Patent Application
20050263151
This application claims the benefit under 35 USC 119(a) of German Patent Application No. 10 2004 012 093 filed Mar. 5, 2004, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a powder inhaler with a mouthpiece for dispersing pharmaceutical medicament formulations, which has an auxiliary energy source in the form of a pressure medium system, and with a device for supplying a powder formulation, wherein on activation of the pressure medium system a gaseous pressure medium released by the pressure medium system forms an aerosol with the powder formulation such that the powder particles are present in dispersed form in the gaseous pressure medium.
Powder inhalers of this kind are needed for preparing inhalable medicaments. For diseases of the pulmonary and bronchial region, in particular, the medicaments are required and provided as inhalable pharmaceuticals (inhalants).
2. Description of the Prior Art
Within the scope of the present invention, the term “medicament” refers to the active ingredient of a pharmaceutical that is usually also known as a drug or active substance.
The term “medicament formulation” refers to powdered formulations that contain the medicament and are suitable for administration by inhalation in humans or animals. Usually, the active substance is mixed with adjuvants and additives.
In inhalers, the formulations are normally stored or kept in a reservoir and, for this reason, the formulations used must have sufficient stability on storage. Excipients may be added to the medicament for this purpose, to adjust the physico-chemical properties which affect the quality-determining parameters, such as availability and durability in a desirable manner.
The medicament formulation stored in the powder inhaler is nebulized and breathed in by the patient as an aerosol. The medicament is prepared in an inhalable form.
However, in this process, it is not usual for the entire measured dose to be expelled as an aerosol, but only part of it. This is due to the fact that some of the powder formulation is left behind in the storage container, merely subjected to turbulence, and then re-deposited elsewhere in the inhaler.
The proportion of the measured dose that leaves the mouthpiece of the powder inhaler is referred to as the delivered dose. Powder particles can only enter the lungs during the inhaling process if the aerodynamic particle diameter is less than 5 μm. The result of this is that only a proportion of the delivered dose can actually reach the lungs. This proportion can only be determined by laborious tests on the patient. For this reason, in vitro tests have been developed in which a simple laboratory experiment is used to determine the aerodynamic fine content, which corresponds to the lung-bound part of the delivered dose. The aerodynamic fine content is defined as the proportion of the measured dose in percent that has an aerodynamic particle diameter of less than 5.8 μm.
Within the scope of the present invention, the aerodynamic particle diameter is the particle diameter that corresponds to the equivalent diameter of a ball of density 1 g/cm3 that has the same sedimentation speed in air as the examined particle. To achieve the highest possible aerodynamic fine particle content, the following considerations are crucial.
First of all, a powder formulation must be prepared which contains the medicament in micronized form. The majority of all medicament particles should range from 1-5 μm in size. As micronized powders, being bulk materials, exhibit a high tendency to form particle agglomerates, the powder formulation usually contains excipients that make it easier to break up the micronized medicament particles and also increase their flow properties. Another parameter that is relevant to the quality of the powder formulation is its chemical and physical stability. Chemical stability is ensured if the medicament does not change into breakdown products on storage. Physical stability indicates that the aerodynamic fine content measured does not change during the storage period.
A suitable powder inhaler must convert a defined quantity of the powder formulation, i.e., the measured dose, into an aerosol during the inhaling process by the patient, while the highest possible values must be achieved for the delivered dose and the aerodynamic fine particle content. To achieve this, an important function of the powder inhaler is to break up the particle agglomerates of the medicament contained in the bulk powder formulation as efficiently as possible, as larger particles are deposited in the mouth and throat when breathed in and only particles with aerodynamic particle diameters of less than 5 μm reach the lungs. Thus, there is a more or less great difference between the proportion of the delivered dose based on the measured dose and the aerodynamic fine particle content, which is critically influenced by the efficiency of nebulization.
Against the background of the above remarks, the particle size must be reproducible within narrow limits so as to prevent fluctuations in the delivered dose and the aerodynamic fine content. On each actuation of the inhaler, roughly the same amount of medicament should be administered, while the delivered doses should have roughly the same size distributions of the particles of medicament.
However, from the point of view of efficiency and the most economical use of medicaments, it is also desirable to produce the largest possible aerodynamic fine particle content, as defined above.
In the prior art, there are basically two different systems of powder inhalers.
First, the so-called “passive” inhalers generally use the air breathed in by the patient to nebulize the powder formulation without any additional auxiliary energy sources—for example in the form of compressed air. These powder inhalers are designed so that powder is either contained in a prefabricated capsule in the form of a single dose (premetered dose), for example, or a number of premetered doses are held in readiness in a multi dose container inserted in the inhaler. During use, the capsule or one of the multi dose containers is pierced and the powder is emptied out and nebulized using the air breathed in by the patient.
The powder may also be present in the inhaler as a powder supply (bulk powder), an individual dose being prepared by means of a metering device before being transported out of the inhaler in the patient's air stream.
It is obvious that, with the powder inhalers described, the aerodynamic fine particle content is highly dependent on the patient's breathing maneuver.
Against the background of the above remarks it is now common to use so called “active” powder inhalers that use stored energy, e.g., pressurized gas. By using the pressurized gas for controlled expulsion and nebulization of the powder formulation, the process is made independent of the patient's breathing.
In order to achieve the break up of lumps and efficient nebulization and obtain the desired particle size and particle size distribution, essentially two methods have been used in the prior art.
In the case of some inhalers described in the literature, the breaking up of the powder is assisted by the impact of the particles on so called “impact surfaces.” Easing pressure, for example, the powder particles are deliberately directed against these impact surfaces to break up the particles. However, the result of this is that some of the powder particles striking the impact surface remain stuck to it and are deposited thereon. As a result, it is not possible to achieve a highly accurate and reproducible dosage as the powder particles deposited can accidentally be released again during subsequent inhalations.
One disadvantage is that, when pressurized gases are used to break up the lumps in powder formulations, very high aerosol speeds are reached. Very high aerosol speeds in turn mean that the proportion of the dose that reaches the lungs is reduced. Therefore, for powder inhalers operating with pressurized gases, additional spacers/separators are provided that have the task of reducing the speed of the aerosol particles formed.
These spacers/separators (or break up chambers), in which the speed of the powder particles is decelerated, are arranged in front of the mouthpiece of the inhaler and make the inhaler bulky and awkward to use. Inhalers for the pharmaceutical field should, however, be small and convenient so that the patient can carry the inhaler about with them at all times.
Against this background, the aim of the present invention is to provide a powder inhaler for dispersing pharmaceutical powder formulations with which the problems of conventional powder inhalers known from the prior art are eliminated or, at the least, reduced, and with which, in particular, a high content of solid particles less than 5.8 μm in size is produced.
This objective is achieved by means of a powder inhaler of the generic type that is characterized in that, in the inhaler, there is provided a nozzle through which the aerosol flows before leaving the inhaler and in that the nozzle is a multi-channel nozzle, the channels of which are inclined to one another at such an angle that the aerosol jets flowing through them meet downstream behind the nozzle.
Hereinbelow, the invention will be described in more detail with reference to several embodiments shown in the two figures of drawings. In these drawings:
a is a diagrammatic representation of the multi-channel nozzle of a powder inhaler in side view, in section;
b shows the nozzle according to
a is a diagrammatic representation of a first embodiment of a multi dose blister container for supplying the powder formulation, in side view;
b is a diagrammatic representation of a second embodiment of a multi dose blister container for supplying the powder formulation, in side view;
c is a diagrammatic representation of a third embodiment of a multi dose blister container for supplying the powder formulation, in side view;
d is a diagrammatic representation of a fourth embodiment of a multi dose blister container for supplying the powder formulation, in perspective view;
e is a diagrammatic representation in perspective view of a fifth embodiment of a multi dose blister container for supplying the powder formulation;
In the description that follows, identical parts have been given the same reference numerals.
There is provided a powder inhaler of the generic type that is characterized in that, in the inhaler, there is provided a nozzle through which the aerosol flows before leaving the inhaler and in that the nozzle is a multi-channel nozzle the channels of which are inclined to one another at such an angle that the aerosol jets flowing through them meet downstream behind the nozzle.
In the powder inhaler according to the invention, the pressure medium carries the powder from the powder supply and transports it through at least two channels of the nozzle. Alternatively, it is also possible to use a powder inhaler in which a flow is generated by the patient's breathing in order to transport the powder from the powder supply and the channels of the nozzle.
The nozzle according to the invention is characterized in that powder particles with a high kinetic energy are produced, with the result that the fine particle content is correspondingly high. The particles are then decelerated again by the jet impact and the energy released is used to disperse the powder. A major advantage of this arrangement is that no surfaces of the device are involved in decelerating the aerosol and no or only very slight powder residues are left behind.
According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the nozzle is a two-channel nozzle the channels of which are inclined at an angle α to one another, where 0°<α≦180°. The most suitable angle is determined as a function of, among other things, the composition of the powder formulation and other parameters.
According to an advantageous feature, the powder formulation mixed with the pressure medium is supplied simultaneously to all the channels of the nozzle. In this way a totally homogeneous aerosol is formed downstream of the nozzle.
According to another feature, the pressure medium is supplied to at least one channel and a mixture of powder formulation and pressure medium is supplied to the other channels. As a result, at least one jet stream from the pressure medium strikes at least one jet stream containing the pre-dispersed powder.
Admittedly, the kinetic energy of the powder particles is substantially reduced by the jet impact, but the remarks that follow refer to the further behavior of the aerosol downstream of the nozzle.
As an excessively high flow speed reduces the fine particle content which is capable of reaching the patient's lungs during the inhalation process, the speed at the exit from the mouthpiece should be not more than 20 m/s, preferably not more than 10 m/s, more particularly not more than 5 m/s.
As high flow speeds have to be produced for breaking up the powder as it passes through the nozzle, it is generally necessary to reduce the aerosol speed along the path between the nozzle and mouthpiece. This can be achieved in various ways, so that there is no need to use the powder inhaler according to the invention together with a spacer. Specifically, the following results are preferably obtained:
The aerosol leaving the nozzle outlets can be mixed in various ways with the patient's breathed-in air as it travels between the nozzle and mouthpiece.
The production of a turbulent flow of the patient's breathed-in air is a suitable measure for this purpose. The aerosol cloud passing through the nozzle channels is injected into the turbulence of the breathed-in air, thereby reducing the forward component of the speed of the aerosol cloud.
Designing the nozzle so that the breathed-in air and the aerosol flows emerging from the nozzle channels are directed against each other, again resulting in deceleration, is another measure for reducing the flow rate of the aerosol cloud.
In an alternative embodiment the entry opening for the breathed-in air is located askew or perpendicular to the direction of flow of the nozzle.
In order to reduce the speed of the aerosol cloud leaving the nozzle channels in the inhaler, it may prove advantageous to mix this aerosol cloud with an air current in counter current thereto. It is advantageous if this contrary air current is produced by the breathing-in process of the user. Usually, in a powder inhaler, provision is made for the patient to breathe in air when breathing in the cloud of powder in order to ensure an inspiration process free from complications. For this purpose, air slots may be formed in the mouthpiece, for example, through which the patient automatically breathes in air at the same time as the cloud of particles. Within the scope of the powder inhaler according to the invention, these air inlet openings may be formed so that the in-flowing air meets the aerosol cloud either as a simple counter current or as an air current striking the aerosol cloud, thereby reducing its speed. This objective can be achieved in terms of construction by having the mouthpiece located perpendicular to the path traveled by the aerosol cloud as it leaves the nozzle openings. The air inlet slots are then also perpendicular to the mouthpiece and are formed in a line with the exit path of the aerosol cloud from the nozzle, but precisely opposite the nozzle. Expressed in simple terms this construction would be in the form of a T-shaped member, with the nozzle for the aerosol cloud and the air inlets for the counter current of air determining the end points of the crosspiece of the T while the mouthpiece corresponds to the base of the T.
In an alternative embodiment, the nozzle channels and the air inlet holes open into a turbulence chamber, are spun around with one another therein, and then leave through a mouthpiece.
A turbulence chamber of this kind may, in the simplest case, be a hollow chamber into which the nozzle opens at one point. The air inlet can then open into the chamber precisely opposite the nozzle or preferably perpendicular thereto or at least offset at an angle. The chamber then has an exit to the mouthpiece.
In the simplest case, the powder inhaler according to the invention consists of a housing with a mouthpiece. In front of the mouthpiece and inside the housing is the nozzle described above. Also, on the inside is a chamber for accommodating the powder formulation that is to be nebulized.
Preferably, the powder inhaler comprises a pressure system that directs a pressurized gas on to the quantity of powder formulation to be dispersed so that the latter is dispersed and the resulting aerosol is conveyed through the nozzle system described above into the mouthpiece, while coarser particles are broken up. The powder inhaler has channels inside it which define the path of the pressurized gas released through the inhaler into the mouthpiece. In the chamber for accommodating the powder formulation intended for dispersion, the powder may be loose or may be in a container, e.g., in a capsule or blister that is opened before the pressurized gas passes through, such that the pressurized gas is able to carry the powder along leaving substantially no residues. In the case of a single-use inhaler, this device does not have any other supply for further doses of the powder formulations. In the case of a device intended for repeated use, the inhaler may have one or more reservoirs for the powder formulation. Thus, the reservoir may simply be a chamber containing the powder mixture in loose form and, from there, measured quantities are carried into the nebulizing chamber. Alternatively, the reservoir may be a collection of capsules that are filled with the powder formulation and introduced mechanically or manually into the nebulizing chamber. Finally, the reservoir may also be a blister with a plurality of pouches for the powder formulation, in which cases one of these pouches is introduced into the nebulizing chamber. Reservoir systems of this kind, and the transfer of the powder formulation from the reservoir into the nebulising chamber, are known from the prior art and will therefore not be discussed in detail at this point.
Regarding the pressure medium system, the powder inhaler according to the invention may have a cartridge of compressed air, a cartridge filled with a gas other than air, e.g., nitrogen, carbon dioxide, a noble gas, such as helium or argon, or even a fluorohydrocarbon, an alkane, and the like. In advantageous embodiments of the powder inhaler, the pressure medium system is a system that takes in air from the environment and then releases the air in controlled manner under compression and under pressure in the direction of the formulation that is to be nebulized. On the one hand, air is the most acceptable medium for the patient as a carrier for the powder particles. On the other hand, it is freely available. The preferred embodiment of the powder inhaler takes the required amount of air from the atmosphere, compresses it, and then uses it as a carrier medium for the powder formulation. There is no need to change the pressure medium system, as would be the case with a pressure medium stored in a cartridge.
However, in other advantageous embodiments of the powder inhaler, the pressure medium system comprises a cartridge that supplies a pressure medium under pressure. In contrast to the powder inhaler described previously, this embodiment is less complex in structure and therefore cheaper and smaller in size.
In any case, the pressure medium system is such that the user of the inhaler can achieve a controlled delivery of pressure medium.
There are advantageous embodiments of the powder inhaler that are characterized in that the device for supplying the powder formulation is arranged between the pressure medium system and the nozzle, such that the pressure medium has to go past the device, while preferably the device for supplying the powder formulation comprises a powder-filled capsule. Preferred embodiments of the powder inhaler are those wherein the capsule is replaceable as the consumable material. A mechanism is provided on the powder inhaler by means of which the capsule can be replaced.
In this embodiment, the pressure medium flows through the device for supplying the powder formulation and distributes or picks up the powder, so that after flowing through the supply chamber the desired primary aerosol is formed.
Alternatively, it is possible to have an embodiment without a pressure medium. In this case, the flow is generated by the air stream of the patient produced on breathing in, so as to form the desired primary aerosol.
In advantageous embodiments of the powder inhaler, the device for supplying the powder formulation comprises a multi dose blister container. Multi dose blister containers of this kind may be linear, such as a blister strip, flat, such as a blister disk or blister rings, or three-dimensional, such as cylindrical or polygonal bodies. Multi dose systems of this kind may contain 2 to 90 doses, preferably 5 to 60 doses, more particularly 7 to 30 doses, each dose being stored in a separate pocket or pouch which is opened by suitable means on use.
As already stated, powder inhalers in which air is provided as the pressure medium are preferred.
If the pressure medium system is not manually operated by its nature, but comprises a control means, e.g., in the form of an actuator valve that has to be operated and that releases the pressure medium by opening or closing, it is advantageous to have embodiments of the powder inhaler that provide a through-flow sensor in the mouthpiece to measure the flow of the breath of the patient and, on reaching a certain, pre-determined breath flow speed, to generate an input signal for the pressure medium system or its control member.
The through-flow sensor measures the speed of the air current as the patient breathes in and generates an input signal which acts upon the control member. The control member opens in response to the input signal and thereby allows the pressure medium to flow out when the through-flow rate is in a range suitable for inhalation, but the control member does not release the pressure medium system when the through-flow rate is outside the preferred range. This automatic opening and closing does away with the need to provide an additional actuating device and makes the inhaler more user friendly and easier to handle.
The powder inhaler according to the invention has the following advantage over the prior art:
The powder inhaler 1 has at its top end a mouthpiece 2. It has an auxiliary energy source in the form of a pressure medium system 3, the pressure medium system 3 being equipped with a pump (20, 21) that is connected to the atmosphere through a valve 4 and uses the ambient air as a pressure medium, which is generally indicated as reference numeral 8. Ambient air is brought into the powder inhaler 1 through a valve 4 by the downward movement or expansion of a piston 21, which acts against a spring 20. The ambient air becomes the pressure medium 8 by compression by the upward movement of the piston, which is acted upon by the spring 20. There is no need to replace the pressure medium system, as would be the case when using a pressure medium stored in a cartridge.
The pressure medium 8 leaves the pressure medium system 3 through a control member or actuator valve 5. In the embodiment shown in
After leaving the pressure medium system 3, the pressure medium 8 flows through a device for supplying 6 the powder formulation 7. The device for supplying 6 the powder formulation 7 comprises a capsule 15 filled or loaded with powder formulation 7.
In this embodiment the pressure medium 8 flows through the device for supplying 6 the powder formulation 7 and picks up some of the powder formulation 7, so that, after flowing through the supply chamber, the desired primary aerosol 9 is obtained that comprises particles of the powder formulation 7 dispersed in the pressure medium 8.
a now diagrammatically shows the multi-channel nozzle 10 in the form of a two-channel nozzle with two channels 11 and 12. The channels 11 and 12 are inclined to one another at an angle α. The angle α may be between 0° and 180°. The inclination causes an aerosol jet leaving the channel 11 to impact with an aerosol jet leaving the channel 12 and break up the powder particles. In the embodiment shown in
b shows the nozzle 10 according to
As already stated, the aerosol jets may strike one another at any desired angle from 0° to 180°, at any desired distance from the surface of the nozzle 10, and at any desired speed. The ratio of the parameters determines the degree of dispersion and the speed of the secondary aerosol 13 produced from the primary aerosol 9 by the nozzle 10.
a shows a diagrammatic representation, in side view, of a first embodiment of a multi dose blister container 22 for supplying the powder formulation. The multi dose blister container 22 is of linear construction in the form of a blister strip 23 and comprises a number of capsules 26 arranged in a row, each capsule 26 containing a single dose. The capsule 26 in use is opened by suitable means.
b shows a diagrammatic representation, in side view, of a second embodiment of a multi dose blister container 22 for supplying the powder formulation. The multi dose blister container 22 is of flat construction in the form of a blister disk 24 and comprises a plurality of capsules 26 arranged in a circle.
c is a diagrammatic view—a side view—of a third embodiment of a multi dose blister container 22 for supplying the powder formulation. The multi dose blister container 22 is constructed flat as a blister ring 25 and comprises a plurality of capsules 26 arranged in a circle.
d shows a diagrammatic representation, in side view, of a fourth embodiment of a multi dose blister container 22 for supplying the powder formulation, in perspective view. The multi dose blister container 22 is of three-dimensional construction in the form of a cylindrical body. Multi dose systems of this kind may contain 2 to 90 doses, preferably 5 to 60 doses, in particular 7 to 30 doses, each dose being stored in a separate capsule 26 which is opened by suitable means on use.
e shows a diagrammatic representation, in perspective view, of a fifth embodiment of a multi dose blister container 22 for supplying the powder formulation. The multi dose blister container 22 is of three-dimensional construction, as in
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2004 012 093.5 | Mar 2004 | DE | national |
