Patent Grant
8354888
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a power amplifier in which the collector voltages and idle currents of the amplifier transistors are varied.
2. Background Art
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2004-274433 discloses a power amplifier in which the collector voltage Vc and the idle current Icq of the amplifier transistor (or high frequency transistor) are varied in accordance with the output power level of the amplifier transistor. Specifically, in this power amplifier, the collector voltage Vc and the idle current Icq are increased when the output power is high and decreased when the output power is low, thereby improving the efficiency of the power amplifier even at low output power levels.
W-CDMA systems require that the phase shift in the power amplifiers in the system be constant regardless of their output power level. Further, the power amplifiers must also have optimum input reflection characteristics regardless of their output power level in order to prevent degradation of the input reflection level.
However, changing the collector voltage Vc and the idle current Icq of an amplifier transistor, as in the power amplifier disclosed in the above patent publication, results in a change in the S-parameters of the transistor and a corresponding change in the phase shift and the input reflection in the transistor.
The present invention has been made to solve the above problems. It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a power amplifier in which the collector voltages Vc and the idle currents Icq of the amplifier transistors can be varied so as to increase the efficiency of the power amplifier at both high and low output power levels while maintaining constant the phase shift and the input reflection in the amplifier.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a power amplifier includes an amplifier transistor for amplifying an input signal received through an input matching circuit, means for varying the collector voltage of the amplifier transistor, a bias circuit for varying the idle current in the amplifier transistor, and a compensation circuit for varying the value of a capacitance of the input matching circuit so as to maintain constant the phase shift and the input reflection in the power amplifier when the collector voltage and the idle current are varied to prevent a decrease in the efficiency of the power amplifier due to changes in the output power of the amplifier transistor.
Other and further objects, features and advantages of the invention will appear more fully from the following description.
First Embodiment
One end of an interstage matching circuit 14 is also connected to the collector of the amplifier transistor Tr1. The base of an amplifier transistor Tr2 is connected to the other end of the interstage matching circuit 14. The amplifier transistor Tr2 is an HBT. A collector voltage terminal Vc2 and a capacitance Cd2 are connected to the collector of the amplifier transistor Tr2 through a transmission line L23 having a predetermined electrical length. One end of an output matching circuit 16 is also connected to the collector of the amplifier transistor Tr2. The other end of the output matching circuit 16 is connected to the output terminal OUT. It should be noted that the collector voltage terminals Vc1 and Vc2 are controlled by a DC-DC converter outside the power amplifier 10.
A bias circuit 18 is connected to the base of the amplifier transistor Tr1. A bias circuit 20 is connected to the base of the amplifier transistor Tr2. The bias circuits 18 and 20 are used to control the idle currents in the amplifier transistors Tr1 and Tr2, respectively. The bias circuits 18 and 20 are connected to a reference voltage terminal Vref, a power supply voltage terminal Vcb, and a control signal terminal Vmode1 for the bias circuits. The configurations of the bias circuits 18 and 20 will be described with reference to
Referring back to
The operation of the power amplifier 10 of the first embodiment will now be described. The power amplifier 10 is configured to operate at high output power levels, e.g., approximately 26-29 dBm, and at low output power levels, e.g., 10 dBm or less.
When the power amplifier is operated at high output power levels, the voltage at the control signal terminal Vmode2 is set at a Low level. This turns off the transistor Fc1 in the compensation circuit 22, i.e., drives the transistor into a nonconducting state, so that the capacitance Cc1 is disconnected from the input matching circuit 12.
When the power amplifier is to be operated at low output power levels, on the other hand, the voltage at the control signal terminal Vmode1 is set at a Low level, thereby turning off the transistors Fb1 of the bias circuits 18 and 20. In each bias circuit 18, 20, when the transistor Fb1 is turned off, a current flows through the resistance Rbb7, so that there is a voltage drop from the voltage at the reference voltage terminal Vref. As a result, the idle currents Icq in the amplifier transistors Tr1 and Tr2 decrease. It should be noted that the collector voltages Vc of the amplifier transistors Tr1 and Tr2 are set at a low level in this state.
When the power amplifier is operated at low output power levels, the voltage at the control signal terminal Vmode2 is set at a High level. This turns on the transistor Fc1 in the compensation circuit 22, i.e., drives the transistor into a conducting state, so that the capacitance Cc1 is connected to the input matching circuit 12. Thus, the compensation circuit 22 is operated in synchronization with the control of the collector voltages Vc and the idle currents Icq.
It should be noted that the power amplifier 10 of the first embodiment is designed to exhibit the highest efficiency and minimal distortion characteristics when it is operated at high output power levels. Further, in order to prevent degradation of the distortion characteristics and the efficiency of the power amplifier 10 at low output power levels, the collector voltages Vc and the idle currents Icq are maintained lower when the amplifier is operated at low output power levels than when it is operated at high output power levels. This improves the distortion characteristics and the efficiency of the power amplifier 10 at low output power levels, as well as at high output power levels. It will be noted that in
Thus, Vc and Icq are set at different levels when the power amplifier is operated at high and low output power levels. This results in a difference of a few tens of degrees between the phase shifts introduced by the power amplifier at high and low output power levels (if the amplifier is not provided with the compensation circuit 22). More specifically, the phase shift in the power amplifier when the amplifier is operated at low output power levels is a few tens of degrees greater than when the amplifier is operated at high output power levels. This means that the power amplifier is not adapted for use in W-CDMA systems, which require that the phase shift in the power amplifiers in the system be constant regardless of their output power level.
Further, since Vc and Icq are set at different levels when the power amplifier is operated at high and low output power levels, the impedance as seen from the base of each amplifier transistor Tr1, Tr2 toward the transistor is different when the amplifier is operated at high and low output power levels. This difference in impedance results in degradation of the input reflection in the power amplifier at low output power levels, since the input reflection in the power amplifier is optimized when the amplifier is operated at high output power levels.
On the other hand, in accordance with the configuration of the power amplifier 10 of the first embodiment, it is possible to vary the collector voltages Vc and the idle currents Icq so as to increase the efficiency of the power amplifier while maintaining constant the phase shift and the input reflection in the power amplifier. This feature will be described with reference to
Thus, in the power amplifier 10 of the first embodiment, the collector voltages Vc and the idle currents Icq of the amplifier transistors can be varied so as to increase the efficiency of the power amplifier at low output power levels while maintaining constant the phase shift and the input reflection in the power amplifier.
In order for the power amplifier to have increased efficiency at high and low output power levels, it is only necessary that the power amplifier have means for varying the collector voltages Vc of the amplifier transistors and have bias circuits for varying the idle currents Icq in the amplifier transistors. This means that the configurations of these means for varying the collector voltages Vc and the configurations of these bias circuits are not limited to those described above.
Further, in order for the power amplifier to maintain constant the phase shift and input reflection therein when the collector voltages Vc and the idle currents Icq of the amplifier transistors are varied so as to prevent a decrease in the efficiency of the power amplifier due to changes in the output power level of the power amplifier, it is only necessary that the power amplifier be provided with a compensation circuit for changing the value of the capacitance of the input matching circuit 12. Therefore, the compensation circuit is not limited to the type which connects and disconnects a capacitance to and from the input matching circuit 12.
Further, although the power amplifier 10 of the first embodiment is designed to exhibit the highest efficiency and minimal distortion characteristics when it is operated at high output power levels, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to this particular type of power amplifier. The power amplifier 10 may be designed to exhibit the highest efficiency and minimal distortion characteristics when it is operated at low output power levels. The efficiency of such a power amplifier can also be increased at both high and low power levels while maintaining constant the phase shift and the input reflection in the power amplifier.
Second Embodiment
In the compensation circuit 30, a resistance Rc3 is connected in series to the capacitance Cc1. In this compensation circuit 30, when the transistor Fc1 is turned on power loss is incurred in the resistance Rc3, thereby decreasing the gain of the power amplifier. This means that the value of the resistance Rc3 may be varied to adjust the gain of the power amplifier when the transistor Fc1 is on.
Third Embodiment
In the compensation circuit 40, a resistance Rc6, a diode Dc2, and a capacitance Cc2 together form a variable capacitance. More specifically, this compensation circuit 40 differs from the compensation circuit 22 of the first embodiment in that the capacitance Cc1 is replaced by the variable capacitance consisting of the resistance Rc6, the diode Dc2, and the capacitance Cc2.
A reverse bias voltage is applied across the diode Dc2 through the resistance Rc6 and varied to vary the value of this variable capacitance. That is, by varying the voltage applied to Rc6, it is possible to vary the amount of compensation for the phase shift and the input reflection in the power amplifier. For example, when, due to manufacturing variations, there is a change in the differences between the amounts of phase shift and between the amounts of input reflection introduced by the power amplifier at high and low output power levels (i.e., when the collector voltages Vc and the idle currents Ic are set at different values), it is possible to electrically adjust the amount of compensation for these differences between the amounts of phase shift and between the amounts of input reflection. It should be noted that the capacitance Cc2 functions to block DC currents so that a voltage can be applied to the anode of the diode Dc2.
Fourth Embodiment
The compensation circuit 50 is characterized by including two compensation circuits connected in parallel with each other. Specifically, the compensation circuit 50 includes two capacitances Cc1A and Cc1B which can be controlled independently of each other. The capacitance Cc1A is controlled by use of a resistance Rc1A and a transistor Fc1A. The capacitance Cc1B is controlled by use of a resistance Rc1B and a transistor Fc1B. Thus, either the capacitance Cc1A or the capacitance Cc1B, or both, can be selectively connected to the input matching circuit 12, making it possible for the compensation circuit 50 to provide three amounts of compensation.
Fifth Embodiment
The compensation circuit 60 is characterized in that an inductor Lc1 is connected in series to a capacitance Cc3. Since the inductor Lc1, not a capacitance, is connected to the input matching circuit 12 when the transistor Fc1 is turned on, the compensation circuit 60 compensates for the phase shift and the input reflection in the power amplifier in an opposite manner to the compensation circuit of the power amplifier of the first embodiment.
Sixth Embodiment
The compensation circuit 70 is characterized by including an attenuator ATT. The attenuator ATT includes a transistor Fc2, a resistance Rc7, and a resistance Rc8. In this compensation circuit 70, when the transistor Fc1 is turned on, the transistor Fc2 is turned off, and when the transistor Fc1 is turned off, the transistor Fc2 is turned on. In this way, the RF signal (i.e., the input signal) can be attenuated when the capacitance Cc1 is connected to the input matching circuit 12 (i.e., when the transistor Fc1 is turned on). That is, by using this compensation circuit, it is possible to set the gain of the power amplifier to any desired value while compensating for the phase shift and the input reflection in the power amplifier. It should be noted that the amount of attenuation produced by the attenuator ATT can be adjusted to any desired value by the resistance Rc8.
Seventh Embodiment
The compensation circuit 80 includes, instead of a field effect transistor (FET), a first diode Dc3 and a second diode Dc4 which can be manufactured by a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) process. When a voltage higher than the threshold voltage of the first diode Dc3 is applied to the resistance Rc9 connected to the junction between the first and second diodes Dc3 and Dc4, the second diode Dc4 is turned on, and the first diode Dc3 is reverse biased to function as a capacitance. Thus in the compensation circuit 80, the second diode Dc4, instead of an FET, functions as a switch. It should be noted that the resistance Rc9 and a resistance Rc10 are used to apply biases to the first and second diodes Dc3 and Dc4 and are preferably high enough not to affect the RF operation.
Thus, the compensation circuit 80 of the seventh embodiment uses, instead of an FET, the diodes Dc3 and Dc4 which can be manufactured by an HBT process. Therefore, the compensation circuit 80 can be manufactured at low cost. Further, the absence of FETs in the compensation circuit avoids variations in the characteristics (the amount of compensation and gain) of the circuit due to manufacturing variations of the FETs.
Eighth Embodiment
The compensation circuit 100 is characterized in that a capacitance Cc6 is connected between the gate and drain of the transistor Fc1 which is an FET used to connect and disconnect the capacitance Cc1. Since this capacitance Cc6 serves to increase the power capacity of the transistor Fc1, the transistor Fc1 can handle the power required to switch the collector voltages Vc and the idle currents Icq of the amplifier transistors between high and low levels, even if the required power is high. That is, there is no need for additional transistors, thereby minimizing the increase in the chip area of the MMIC.
It should be noted that in
Thus the present invention provides a power amplifier in which the collector voltages Vc and the idle currents Icq of the amplifier transistors can be varied so as to increase the efficiency of the power amplifier while maintaining constant the phase shift and the input reflection in the amplifier.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
The entire disclosure of a Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-276654, filed on Dec. 13, 2010 including specification, claims, drawings and summary, on which the Convention priority of the present application is based, are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010-276654 | Dec 2010 | JP | national |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6946913 | Moriwaki et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 7012469 | Moriwaki et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7688133 | Yamamoto et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 20110018639 | Matsuzuka et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2004-274433 | Sep 2004 | JP |
| 2004-343244 | Dec 2004 | JP |
| 2011-30006 | Feb 2011 | JP |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20120146733 A1 | Jun 2012 | US |
