CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
Not applicable.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed toward a modular ramp assembly, and in particular, to a hand rail to post connector assembly for use with a modular ramp assembly.
2. Description of Related Art
Modular ramps have been developed to enhance the accessibility of doorways or other structures that are elevated above ground level. The ramps are typically manufactured in sections that are transported to the location where they are assembled for use. Hand rails are often mounted to the ramps for safety and to comply with laws and regulations. The hand rails are typically permanently secured to posts which are mounted to and extend upward from the ramp surface. Conventionally, the hand rails are welded to the posts to form a unitary structure. While welding the hand rails to the posts provides a stable and secure structure, it is difficult to quickly modify the length of the hand rails to adapt them to a particular location. The unitary design also makes it difficult to transport the hand rails and posts. Further, if it is necessary or desirable to paint the hand rails, the posts must also be painted since they form an integral structure with the hand rails.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed toward a hand rail to post connector assembly. The hand rail to post connector assembly includes a post cap configured to mount to a post, a saddle that is received by a slot in the post cap, and a rail insert that is secured to the saddle. The post cap includes a support surface configured to support a hand rail, and the post cap substantially constrains the saddle from moving vertically. The rail insert has a clamping surface that engages an inner surface of the hand rail for clamping the hand rail between it and the saddle.
The post cap support surface and rail insert clamping surface are preferably curved for supporting and engaging a hand rail having a circular cross-section. However, it is within the scope of the invention for the post cap and rail insert to be configured for supporting and engaging any type of hand rail, such as a hand rail having a square cross-section. The assembly also preferably includes a second rail insert that is secured to the saddle for clamping a second hand rail between it and the saddle. The hand rail to post connector assembly may be used to securely join the hand rails of a modular ramp to the posts during installation of the ramp. It also permits an installer to quickly modify the length of hand rail sections as desired, and allows the hand rails to be painted separate from the posts.
The present invention also encompasses a post and hand rail assembly that includes a post, an upper hand rail and the components of the hand rail to post connector assembly described above. The post and hand rail assembly may additionally include a lower hand rail that is received by openings in the post and joined to the post with a fastener. Preferably, the assembly has two posts each joined to the post cap, and two lower hand rails each received by a pair of openings in one of the posts.
In another aspect, the present invention encompasses a modular ramp assembly that includes a ramp and the components of the post and hand rail assembly described above. The ramp includes a substantially planar surface and a pair of frame rails each joined with one side of the planar surface. The posts are mounted to the frame rails.
Additional aspects of the invention, together with the advantages and novel features appurtenant thereto, will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned from the practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a modular ramp assembly in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an exploded, perspective view of a lower portion of a post, a leg, and a ramp of the assembly of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a front elevational view of the lower portion of the post and leg mounted to the ramp;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an upper hand rail mounted to an upper portion of the post with a hand rail to post connector assembly;
FIG. 5 is an exploded, perspective view of the upper hand rail, upper portion of the post, and hand rail to post connector assembly;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the upper hand rail, upper portion of the post, and hand rail to post connector assembly;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a lower hand rail mounted to the post; and
FIG. 8 is an exploded, perspective view of the lower hand rail and post.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIG. 1, a modular ramp assembly in accordance with the present invention is shown and designated as 10. Modular ramp assembly 10 includes a ramp 12, post and hand rail assemblies 14 and 16 that are each joined to the ramp 12, and legs, one of which is shown as 18, joined to the post and hand rail assemblies 14 and 16 for supporting the ramp 12 above the ground. FIG. 1 shows one exemplary section of modular ramp assembly 10. The ramp assembly 10 may include additional sections joined to the section shown in FIG. 1 in order to extend the ramp assembly 10 to a desired length. Further, the legs 18 are preferably vertically adjustable relative to the ramp 12 in order to incline the ramp 12 so that it extends from the ground at one end to a raised surface at its other end.
The ramp 12 includes a substantially planar surface 20 formed from four panels 22a-d. The panels 22a-d are held in place by a pair of frame rails 24 and 26. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, frame rail 24 has a vertical wall 28 and a pair of spaced apart horizontal walls 30 and 32 joined to and extending outward from the vertical wall 28. The panels 22a-d have a height that is slightly less than the distance between the horizontal walls 30 and 32 such that a side edge of each panel 22a-d is received by and slides within the channel formed between the walls 30 and 32. Frame rail 26 has a similar construction as frame rail 24 to receive an opposite side edge of each panel 22a-d. Referring to FIG. 3, panel 22d is secured to frame rail 24 with a fastener 34. Preferably, two other fasteners join panel 22d to frame rail 24 and three fasteners join panel 22d to frame rail 26. There are also three fasteners joining panel 22a to frame rail 24 and three fasteners joining panel 22a to frame rail 26. Panels 22a and 22d are secured to frame rails 24 and 26 to form a rigid assembly. Panels 22b and 22c are sandwiched between panels 22a and 22d and retained within the channels of frame rails 24 and 26 to prevent movement of the panels 22b and 22c. The ramp 12 may include more or less of panels 22a-d depending on the desired length of ramp 12. Panel 22d includes a bracket 36 (FIG. 2) extending below the planar surface 20 and outward toward an outer edge of the panel 22d. The bracket 36 includes an opening 37 in a surface of the bracket 36 that is aligned with vertical wall 28 of frame rail 24. Opening 37 receives a fastener 38 for joining the ramp 12 to post and hand rail assembly 14. Panel 22d preferably includes another bracket (not shown) similar to bracket 36 and extending below the planar surface and outward toward an opposite outer edge of the panel 22d for joining ramp 12 to post and hand rail assembly 16 on the opposite side of the ramp 12. Panel 22a preferably includes a pair of similar brackets (not shown) for joining post and hand rail assemblies 14 and 16 to opposite sides of ramp 12.
Referring to FIG. 1, post and hand rail assemblies 14 and 16 are substantially the same. Thus, only post and hand rail assembly 14 is described in detail herein. Post and hand rail assembly 14 includes posts 40a-d, a lower hand rail section 42 received by openings in the posts 40b-c, as described in detail below, an upper hand rail section 44 joined to the posts 40a-d with hand rail to post connector assemblies 46a-b, as described in more detail below, and a C-shaped end rail section 48. The C-shaped end rail section 48 includes upper and lower generally horizontal portions 49a and 49b that form a part of upper and lower hand rails, respectively, along with upper hand rail section 44 and lower hand rail section 42. A generally vertical portion 49c joins the horizontal portions 49a and 49b. The upper horizontal portion 49a is joined to the posts 40c-d with hand rail to post connector assembly 46b, and the lower horizontal portion 49b is received by openings in post 40d, as described in more detail below.
Because posts 40a-d are substantially similar, only post 40d is described in detail herein. Referring to FIG. 8, post 40d has side walls 50a-b that are joined to end walls 52a-b to form a hollow post having a rectangular cross-section. There are a pair of aligned openings 54a and 54b formed in side walls 50a and 50b, respectively, for receiving the lower portion 49b of end rail section 48, as described in more detail below. Referring to FIG. 2, a bracket 56 is joined to the lower end of posts 40c and 40d with rivets 58a-b. Another bracket 59 is joined to the opposite side of posts 40c and 40d with rivets (not shown). Bracket 56 includes a pair of spaced apart openings 60a and 60b that are aligned with similar openings (not shown) in bracket 59. The brackets 56 and 59 join the posts 40c-d and space them apart a desired distance.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, leg 18 and posts 40c and 40d are mounted to frame rail 24 with a bolt 62 that is received by an opening 64 in frame rail 24, opening 60a in bracket 56, a similar aligned opening (not shown) in bracket 59, and a slot 66 in leg 18. A nut 68 threaded on bolt 62 secures the leg 18 and posts 40c-d to frame rail 24. A washer 70 is received by bolt 62 and is positioned between bracket 56 and leg 18 to space the bracket 56 and leg 18. Bolt 38 passes through opening 60b in bracket 56, a similar aligned opening (not shown) in bracket 59, and opening 37 in bracket 36. A nut 72 threaded on bolt 38 secures the posts 40c and 40d to bracket 36. The head of bolt 38 is positioned between bracket 56 and leg 18 due to the spacing of those parts by washer 70. Another bolt 74 is received by a slot 76 in bracket 56 and slot 66 in leg 18. A nut 78 threaded on bolt 74 secures leg 18 to posts 40c and 40d. A washer 80 is received by bolt 74 and is positioned between bracket 56 and leg 18 to space the bracket 56 and leg 18 to provide clearance for the head of bolt 38. Referring to FIG. 1, posts 40a-b and the posts of hand rail and post assembly 16 are joined to ramp 12 in a similar manner as described above with respect to posts 40c-d. Slot 66 in leg 18 permits the leg 18 to be vertically adjustable relative to posts 40c-d and ramp 12 depending on the desired vertical height of that section of ramp 12.
Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, the lower hand rail, which includes lower hand rail section 42 and the lower portion 49b of end rail section 48, is secured to posts 40c and 40d. The lower portion 49b of end rail section 48 is received by each of the openings 54a-b in post 40d so that the portion of side walls 50a-b surrounding the openings 54a-b supports the lower portion 49b. When the lower portion 49b is received by openings 54a-b, holes 80a-b in end walls 52a-b are aligned with a pair of holes, one of which is shown as 82, through the side wall of the lower portion 49b. A bolt 84 is received by the aligned holes 80a-b and 82 in post 40d and lower portion 49b and by a hole 86 in a post channel bracket 88. A nut 90 engages bolt 84 for securing the end rail section 48 to the post 40d and post channel bracket 88. The lower portion 49b extends through both of the openings 54a-b and is supported by both of the side walls 50a-b of post 40d in order to support the lower portion 49b and substantially prevent it from moving with respect to the post 40d when joined thereto with bolt 84 and nut 90. The lower hand rail section 42 is received by two openings in post 40c, supported by both side walls of post 40c, and secured to the post 40c and post channel bracket 88 with a bolt 92 and nut 94 in a similar manner. The surface of post channel bracket 88 facing posts 40c and 40d has four ridges 96a-d, which are spaced apart to define a pair of channels that are each slightly wider than one of posts 40c-d. Each post 40c-d is received by one of the channels formed by ridges 96a-d to rigidly secure the posts 40c-d together and space them apart a desired distance. Providing two posts 40c and 40d at the location where lower hand rail section 42 and lower portion 49b of end rail section 48 meet allows the lower hand rail section 42 to be supported by both side walls of post 40c and the end rail section 48 to be supported by both side walls of post 40d in order to substantially prevent movement of the lower hand rail section 42 and end rail section 48. Referring to FIG. 1, lower hand rail section 42 is joined to post 40b in a similar manner, and another lower hand rail section (not shown) may be joined to and extend away from post 40a in a similar manner.
Referring to FIGS. 4-6, the upper hand rail, which includes upper hand rail section 44 and the upper portion 49a of end rail section 48, is secured to posts 40c and 40d with hand rail to post connector assembly 46b. The upper hand rail section 44 is secured to posts 40a-b with hand rail to post connector assembly 46a in a similar manner, as shown in FIG. 1, and another upper hand rail section (not shown) may be joined to hand rail to post connector assembly 46a in a similar manner. Accordingly, only the connection between upper portion 49a, upper hand rail section 44, and posts 40c-d is described in detail herein. The upper portion 49a of end rail section 48 is a tube having a circular cross-section with an outer surface 98 and an inner surface 100 (FIG. 6). There is a hole 102 (FIG. 5) through the upper portion 49a adjacent an end of the upper portion 49a.
Hand rail to post connector assembly 46b includes a post cap 104 that is mounted to an upper end of posts 40c and 40d, a saddle 106 that is slideably received by post cap 104, a rail insert 108 that is received within the upper portion 49a of end rail section 48, and another rail insert 109 (FIG. 5) that is received within the upper hand rail section 44. Hand rail to post connector assembly 46a is substantially the same as hand rail to post connector assembly 46b and thus is not described in detail herein.
Post cap 104 has opposed side walls 110a-b, a support surface 112 that is joined with and extends downward from an upper edge of the side walls 110a-b, and a locking structure 114 that is coupled with and extends downward from support surface 112. Each side wall 110a-b has a generally vertical lower portion 115a and an upper portion 115b that extends upward at an incline from the lower portion 115a toward the other side wall 110a-b. The lower portions 115a of the side walls 110a-b are spaced apart by a distance that is slightly larger than the width of posts 40c and 40d so that the posts 40c and 40d fit within the side walls 110a-b. The side walls 110a-b are mounted to upper ends of the posts 40c-d with bolts 116a-b that are received by aligned openings (not shown) in the side walls 110a-b and posts 40c-d. Nuts 118a-b engage the threads on bolts 116a-b.
The support surface 112 includes a pair of curved sections 120a-b each extending downward from one of side walls 110a-b toward the other curved section 120a-b. There is a gap between the curved sections 120a-b such that the support surface 112 is not continuous. The support surface 112 is curved to match and closely conform to the curvature of the outer surface 98 of the end rail section 48. The support surface 112 supports the upper portion 49a of end rail section 48 in order to prevent downward movement of the upper hand rail. The curvature of the support surface 112 also substantially prevents lateral movement of the upper portion 49a because the support surface 112 surrounds approximately one half of the upper portion 49a. Referring to FIG. 6, locking structure 114 includes a pair of side walls 122a-b extending downward from curved sections 120a-b and a bottom wall 124 extending between and joining the side walls 122a-b. Locking structure 114 also includes a pair of ridges 126a-b extending downward from curved sections 120a-b and spaced apart from side walls 122a-b to form slots 128a-b between the ridges 126a-b and side walls 122a-b. The locking structure 114 defines a slot 130 positioned below the support surface 112 that slideably receives saddle 106 in a substantially horizontal direction to substantially constrain saddle 106 from moving vertically.
Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, saddle 106 includes a base 132 having a rectangular cross-section, a middle ridge 134 extending upward from the base 132, and side ridges 136a-b extending upward from the base 132 and spaced from the middle ridge 134 to form slots 138a-b between the middle ridge 134 and side ridges 136a-b. When saddle 106 is received by locking structure 114, base 132 is received by slot 130 of locking structure 114, middle ridge 134 extends upward into the gap between curved sections 120a-b, side ridges 136a-b of saddle 106 are received by slots 128a-b of locking structure 114, and ridges 126a-b of locking structure 114 are received by slots 138a-b of saddle 106. The interlocking ridges 126a-b of locking structure 114 and ridges 134 and 136a-b of saddle 106 substantially prevent the saddle 106 from moving with respect to the post cap 104 in any direction other than horizontally through the slot 130. The saddle 106 has first and second openings 140a-b that pass vertically through the middle ridge 134. First opening 140a of saddle 106 aligns with opening 102 in upper portion 49a of end rail section 48 and second opening 140b aligns with an opening (not shown) in upper hand rail section 44. Recesses 142a-b are formed in an upper surface of the middle ridge 134 surrounding openings 140a-b. The saddle 106 is longer than the post cap 104 such that the portions of the saddle 106 including first and second openings 140a-b extend laterally from opposite ends of the post cap 104.
Referring to FIG. 5, rail insert 108 has a bottom clamping surface 144, a top horizontal surface 146 with a groove 147 formed therein, and side surfaces 148 and 150. A hole 152 passes vertically through top surface 146 at groove 147 and clamping surface 144. Referring to FIG. 6, rail insert 108 is received within the end rail section 48, and clamping surface 144 engages inner surface 100. The clamping surface 144 has the same curvature as the inner surface 100 so that the clamping surface 144 closely conforms to the inner surface 100 to form a tight fit between the two surfaces. The rail insert 108 includes a threaded rod 154 that engages the threads on a square nut 155, which is received by groove 157 (FIG. 5). Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, threaded rod 154 passes through hole 152, hole 102 in end rail section 48, engages the threads on a first nut 156, passes through the first opening 140a in saddle 106, and engages the threads on a second nut 158. The first nut 156 is received by the recess 142a in saddle 106, which is sized so that the first nut 156 fits tightly within it. The first nut 156 is positioned adjacent outer surface 98 in the gap between the curved sections 120a-b of support surface 112. The rail insert 108 is secured to saddle 106 via second nut 158 which abuts a lower surface 160 of the saddle 106 and clamps end rail section 48 between rail insert 108 and saddle 106.
Tightening second nut 158 moves the clamping surface 144 of rail insert 108 toward the inner surface 100 of end rail section 48 and the outer surface 98 of end rail section 48 toward the support surface 112 of post cap 104, which clamps the end rail section 48 between the rail insert 108 and post cap 104. Clamping the end rail section 48 between the rail insert 108 and post cap 104 in this manner substantially prevents vertical movement of the end rail section 48 relative to posts 40c and 40d, and substantially prevents lateral movement of the end rail section 48 relative to posts 40c and 40d in a direction that is transverse to the direction in which saddle 106 slides within post cap 104. The second nut 158 and portion of threaded rod 154 positioned below saddle 106 are positioned adjacent the side of post 40d and post cap 104 preventing movement of the saddle 106, rail insert 108 and end rail section 48 relative to the post cap 104 in the same direction as the direction in which saddle 106 slides within post cap 104.
Rail insert 109 has a similar structure as rail insert 108 and clamps the upper hand rail section 44 to post cap 104 and saddle 106 in a similar manner as described above with respect to rail insert 108 and end rail section 48. Thus, rail insert 109 has a threaded rod (not shown) that is received by an opening (not shown) in upper hand rail section 44 and the second opening 140b in saddle 106. A first nut (not shown) engages the threaded rod and is received within the recess 142b of saddle 106, a second nut (not shown) engages the threaded rod and abuts the lower surface 160 of saddle 106 to clamp the upper hand rail section 44 to post cap 104, and a third nut (not shown) is received by an upper portion of the threaded rod and received by a groove in the rail insert 109. The threaded rod and second nut extend below saddle 106 in a similar manner as threaded rod 154 and nut 158 (shown in FIG. 6), and are positioned adjacent the side of post 40c and post cap 104 preventing movement of the saddle 106, rail insert 108 and end rail section 48 relative to the post cap 104 in the same direction as the direction in which saddle 106 slides within post cap 104.
The side walls 110a-b, support surface 112, and locking structure 114 of post cap 104 are preferably solid and thicker than the walls of posts 40c-d, upper hand rail section 44, and end rail section 48 to provide more strength and support to the hand rail to post connector assembly 46b. Saddle 106 and rail inserts 108 and 109 are preferably constructed as solid parts, which increases their weight and rigidity and allows them to clamp upper hand rail section 44 and end rail section 48 with more force. The ramp 12, leg 18, posts 40a-d, lower hand rail section 42, upper hand rail section 44, end rail section 48, post cap 104, saddle 106, and rail inserts 108 and 109 are preferably made from a rigid material such as aluminum. However, it is within the scope of the invention for these parts to be made from other materials. As shown in FIG. 6, the rail insert 108 has a nut 158 and portion of threaded rod 154 extending below saddle 106, and the other rail insert 109 has a similar nut (not shown) and threaded rod (not shown) extending below saddle 106, which nuts and rods are positioned adjacent opposite sides of posts 40c and 40d to prevent the saddle 106, rail inserts 108 and 109, upper hand rail section 44, and end rail section 48 from sliding with respect to post cap 104. These features allow the hand rail to post connector assembly 46b to securely join the upper hand rail section 44 and end rail section 48 to the posts 40c and 40d and prevent movement of the upper hand rail section 44 and end rail section 48.
The structure of the ramp assembly 10 described above and shown in the drawings makes the assembly 10 modular so that it is adaptable for use in different circumstances and locations. For example, the upper and lower hand rail sections 42 and 44 may each be manufactured in a number of different lengths, and the pairs of posts 40a-b and 40c-d may be spaced apart a desired distance corresponding to a particular chosen length of hand rail section. An installer may choose a desired length of hand rail section and post spacing in order to adapt the ramp assembly 10 to fit in a particular location where the ramp assembly 10 is being installed. Multiple ramp assembly sections such as the ramp assembly 10 shown in FIG. 1 may be joined together to form a ramp assembly of a desired length as dictated by the location where the ramp assembly is being installed. The modular nature of the ramp assembly 10 permits an installer to transport the ramp assembly 10 in sections or individual parts from where they are manufactured and/or stored to where they are finally installed or assembled. Because the individual parts of the ramp assembly 10 may be transported in an unassembled manner, a single installer may load the parts on a truck for transport and unload them for assembly. Further, because the upper and lower hand rails, including sections 42, 44, and 48, are removably joined to the posts 40a-d, the upper and lower hand rails may be painted separate from the posts 40a-d, which may remain unpainted.
In operation, the individual components of ramp assembly 10 may be transported in an unassembled state to the location where they will be installed. The panels 22a-d of ramp 12 slide into frame rails 24 and 26, and panels 22a and 22d are joined to the frame rails 24 and 26 with fasteners 34. The frame rails 24 and 26 may be longer or shorter than the rails shown in
FIG. 1 and be adapted to hold more or less of panels 22a-d depending on the desired length of ramp assembly 10. Pairs of posts 40a-b and 40c-d are joined to the frame rail 24 with fasteners 38 and 62 in the manner described above and shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. If desired, legs 18 are also joined to the pairs of posts 40a-b and 40c-d with fasteners 62 and 74. The lower hand rail section 42 and end rail section 48 are joined to posts 40c-d with fasteners 84 and 92 and bracket 88 as described above and shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. The lower hand rail section 42 and another hand rail section (not shown) are joined to posts 40a-b in a similar manner.
The upper hand rail section 44 and end rail section 48 are joined to the posts 40c-d with hand rail to post connector assembly 46b as described herein. Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, post cap 104 is fastened to posts 40c and 40d with fasteners 116a-b. Rail insert 108 is placed within the end rail section 48, and nut 155 is positioned within groove 147. The threaded rod 154 is placed through hole 102 and threaded into engagement with nut 155. First nut 156 is threaded on rod 154 to retain rail insert 108 in place within end rail section 48. Rail insert 109 is placed within upper hand rail section 44 and secured thereto with a nut (not shown) in a similar manner as described with respect to rail insert 108. Saddle 106 then slides into the slot 130 in post cap 104 such that the portions of saddle 106 including first and second openings 140a-b extend laterally from opposite ends of the post cap 104. Threaded rod 154 of rail insert 108 is received by opening 140a and first nut 156 is received by recess 142a. Likewise, the threaded rod (not shown) of rail insert 109 is received by opening 140b and the first nut (not shown) of rail insert 109 is received by recess 142b. Second nut 158 engages threaded rod 154 and is tightened to secure the end rail section 48 to posts 40c and 40d. The second nut (not shown) of rail insert 109 is secured to a threaded rod (not shown) to secure upper hand rail section 44 to posts 40c and 40d in a similar manner. Upper hand rail section 44 and another hand rail section (not shown) are joined to posts 40a-b with hand rail to post connector assembly 46a in a similar manner as described above with respect to hand rail to post connector assembly 46b. The post and hand rail assembly 16 shown in FIG. 1 is assembled and joined to ramp 12 in a similar manner as described with respect to post and hand rail assembly 14.
Although the preferred embodiment of modular ramp assembly 10 described above and shown in the drawings includes tubular hand rails with circular cross-sections, such as lower and upper hand rail sections 42 and 44 and end rail section 48, it is within the scope of the invention for the hand rails to have other shapes. For example, the hand rails may have a square or elliptical cross-section. In the event that the hand rails have a non-circular cross-section, the rail inserts 108 and 109 are preferably modified to have a bottom clamping surface 144 which matches the inner surface of the hand rails so that the rail inserts 108 and 109 closely conform to and fit tightly within the hand rails. Further, the support surface 112 of the post cap 104 would also be modified to match the outer surface of the hand rails in order to closely conform to and fit tightly against the hand rails.
From the foregoing it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all ends and objectives herein-above set forth, together with the other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the invention.
Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matters herein set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings are to be interpreted as illustrative, and not in a limiting sense.
While specific embodiments have been shown and discussed, various modifications may of course be made, and the invention is not limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts and steps described herein, except insofar as such limitations are included in the following claims. Further, it will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims.
Patent Grant
8844084
