned off (de-selected). If the automatic color management cannot be disabled, the scanner is not appropriate for this application. The procedures recommended by the color calibration software are followed to create and export an ICC color profile for the scanner. The scanning surface should be free of dirt, dust, streaks, and any other image distorting elements.
Two scans of the sample will be made for the analysis. One scan is performed for each side of the sample. A scan is taken that completely contains the sample and is imported into the image analysis software at 24 bit color with a resolution of at least 1200 dpi (approximately 47.2 pixels per mm) in reflectance mode. The ICC color profile is assigned to the image producing a color corrected sRGB image. This calibrated image is saved in an uncompressed format to retain the calibrated R, G, B color values, such as a TIFF file, prior to analysis.
The sRGB color calibrated image is opened in the color analysis software such as MATLAB which converts it into CIE L*a*b* color space. This is done as follows: First, the sRGB data is scaled into a range of [0, 1] by dividing each of the values by 255. Second, the sRGB channels (denoted with upper case R, G, B), or generically “V” are linearized (denoted with lower case r, g, b), or generically “v” as the following operation is performed on all three channels (R, G, and B):
The linear r, g, and b values are then multiplied by a matrix to obtain the XYZ Tristimulus values according to the following formula:
The XYZ Tristimulus values are rescaled by multiplying the values by 100, and then converted into CIE 1976 L*a*b* values as defined in CIE 15:2004 section 8.2.1.1 using D65 reference white.
The CIE L*a*b* images are analyzed by outlining the sample in each image. This can be done manually or using automated thresholding assuming there is sufficient contrast between the sample and backing described earlier. The outline of the sample is used to create a binary image where inside the outline is the foreground and outside the outline is the background. From the binary image, the centroid of the sample also known as the geometric center of the shape can be found using standard image processing methods such as the “regionprops” function in MATLAB. The center of the shape is used as the center of the C-ROI. The C-ROI should overlay nearly the same area of the sample on both the marked sided and the unmarked side of the article.
The L*, a*, and b* values for each pixel within the C-ROI are compared with the L*, a*, and b* values for every other pixel in the C-ROI. An absolute value ΔL* and ΔE are computed for each comparison. They are derived using the following equations:
For each pixel ‘i’, ΔL* and ΔE is calculated for every pixel ‘j’ not equal to ‘i’.
A cumulative histogram of these ΔL* and ΔE values are divided by the total number of ΔL* and ΔE measurements. Therefore, the last bin value will be 1, which represents 100% of the Delta measurements. The bin size of the cumulative histogram is set equal to 0.1. The largest bin value less than 95% is recorded as the “95% Bin Value” for the sample to ignore any remaining noise in the image.
Results are reported for each sample scanned using the white backing as well as the black backing.
An Example follows:
A. A package (300) comprising a first part (310) and a second part (320) moveable relative to one another;
B. The package according to Paragraph A further comprising:
C. The package according to Paragraph B, wherein said first part and said second part have a first position relative to one another in which said first part positional indicator and said second part positional indicator are spaced apart from one another, wherein said first part and said second part have a second position relative to one another in which said first part positional indicator and said second part positional indicator are nearer to one another than in said first position.
D. The package according to Paragraph B or C, wherein said second part has a 95% Bin Value ΔE greater than about 3 according to the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method using either a white backing or a black backing.
E. The package according to any of Paragraphs B to D, wherein said second part has a 95% Bin Value Absolute ΔL* greater than about 3 according to the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method using either a white backing or a black backing.
F. The package according to any of Paragraphs B to E, wherein said second part is a rotatable dispensing outlet component 350.
G. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to F, wherein said second part comprises an open region (360), wherein said first part and said second part have a first position relative to one another in which said first part positional indicator is spaced apart from said open region, wherein said first part and said second part have a second position relative to one another in which said first part positional indicator is registered with said open region.
H. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to G wherein said first part has a 95% Bin Value ΔE greater than about 3 according to the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method using either a white backing or a black backing.
I. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to H, wherein said first part has a 95% Bin Value Absolute ΔL* greater than about 3 according to the 95% Delta Color Value Measurement Method using either a white backing or a black backing.
J. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to I, wherein said first part is a closure (100) and said second part is a container (75) having an opening (76), wherein said closure is engaged with said opening.
K. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to J, wherein said first part comprises more than one first part positional indicator.
L. The package according to Paragraph K, further comprising a second part positional indicator (340) integral with said second part, wherein said second part positional indicator comprises a bitmapped pattern (70) of chemically or structurally modified bits (80) of said second part, wherein said first part and said second part have a first position relative to one another in which one said first part positional indicator and said second part positional indicator are associated with one another and a second position relative to one another in which another said first part positional indicator and said second part positional indicator are associated with one another.
M. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to L, wherein said bits are spaced apart from one another in a regular pattern within and amongst said rows or wherein said bits amongst said rows are in registration with one another.
N. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to M, wherein said bits comprise gas bubbles or wherein said bits comprise more gas bubbles per unit area than said sidewall adjacent said dosing indicium.
O. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to N, wherein said bits have a higher carbon content than said sidewall adjacent said dosing indicium.
P. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to O, wherein said package comprises laser absorption additive.
Q. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to P, wherein said package comprises laser absorption additive and said absorption additive within said bits has a different oxidative state than said absorption additive in said sidewall adjacent said dosing indicium.
R. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to Q, wherein said bits are ablated relative to said sidewall adjacent said dosing indicium.
S. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to R, wherein said bits are etched relative to said sidewall adjacent said dosing indicium.
T. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to S, wherein said bits are arranged in rows (R) and bits constituting said rows are center to center spaced apart from one another by a first spacing (S1) and said rows are spaced apart from one another by a second spacing (S2), wherein said second spacing is different than said first spacing.
U. The package according to any of Paragraphs A to T, wherein said bits are arranged in rows (R) and bits constituting said rows are center to center spaced apart from one another by a first spacing (S1) and said rows are spaced apart from one another by a second spacing (S2), wherein said second spacing is greater than said first spacing.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application and any patent application or patent to which this application claims priority or benefit thereof, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 17/963,214, 17/963,215, 17/987,893, and 17/987,895 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63455430 | Mar 2023 | US |
