Patent Grant
8803009
This invention relates to methods and apparatus for dispensing and sensing powder and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for dispensing precisely-controlled quantities of powder into multiple cartridges and for individually sensing the fill state of each of the cartridges. The powder can contain a drug, and the cartridges can be used in an inhaler. However, the invention is not limited to this application.
It has been proposed to deliver certain types of drugs to patients by inhalation of a powder as a delivery mechanism. One particular example uses diketopiperazine microparticles known as Technosphere® microparticles. The Technosphere microparticles have a platelet surface structure and can be loaded with a drug. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,461, issued Oct. 4, 1994 to Feldstein et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,852, issued Apr. 2, 1996 to Steiner et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,497, issued Jun. 6, 2000 to Steiner et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,428,771, issued Aug. 6, 2002 to Steiner et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,226, issued Sep. 3, 2002 to Steiner et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,885, issued Nov. 25, 2003 to Steiner et al. One use of these microparticles is the delivery of insulin by inhalation. An inhaler having a replaceable cartridge or capsule containing the drug powder is used for drug delivery.
The administration of drugs by inhalation typically requires a very small quantity of powder in the inhaler cartridge. By way of example, application of insulin using Technosphere microparticles can require a dose of as little as 10 milligrams of the powder. In addition, the drug dose must be highly accurate. A dose lower than specified may not have the desired therapeutic effect, while a larger than specified dose can have an adverse effect on the patient. Furthermore, while Technosphere microparticles are highly effective for drug delivery by inhalation, their platelet surface structure causes Technosphere powders to be cohesive and somewhat difficult to handle.
In the commercialization of drug delivery by inhalation, large numbers of cartridges containing the drug must be produced in an efficient and economical manner. An accurate dose of powder must be delivered to each cartridge, and the drug dose in each cartridge must be verified. Manufacturing techniques and equipment should be capable of high throughput to meet demand and should be capable of handling powders which are cohesive and thus do not flow freely. Existing manufacturing techniques and equipment have not been adequate to meet these demands.
Accordingly, there is a need for novel methods and apparatus for powder dispensing and sensing.
Systems and methods are provided for simultaneously dispensing precisely-controlled doses of a powder into multiple cartridges. The powder can contain a drug, and the cartridges can be used in inhalers. The fill state of each cartridge, typically the powder weight, is sensed during filling, and powder dispenser modules are individually controlled in response to the sensed weight to ensure accurate dosage. The system operates at high speed and can be very compact to enable production filling operations with minimal floor space requirements.
According to a first aspect of the invention, a powder dispensing and sensing apparatus comprises a tray support structure to receive a cartridge tray holding cartridges, a powder dispenser assembly including powder dispenser modules to dispense powder into respective cartridges of a batch of cartridges in the cartridge tray, a powder transport system to deliver powder to the powder dispenser modules, a sensor module including sensor cells to sense respective fill states of each of the cartridges in the batch of cartridges, and a control system to control the powder dispenser modules in response to the respective sensed fill states of each of the cartridges of the batch of cartridges.
The powder dispenser modules, the powder transport system and the sensor cells can be configured for concurrent dispensing of powder to the batch of cartridges and concurrent sensing of the fill state of each of the cartridges in the batch of cartridges. The sensor cells can comprise weight sensor cells. The cartridge tray can be configured to support the cartridges in a two-dimensional array of rows and columns.
The powder transport system can include a blower assembly to move a transport gas, a powder aerator to deliver powder to the powder dispenser assembly and a hopper assembly to supply powder to the powder aerator. The powder transport system can further include a manifold that couples the transport gas from the powder dispenser assembly to the blower assembly to form a closed-loop recirculating gas transport system. The powder transport system can include a transport gas conditioning system to control the relative humidity, the temperature, or both, of the transport gas.
Each of the powder dispenser modules can include a housing that defines a powder inlet for a receiving powder from the powder transport system, a powder outlet, and a powder delivery conduit connecting the powder inlet and the powder outlet, and a feed mechanism to move powder through the conduit from the powder inlet to the powder outlet.
The feed mechanism can include a feed wand to move powder through the conduit, an actuator to operate the feed wand, a valve to control the outlet, and an actuator to operate the valve. The feed wand can include a shaft and a helical open space frame including spaced-apart spars affixed to the shaft. The spaced-apart spars can have a helical arrangement on the shaft. The feed wand can further comprise an arrangement of one or more wires secured between some or all of the spaced-apart spars. The wires can include one or more helix arrangements secured between the ends of the spars and one or more chevron arrangements secured between spars at selected radial locations. In some embodiments, each wire is slidably secured through holes in intermediate spars and is attached at each end to one of the spars.
The feed wand further includes a discharge element affixed to the shaft below the helical open space frame. In different embodiments, the discharge element can be implemented as a modified spar having a double helix configuration, a roller pin and support element used in combination with an orifice element or auger blades used in combination with an orifice element.
The powder dispenser assembly can include an array block having an array of vertical ports. The powder dispenser modules can be mounted in respective vertical ports of the array block. The array block can include channels to deliver powder to the powder dispenser modules. The powder dispenser modules can be provided with powder inlets aligned with the channels in the array block so that powder is delivered to a row of powder dispenser modules through a channel in the array block. Each channel in the array block can pass through the array block for recirculating transport gas to the blower assembly. The channels in the array block can have sufficient capacity to store powder for one or more powder dispensing cycles of the powder dispenser modules.
The hopper assembly can include a hopper body defining a powder reservoir and a granulator in the lower portion of the powder reservoir. The granulator can comprise first and second agglomerator rollers and first and second motors to actuate the first and second agglomerator rollers, respectively. Each of the agglomerator rollers can be provided with a plurality of pins or a plurality of spaced-apart disks.
The blower assembly can include a blower to move a transport gas through a recirculating transport gas system and a gas-particle separation device to remove powder agglomerates from the recirculating transport gas. In some embodiments, the gas-particle separation device is implemented as a cyclone separator and in other embodiments the gas-particle separation device is implemented as a vane separator. The blower can include an impeller to move the transport gas, an impeller motor to rotate the impeller and a blower housing enclosing the impeller and having a discharge port to supply the transport gas to the powder aerator. The blower assembly can further comprise an induction rod to introduce conditioned transport gas into the flow of transport gas.
The powder aerator can include a manifold block defining a powder inlet, powder output ports coupled to the powder dispenser assembly and a gas inlet coupled to the blower assembly. The powder aerator can further include a pneumatic broom to deliver powder through riser tubes to the powder output ports and a dump valve to supply a quantity of powder from the powder inlet to the pneumatic broom. The dump valve also seals the closed loop transport gas system from the external environment. The powder aerator can further include a bypass manifold coupled to the powder output ports and a crossover valve that directs selected portions of the transport gas from the gas inlet to the pneumatic broom and to the bypass manifold.
According to a second aspect of the invention, a method is provided for dispensing and sensing powder. The method comprises positioning cartridges in a cartridge tray, concurrently dispensing powder into a batch of cartridges in the cartridge tray, and concurrently sensing a fill state of each of the cartridges in the batch of cartridges.
According to a third aspect of the invention, a powder aerator comprises a manifold block defining a powder inlet, powder output ports and a transport gas inlet; a pneumatic broom to deliver powder to the powder output ports; a dump valve to supply a quantity of powder from the powder inlet to the pneumatic broom; a bypass manifold coupled to the powder output ports; and a crossover valve to direct selected portions of the transport gas from the gas inlet to the pneumatic broom and to the bypass manifold.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention, a powder dispenser assembly comprises an array block including an array of vertical ports and horizontal channels intersecting each of the vertical ports; and powder dispenser modules mounted in respective vertical ports of the array block, each of the powder dispenser modules having powder inlets communicating with the channels in the array block, wherein powder delivered to the channels in the array block is dispensed by each of the powder dispenser modules.
According to a fifth aspect of the invention, a powder transport system comprises a powder dispenser assembly to dispense powder into cartridges; a blower assembly to move a transport gas; and a powder aerator to deliver powder entrained in the transport gas to the powder dispenser assembly.
According to a sixth aspect of the invention, a powder dispenser module comprises a housing that defines a powder inlet for receiving powder, a powder outlet, and a powder delivery conduit connecting the powder inlet and the powder outlet; a feed wand to move powder through the powder delivery conduit; an actuator to operate the feed wand; a valve to control the powder outlet; and an actuator to operate the valve.
According to a seventh aspect of the invention, a blower assembly comprises an impeller to move a transport gas; an impeller motor to rotate the impeller; a blower housing enclosing the impeller and having a discharge port for the transport gas; a manifold to receive transport gas; and a gas-particle separation device affixed to the manifold to accumulate agglomerates entrained in the transport gas.
According to an eighth aspect of the invention, a powder handling apparatus comprises a tray support structure to receive a cartridge tray holding at least a first batch of cartridges and a second batch of cartridges; a dispensing subsystem to dispense powder into a batch of the cartridges in the cartridge tray; and a tray positioning mechanism to move the cartridge tray to sequentially position the first and subsequent batches of cartridges in the cartridge tray in alignment with the dispensing subsystem.
According to a ninth aspect of the invention, a method for dispensing powder into a cartridge comprises positioning a cartridge below a dispenser module having a hopper containing a powder, opening a valve that controls the hopper, operating a feed wand in the hopper to dispense powder through the valve to the cartridge, and closing the valve when a desired fill state of the cartridge is reached.
Operation of the feed wand can include rotating the feed wand and reversing rotation of the feed wand to condition the powder in the hopper. The feed wand can be rotated at variable speeds and can be dithered during rotation. The feed wand can reciprocate, causing the wand to quickly rotate clockwise and counterclockwise, during some portion of one or more revolutions. The method can include sensing a weight of powder in the cartridge and closing the valve when the sensed weight is equal to or greater than a target weight. Opening the valve can include rotating a valve member in a selected direction, and closing the valve can include rotating the valve member in the same direction. Opening the valve can include post-positioning the valve member with respect to the dispenser nozzle opening.
The feed wand can be rotated at a selected maximum speed during a first portion of a fill cycle and then rotated at a reduced speed during a second portion of the fill cycle. The second portion of the fill cycle can be initiated when the powder dispensed into the cartridge is equal to or greater than a selected weight. Proportional control and/or integral control can be utilized during any portion of the fill cycle.
According to a tenth aspect of the invention, the powder dispensing and sensing apparatus is a highly compact, modular system which is operable both in a research laboratory and in a production plant. This feature facilitates regulatory approval for a common machine and results in cost reduction due to common technical support and training and reduced parts inventories.
According to an eleventh aspect of the invention, the powder dispensing and sensing apparatus has the capability to fill inhaler cartridges, one time use inhalers and compact multiple use inhalers. This capability can be achieved by relatively minor changes to the system that delivers containers to be filled to the powder dispensing and sensing apparatus.
For a better understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein by reference and in which:
Powder dispensing and sensing apparatus 10 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is shown
Cartridges 20 can be held in a cartridge tray 22 that is positioned in a tray support frame 24 for processing. The cartridges can be held in an array of rows and columns. In one example, cartridge tray 22 holds forty-eight cartridges 20 in a 6×8 array. The configuration of cartridge tray 22 and the corresponding configuration of apparatus 10 are given by way of example only and are not limiting as to the scope of the invention. It will be understood that cartridge tray 22 can be configured to hold a different number of cartridges and that cartridge tray 22 can have a different array configuration within the scope of the invention. In another embodiment described below, the cartridge tray can hold 192 cartridges. Cartridge tray 22 can be placed in support frame 24 and removed from support frame 24 by a robot.
Components of powder dispensing and sensing apparatus 10, in addition to tray support frame 24, include a powder dispenser assembly 30 to dispense powder into cartridges 20, a powder transport system 32 to deliver powder to powder dispenser assembly 30 and a sensor module 34 to sense a fill state of each of cartridges 20. Powder dispensing and sensing apparatus 10 further includes a frame 40 for mounting of tray support frame 24, powder dispenser assembly 30, powder transport system 32 and sensor module 34, and actuators 42 to move powder dispenser assembly 30 and powder transport system 32 with respect to cartridges 20.
Powder dispenser assembly 30 includes an array block 50 having an array of vertical ports 52 and a powder dispenser module 54 mounted in each of the vertical ports of array block 50. Array block 50 can be configured to match the array of cartridges 20 in cartridge tray 22 or a subset of the cartridges in the cartridge tray. In the above example of a cartridge tray that holds forty-eight cartridges, array block 50 can have a 6×8 array of vertical ports 52 and provides mounting for forty-eight powder dispenser modules 54. In this embodiment, powder dispenser modules 54 are mounted on one-inch centers. It will be understood that a different spacing arrangement can be utilized within the scope of the invention. As shown in
In the embodiment of
Blower assembly 70 is coupled through a tube 76 to a gas inlet 78 of powder aerator 72 and produces a flow of transport gas through gas inlet 78. Powder aerator 72 includes a powder inlet 80 to receive powder from hopper assembly 74. The powder is delivered by powder aerator 72 through four powder output ports 82 to inlet ends of respective channels in array block 50. The powder is transported through the respective channels to the powder dispenser modules 54 in each row of powder dispenser assembly 30. The powder is individually dispensed to cartridges 20 by powder dispenser modules 54 as described below.
Channels 60a-60h pass through array block 50, and a tuned suction manifold 84 is coupled to outlet ends of the channels. The suction manifold 84 of first powder transport system 32a is connected to outlet ends of channels 60a-60d, and the suction manifold 84 of second powder transport system 32b is connected to the outlet ends of channels 60e-60h. Suction manifold 84 returns the transport gas to blower assembly 70, thus forming a closed loop recirculating gas transport system. In other embodiments, the powder transport system can utilize an open loop gas transport system. Any powder not delivered to powder dispenser modules 54 or stored in the channels returns through suction manifold 84 to blower assembly 70. As discussed below, blower assembly 70, in some embodiments, can include a gas-particle separation device to retain large powder agglomerates, while small powder agglomerates are recirculated to powder aerator 72 for delivery to powder dispenser assembly 30. As further discussed below, each powder transport system can include a gas conditioning unit to control the relative humidity and/or temperature of the recirculating transport gas.
The powder transport system 32 can include sensors to determine the powder level in different components of the powder transport system. Hopper assembly 74 can include a hopper level sensor to sense the powder level in the reservoir of hopper assembly 74. Powder aerator 72 can include a dump valve level sensor to determine the powder level in the dump valve of powder aerator 72. The blower assembly 70 can include a large agglomerate level sensor. A dispenser fill level sensor can be located at the suction manifold 84 of blower assembly 70. The powder level sensors can use optical techniques to sense powder level, for example. The powder level sensors can be used to control operation of powder delivery system 32 and loading of powder dispenser modules 54 with powder.
Sensor module 34 (
The sensor cells 114 individually sense the fill state of each of cartridges 20 during dispensing of powder, so that powder dispensing can be terminated when the desired amount of powder has been dispensed into each cartridge 20. The sensor cells 114 are preferably weight sensors which monitor the weight of cartridge 20 during the powder dispensing process and are accurate within 5 to 10 micrograms in the present embodiment. An electrobalance beam is typically used as a weight sensor in applications requiring high accuracy, high speed and repeatability with very small weights.
The physical configuration of the weight sensor assembly 110 is a consideration in systems where powder dispenser modules 54 are closely spaced, such as on one inch centers. Preferably, the weight sensor assemblies 110 can be placed in an array that matches the configuration of cartridge tray 22 and powder dispenser modules 54. In a preferred embodiment, sensor assemblies 110 have a vertical configuration and two sensor cells 114 are packaged together to form a sensor assembly. The weight sensing mechanical components are located at the top of the assembly, electrical circuitry is located below the mechanical components and an electrical connector is located at the bottom. The sensor assemblies can be mounted in an array for weight sensing on one inch centers.
In another embodiment, a commercially available weight sensor module has a horizontal configuration and can be utilized in a tiered arrangement on three different levels for an array having six cartridges per row. In the tiered arrangement, probes of different lengths are used to contact the cartridges.
The powder dispensing and sensing apparatus 10 has been described as having powder dispenser modules 54 and sensor cells 114 mounted on one inch centers. It will be understood that a larger or smaller spacing between components can be utilized within the scope of the invention. Further, the components of the apparatus 10 are not necessarily mounted in a uniform array. For example, the x-direction spacing between components can be different from the y-direction spacing between components, or a row of the array can be offset with respect to an adjacent row.
In operation, cartridge tray 22 holding cartridges 20 is positioned in tray support frame 24, preferably by a robot or other automation mechanism. Cartridge tray 22 is lowered so that cartridges 20 are raised from cartridge tray 22 by weight sensor probes 112 on respective sensor assemblies 110 and are supported by probes 112. Cartridge tray 22 can be provided with openings at each cartridge location to permit probes 112 to pass through cartridge tray 22 and lift cartridges 20. Thus, each cartridge 20 can be weighed by one of the sensor cells 114 without interference from cartridge tray 22. In some embodiments (
As shown in
As discussed below, powder transport system 32 can operate continuously or at intervals. The powder dispenser modules 54 are activated to dispense powder to cartridges 20. The dispensing of powder to cartridges 20 is performed concurrently, so that all cartridges in cartridge tray 22 or a subset of the cartridges in the cartridge tray receive powder simultaneously. As powder dispensing progresses, the weights of cartridges 20 are sensed by respective sensor cells 114. The output of each sensor cell 114 is coupled to a controller. As discussed below, each controller compares the sensed weight with a target weight which corresponds to the desired quantity of powder. As long as the sensed weight is less than the target weight, powder dispensing continues. When the sensed weight is equal to or greater than the target weight, the controller commands the corresponding powder dispenser module 54 to terminate the powder dispensing operation. If the sensed weight exceeds a maximum allowable weight after the fill cycle, the corresponding cartridge can be marked as defective. Thus, powder dispensing and weight sensing proceed concurrently for a batch of cartridges in cartridge tray 22. The batch can include all the cartridges in cartridge tray 22 or a subset of the cartridges in the cartridge tray. A powder dispensing cycle can include concurrent dispensing of powder to and weight sensing of a batch of cartridges and achieves 100% inspection and control of powder dispensing.
In one embodiment, the number and spacing of cartridges in cartridge tray 22 matches the number and spacing of powder dispenser modules 54 in apparatus 10. In other embodiments, the cartridge tray can have a different number of cartridges and a spacing between cartridges that is different from the configuration of powder dispenser modules 54. For example, the cartridge tray can be configured to hold a multiple of the number of powder dispenser modules 54 and to have a smaller spacing between cartridges than the spacing between powder dispenser modules 54. By way of example only, the cartridge tray can be configured to hold 192 cartridges 20 spaced on one-half inch centers. With this arrangement, a 12×16 array of cartridges on one-half inch centers occupies the same area as a 6×8 array of cartridges on one inch centers.
As shown in
The cartridge tray with 192 cartridges can be processed as follows. The cartridge tray is moved from a neutral position to a first X-Y position (0,0) such that a first batch of 48 cartridges is vertically aligned with the array of 48 powder dispenser modules 54. Powder is dispensed into the first batch of cartridges and then the cartridge tray is moved to a second X-Y position (0, 0.5) to align a second batch of 48 cartridges with the array of 48 powder dispenser modules 54. Powder is dispensed into the second batch of cartridges and then the cartridge tray is moved to a third X-Y position (0.5, 0) to align a third batch of 48 cartridges with the array of 48 powder dispenser modules 54. The cartridge tray is then moved to a fourth X-Y position (0.5, 0.5) to align a fourth batch of 48 cartridges with the array of 48 powder dispenser modules 54. Powder is dispensed into the fourth batch of cartridges to complete processing of the 192 cartridges. In the above example, the order of the tray positions and the order of the batches of cartridges can be changed.
It will be understood that this process can be applied to different tray arrangements with a different spacing between cartridges, different numbers of cartridges, and the like. In these embodiments, the cartridge tray is displaced in the horizontal plane to achieve alignment between batches of cartridges and the array of powder dispenser modules. The batch of cartridges typically matches the array of powder dispenser modules 54. However, in some applications the batch can have fewer cartridges than the number of powder dispenser modules.
Array block 50 is shown in
In the embodiment of
In addition, channels 60a-60h serve a powder storage function. Channels 60a-60h can store more powder than is needed for dispensing to a single batch of cartridges. In one embodiment, powder transport system 32 operates at intervals. Sufficient powder for a number of batches of cartridges 20 is supplied from hopper assembly 74 to channels 60a-60h. Then, powder is dispensed to several batches of cartridges 20 until the powder supply in dispenser modules 54 becomes low. In other embodiments, powder is supplied continuously to channels 60a-60h, and channels 60a-60h serve as buffers to store powder not dispensed to cartridges 20.
The closed-loop pneumatic powder transport system 32 feeds the agglomerate particles into the array block 50 from the powder aerator 72. Then, the transport gas is recirculated back to powder aerator 72. The transport gas can be conditioned by a secondary process control gas that is supplied to the blower assembly 70.
The array block 50 functions as a dynamic powder storage device that feeds batch loads or continuous loads of drug powder into individual powder dispenser modules 54. More generally, the array block 50 includes one or more channels used to transport powder aerosols and/or agglomerate slurries of drug powders to an array of powder dispenser modules. The array block 50 can operate in an open loop or a closed loop gas transport system. The powder aerator 72 and the array block 50 fluidize, entrain and transport drug powder into the channels of array block 50.
Array block 50 can provide the main structural support for associated components and subsystems, such as powder aerator 72, hopper assembly 74, suction manifold 84, and pump assembly 70. In addition, array block 50 holds an array of powder dispenser modules 54 for dispensing powder to an array of cartridges. In a preferred embodiment, the array block includes a main block 132, a top plate 134 and a bottom plate 136. Plates 134 and 136 include O-rings which serve as guides and seals for powder dispenser modules 54. This array block further includes bearings 140 and clamping handles 142 for attachment of the array block to frame members.
In operation, powder is transported through each of channels 60a-60h by the transport gas and is delivered to each of the powder dispenser modules 54 in a controlled particle deposition process. The powder drops by action of gravity into each of the powder dispenser modules 54. Any powder that passes through the channel without dropping into one of the powder dispenser modules 54 and without being stored returns through suction manifold 84 to pump assembly 70.
Each powder dispenser module 54 dispenses powder into a cartridge 20. The powder dose is typically in a range of 5 to 30 milligrams, but the dose is not limited to this range.
As shown in detail in
Powder dispenser module 54 further includes a feed wand 160 to move powder downwardly in a controlled manner through dispenser hopper 156 to nozzle 158, a wand actuator 162 to actuate wand 160, a dispenser fill valve 180 at the lower end of hopper 156, and a valve actuator 182 to open and close valve 180. Wand actuator 162 and valve actuator 182 can be miniature motors. Wand actuator 162 can be coupled to feed wand 160 by a flexible coupling 186 or other coupling which can provide vertical wand agitation, displacement, or both, in addition to rotation. Powder dispenser module 54 further includes a circuit board 184 having circuitry for controlling wand actuator 162 and valve actuator 182 and for communicating with control circuitry that controls operation of powder dispenser module 54.
Fill valve 180 can include a valve member 190 implemented as a gear provided with an eccentrically-located valve opening 191. Valve member 190 can be mounted in lower housing section 150a for rotation about an axis such that valve opening 191 can be rotated into alignment with dispenser nozzle 158, as shown in
Valve member 190 of fill valve 180 can be coupled to valve actuator 182 by a drive assembly including a lower gear 192 that meshes with the gear of valve member 190, a drive shaft 193 that extends from a lower portion of dispenser module 54 to an upper portion thereof where valve actuator 182 is mounted, an upper gear 194 attached to the upper end of drive shaft 193 and an upper a gear 195 attached to valve actuator 182. Upper gears 194 and 195 are interengaged such that valve member 190 is caused to rotate when valve actuator 182 is energized.
Gear 195 can match valve member 190, and gear 194 can match gear 192. Thus, the position of gear 195 is indicative of the position of valve member 190 and the position of valve opening 191 relative to nozzle 158. A magnet attached to upper gear 195 rotates relative to open and closed sensors 220 (
A schematic cross-sectional diagram of the lower end of powder dispenser module 54, between powder inlet 130 and dispenser nozzle 158, is shown in
Feed wand 160 can include a shaft 170 in the form of a rod that extends axially through dispenser hopper 156. Feed wand 160 further includes one or more feed elements affixed to shaft 170. The feed elements move powder from powder inlet 130 to dispenser nozzle 158 in a controlled manner. In the embodiment of
One embodiment of feed wand 160 is shown in
In the embodiment of
As noted above, feed wand 160 includes wires affixed to spars 172. In the embodiment of
First chevron 176 can include a first chevron wire 176a affixed to spars 172 at a first spacing from shaft 170, and second chevron 178 can include a second chevron wire 178a affixed to spars 172 at a second spacing from shaft 170. First chevron wire 176a passes through a hole 176b in shaft 170, and second chevron wire 178a passes through a hole 178b in shaft 170. It will be understood that the helix wires and the chevron wires are not necessarily affixed to every spar in the feed wand 160. In particular, first chevron wire 176a is affixed to the first spar (the uppermost spar) and the fifth spar. Second chevron wire 178a is affixed to the third spar and the seventh spar. The first and second chevrons can be spaced by 90° relative to each other.
In the embodiment of
The double helix 174 can be formed by lacing the outer ends of the helically-mounted spars 172 with helix wires 174a and 174b. Wiring the spars 172 on both outer ends creates a double helix wire pattern. The double helix wire pattern performs three main functions. First, the perimeter wire inhibits compressed powders from adhering to conduit walls, particularly the walls of tapered conduit 154. Second, when the wand 160 is rotated clockwise (from the actuator shaft looking downward), the double helix lifts the powder at the conduit wall interface and further reduces it into the preferred agglomerate flowability size range. Third, when the wand 160 is rotated counterclockwise, the double helix feeds the bulk powder down along the shaft 170, as well as along the chevron wire free paths and into the dispenser nozzle 158. In addition, this rotary bulk powder feed operation tends to break up compressed powder disks which form horizontally between the rotating spars 172.
The feed wand 160 utilizes a helical open space frame that includes shaft 170 as a center support, spars 172 as structural cross members which form a helical pattern with a conically tapered lower end geometry, and wires that form double helix 174 and first and second chevrons 176 and 178, as described above. The inverted conical shape transitions the spars from a larger diameter conduit to a smaller diameter powder discharge nozzle. Wires are affixed to the spars to reduce bulk powder compression effects and to promote flow of the agglomerate slurry. The feed wand 160 has the capability of transporting highly cohesive powders with microgram dispensing precision, while controlling the tendency for bulk powder compaction. Powder compaction leads to powder compression lock-up and thus causes dispenser clogging. The helical open space frame provides an optimal bulk powder transport member which is capable of precision transport and dispensing of all types of powder morphologies from free flowing to highly cohesive. This capability is achieved by allowing only a minor portion of the helical mechanical forces to be directed downwardly into the bulk powder bed, thus controlling compression effects appropriately to the individual characteristics of the powder being dispensed. Because of this compression control, it is possible to transport cohesive powders from a large diameter conduit to a smaller one in an effective manner.
Shaft 170 forms the central drive shaft of the feed wand 160. Shaft 170 supports spars 172, double helix 174 and first and second chevrons 176 and 178 which, in turn, transport bulk powder for precision dispensing. The central drive shaft allows fine powders to flow along its smooth surface toward dispenser nozzle 158.
Spars 172 are structural cross-members that break up the compacted powder agglomerate bed. Spars 172 also support the helix and chevron wires. In addition, spars 172 provide the helical spiral mechanism necessary to convey the bulk powder bed in a controlled, low compression manner.
The chevron wires 176a and 178a provide cutting patterns within the bulk powder bed. The wires are located to reduce the compacted powder and to open a temporary free path within the powder bed that allows minute amounts of powder agglomerates to flow downwardly through the powder bed by gravity. In addition, the chevron wires sever the bulk powder disk that forms between spars 172. These disks are created by progressive compaction forces and form suspended aggregate powder structures. By cutting the disks, preferably at mid-span, the disks become structurally unstable and begin to break up and flow downwardly, driven by the mechanical forces from the helically-pitched spars 172.
The discharge element 166 (
Embodiments of discharge element 166 are shown in
In the embodiment of
The double helix modified spar 181 of
Another embodiment of feed wand 160 is shown in
Powder dispenser module 54 further includes an orifice element 187 mounted in the lower end of tapered conduit 154. Orifice element 187 may have one or more slot-shaped orifices. In one embodiment shown in
The baffle disk 189 can be used to control the powder bed advancement rate and to further reduce powder agglomerates as they enter the tapered conduit. In the discharge zone 156c, powder agglomerate clumps are reduced and then extruded by the rotating roller pin 183 through the orifices in orifice element 187. The mechanism including support element 185, roller pin 183 and orifice element 187 control the reduction and dispensing characteristics of the powder. Inadequate powder reduction control causes the discharge orifice to clog. Inadequate powder reduction control also inhibits powder dispensing within a specified time limit without dose overshoot. The support element 185 and the roller pin 183 determine the final powder dispensing flow rate and powder agglomerate consistency. The mechanism including support element 185, roller pin 183 and orifice element 187 can be configured to provide an optimum powder flow and agglomerate size for a particular powder morphology. The support element 185 tracks in a perimeter groove of lower housing section 150a to self-center the feed wand 160. The roller pin 183 combined with orifice element 187 produces low force powder agglomerate dispensing. The orifice element 187 provides powder agglomerate consistency within a tighter agglomerate size range.
A further embodiment of feed wand 160 is illustrated in
The powder dispenser module 54 shown in
This embodiment rotates opposite to the feed wands shown in
In some embodiments, the discharge element 166 is mounted in a hole in the tip of shaft 170. In other embodiments, the discharge element 166 is implemented on a removable tip of shaft 170. For example, a double helix discharge element can be formed on a removable tip that is press fit into the end of shaft 170. The removable tip can be changed to accommodate different powder morphologies.
The following discussion of the operation of powder dispenser module 54 refers to raking operations and dispensing operations for the embodiments of
The feed wand 160 is rotated in a clockwise direction as viewed from the top of the dispenser module 54 to rake, groom and aerate the bulk powder bed. Clockwise rotation lifts the powder due to an upward flow vector created by the double helix. In this operation, the wand can be viewed as a screw, held vertically at its cap, being rotated into the powder. The double helix scrapes the conduit walls and also moves the outer agglomerates toward the center of the dispenser hopper. As the wand rotates, the spars force large agglomerates to break up evenly. This aerates the bulk powder bed, creating better bed consistency.
To dispense the powder, the wand 160 is preferably rotated in a counterclockwise direction. Spars 172 and chevrons 176, 178 break up the powder bed and open a free path for the powder to flow along shaft 170. The double helix 174 adds a downward compression vector to drive the powder down and through the dispenser nozzle 158. In other embodiments, the wand 160 is rotated in a clockwise direction to dispense powder. However, the agglomerates tend to be larger and the tendency to overfill is much greater for powder dispensing by rotation in the clockwise direction.
In the embodiments described above, the spars and the helix wires have a clockwise configuration as viewed from the top. It will be understood that the arrangement of the spars and wires of the feed wand can be reversed within the scope of the invention. Thus, the spars and the helix wires can have a counterclockwise configuration as viewed from the top. In this configuration, the wand is preferably rotated in a clockwise direction to dispense powder.
The following discussion of the operation of powder dispenser module 54 refers to raking operations and dispensing operations for the embodiments of
To dispense the powder, the feed wand 160 is preferably rotated in a clockwise direction. Clockwise rotation lifts the upper bed powder due to an upward flow vector created by the double helix of the helical open space frame. In this operation, the upper wand can be viewed as a screw, held vertically at its cap, being rotated into the powder. The double helix scrapes the conduit walls and also moves the outer agglomerates toward the center of the dispenser hopper. As the wand rotates, the spars force large agglomerates to break up evenly. This aerates the bulk powder bed, creating better bed consistency. Spars 172 and chevrons 176, 178 break up the powder bed and open a free path for the powder to flow along shaft 170.
The powder in the auger when dispensing first starts is forced through the nozzle by the downward force vectors of the auger. During dispensing, additional powder is supplied by the aerated powder falling from the upper bed.
In the embodiment described above, the spars and the helix wires have a clockwise configuration as viewed from the top. It will be understood that the arrangement of the spars and wires of the feed wand can be reversed within the scope of the invention. Thus, the spars and the helix wires can have a counterclockwise configuration as viewed from the top. In this configuration, the wand is preferably rotated in a counterclockwise direction to dispense powder.
A block diagram of a controller for a single powder dispenser module 54 and the corresponding sensor cell 114 is shown in
The controller of
In one embodiment, the powder dispenser module 54 is configured and controlled to accurately dispense 10.0 mg (milligrams) of powder in ten seconds. The average flow rate is 1.0 mg per second at an accuracy of +/−0.3 mg, or 3 percent. The control circuit makes at least 20 decisions per second to fill at this flow rate. In other embodiments, the control circuit makes more or fewer than 20 decisions per second to achieve a desired accuracy. The feed wand geometry provides sufficient flow consistency to achieve this performance. The feed wand breaks down powder clumps into small agglomerate particles. The mechanically-fed agglomerate slurry has flow characteristics that allow the powder to be halted when the feed wand is stopped, with minimal powder overspill, which would cause overfilling of the cartridge.
The control circuit can provide the following controls and functions.
1. Wand speed is variable from 0.1 revolutions per second to 5 revolutions per second in 50 different speeds.
2. The wand can be dithered while filling. In dithering, the wand alternately rotates clockwise then counterclockwise, such as for example with a two steps forward/one step backward, type of motion based upon a programmable dither factor. A “dither less than weight” function engages the dither motion when the fill weight is less than a selected weight. A “dither greater than weight” function engages the dither motion when the fill weight is greater than the selected weight. A “dither between” function engages the dither motion when the fill weight is between two selected weights. A dither index is the selected rotational speed while dithering. A dither weight is the selected weight to start or stop dithering, and a minimum dither time at the selected dither weight can be selected. In some applications, dithering may not be utilized.
3. The control circuit can open and close the powder dispenser fill valve.
4. The control circuit can tare the sensor cell and start a powder dispensing cycle, and can stop the powder dispensing cycle.
5. The control circuit can rake the powder in the powder dispenser with a sequence defined by rake time, dither time and speed.
6. A new load function starts a raking/dither cycle usually run after loading the dispenser module with fresh powder. The rake time, dither time and speed are specified.
7. Additional functions include automatically opening and closing the fill valve during a filling cycle, automatically raking the powder each time the valve closes, and automatically dithering the powder after raking each time the valve closes.
8. A “stop-steps” function sets the number of steps to reverse rotate the feed wand after reaching a target weight. This tends to pull the powder flow back to prevent overfill and depends on the type of powder morphology and relevant ambient humidity conditions.
9. A speed control function forces the feed wand to run at full speed until reaching a selected fill weight. At this trigger point, proportional control starts to reduce the wand speed in proportion to the target weight minus the actual weight. This approach reduces the total fill time. For a nominal fill weight of 10 mg and a tolerance of +/−3 percent, any fill weight between 10.3 and 9.7 mg is acceptable. Since an overfilled cartridge must be discarded, filling is stopped as soon as possible after reaching the minimum weight in order to avoid possible overfills. The minimum weight is set, for example, to 9.75 mg, which is slightly above the actual low limit of 9.70 mg. This is necessary because when powder falls into the cartridge, peripheral forces such as inertia, aerodynamics, static, and magnetic field flux can cause temporary weight readings that are slightly higher than the actual powder weight. The reading settles to the actual weight over a brief time of a few tenths of a second. Setting the minimum weight to 0.05 mg above the actual low limit reduces the risk of an underfilled cartridge.
10. Parameters associated with the fill cycle include the proportional gain of the fill servo loop, the integral gain of the fill servo loop which is activated, for example, at 1.0 mg less than the target weight, and the maximum wand speed allowed during a fill cycle. The wand speed can be controlled by specifying a speed index between 0 and 50. The wand speed in revolutions per minute as a function of wand speed index has a characteristic that is relatively linear for low values of wand speed index and then increases dramatically to the maximum wand speed. This characteristic provides finer control at lower speeds than at higher speeds and permits the wand to be run much faster during the initial 70 percent of the fill cycle to quickly fill the cartridge to 90 percent of its fill weight. The maximum wand speed is typically about 5 revolutions per second. Beyond that speed, there is a risk of packing the powder so tightly that the dispenser would have to be removed and cleaned to restore the original powder flow characteristics.
A dither factor controls reciprocation of the feed wand as it rotates, if dithering is enabled. In this embodiment, the ratio of forward rotation to reverse rotation is two. Thus, the feed wand rotates 2n steps forward and n steps backward, based on the value of the dither factor. Thus, for example, a dither factor of 500 represents 1000 steps forward and 500 steps backward, whereas a dither factor of 1 represents 2 steps forward and 1 step backward. In other embodiments, the ratio of forward rotation to reverse rotation can have a value different from two and/or can be programmable.
11. A fill time servo control function adjusts the maximum index of wand speed in proportion to the time spent at full speed during the last fill cycle. The time spent at full speed is a good indication as to how well the powder is flowing. If the actual time at full speed is greater than the setting, then the control increases the maximum wand speed index to speed up the filling. Conversely, if the actual time at full speed is less than the setting, the maximum wand speed index is decreased to maintain a consistent process time. While filling as fast as possible appears desirable, there is a risk of packing the powder, clogging the dispensers or overfilling the cartridges.
The parameters of the powder dispenser module 54 are interrelated as follows. Greater overshoot control is available when smaller particle agglomerate sizes are dispensed into the cartridge. Speeding up the wand increases flow rates but compresses the powder into large agglomerates. Large agglomerates increase flow, but are more likely to overfill in the last seconds of filling. A large powder reservoir saves dispenser loading time, but compresses the powder into large agglomerates and requires more powder conditioning prior to filling. Dithering chops up the large agglomerates for more accurate filling, but reduces the flow rate. Conditioning the powder prior to filling increases filling consistency, but adds to overall filling time.
An embodiment of a cartridge fill cycle is described with reference to
The dispenser control processors in conjunction with the supervisory computer monitors all of these control factors against the filling weight values, read 20 times per second, as the dispensers are filling the cartridges. This data, when compared against ideal dispense cycles, provides feedback to promote improved powder cohesivity, flowability, consistency, patient drug efficacy and overall quality control. It will be understood that the weight values can be read more or fewer than 20 times per second within the scope of the invention.
Referring to
In step 254, the dispenser hopper 156 is filled with powder by operation of the powder transport system 32. Powder is delivered to array block 50 by powder aerator 72. The powder is supplied through the channels in array block 50 to each of the powder dispenser modules 54. When excess powder passes through array block 50 and is sensed by the dispenser fill level sensor in suction manifold 84, loading of the dispenser modules 54 is complete, and the powder transport system is de-energized. The dispenser hopper 156 can be raked during the hopper fill cycle to remove large air gaps and inconsistencies in the powder bed.
The hopper assembly 74 is filled by the operator or other automatic injection system. The flow assist mechanism rotates to breakup the new compressed powder. The agglomerator rollers rotate to deliver large agglomerate powder to the dump valve in the aerator 72. A dump valve level sensor signals that the dump valve is full to stop the agglomerator rollers. The blower assembly 70 rotates at approximately 3500 rpm to cycle gas through the system. The pneumatic broom rotates in preparation for powder delivery by the dump valve. The bypass valve is set to 50% to facilitate both powder and air stream gas transport.
The dump valve rotates in 10 degree per second increments to gradually drop powder into the pneumatic broom chambers. As powder becomes available to the pneumatic broom, fine agglomerates are transported up the risers and into the dispenser fill chamber. Most filling occurs in the last dispenser positions at this time. After the dump valve cycle is complete, the crossover valve rotates to 0% bypass in 10 degree per second increments to phase in maximum pneumatic broom pressure. This transports all but the heaviest agglomerates into the dispenser chamber and fills the middle rows of dispenser modules. Lastly, the blower assembly 70 increases speed to 8000 rpm to transport the remainder of the powder from the pneumatic broom chamber to the first rows of dispenser modules.
As these fill cycles continue, the dispenser hoppers become full. The blower assembly 70 in combination with the bypass valve even out the dispenser bed height across the dispenser modules by scavenging powder from the high peaks, circulating the fine powder through the system and depositing the powder into the low pressure areas of the powder bed between the peaks.
In step 258, a cartridge is positioned below the dispenser nozzle 158 on the weight sensor cell. As described above, a tray of cartridges is positioned between the array of powder dispenser modules 54 and the sensor module 34. In step 260, the cartridge is filled with the prescribed dose of powder. The fill cycle is described below in connection with
In step 264, a determination is made as to whether the dispenser hopper requires refilling. If the dispenser hopper requires refilling, the process returns to step 254. If the dispenser hopper does not require refilling, the process returns to step 256. In the present example, the dispenser hopper can be refilled after four 10.0 mg doses. It will be understood that refilling of the dispenser hopper can be initiated after more or fewer than four cartridge fill cycles, depending for example on the capacity of the dispenser hopper and the quantity of powder dispensed on each fill cycle. The dispenser hopper is refilled in step 254. If refilling is not required, the process proceeds with the fill cycle for the next cartridge in step 256. In the present example, the dispenser hopper contains enough powder for twenty 10.0 mg doses. In some embodiments, the filling process is dependent upon the powder height in the dispenser hopper to create a dry powder fluidic head and to assist in gravity-induced powder flow. Without an adequate fluidic head, the filling time increases beyond the fill time limit. Other techniques may be used to determine that refilling of the dispenser hopper 156 is required. For example, if little or no powder is dispensed during the cartridge fill cycle, it may be assumed that refilling of dispenser hopper 156 is required.
An embodiment of the cartridge fill cycle is shown in
In step 282, the fill valve 180 is opened. As described below, the fill valve opening can be slightly offset from the dispenser nozzle 158 to ensure consistent operation.
In step 284, the feed wand is rotated in the counterclockwise direction for filling. Typically, actual filling starts after about 2 seconds, the time needed to advance enough powder to restart powder flowing after raking. Initially, the feed wand is rotated at the full speed specified during dispenser module setup. The weight of the dispensed powder in the cartridge is monitored during filling.
In step 286, a determination is made as to whether the current sensed weight is greater than the selected weight at which proportional control is initiated. In the example of a 10 mg dose, the selected weight can be 8.8 mg. If the sensed weight is not greater than the selected weight, the process returns to step 284 and rotation of the feed wand continues at full speed. If the sensed weight is greater than the selected weight, servo control of wand speed is utilized in step 288. An initial error is determined as the target weight minus the selected weight at which servo control is initiated. In the above example, the initial error is 10.0-8.8=1.2 mg. The wand speed is controlled according to:
New wand speed index=((current error/initial error)*proportional gain*max index)+(integral gain*elapsed time).
In this embodiment, the control circuit sets the wand speed based on the current error 20 times per second. The current error is determined as the target weight minus the current sensed weight. For a current error of 0.6 mg, which is one-half the initial error in the above example, the wand speed is reduced from the max index of 41 to an index of 20. Due to the nonlinearity of the index-speed curve, the actual wand speed is less than half of the initial speed. As noted above, the index-speed curve is linear to zero where the most control is needed. The proportional gain value allows the amount of speed change as a function of error to be varied. The elapsed time is turned “on” when the current sensed weight is greater than the target weight minus 1.0 mg. The proportional error equation reduces the wand speed based on a fixed ratio of actual to desired weight. There are times at very low speed, when nearing the target weight, that the wand speed is inadequate to produce powder flow. If left alone, the fill cycle would run overtime and fail to complete the target weight. The integral gain factor increases the speed by accumulating elapsed time and multiplying elapsed time by the integral gain factor. This factor increases the new wand speed and forces the wand to rotate faster to overcome the filling stall.
Referring again to
In step 262, the control circuit can adjust the servo. If the fill time was greater than 11 seconds, the control circuit can increase the max speed index by one. If the fill time was less than nine seconds, then the control circuit can decrease the max speed index by one. This control attempts to maintain a consistent fill time of 10 seconds.
Preferably, valve member 190 is positioned such that valve opening 191 is offset with respect to the lower end of tapered conduit 154 when fill valve 180 is in the open position. More particularly, valve member 190 is offset such that valve opening 191 is post-positioned relative to tapered conduit 154. That is valve opening 191 is offset toward the closed position of the valve. In addition, valve member 190 is rotated in one direction when opening and closing the valve to compensate for any hysteresis in the drive train. Thus, for example, valve member 190 can be rotated clockwise to open the valve and can be rotated further clockwise to close the valve. This operation reduces the risk of inconsistent filling or overfilling that can result from uncontrolled offset between valve member 190 and tapered conduit 154 in the open position.
Any offset between valve opening 191 and tapered conduit 154 in the open position produces a small shelf on the top of valve member 190 that can accumulate powder. If the valve opening 191 is pre-positioned relative to tapered conduit 154, any powder on the shelf is dumped when the valve is closing, thus potentially overfilling the cartridge. When valve opening 191 is post-positioned relative to tapered conduit 154, the valve closes without dumping any powder from the shelf. The powder is dumped when the valve is opened for the next cartridge, and the dumped powder is measured by the sensor cell.
The powder dispenser module 54 and its operation have been described in connection with embodiments for dispensing a specified quantity of Technosphere microparticles in a specified time. It will be understood that a variety of different dispenser module structures and operating protocols can be utilized within the present invention. For example, the feed wand can utilize different structures, such as different spar configurations, different wire configurations, and in some embodiments wires may not be required. Different numbers of helix wires and chevron wires can be utilized. Different discharge elements can be utilized. The feed wand can utilize a different feed mechanism, such as a screw mechanism, for dispensing powder. Any suitable fill valve mechanism can be utilized to control dispensing of powder. Regarding operation, any operation protocol that achieves desired operating parameters can be utilized. For example, any suitable motion of the feed wand, such as rotation, reciprocation, or vibration, can be utilized. The speed of motion can be fixed or variable, or a combination thereof. Dithering, proportional control, integral control, and other control techniques can be utilized separately or in combination as needed. The sensor module can be configured to provide sensed values at any desired rate, within the capabilities of the sensor module. In general, powder dispenser module 54 should have a compact structure to permit mounting in an array as described above and should be configured to dispense a desired quantity of powder in a specified time interval in response to a control circuit that receives sensed values from a sensor module, such as the weight sensor in the embodiment described above.
As shown in
Each sensor assembly 110 has a vertical configuration wherein two sensor cells are packaged together. Weight sensing mechanical components are located at the top of the assembly, electronic circuitry is located below the mechanical components and an electrical connector 300 is located at the bottom of the sensor assembly 110.
Sensor housing 100 includes a sensor locating plate 310, a sensor enclosure 312, a sensor tray 314 and a guide pin assembly 316. Locating plate 310 includes an array of openings that match the positions of cartridges 20 in cartridge tray 22, so that the sensor cells 114 are accurately positioned with respect to cartridges 20. Guide pin assembly 316 permits locating plate 310 to be positioned on sensor assemblies 110 without damaging the sensitive probes 112 or the sensor cells. Sensor tray 314 can include an arrangement of dividers for positioning sensor assemblies 110 in sensor module 34.
Sensor module 34 further includes sensor backplanes 330 having connectors 332 for engaging the electrical connectors 300 of sensor assemblies 110. In the embodiment of
Sensor module 34 can be provided with an arrangement for cooling sensor assemblies 110, including a sensor cooling grid 340, a sensor cooling housing 342 and sensor cooling manifolds 344 and 346. Cooling air can be directed through cooling manifolds 344 so that forced air cooling is provided to the lower portion of sensor module 34 which contains electrical circuitry. In the embodiment of
A first embodiment of the weight sensor probe which provides an interface between the weight sensor cell and cartridge 20 is shown in
A second embodiment of the weight sensor probe which provides an interface between the weight sensor cell and cartridge 20 is shown in
A first embodiment of powder aerator 72 is shown in
Pneumatic broom 510 includes a generally cylindrical aerator tube 530 having a hollow interior and provided with discharge nozzles 532. Aerator tube 530 is located in a bore in manifold block 500. Discharge nozzles 532 can be formed in a helical pattern on aerator tube 530 and can be approximately tangential with respect to a cylindrical surface of aerator tube 530. Dividers 534 are spaced apart along aerator tube 530 and define annular chambers 542 corresponding to respective riser tubes 512. In addition, pneumatic broom 510 includes paddles 590 affixed to dividers 534 and spaced around the annular chambers 542. The combination of discharge nozzles 532 and paddles 590 provides effective transport of a powder slurry into array block 50. A flow director 536 attached to one end of aerator tube 530 includes vanes to help to break up clumps of powder and to direct transport gas from crossover valve 524 to the hollow interior of aerator tube 530. An aerator core 538 has a contour to assist in equalizing flow of transport gas through discharge nozzles 532. A motor 540 causes aerator tube 530 and flow director 536 to rotate within manifold block 500. Motor 540 can have variable speed and rotates pneumatic broom 510 at relatively high speed, for example 3500 rpm, for transport of a powder slurry.
Dump valve 520 includes a cylindrical core 550 having diametrically opposed cavities 552. Core 550 is mounted in a bore in manifold block 500 above pneumatic broom 510 and is connected to a motor 554 for rotation about its central axis. Core 550 is positioned by motor 554 with one of the cavities 552 facing upwardly toward powder inlet 80. Powder is supplied by hopper assembly 74 through powder inlet 80 so as to fill or partially fill cavity 552. Then, core 550 is rotated by 180°, causing the powder to be dumped into the annular chambers 542 around aerator tube 530. The maximum quantity of powder supplied in a single operation of dump valve 520 is defined by the volume of cavity 552.
Crossover valve 524 includes a valve member 560 mounted in a bore in manifold block 500 and a valve actuator 562 to rotate valve member 560 about its central axis. Valve member 560 can be configured as a hollow cylinder having an inlet port 564 and outlet ports 566 and 568 at selected circumferential positions. The ports 564, 566 and 568 can be provided with vanes to block and break up powder clumps. By appropriate adjustment of valve member 560, transport gas received through gas inlet 78 can be directed in desired proportions through pneumatic broom 510 and through bypass manifold 526. In one embodiment, crossover valve 524 is adjusted during delivery of powder to array block 50. In another embodiment, crossover valve 524 has a fixed position during delivery of powder to array block 50.
Powder aerator 72 can further include flow straighteners 570 and contoured flow element 572 to assist in providing a uniform flow of transport gas through each of the powder output ports 82. Each output port 82 can be configured as a discharge cavity that matches the inlet end of one of channels 60a-60h. Bypass manifold 526 supplies transport gas to the upper part of each discharge cavity, and each riser tube 512 supplies aerated powder upwardly into the flow of transport gas in the discharge cavity, as best shown in
The powder aerator 72 serves as the interface between the hopper assembly 74, the array block 50 and the blower assembly 70. Powder aerator 72 receives fresh powder from hopper assembly 74 and receives recirculated powder from blower assembly 70. The fresh powder is received through dump valve 520, and the recirculated powder is received through gas inlet 78 and is distributed by crossover valve 524 to pneumatic broom 510 and bypass manifold 526 according to the position of crossover valve 524.
The second embodiment of powder aerator 72 shown in
Components of powder aerator 72 include pneumatic broom 510, dump valve 520 and crossover valve 524. In addition, bypass manifold 526, flow element 572 and flow straighteners 570 are used to equalize gas flow within each channel of array block 50. The pneumatic broom 510, the crossover valve 524 and the dump valve 520 are motor operated and are controlled by a system control computer.
The crossover valve 524 channels the incoming transport gas in two directions: into the bypass manifold 526 and into the pneumatic broom 510. The rotary cylindrical valve has longitudinal slots to channel flows while maintaining a relatively constant hydraulic loss, thus promoting a stable discharge.
The pneumatic broom 510 has several elements. The intake channeling vanes on flow director 536 change the direction of the incoming transport gas in an efficient, low-loss manner, while creating an impactor system that blocks and obliterates stray agglomerates before they clog downstream discharge nozzles 532. Tangential gas discharge nozzles 532, preferably having a double helix configuration, are arranged along the length of aerator tube 530. The pneumatic broom 510 is divided into four annular chambers 542. The drug powder that is supplied from the dump valve 520 is aerated in annular chambers 542. The tangential discharge nozzles 532 effectively aerate and sweep the drug powder from the chamber walls. The crossover valve 524 allows the two transport gas streams to be controlled inversely, i.e. one can be increased while the other is reduced. This control function allows the drug powder to be tumbled within annular chambers 542 to form the natural average agglomerate size. Then the transport gas flow can be steadily increased to transport the aerated powder slurry up riser tubes 512 and into the channels of array block 50, which fills the array block channels in a controlled particle deposition process. This transport process takes advantage of the undesirable powder morphology of naturally agglomerating powders and coerces them into an agglomerate state that allows them to be effectively pneumatically transported.
The riser tubes 512 intersect the discharge cavity of each output port 82. At this juncture, the horizontal transport gas deflects the uprising emerging powder slurry and downdrafts it into the channels of array block 50. This process creates the conditions for the controlled particle deposition process.
The powder aerator 72 receives a known quantity of powder from the hopper assembly 74. The powder is collected in the dump valve 520. The dump valve 520 isolates the transport gas from the hopper assembly 74. In addition, the dump valve 520 transfers the powder through this gas interlock and into the pneumatic broom 510. The dump valve 520 can have an optional capability of making a coarse weight measurement of the initial drug powder deposited into the system from hopper assembly 74. The weight measurement can be performed by a load cell positioned in cavity 552 of dump valve 520. The coarse weight measurement can be used as a feedback control to hopper assembly 74 as well as additional data to monitor bulk powder dispensing rates.
The pneumatic broom 510 fluidizes, disperses and entrains drug powders in a transport gas in annular chambers 542. The chambers 542 are supplied with transport gas by multiple tangential discharge nozzles 532 in a helical configuration. The helical configuration can include one or more helices, such as a double helix. In addition, the pneumatic broom 510 includes gas channeling vanes in flow director 536 that efficiently direct gas into the aerator tube 530 and act as impactors to reduce large agglomerates before they reach the discharge nozzles 532.
The crossover valve 524 divides the incoming transport gas between pneumatic broom 510 and bypass manifold 526. The crossover valve 524 is configured to inhibit any eddy vortex flow conditions within a compact design. The valve has slot flow ports to optimize and control the flow of gas. The crossover valve is used to control the transport of the aerated, agglomerated powder slurry into the channels 60a-60h of array block 50.
Contoured flow element 572 is placed within bypass manifold 526 to enhance the conduit flow geometry. As the bypass gas flows from the crossover valve 524 and into bypass manifold 526, it is preferable to create isokinetic flow patterns to inhibit the formation of tripped flow or eddy flow stagnation zone conditions.
Flow straighteners 570 include vanes which regulate gas flow by restricting and straightening gas flow as it discharges into the discharge cavity 580. By altering the spacing between vanes, it is possible to achieve uniform flow rates through each of the channels 60a-60h of array block 50.
A first embodiment of hopper assembly 74 is shown in
In operation, after the powder reservoir 610 has been filled to the level of the hopper level sensor, first and second agglomerator rollers 632 and 636 rotate, causing powder agglomeration and discharge of the agglomerated powder through powder outlet 612 to powder aerator 72. In a preferred embodiment, agglomerator rollers 632 and 636 rotate in opposite directions, with the tops of rollers 632 and 636 rotating toward each other. However, operation is not limited in this regard. Agglomerator rollers 632 and 636 can be rotated continuously, with reciprocating motion or with a combination of continuous and reciprocating motion, and can be reversed. The rotation protocol depends on powder morphology. Granulator 630 produces powder agglomerates in a desired size range to enhance powder flow from hopper assembly 74 into powder aerator 72.
A second embodiment of hopper assembly 74 is shown in
Bulk powder can be introduced into powder reservoir 610 through the opening at the top of hopper body 600 with cover 614 open. In the second embodiment of hopper assembly 74 shown in
The hopper assembly 74 is the main powder reservoir and is the stage at which powder is introduced into the powder delivery system 32. The hopper assembly 74 is designed for highly cohesive powders such as Technosphere microparticles. The granulator 630 produces powder agglomerates in a finite size range. This preconditioning enhances the powder aeration and entrainment characteristics by creating a more uniform polysize agglomerated powder blend. In addition, the process of powder granulation aerates and mixes the powder that is normally compressed by gravity when stacked inside powder reservoir 610.
In the mid-region of powder reservoir 610, flow assist mechanism 620 forces the powder to avalanche downward or fall toward granulator 630. The need for flow assist mechanism 620 is contingent on the level of powder cohesivity. The effect can become more apparent when the drug concentration is increased, such as an increase in protein content that makes the particles more viscous or sticky.
A first embodiment of blower assembly 70 is shown in
A porous induction rod 724 is located within the center of cyclone vessel 720 and is connected to a gas conditioning system 730, as shown in
In other embodiments, conditioned gas can be pulsed by a valve into the closed loop system from a source such as a pure water vapor source or a steam source. The loop relative humidity is controlled by sensing the gas in a small bypass loop that is connected to a sensing chamber for temperature, pressure and relative humidity sensors. The bypass loop can be located between the blower discharge port 712 and the tuned suction manifold 84. In further embodiments, the pulsed valve system can be configured as a dual port system that allows an amount of conditioned gas to be pulsed into the closed loop system, and a compensating or equal amount of transport gas to be discharged out of the closed loop system.
A second embodiment of blower assembly 70 is shown in
The powder transport system 32 in the present embodiment is configured as a closed loop system where excess particles and agglomerates are extracted from the recirculating gas loop to inhibit particle clogging of the powder aerator discharge nozzles 532. This is accomplished by the cyclone separator 702, the vane separator, or any other gas-particle separation device.
The powder transport system 32 is configured with a secondary process gas loop between the gas-particle separation device and the discharge port 712 of blower 700. This control loop can introduce secondary conditioned gas to regulate environmental parameters of the primary recirculating transport gas, such as temperature, pressure, relative humidity, electrostatic levels, ion charge concentrations, gas element mixtures, aerosol fine particle seeding, etc.
The closed-loop powder delivery system 32 is driven by blower assembly 70, which is a hybrid of an impulse impeller blower coupled to the outlet side of a cyclone separator or other gas-particle separation device. The blower assembly 70 forms the transport gas prime mover and includes a self-cleaning powder agglomerate filtration system. In addition, the transport gas is conditioned by the secondary process loop which controls the gas properties of the primary process loop. These two loops are nested together within the blower assembly 70. The blower assembly 70 includes impeller 708 which has a paddle wheel configuration with scroll curves between each impeller blade. The paddle wheel impeller configuration produces dynamic shock waves in the form of pressure pulses down tube 76 and into powder aerator 72. These shock waves assist in the breakup, aeration and dispersion of compressed drug powder.
The blower has a variable speed capability and is driven by blower motor 704. When the motor 704 is operated beyond normal operating speeds, the transport gas acts as a recirculating gas scrubber that assists in removing residual powder from the closed loop conduit channels.
A schematic block diagram of gas conditioning system 730 is shown in
The relative humidity of the transport gas can be measured by a sensor, such as the sensor chamber described below, positioned to sense the transport gas. When the relative humidity of the transport gas is to be increased, valves 812 and 814 are connected to vapor generator 800. Vapor generator 800 includes a bubble generator and flash evaporator heaters for rapidly producing water vapor. The diverted transport gas in the secondary loop passes through filter 820, vapor generator 800 and filter 822, thus returning gas with increased relative humidity to induction rod 724. When the relative humidity of the transport gas is to be decreased, valves 812 and 814 are connected to desiccator 810. The diverted transport gas in the secondary loop passes through filter 820, desiccator 810 and filter 822, thus returning gas with reduced relative humidity to induction rod 724.
Transport gas conditioning is achieved by introducing a process treatment gas into the inner core of the cyclone vessel 720. The conditioned gas is introduced into the vessel at the end of induction rod 724. Induction rod 724 is fabricated from a sintered metal or a porous plastic polymer which allows the conditioned gas to evenly mix into the recirculating transport gas without producing water droplets or slug flow conditions. The process treatment gas loop is balanced by a return takeoff branch line on the discharge side of blower 700. A portion of the cyclone separator 720 or housing section 84a can be fabricated from glass for visual inspection of collected drug powders. If the collected powder is salvageable, it can be reintroduced into the hopper assembly 74, or it can be discarded.
The control of the humidification of powder during operation of the powder transport system is complicated by the fact that the exposed surface area of the powder changes during the transport process. The powder is initially prepared in the agglomerated state. However, as the powder breaks down and disperses during gas transport, its exposed surface area increases significantly, in turn causing rapid moisture uptake. In order for a humidification process to keep up with and control this rapid dehydration of the transport gas loop, the gas treatment system must be capable of rapid forced hydration.
The cyclone separator 702 has an integral tuned intake manifold that merges into the cyclone body with minimal hydraulic loss. The blower assembly has a large flow range and can serve as a system powder scrubber. The blower is equipped with a paddle wheel-like impeller having scrolled, curved surfaces between each paddle to efficiently transport fine powder aerosols and to inhibit powder reagglomeration and caking. The paddle wheel-like impeller directs dynamic shock waves into the powder aerator 72 to assist in the fluidization of drug powders. The blower assembly 70 includes a gas conditioning system where a secondary gas treatment loop is introduced into the unit through induction rod 724 within the cyclone vessel. The gas conditioning system can control many gas parameters, such as relative humidity and temperature, ion static control, fine particle seeding, trace element seeding, gas catalyst activation, gas/light sterilization control, etc.
An embodiment of a sensor chamber 850 for sensing the condition of the transport gas in the powder transport system is shown in
Sensor chamber 850 receives transport gas through an inlet tube 852 connected to blower housing 710 of blower assembly 70 and outputs transport gas through an outlet tube 854 connected to suction manifold 84. Each of inlet tube 852 and outlet tube 854 is insulated and may be configured as inner and outer tubes separated by spaced-apart rings. Inlet tube 852 may be connected to blower housing 710 perpendicular to the direction of transport gas flow to limit intake of powder into sensor chamber 850.
As shown in
A pictorial representation of the powder fill and assembly process for an inhaler cartridge is shown in
As noted above, the powder dispensing and sensing apparatus of the present invention can be utilized for filling different types of containers. In another embodiment, the powder dispensing and sensing apparatus is used for filling a compact inhaler as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,923,175 issued Aug. 2, 2005 to Poole, et al. As illustrated in
Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment of this invention, it is to be appreciated various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only.
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/093,876 filed Apr. 26, 2011, which claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/601,986 filed Nov. 20, 2006, which claims priority based on Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/738,474, filed Nov. 21, 2005, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Child | 13528181 | US | |
| Parent | 11601986 | Nov 2006 | US |
| Child | 13093876 | US |
