Patent Application
20170017242
The present application claims the benefit of and priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-141053, filed on Jul. 15, 2015, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention relates to a positioner that controls a valve opening of a regulating valve.
In chemical plants and the like, positioners have been provided with respect to regulating valves that are used for the process control of a flow rate, and valve openings of the regulating valves are controlled by the positioners. The positioner calculates a deviation between a set value (set opening) of the valve opening of the regulating valve which is transmitted from a high-order apparatus and a measured value (actual opening) of the valve opening of the regulating valve, and supplies a control signal generated on the basis of the deviation to a setting/operating device for operating the opening and closing of the regulating valve, to thereby control the valve opening of the regulating valve (see PTL 1, PTL 2 and PTL 3).
In general, a positioner is used in a manner that a displacement amount detector, such as an angle sensor or a magnetic sensor, a circuit board, and the like are accommodated in a housing formed of a metal and are fixed to a yoke of a regulating valve through a bracket or the like. The displacement amount detector detects an actual opening of the regulating valve as the amount of displacement of a valve stem of the regulating valve. An electronic circuit, performing signal processing on the basis of an output signal which is output from the displacement amount detector, or the like, is formed on the circuit board.
In the positioner, the displacement amount detector such as an angle sensor is disposed at a side closer to the regulating valve within the housing in order to connect with the regulating valve, while the circuit board is often disposed away from the regulating valve within the housing. For this reason, the displacement amount detector and the circuit board are connected to each other by a harness which is a bundle of a plurality of lead wires within the housing, thereby securing the degree of freedom of the arrangement thereof.
Incidentally, a housing of a positioner is generally connected to a ground wire for safety. In addition to the positioner, a regulating valve and other power sources are often connected to the ground wire. For this reason, there is the possibility that noise generated due to a change in an electric current, generated by the operation of another device such as a power source, or physical vibration is applied to the housing of the positioner through a ground wire.
As described above, the displacement amount detector, the circuit board, the harness, and the like are accommodated in the housing of the positioner. In general, each of the lead wires constituting the harness has a structure in which a core wire serving as a signal line is covered with an insulating member, and thus the harness and the housing can be insulated from each other within the housing of the positioner in terms of direct current.
However, when the positioner itself vibrates due to the operation of the regulating valve, the power source, or the like which is disposed in the vicinity of the positioner, the harness coming into contact with or approaching the housing leads to a concern that noise from a ground wire may be applied to the core wire of the harness through the housing due to capacitive coupling between the harness and the housing.
On the other hand, the positioner adopts a circuit configuration in which predetermined signal processing is performed after a pair of detection signals that are output from the displacement amount detector such as an angle sensor are input to a differential circuit formed on the circuit board through the harness. Accordingly, even when noise is applied to the pair of detection signals of the displacement amount detector from the housing of the positioner through the harness, the noise can be appropriately removed by the differential circuit in a case where the noise is common mode noise.
[PTL 1] JP-A-2013-104454
[PTL 2] JP-A-2013-130236
[PTL 3] JP-A-2003-139561
However, in the housing of the positioner, when distances of the respective lead wires, propagating the pair of detection signals, with respect to the housing are different from each other, noises having different magnitudes are applied to the respective lead wires from the housing. The noises are normal mode noises, and thus it is not possible to appropriately remove the noises by using only the differential circuit.
In particular, since vibration generated from a pipe due to the flow of a fluid or vibration generated due to the operation of a pump, a stirrer, or the like is large under an environment in which a positioner is disposed, there is a strong possibility of a large normal mode noise being generated due to the transmission of such a large vibration to the positioner.
When such a large normal mode noise is generated, an error is generated in a detection result of an actual opening of the regulating valve which is obtained by the displacement amount detector such as an angle sensor, which results in a concern that the control stability of the regulating valve may be impaired.
With respect to such a problem, a noise filter (for example, a filter circuit or the like) has been recently separately provided in a signal transmission path of a positioner so as to satisfy noise resistance required by the standards. However, it is not easy to design an optimal noise filter in consideration of all environments allowing a positioner to be used, which results in increases in a development period and a development cost of the positioner.
The invention is made in view of such a problem, and an object thereof is to provide a positioner capable of stably controlling a regulating valve even under a large vibration environment.
According to the invention, a positioner (1) includes a displacement amount detector (11) that detects an amount of displacement of a valve stem of a regulating valve (3) and outputs a pair of detection signals, a multi-layered board (15, 16) on which a pair of signal interconnections (22, 23) having the pair of detection signals supplied thereto are formed, a circuit board (20) on which an electronic circuit (12) generating a control signal (CNT) for controlling a valve opening of the regulating valve, on the basis of the pair of detection signals that are input through the pair of signal interconnections, is formed, and a housing (10) that accommodates at least the multi-layered board and the circuit board. The multi-layered board includes a first interconnection layer (L1) in which a first interconnection pattern (30) is formed, and a second interconnection layer (L2) that has the pair of signal interconnections formed therein and is disposed on the first interconnection layer through an interlayer insulation film (101). The first interconnection pattern is electrically connected to the housing and is formed so as to overlap the pair of signal interconnections formed in the second interconnection layer when seen in a plan view.
The positioner may further include a third interconnection layer (L3) that has a second interconnection pattern (31) formed therein and is disposed on the second interconnection layer through an interlayer insulation film. The second interconnection pattern may be electrically connected to the housing and may be formed so as to overlap the pair of signal interconnections formed in the second interconnection layer when seen in a plan view.
In the positioner, the multi-layered board (15, 16) may be a multi-layered flexible board.
In the positioner, the displacement amount detector may be an angle sensor including a plurality of magnetic resistive elements (R1 to R4) that constitute a bridge circuit, and the pair of signal interconnections may be respectively connected to a corresponding pair of output terminals (A, B) of the bridge circuit.
Meanwhile, in the above description, reference numerals and signs in the drawings which correspond to the components of the invention are described with parentheses, as an example.
As described above, according to the invention, it is possible to provide a positioner capable of more stably controlling a regulating valve even under a large noise environment.
Hereinafter, embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
A valve controlling system 500 shown in
The regulating valve 3 is an apparatus that controls the flow of a fluid from one flow channel to the other flow channel, and is, for example, an air pressure type regulating valve. The setting/operating device 2, which is, for example, an air type valve actuator, operates a valve stem of the regulating valve 3 in accordance with an air pressure operation signal SC supplied from the positioner 1 to be described later, to thereby control opening and closing operations of the regulating valve 3. The high-order apparatus 4 is an apparatus on a high-order side which instructs the positioner 1 to open and close the regulating valve 3, and provides a set value SP of a valve opening of the regulating valve 3 to the positioner 1.
The positioner 1 is an apparatus that controls the opening and closing of the regulating valve 3. Specifically, the positioner 1 calculates a deviation between the set value SP of the valve opening of the regulating valve 3 which is provided by the high-order apparatus 4 and an actual measurement value PV of the valve opening of the regulating valve 3, generates an air pressure operation signal SC in accordance with the deviation, and provides the generated signal to the setting/operating device 2, to thereby control the valve opening of the regulating valve 3.
More specifically, as shown in
The angle sensor 11 is a displacement amount detector that detects a valve opening of the regulating valve 3 as the amount of displacement of the valve stem of the regulating valve 3 and outputs a pair of detection signals.
The data processing controlling portion 12 is an electronic circuit that generates a control signal for controlling a valve opening of the regulating valve 3 on the basis of the pair of detection signals that are output from the angle sensor 11. Specifically, the data processing controlling portion 12 calculates an actual measurement value PV of the valve opening of the regulating valve 3 on the basis of the pair of detection signals that are output from the angle sensor 11, and calculates a deviation between a set value SP of the valve opening of the regulating valve 3 which is provided by the high-order apparatus 4 and the actual measurement value PV of the valve opening of the regulating valve 3, to thereby generate an electrical signal CNT in accordance with the deviation.
The electric-pneumatic converting portion 13 is a functional portion that converts the electrical signal CNT generated by the data processing controlling portion 12 into an air pressure signal and outputs the converted signal. Specifically, for example, the electric-pneumatic converting portion converts air supply pressure of air 5 supplied from a pressure reducing valve (not shown) into pressure according to an electrical signal CNT, and outputs the converted pressure as an air pressure signal.
The air pressure amplifying portion 14 is a functional portion that amplifies pressure of the air pressure signal which is output from the electric-pneumatic converting portion 13 and outputs the amplified pressure. Specifically, for example, the air supply pressure of the air 5 which is supplied from the pressure reducing valve (not shown) is reduced in accordance with the pressure of the air pressure signal CNT which is output from the electric-pneumatic converting portion 13, and outputs the reduced pressure as an air pressure operation signal SC.
Here, a connection relationship between the angle sensor 11 and the data processing controlling portion 12 will be described in detail.
First, the angle sensor 11 will be described.
The angle sensor 11 includes a rotation shaft 110, a magnetic field generation portion 111, resistors R1 to R4, and external terminals 26_1 to 26_4. The rotation shaft 110 is a shaft that rotates in accordance with linear reciprocation of the valve stem through a feedback lever (not shown) which is connected to the valve stem of the regulating valve 3. The magnetic field generation portion 111 changes a magnetic field in accordance with a change in a rotation angle of the rotation shaft 110.
The resistors R1 to R4 are magnetic resistive elements whose resistance values change depending on the magnetic flux density of a magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generation portion 111, and constitute a bridge circuit. Specifically, one end of the resistor R1 and one end of the resistor R2 are connected to each other, the other end of the resistor R1 and one end of the resistor R3 are connected to each other, the other end of the resistor R2 and one end of the resistor R4 are connected to each other, and the other end of the resistor R3 and the other end of the resistor R4 are connected to each other.
In addition, a node C connecting the resistor R1 and the resistor R2 to each other is connected to the terminal 26_1, a node D connecting the resistor R3 and the resistor R4 to each other is connected to the terminal 26_4, a node A connecting the resistor R1 and the resistor R3 to each other is connected to the terminal 26_2, and a node B connecting the resistor R2 and the resistor R4 to each other is connected to the terminal 26_3.
Here, the terminals 26_1 and 26_4 are external terminals for power supply which supplies power to nodes C and D in the bridge circuit, and receives a constant current supplied from the data processing controlling portion 12 as power. In addition, the terminals 26_2 and 26_3 are external terminals for signal output which outputs voltages of the nodes A and B in the bridge circuit as a pair of detection signals indicating the amount of displacement of the valve stem of the regulating valve 3.
Next, the data processing controlling portion 12 will be described.
As shown in
Here, the differential amplifier circuit 121, the constant current source 122, the A/D converting portion 123, the control calculating portion 124, and the terminals 25_1 to 25_4 that constitute the data processing controlling portion 12 are formed on the circuit board 20 constituted by a printed circuit board or the like, through soldering or the like.
The terminals 25_1 and 25_4 are external terminals for power supply which supply power (for example, a constant current) to the angle sensor 11. The terminal 25_1 is connected to the terminal 26_1 of the angle sensor 11 by the power supply line 21, and the terminal 25_4 is connected to the terminal 26_4 of the angle sensor 11 by the power supply line 24.
The terminals 25_2 and 25_3 are external terminals for signal input which inputs a signal received from the angle sensor 11. The terminal 25_2 is connected to the terminal 26_2 of the angle sensor 11 by the signal line 22, and the terminal 25_3 is connected to the terminal 26_3 of the angle sensor 11 by the signal line 23.
Meanwhile, in the following description, the power supply lines 21 and 24 and the signal lines 22 and 23 may be collectively referred to as “interconnections 21 to 24”.
The differential amplifier circuit (AMP) 21 is a circuit that inputs voltages of the pair of nodes A and B in the bridge circuit of the angle sensor 11 through the terminals 25_2 and 25_3, amplifies a differential voltage between the input two voltages, and outputs the amplified differential voltage. Meanwhile, a signal may be directly input to the differential amplifier circuit 121 from the terminals 25_2 and 25_3 as shown in
The constant current source 122 is a functional portion that supplies a constant electric current to the pair of nodes C and D in the bridge circuit of the angle sensor 11 through the terminals 25_1 and 25_4. Specifically, the constant electric current which is output from the constant current source 122 flows into the node C of the bridge circuit through the terminal 25_1, the power supply line 21, and the terminal 26_1, and the electric current which is output from the node D flows into a ground GND of the data processing controlling portion 12 through the terminal 26_4, the power supply line 24, and the terminal 25_4.
The A/D converting portion 123 converts an output signal (analog signal) of the differential amplifier circuit 121 into a digital signal, and outputs a result of the conversion as an actual measurement value PV of a valve opening of the regulating valve 3.
The control calculating portion 124 is a functional portion that calculates a deviation between the actual measurement value PV of the regulating valve 3 which is output from the A/D converting portion 123 and a set value SP of a valve opening which is provided by the high-order apparatus 4, and generates an electrical signal CNT in accordance with the deviation. The control calculating portion 124 is constituted by a program processing device such as a CPU.
Here, the control calculating portion 124, the A/D converting circuit 23, the constant current source 122, and the differential amplifier circuit 121 which constitute the data processing controlling portion 12 may be realized by one semiconductor device such as a microcontroller or may be realized by discrete semiconductor devices, and a hardware configuration is not particularly limited. For example, the control calculating portion 124 may be realized by one microcontroller, and the A/D converting portion 123, the differential amplifier circuit 121, and the constant current source 122 may be realized by one IC chip.
Next, a connection structure between the circuit board 20 having the data processing controlling portion 12 formed therein and the angle sensor 11 will be described.
As shown in
As described above, the angle sensor 11 and the data processing controlling portion 12 are required to be electrically connected to each other through the power supply lines 21 and 24 and the signal lines 22 and 23. Consequently, as shown in
Here, the multi-layered board 15 is, for example, a multi-layered flexible substrate (flexible printed circuit: FPC) including a plurality of interconnection layers, and is manufactured by a known technique for manufacturing a multi-layered flexible board.
The multi-layered board 15 includes, for example, an n-layered interconnection layer (n≧2). Here, a case where the multi-layered board 15 includes two interconnection layers (n=2) is described as an example, but the multi-layered board may include three or more interconnection layers.
As shown in
Here, the cover films 100 and 102 and the interlayer insulation film 101 are formed of a resin material such as polyimide. Meanwhile, an adhesive layer for bonding upper and lower layers to each other may be provided between layers (for example, between the interconnection layers L1 and L2, and cover films 100 and 102 and the interlayer insulation film 101) when necessary.
In the interconnection layers L1 and L2, an interconnection is formed of a metal material such as copper (Cu). Specifically, as shown in
As shown in
Meanwhile, one ends and the other ends of the power supply lines 21 and 24 and the signal interconnections 22 and 23 that are formed in the interconnection layer L2 of the multi-layered board 15 may be connected to the angle sensor 11 and the circuit board 20 through connectors or may be directly connected to the angle sensor 11 and the circuit board 20 through soldering, and a method of connecting the multi-layered board 15 to the angle sensor 11 and the circuit board 20 is not particularly limited.
As shown in
In addition, the interconnection pattern 30 is electrically connected to the housing 10. For example, one end of the interconnection pattern 30 on the angle sensor 11 side is connected to the housing of the angle sensor 11 formed of a metal material, and the housing of the angle sensor 11 is in contact with and fixed to the housing 10, thereby allowing the interconnection pattern 30 to be electrically connected to the housing 10 (ground wire 6). Meanwhile, the other end of the interconnection pattern 30 on the circuit board 20 side is, for example, opened and is not connected to the ground GND of the data processing controlling portion 12.
Here, the interlayer insulation film 101 between the interconnection pattern 30, and the power supply lines 21 and 24 and the signal interconnections 22 and 23 is formed to have a uniform film thickness, and distances of the respective interconnections 21 to 24 with respect to the interconnection pattern 30 are equal to each other. That is, the respective interconnections 21 to 24 are disposed at equal distances with respect to the interconnection pattern 30 connected at the same electropotential as the housing 10, and thus capacitance values of parasitic capacitances formed between the interconnection pattern 30 and the respective interconnections 21 to 24 using the interlayer insulation film 101 as a dielectric become equal to each other.
That is, even when the multi-layered board 15 is in contact with or in proximity to the housing 10 by the vibration of the positioner 1, a state where distances of the respective interconnections 21 to 24 with respect to the interconnection pattern 30 are equal to each other is maintained, and thus noises applied to the respective interconnections 21 to 24 from the housing 10 through the parasitic capacitance via the interconnection pattern 30 become common mode noises whose phases and signal levels are equal to each other.
Here, although a positional relationship between the power supply lines 21 and 24 and the signal interconnections 22 and 23 in a planar direction of the multi-layered board 15 is not particularly limited, it is preferable that the signal interconnection 22 and the signal interconnection 23 are disposed so as to be symmetrical to the power supply lines 21 and 24 as much as possible. Thereby, it is possible to further reduce a difference between the phase and the signal level of noise which is applied to each of the signal interconnections 22 and 23. For example, as shown in
As described above, according to the positioner 1 of the first embodiment, an interconnection connecting the angle sensor 11 and the circuit board 20 to each other is formed on the multi-layered board 15, the pair of signal lines 22 and 23 propagating the pair of detection signals that are output from the angle sensor 11 are formed in the interconnection layer L2 of the multi-layered board 15, and the interconnection pattern 30 electrically connected to the housing 10 is formed in the interconnection layer L1 of the multi-layered board 15 so as to overlap the pair of signal lines 22 and 23 when seen in a plan view, thereby allowing distances of the pair of signal lines 22 and 23 with respect to the interconnection pattern 30, which is electrically connected to the housing 10, to be equal to each other. Accordingly, even when the multi-layered board 15 is in contact with or in proximity to the housing 10 by the vibration of the positioner 1, a state where distances of the respective interconnections 21 to 24 with respect to the interconnection pattern 30 are equal to each other is maintained, and thus noise applied to each of the interconnections 21 to 24 from the housing 10 through the interconnection pattern 30 becomes common mode noise instead of normal mode noise, thereby allowing noise to be appropriately removed by the differential amplifier circuit 121 located at the rear stage.
Therefore, according to the positioner 1 of the first embodiment, noise overlapping a detection result of a displacement amount detector such as the angle sensor 11 can be appropriately removed through the housing 10 even under a large vibration environment, and thus it is possible to more stably realize the control of the regulating valve 3.
In addition, according to the positioner 1 of the first embodiment, normal mode noise from the housing 10 can be reduced without separately providing a noise filter, and thus it is possible to achieve reductions in a development period and a development cost of a positioner. In addition, even when a noise filter is provided in order to further improve noise resistance, it is easier to design the noise filter than in a case where any assumable noise is removed by only a noise filter as in a positioner of the related art.
In addition, the multi-layered board 15 is constituted by a multi-layered flexible board, and thus the degree of freedom of the arrangement of a displacement amount detector, such as the angle sensor 11, and the circuit board 20 within the housing 10 is increased, thereby making it easier to design a positioner.
A positioner according to a second embodiment is different from the positioner according to the first embodiment in that two interconnection patterns electrically connected to a housing of the positioner are respectively disposed at layers located above and below a layer in which a pair of signal lines connected to an angle sensor are formed in a multi-layered board, but is the same as the positioner 1 according to the first embodiment in the other respects.
As shown in
As shown in
An interconnection pattern 31 formed of a metal material is formed in the interconnection layer L3. As shown in
In addition, similarly to the interconnection pattern 30, the interconnection pattern 31 is electrically connected to a housing 10. For example, one end of the interconnection pattern 31 on the angle sensor 11 side is connected to the housing of the angle sensor 11, and the housing of the angle sensor 11 is in contact with and fixed to the housing 10, thereby allowing the interconnection pattern 31 to be electrically connected to the housing 10 (ground wire 6). Meanwhile, other end of the interconnection pattern 31 on the circuit board 20 side is, for example, opened and is not connected to a ground GND of a data processing controlling portion 12.
Here, the interlayer insulation film 101 between the interconnection pattern 31, and the power supply lines 21 and 24 and the signal interconnections 22 and 23 is formed to have a uniform film thickness, and distances of the power supply lines 21 and 24 and the signal interconnections 22 and 23 with respect to the interconnection pattern 31 are equal to each other. That is, the respective interconnections 21 to 24 are disposed at equal distances with respect to the interconnection pattern 31 connected at the same electropotential as the housing 10. Thereby, capacitance values of parasitic capacitances formed between the interconnection pattern 31 and the respective interconnections 21 to 24 using the interlayer insulation film 101 as a dielectric become equal to each other, and thus noises applied from a ground wire 6 and having the same phase and the same level overlap the respective interconnections 21 to 24.
Here, the interlayer insulation film 101 between the interconnection pattern 31, and the power supply lines 21 and 24 and the signal interconnections 22 and 23 is formed to have a uniform film thickness, and distances of the respective interconnections 21 to 24 with respect to the interconnection pattern 31 are equal to each other. That is, the respective interconnections 21 to 24 are disposed at equal distances with respect to the interconnection pattern 31 connected at the same electropotential as the housing 10, and thus capacitance values of parasitic capacitances formed between the interconnection pattern 31 and the respective interconnections 21 to 24 using the interlayer insulation film 103 as a dielectric become equal to each other. Accordingly, not only noises applied to the respective interconnections 21 to 24 through the interconnection pattern 30 but also noise applied to the respective interconnections 21 to 24 through the interconnection pattern 31 become common mode noises.
As described above, the positioner according to the second embodiment has a structure in which the pair of signal lines 22 and 23 propagating a detection signal of the angle sensor 11 are interposed between two interconnection patterns 30 and 31 in a cross-sectional direction perpendicular to the plane of the multi-layered board, and thus noise applied from a surface on a side opposite to the pair of signal lines 22 and 23 can be set to be common mode noise, as compared to a case where the interconnection pattern 30 is provided on only single-sided surfaces of the pair of signal lines 22 and 23. Thereby, it is possible to expect further stable control of a regulating valve.
As described above, the invention implemented by the inventors has been described in detail on the basis of the embodiments. However, the invention is not limited thereto, and it is needless to say that the invention can be modified in various ways without departing from the scope thereof.
For example, in the first and second embodiments, a description is provided of a case where the interconnection patterns 30 and 31 are formed so as to overlap both the signal lines 22 and 23 and the power supply lines 21 and 24 when seen in a plan view, but the invention is not limited thereto. For example, when the interconnection patterns 30 and 31 are formed so as to overlap at least the signal lines 22 and 23 that transmit voltages of the nodes C and D of the bridge circuit of the angle sensor 11 when seen in a plan view, it is possible to suppress the application of normal mode noise to a differential signal which is input to the differential amplifier circuit 121.
In addition, in the first and second embodiments, a case where the multi-layered boards 15 and 16 are multi-layered flexible boards has been described, but the invention is not limited thereto. For example, the multi-layered boards 15 and 16 may be constituted by a multi-layered rigid flexible board in which a rigid board and a flexible board are combined with each other, or may be constituted by, for example, a multi-layered rigid board formed to have an L shape.
In addition, in the first embodiment, the angle sensor has been described as a displacement amount detector that detects a valve opening as the amount of displacement of the valve stem of the regulating valve 3, but is not limited thereto insofar as the angle sensor is a sensor that detects the amount of displacement of a valve stem and outputs a pair of detection signals (differential signals). For example, a position sensor that detects the amount of displacement of a valve stem and outputs a pair of detection signals can also be used instead of the angle sensor 11. Even in this case, it is possible to reduce normal mode noise overlapping the pair of detection signals that are output from the position sensor.
In addition, in the first and second embodiments, the positioner in which the angle sensor 11 is accommodated in the housing 10 of the positioner 1 has been described, but is not limited thereto. The positioner may be configured such that the angle sensor 11 and the housing 10 are separated from each other. In this case, in an interconnection that connects the circuit board 20 and the angle sensor 11 to each other, a portion accommodated in the housing 10 may be formed by the multi-layered boards 15 and 16 described above.
500: valve controlling system, 1: positioner, 2: setting/operating device, 3: regulating valve, 4: high-order apparatus, 5: air, 6: ground wire, 10: housing, 11: angle sensor, 12: data processing controlling portion, 13: electric-pneumatic converting portion, 14: air pressure amplifying portion, 15, 16: multi-layered board, 20: circuit board, 21, 24: power supply line, 22, 23: signal line, 25_1, 25_2, 25_3, 25_4, 26_1, 26_2, 26_3, 26_4: terminal, 27: connector, 30, 31: interconnection pattern, R1, R2, R3, R4: resistor, A, B, C, D: terminal of bridge circuit, L1, L2, L3: interconnection layer, 100, 102: cover film, 101, 103: interlayer insulation film, 121: differential amplifier circuit, 122: constant current source, 123: A/D converting portion, 124: control calculating portion.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015-141053 | Jul 2015 | JP | national |
