Power Control for Frequency Hopping

BACKGROUND

In a wireless communication system, a wireless device communicates with a base station. Reference signals are used to configure the wireless device for various operations.

SUMMARY

The following summary presents a simplified summary of certain features. The summary is not an extensive overview and is not intended to identify key or critical elements.

A communication network may comprise a plurality of devices, such as wireless devices and/or base stations, at least some of which may be non-stationary. Reference signals may be used to determine positioning and/or timing for communications between devices in the communication network. One or more parameters may configure wireless communications between the base station and the wireless device. A resource may be configured for sounding reference signal transmission/reception between the wireless device and the base station. In sounding reference signal frequency hopping, the hopping takes place outside an active bandwidth part. A virtual bandwidth part for positioning frequency hopping may be used when frequency hopping takes place outside the active bandwidth part. The virtual bandwidth part may be configured specifically for sounding reference signal frequency hopping. The transmission power may be determined based on the virtual bandwidth part.

These and other features and advantages are described in greater detail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some features are shown by way of example, and not by limitation, in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like numerals reference similar elements.

FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B show example communication networks.

FIG. 2A shows an example user plane.

FIG. 2B shows an example control plane configuration.

FIG. 3 shows example of protocol layers.

FIG. 4A shows an example downlink data flow for a user plane configuration.

FIG. 4B shows an example format of a Medium Access Control (MAC) subheader in a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU).

FIG. 5A shows an example mapping for downlink channels.

FIG. 5B shows an example mapping for uplink channels.

FIG. 6 shows example radio resource control (RRC) states and RRC state transitions.

FIG. 7 shows an example configuration of a frame.

FIG. 8 shows an example resource configuration of one or more carriers.

FIG. 9 shows an example configuration of bandwidth parts (BWPs).

FIG. 10A shows example carrier aggregation configurations based on component carriers.

FIG. 10B shows example group of cells.

FIG. 11A shows an example mapping of one or more synchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) blocks.

FIG. 11B shows an example mapping of one or more channel state information reference signals (CSI-RSs).

FIG. 12A shows examples of downlink beam management procedures.

FIG. 12B shows examples of uplink beam management procedures.

FIG. 13A shows an example four-step random access procedure.

FIG. 13B shows an example two-step random access procedure.

FIG. 13C shows an example two-step random access procedure.

FIG. 14A shows an example of control resource set (CORESET) configurations.

FIG. 14B shows an example of a control channel element to resource element group (CCE-to-REG) mapping.

FIG. 15A shows an example of communications between a wireless device and a base station.

FIG. 15B shows example elements of a computing device that may be used to implement any of the various devices described herein.

FIG. 16A, FIG. 16B, FIG. 16C, and FIG. 16D show examples of uplink and downlink signal transmission.

FIG. 17A shows an example of positioning.

FIG. 17B shows an example of a long-term evolution (LTE)-based positioning protocol (LPP) messages and LPP procedures.

FIG. 18A shows an example of a request capabilities message.

FIG. 18B shows an example of a provide capabilities message.

FIG. 18C shows an example of a request assistance data message.

FIG. 19 shows an example of configuration parameters of a request location information message.

FIG. 20A shows an example of configuration parameters of a provide assistance data message.

FIG. 20B shows an example of configuration parameters of a request assistance data message.

FIG. 21A shows an example of configuration parameters of downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS).

FIG. 21B shows an example of configuration parameters of downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS).

FIG. 22 shows an example of configuration parameters of downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS).

FIG. 23A shows an example of configuration of DL PRS resource set with respect to a DL frame (corresponding to a transmission reception point (TRP)) of a wireless device.

FIG. 23B shows an example of configurations of DL PRS resource sets corresponding to TRPs.

FIG. 24A shows an example of a search window for receiving PRS from a neighbor TRP.

FIG. 24B shows an example of signaling access between an location management function (LMF) and a base station based on new radio positioning protocol A (NRPPa) protocol.

FIG. 25 and FIG. 26 show examples of NRPPa messages and corresponding NRPPa elementary procedures.

FIG. 27 shows an example of NRPPa functions.

FIG. 28 shows an example of configurations of sounding reference signal (SRS) positioning resource sets.

FIG. 29 shows an example of configurations of SRS positioning resources.

FIG. 30. shows an example of positioning SRS frequency hopping.

FIG. 31 shows an example of positioning SRS frequency hopping.

FIG. 32 shows an example of transmission of positioning SRS frequency hopping.

FIG. 33 shows an example method for transmitting an SRS.

FIG. 34 shows an example method for transmitting an SRS.

FIG. 35 shows an example method for transmitting an SRS.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The accompanying drawings and descriptions provide examples. It is to be understood that the examples shown in the drawings and/or described are non-exclusive, and that features shown and described may be practiced in other examples. Examples are provided for operation of wireless communication systems.

FIG. 1A shows an example communication network 100. The communication network 100 may comprise a mobile communication network). The communication network 100 may comprise, for example, a public land mobile network (PLMN) operated/managed/run by a network operator. The communication network 100 may comprise one or more of a core network (CN) 102, a radio access network (RAN) 104, and/or a wireless device 106. The communication network 100 may comprise, and/or a device within the communication network 100 may communicate with (e.g., via CN 102), one or more data networks (DN(s)) 108. The wireless device 106 may communicate with one or more DNs 108, such as public DNs (e.g., the Internet), private DNs, and/or intra-operator DNs. The wireless device 106 may communicate with the one or more DNs 108 via the RAN 104 and/or via the CN 102. The CN 102 may provide/configure the wireless device 106 with one or more interfaces to the one or more DNs 108. As part of the interface functionality, the CN 102 may set up end-to-end connections between the wireless device 106 and the one or more DNs 108, authenticate the wireless device 106, provide/configure charging functionality, etc.

The wireless device 106 may communicate with the RAN 104 via radio communications over an air interface. The RAN 104 may communicate with the CN 102 via various communications (e.g., wired communications and/or wireless communications). The wireless device 106 may establish a connection with the CN 102 via the RAN 104. The RAN 104 may provide/configure scheduling, radio resource management, and/or retransmission protocols, for example, as part of the radio communications. The communication direction from the RAN 104 to the wireless device 106 over/via the air interface may be referred to as the downlink and/or downlink communication direction. The communication direction from the wireless device 106 to the RAN 104 over/via the air interface may be referred to as the uplink and/or uplink communication direction. Downlink transmissions may be separated and/or distinguished from uplink transmissions, for example, based on at least one of: frequency division duplexing (FDD), time-division duplexing (TDD), any other duplexing schemes, and/or one or more combinations thereof.

As used throughout, the term “wireless device” may comprise one or more of: a mobile device, a fixed (e.g., non-mobile) device for which wireless communication is configured or usable, a computing device, a node, a device capable of wirelessly communicating, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving signals. As non-limiting examples, a wireless device may comprise, for example: a telephone, a cellular phone, a Wi-Fi phone, a smartphone, a tablet, a computer, a laptop, a sensor, a meter, a wearable device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a hotspot, a cellular repeater, a vehicle road side unit (RSU), a relay node, an automobile, a wireless user device (e.g., user equipment (UE), a user terminal (UT), etc.), an access terminal (AT), a mobile station, a handset, a wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU), a wireless communication device, and/or any combination thereof.

The RAN 104 may comprise one or more base stations (not shown). As used throughout, the term “base station” may comprise one or more of: a base station, a node, a Node B (NB), an evolved NodeB (eNB), a gNB, an ng-eNB, a relay node (e.g., an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node), a donor node (e.g., a donor eNB, a donor gNB, etc.), an access point (e.g., a Wi-Fi access point), a transmission and reception point (TRP), a computing device, a device capable of wirelessly communicating, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving signals. A base station may comprise one or more of each element listed above. For example, a base station may comprise one or more TRPs. As other non-limiting examples, a base station may comprise for example, one or more of: a Node B (e.g., associated with Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and/or third-generation (3G) standards), an Evolved Node B (eNB) (e.g., associated with Evolved-Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and/or fourth-generation (4G) standards), a remote radio head (RRH), a baseband processing unit coupled to one or more remote radio heads (RRHs), a repeater node or relay node used to extend the coverage area of a donor node, a Next Generation Evolved Node B (ng-eNB), a Generation Node B (gNB) (e.g., associated with NR and/or fifth-generation (5G) standards), an access point (AP) (e.g., associated with, for example, Wi-Fi or any other suitable wireless communication standard), any other generation base station, and/or any combination thereof. A base station may comprise one or more devices, such as at least one base station central device (e.g., a gNB Central Unit (gNB-CU)) and at least one base station distributed device (e.g., a gNB Distributed Unit (gNB-DU)).

A base station (e.g., in the RAN 104) may comprise one or more sets of antennas for communicating with the wireless device 106 wirelessly (e.g., via an over the air interface). One or more base stations may comprise sets (e.g., three sets or any other quantity of sets) of antennas to respectively control multiple cells or sectors (e.g., three cells, three sectors, any other quantity of cells, or any other quantity of sectors). The size of a cell may be determined by a range at which a receiver (e.g., a base station receiver) may successfully receive transmissions from a transmitter (e.g., a wireless device transmitter) operating in the cell. One or more cells of base stations (e.g., by alone or in combination with other cells) may provide/configure a radio coverage to the wireless device 106 over a wide geographic area to support wireless device mobility. A base station comprising three sectors (e.g., or n-sector, where n refers to any quantity n) may be referred to as a three-sector site (e.g., or an n-sector site) or a three-sector base station (e.g., an n-sector base station).

One or more base stations (e.g., in the RAN 104) may be implemented as a sectored site with more or less than three sectors. One or more base stations of the RAN 104 may be implemented as an access point, as a baseband processing device/unit coupled to several RRHs, and/or as a repeater or relay node used to extend the coverage area of a node (e.g., a donor node). A baseband processing device/unit coupled to RRHs may be part of a centralized or cloud RAN architecture, for example, where the baseband processing device/unit may be centralized in a pool of baseband processing devices/units or virtualized. A repeater node may amplify and send (e.g., transmit, retransmit, rebroadcast, etc.) a radio signal received from a donor node. A relay node may perform the substantially the same/similar functions as a repeater node. The relay node may decode the radio signal received from the donor node, for example, to remove noise before amplifying and sending the radio signal.

The RAN 104 may be deployed as a homogenous network of base stations (e.g., macrocell base stations) that have similar antenna patterns and/or similar high-level transmit powers. The RAN 104 may be deployed as a heterogeneous network of base stations (e.g., different base stations that have different antenna patterns). In heterogeneous networks, small cell base stations may be used to provide/configure small coverage areas, for example, coverage areas that overlap with comparatively larger coverage areas provided/configured by other base stations (e.g., macrocell base stations). The small coverage areas may be provided/configured in areas with high data traffic (or so-called “hotspots”) or in areas with a weak macrocell coverage. Examples of small cell base stations may comprise, in order of decreasing coverage area, microcell base stations, picocell base stations, and femtocell base stations or home base stations.

Examples described herein may be used in a variety of types of communications. For example, communications may be in accordance with the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) (e.g., one or more network elements similar to those of the communication network 100), communications in accordance with Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), communications in accordance with International Telecommunication Union (ITU), communications in accordance with International Organization for Standardization (ISO), etc. The 3GPP has produced specifications for multiple generations of mobile networks: a 3G network known as UMTS, a 4G network known as Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE Advanced (LTE-A), and a 5G network known as 5G System (5GS) and NR system. 3GPP may produce specifications for additional generations of communication networks (e.g., 6G and/or any other generation of communication network). Examples may be described with reference to one or more elements (e.g., the RAN) of a 3GPP 5G network, referred to as a next-generation RAN (NG-RAN), or any other communication network, such as a 3GPP network and/or a non-3GPP network. Examples described herein may be applicable to other communication networks, such as 3G and/or 4G networks, and communication networks that may not yet be finalized/specified (e.g., a 3GPP 6G network), satellite communication networks, and/or any other communication network. NG-RAN implements and updates 5G radio access technology referred to as NR and may be provisioned to implement 4G radio access technology and/or other radio access technologies, such as other 3GPP and/or non-3GPP radio access technologies.

FIG. 1B shows an example communication network 150. The communication network may comprise a mobile communication network. The communication network 150 may comprise, for example, a PLMN operated/managed/run by a network operator. The communication network 150 may comprise one or more of: a CN 152 (e.g., a 5G core network (5G-CN)), a RAN 154 (e.g., an NG-RAN), and/or wireless devices 156A and 156B (collectively wireless device(s) 156). The communication network 150 may comprise, and/or a device within the communication network 150 may communicate with (e.g., via CN 152), one or more data networks (DN(s)) 170. These components may be implemented and operate in substantially the same or similar manner as corresponding components described with respect to FIG. 1A.

The CN 152 (e.g., 5G-CN) may provide/configure the wireless device(s) 156 with one or more interfaces to one or more DNs 170, such as public DNs (e.g., the Internet), private DNs, and/or intra-operator DNs. As part of the interface functionality, the CN 152 (e.g., 5G-CN) may set up end-to-end connections between the wireless device(s) 156 and the one or more DNs, authenticate the wireless device(s) 156, and/or provide/configure charging functionality. The CN 152 (e.g., the 5G-CN) may be a service-based architecture, which may differ from other CNs (e.g., such as a 3GPP 4G CN). The architecture of nodes of the CN 152 (e.g., 5G-CN) may be defined as network functions that offer services via interfaces to other network functions. The network functions of the CN 152 (e.g., 5G CN) may be implemented in several ways, for example, as network elements on dedicated or shared hardware, as software instances running on dedicated or shared hardware, and/or as virtualized functions instantiated on a platform (e.g., a cloud-based platform).

The CN 152 (e.g., 5G-CN) may comprise an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) device 158A and/or a User Plane Function (UPF) device 158B, which may be separate components or one component AMF/UPF device 158. The UPF device 158B may serve as a gateway between a RAN 154 (e.g., NG-RAN) and the one or more DNs 170. The UPF device 158B may perform functions, such as: packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection and user plane policy rule enforcement, traffic usage reporting, uplink classification to support routing of traffic flows to the one or more DNs 170, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, uplink/downlink rate enforcement, and uplink traffic verification), downlink packet buffering, and/or downlink data notification triggering. The UPF device 158B may serve as an anchor point for intra-/inter-Radio Access Technology (RAT) mobility, an external protocol (or packet) data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to the one or more DNs, and/or a branching point to support a multi-homed PDU session. The wireless device(s) 156 may be configured to receive services via a PDU session, which may be a logical connection between a wireless device and a DN.

The AMF device 158A may perform functions, such as: Non-Access Stratum (NAS) signaling termination, NAS signaling security, Access Stratum (AS) security control, inter-CN node signaling for mobility between access networks (e.g., 3GPP access networks and/or non-3GPP networks), idle mode wireless device reachability (e.g., idle mode UE reachability for control and execution of paging retransmission), registration area management, intra-system and inter-system mobility support, access authentication, access authorization including checking of roaming rights, mobility management control (e.g., subscription and policies), network slicing support, and/or session management function (SMF) selection. NAS may refer to the functionality operating between a CN and a wireless device, and AS may refer to the functionality operating between a wireless device and a RAN.

The CN 152 (e.g., 5G-CN) may comprise one or more additional network functions that may not be shown in FIG. 1B. The CN 152 (e.g., 5G-CN) may comprise one or more devices implementing at least one of: a Session Management Function (SMF), an NR Repository Function (NRF), a Policy Control Function (PCF), a Network Exposure Function (NEF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), an Authentication Server Function (AUSF), and/or any other function.

The RAN 154 (e.g., NG-RAN) may communicate with the wireless device(s) 156 via radio communications (e.g., an over the air interface). The wireless device(s) 156 may communicate with the CN 152 via the RAN 154. The RAN 154 (e.g., NG-RAN) may comprise one or more first-type base stations (e.g., gNBs comprising a gNB 160A and a gNB 160B (collectively gNBs 160)) and/or one or more second-type base stations (e.g., ng eNBs comprising an ng-eNB 162A and an ng-eNB 162B (collectively ng eNBs 162)). The RAN 154 may comprise one or more of any quantity of types of base station. The gNBs 160 and ng eNBs 162 may be referred to as base stations. The base stations (e.g., the gNBs 160 and ng eNBs 162) may comprise one or more sets of antennas for communicating with the wireless device(s) 156 wirelessly (e.g., an over an air interface). One or more base stations (e.g., the gNBs 160 and/or the ng eNBs 162) may comprise multiple sets of antennas to respectively control multiple cells (or sectors). The cells of the base stations (e.g., the gNBs 160 and the ng-eNBs 162) may provide a radio coverage to the wireless device(s) 156 over a wide geographic area to support wireless device mobility.

The base stations (e.g., the gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162) may be connected to the CN 152 (e.g., 5G CN) via a first interface (e.g., an NG interface) and to other base stations via a second interface (e.g., an Xn interface). The NG and Xn interfaces may be established using direct physical connections and/or indirect connections over an underlying transport network, such as an internet protocol (IP) transport network. The base stations (e.g., the gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162) may communicate with the wireless device(s) 156 via a third interface (e.g., a Uu interface). A base station (e.g., the gNB 160A) may communicate with the wireless device 156A via a Uu interface. The NG, Xn, and Uu interfaces may be associated with a protocol stack. The protocol stacks associated with the interfaces may be used by the network elements shown in FIG. 1B to exchange data and signaling messages. The protocol stacks may comprise two planes: a user plane and a control plane. Any other quantity of planes may be used (e.g., in a protocol stack). The user plane may handle data of interest to a user. The control plane may handle signaling messages of interest to the network elements.

One or more base stations (e.g., the gNBs 160 and/or the ng-eNBs 162) may communicate with one or more AMF/UPF devices, such as the AMF/UPF 158, via one or more interfaces (e.g., NG interfaces). A base station (e.g., the gNB 160A) may be in communication with, and/or connected to, the UPF 158B of the AMF/UPF 158 via an NG-User plane (NG-U) interface. The NG-U interface may provide/perform delivery (e.g., non-guaranteed delivery) of user plane PDUs between a base station (e.g., the gNB 160A) and a UPF device (e.g., the UPF 158B). The base station (e.g., the gNB 160A) may be in communication with, and/or connected to, an AMF device (e.g., the AMF 158A) via an NG-Control plane (NG-C) interface. The NG-C interface may provide/perform, for example, NG interface management, wireless device context management (e.g., UE context management), wireless device mobility management (e.g., UE mobility management), transport of NAS messages, paging, PDU session management, configuration transfer, and/or warning message transmission.

A wireless device may access the base station, via an interface (e.g., Uu interface), for the user plane configuration and the control plane configuration. The base stations (e.g., gNBs 160) may provide user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the wireless device(s) 156 via the Uu interface. A base station (e.g., the gNB 160A) may provide user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the wireless device 156A over a Uu interface associated with a first protocol stack. A base station (e.g., the ng-eNBs 162) may provide Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E UTRA) user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the wireless device(s) 156 via a Uu interface (e.g., where E UTRA may refer to the 3GPP 4G radio-access technology). A base station (e.g., the ng-eNB 162B) may provide E UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the wireless device 156B via a Uu interface associated with a second protocol stack. The user plane and control plane protocol terminations may comprise, for example, NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations, 4G user plane and control plane protocol terminations, etc.

The CN 152 (e.g., 5G-CN) may be configured to handle one or more radio accesses (e.g., NR, 4G, and/or any other radio accesses). It may also be possible for an NR network/device (or any first network/device) to connect to a 4G core network/device (or any second network/device) in a non-standalone mode (e.g., non-standalone operation). In a non-standalone mode/operation, a 4G core network may be used to provide (or at least support) control-plane functionality (e.g., initial access, mobility, and/or paging). Although only one AMF/UPF 158 is shown in FIG. 1B, one or more base stations (e.g., one or more gNBs and/or one or more ng-eNBs) may be connected to multiple AMF/UPF nodes, for example, to provide redundancy and/or to load share across the multiple AMF/UPF nodes.

An interface (e.g., Uu, Xn, and/or NG interfaces) between network elements (e.g., the network elements shown in FIG. 1B) may be associated with a protocol stack that the network elements may use to exchange data and signaling messages. A protocol stack may comprise two planes: a user plane and a control plane. Any other quantity of planes may be used (e.g., in a protocol stack). The user plane may handle data associated with a user (e.g., data of interest to a user). The control plane may handle data associated with one or more network elements (e.g., signaling messages of interest to the network elements).

The communication network 100 in FIG. 1A and/or the communication network 150 in FIG. 1B may comprise any quantity/number and/or type of devices, such as, for example, computing devices, wireless devices, mobile devices, handsets, tablets, laptops, internet of things (IoT) devices, hotspots, cellular repeaters, computing devices, and/or, more generally, user equipment (e.g., UE). Although one or more of the above types of devices may be referenced herein (e.g., UE, wireless device, computing device, etc.), it should be understood that any device herein may comprise any one or more of the above types of devices or similar devices. The communication network, and any other network referenced herein, may comprise an LTE network, a 5G network, a satellite network, and/or any other network for wireless communications (e.g., any 3GPP network and/or any non-3GPP network). Apparatuses, systems, and/or methods described herein may generally be described as implemented on one or more devices (e.g., wireless device, base station, eNB, gNB, computing device, etc.), in one or more networks, but it will be understood that one or more features and steps may be implemented on any device and/or in any network.

FIG. 2A shows an example user plane configuration. The user plane configuration may comprise, for example, an NR user plane protocol stack. FIG. 2B shows an example control plane configuration. The control plane configuration may comprise, for example, an NR control plane protocol stack. One or more of the user plane configuration and/or the control plane configuration may use a Uu interface that may be between a wireless device 210 and a base station 220. The protocol stacks shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B may be substantially the same or similar to those used for the Uu interface between, for example, the wireless device 156A and the base station 160A shown in FIG. 1B.

A user plane configuration (e.g., an NR user plane protocol stack) may comprise multiple layers (e.g., five layers or any other quantity of layers) implemented in the wireless device 210 and the base station 220 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2A). At the bottom of the protocol stack, physical layers (PHYs) 211 and 221 may provide transport services to the higher layers of the protocol stack and may correspond to layer 1 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The protocol layers above PHY 211 may comprise a medium access control layer (MAC) 212, a radio link control layer (RLC) 213, a packet data convergence protocol layer (PDCP) 214, and/or a service data application protocol layer (SDAP) 215. The protocol layers above PHY 221 may comprise a medium access control layer (MAC) 222, a radio link control layer (RLC) 223, a packet data convergence protocol layer (PDCP) 224, and/or a service data application protocol layer (SDAP) 225. One or more of the four protocol layers above PHY 211 may correspond to layer 2, or the data link layer, of the OSI model. One or more of the four protocol layers above PHY 221 may correspond to layer 2, or the data link layer, of the OSI model.

FIG. 3 shows an example of protocol layers. The protocol layers may comprise, for example, protocol layers of the NR user plane protocol stack. One or more services may be provided between protocol layers. SDAPs (e.g., SDAPS 215 and 225 shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 3) may perform Quality of Service (QoS) flow handling. A wireless device (e.g., the wireless devices 106, 156A, 156B, and 210) may receive services through/via a PDU session, which may be a logical connection between the wireless device and a DN. The PDU session may have one or more QoS flows 310. A UPF (e.g., the UPF 158B) of a CN may map IP packets to the one or more QoS flows of the PDU session, for example, based on one or more QoS requirements (e.g., in terms of delay, data rate, error rate, and/or any other quality/service requirement). The SDAPs 215 and 225 may perform mapping/de-mapping between the one or more QoS flows 310 and one or more radio bearers 320 (e.g., data radio bearers). The mapping/de-mapping between the one or more QoS flows 310 and the radio bearers 320 may be determined by the SDAP 225 of the base station 220. The SDAP 215 of the wireless device 210 may be informed of the mapping between the QoS flows 310 and the radio bearers 320 via reflective mapping and/or control signaling received from the base station 220. For reflective mapping, the SDAP 225 of the base station 220 may mark the downlink packets with a QoS flow indicator (QFI), which may be monitored/detected/identified/indicated/observed by the SDAP 215 of the wireless device 210 to determine the mapping/de-mapping between the one or more QoS flows 310 and the radio bearers 320.

PDCPs (e.g., the PDCPs 214 and 224 shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 3) may perform header compression/decompression, for example, to reduce the amount of data that may need to be transmitted over the air interface, ciphering/deciphering to prevent unauthorized decoding of data transmitted over the air interface, and/or integrity protection (e.g., to ensure control messages originate from intended sources). The PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform retransmissions of undelivered packets, in-sequence delivery and reordering of packets, and/or removal of packets received in duplicate due to, for example, a handover (e.g., an intra-gNB handover). The PDCPs 214 and 224 may perform packet duplication, for example, to improve the likelihood of the packet being received. A receiver may receive the packet in duplicate and may remove any duplicate packets. Packet duplication may be useful for certain services, such as services that require high reliability.

The PDCP layers (e.g., PDCPs 214 and 224) may perform mapping/de-mapping between a split radio bearer and RLC channels (e.g., RLC channels 330) (e.g., in a dual connectivity example/configuration). Dual connectivity may refer to a technique that allows a wireless device to communicate with multiple cells (e.g., two cells) or, more generally, multiple cell groups comprising: a master cell group (MCG) and a secondary cell group (SCG). A split bearer may be configured and/or used, for example, if a single radio bearer (e.g., such as one of the radio bearers provided/configured by the PDCPs 214 and 224 as a service to the SDAPs 215 and 225) is handled by cell groups in dual connectivity. The PDCPs 214 and 224 may map/de-map between the split radio bearer and RLC channels 330 belonging to the cell groups.

RLC layers (e.g., RLCs 213 and 223) may perform segmentation, retransmission via Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), and/or removal of duplicate data units received from MAC layers (e.g., MACs 212 and 222, respectively). The RLC layers (e.g., RLCs 213 and 223) may support multiple transmission modes (e.g., three transmission modes: transparent mode (TM); unacknowledged mode (UM); and acknowledged mode (AM)). The RLC layers may perform one or more of the noted functions, for example, based on the transmission mode an RLC layer is operating. The RLC configuration may be per logical channel. The RLC configuration may not depend on numerologies and/or Transmission Time Interval (TTI) durations (or other durations). The RLC layers (e.g., RLCs 213 and 223) may provide/configure RLC channels as a service to the PDCP layers (e.g., PDCPs 214 and 224, respectively), such as shown in FIG. 3.

The MAC layers (e.g., MACs 212 and 222) may perform multiplexing/demultiplexing of logical channels and/or mapping between logical channels and transport channels. The multiplexing/demultiplexing may comprise multiplexing/demultiplexing of data units/data portions, belonging to the one or more logical channels, into/from Transport Blocks (TBs) delivered to/from the PHY layers (e.g., PHYs 211 and 221, respectively). The MAC layer of a base station (e.g., MAC 222) may be configured to perform scheduling, scheduling information reporting, and/or priority handling between wireless devices via dynamic scheduling. Scheduling may be performed by a base station (e.g., the base station 220 at the MAC 222) for downlink/or and uplink. The MAC layers (e.g., MACs 212 and 222) may be configured to perform error correction(s) via Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) (e.g., one HARQ entity per carrier in case of Carrier Aggregation (CA)), priority handling between logical channels of the wireless device 210 via logical channel prioritization and/or padding. The MAC layers (e.g., MACs 212 and 222) may support one or more numerologies and/or transmission timings. Mapping restrictions in a logical channel prioritization may control which numerology and/or transmission timing a logical channel may use. The MAC layers (e.g., the MACs 212 and 222) may provide/configure logical channels 340 as a service to the RLC layers (e.g., the RLCs 213 and 223).

The PHY layers (e.g., PHYs 211 and 221) may perform mapping of transport channels to physical channels and/or digital and analog signal processing functions, for example, for sending and/or receiving information (e.g., via an over the air interface). The digital and/or analog signal processing functions may comprise, for example, coding/decoding and/or modulation/demodulation. The PHY layers (e.g., PHYs 211 and 221) may perform multi-antenna mapping. The PHY layers (e.g., the PHYs 211 and 221) may provide/configure one or more transport channels (e.g., transport channels 350) as a service to the MAC layers (e.g., the MACs 212 and 222, respectively).

FIG. 4A shows an example downlink data flow for a user plane configuration. The user plane configuration may comprise, for example, the NR user plane protocol stack shown in FIG. 2A. One or more TBs may be generated, for example, based on a data flow via a user plane protocol stack. As shown in FIG. 4A, a downlink data flow of three IP packets (n, n+1, and m) via the NR user plane protocol stack may generate two TBs (e.g., at the base station 220). An uplink data flow via the NR user plane protocol stack may be similar to the downlink data flow shown in FIG. 4A. The three IP packets (n, n+1, and m) may be determined from the two TBs, for example, based on the uplink data flow via an NR user plane protocol stack. A first quantity of packets (e.g., three or any other quantity) may be determined from a second quantity of TBs (e.g., two or another quantity).

The downlink data flow may begin, for example, if the SDAP 225 receives the three IP packets (or other quantity of IP packets) from one or more QoS flows and maps the three packets (or other quantity of packets) to radio bearers (e.g., radio bearers 402 and 404). The SDAP 225 may map the IP packets n and n+1 to a first radio bearer 402 and map the IP packet m to a second radio bearer 404. An SDAP header (labeled with “H” preceding each SDAP SDU shown in FIG. 4A) may be added to an IP packet to generate an SDAP PDU, which may be referred to as a PDCP SDU. The data unit transferred from/to a higher protocol layer may be referred to as a service data unit (SDU) of the lower protocol layer, and the data unit transferred to/from a lower protocol layer may be referred to as a protocol data unit (PDU) of the higher protocol layer. As shown in FIG. 4A, the data unit from the SDAP 225 may be an SDU of lower protocol layer PDCP 224 (e.g., PDCP SDU) and may be a PDU of the SDAP 225 (e.g., SDAP PDU).

Each protocol layer (e.g., protocol layers shown in FIG. 4A) or at least some protocol layers may: perform its own function(s) (e.g., one or more functions of each protocol layer described with respect to FIG. 3), add a corresponding header, and/or forward a respective output to the next lower layer (e.g., its respective lower layer). The PDCP 224 may perform an IP-header compression and/or ciphering. The PDCP 224 may forward its output (e.g., a PDCP PDU, which is an RLC SDU) to the RLC 223. The RLC 223 may optionally perform segmentation (e.g., as shown for IP packet m in FIG. 4A). The RLC 223 may forward its outputs (e.g., two RLC PDUs, which are two MAC SDUs, generated by adding respective subheaders to two SDU segments (SDU Segs)) to the MAC 222. The MAC 222 may multiplex a number of RLC PDUs (MAC SDUs). The MAC 222 may attach a MAC subheader to an RLC PDU (MAC SDU) to form a TB. The MAC subheaders may be distributed across the MAC PDU (e.g., in an NR configuration as shown in FIG. 4A). The MAC subheaders may be entirely located at the beginning of a MAC PDU (e.g., in an LTE configuration). The NR MAC PDU structure may reduce a processing time and/or associated latency, for example, if the MAC PDU subheaders are computed before assembling the full MAC PDU.

FIG. 4B shows an example format of a MAC subheader in a MAC PDU. A MAC PDU may comprise a MAC subheader (H) and a MAC SDU. Each of one or more MAC subheaders may comprise an SDU length field for indicating the length (e.g., in bytes) of the MAC SDU to which the MAC subheader corresponds; a logical channel identifier (LCID) field for identifying/indicating the logical channel from which the MAC SDU originated to aid in the demultiplexing process; a flag (F) for indicating the size of the SDU length field; and a reserved bit (R) field for future use.

One or more MAC control elements (CEs) may be added to, or inserted into, the MAC PDU by a MAC layer, such as MAC 223 or MAC 222. As shown in FIG. 4B, two MAC CEs may be inserted/added before two MAC PDUs. The MAC CEs may be inserted/added at the beginning of a MAC PDU for downlink transmissions (as shown in FIG. 4B). One or more MAC CEs may be inserted/added at the end of a MAC PDU for uplink transmissions. MAC CEs may be used for in band control signaling. Example MAC CEs may comprise scheduling-related MAC CEs, such as buffer status reports and power headroom reports; activation/deactivation MAC CEs (e.g., MAC CEs for activation/deactivation of PDCP duplication detection, channel state information (CSI) reporting, sounding reference signal (SRS) transmission, and prior configured components); discontinuous reception (DRX)-related MAC CEs; timing advance MAC CEs; and random access-related MAC CEs. A MAC CE may be preceded by a MAC subheader with a similar format as described for the MAC subheader for MAC SDUs and may be identified with a reserved value in the LCID field that indicates the type of control information included in the corresponding MAC CE.

FIG. 5A shows an example mapping for downlink channels. The mapping for uplink channels may comprise mapping between channels (e.g., logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels) for downlink. FIG. 5B shows an example mapping for uplink channels. The mapping for uplink channels may comprise mapping between channels (e.g., logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels) for uplink. Information may be passed through/via channels between the RLC, the MAC, and the PHY layers of a protocol stack (e.g., the NR protocol stack). A logical channel may be used between the RLC and the MAC layers. The logical channel may be classified/indicated as a control channel that may carry control and/or configuration information (e.g., in the NR control plane), or as a traffic channel that may carry data (e.g., in the NR user plane). A logical channel may be classified/indicated as a dedicated logical channel that may be dedicated to a specific wireless device, and/or as a common logical channel that may be used by more than one wireless device (e.g., a group of wireless devices).

A logical channel may be defined by the type of information it carries. The set of logical channels (e.g., in an NR configuration) may comprise one or more channels described below. A paging control channel (PCCH) may comprise/carry one or more paging messages used to page a wireless device whose location is not known to the network on a cell level. A broadcast control channel (BCCH) may comprise/carry system information messages in the form of a master information block (MIB) and several system information blocks (SIBs). The system information messages may be used by wireless devices to obtain information about how a cell is configured and how to operate within the cell. A common control channel (CCCH) may comprise/carry control messages together with random access. A dedicated control channel (DCCH) may comprise/carry control messages to/from a specific wireless device to configure the wireless device with configuration information. A dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) may comprise/carry user data to/from a specific wireless device.

Transport channels may be used between the MAC and PHY layers. Transport channels may be defined by how the information they carry is sent/transmitted (e.g., via an over the air interface). The set of transport channels (e.g., that may be defined by an NR configuration or any other configuration) may comprise one or more of the following channels. A paging channel (PCH) may comprise/carry paging messages that originated from the PCCH. A broadcast channel (BCH) may comprise/carry the MIB from the BCCH. A downlink shared channel (DL-SCH) may comprise/carry downlink data and signaling messages, including the SIBs from the BCCH. An uplink shared channel (UL-SCH) may comprise/carry uplink data and signaling messages. A random access channel (RACH) may provide a wireless device with an access to the network without any prior scheduling.

The PHY layer may use physical channels to pass/transfer information between processing levels of the PHY layer. A physical channel may have an associated set of time-frequency resources for carrying the information of one or more transport channels. The PHY layer may generate control information to support the low-level operation of the PHY layer. The PHY layer may provide/transfer the control information to the lower levels of the PHY layer via physical control channels (e.g., referred to as L1/L2 control channels). The set of physical channels and physical control channels (e.g., that may be defined by an NR configuration or any other configuration) may comprise one or more of the following channels. A physical broadcast channel (PBCH) may comprise/carry the MIB from the BCH. A physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) may comprise/carry downlink data and signaling messages from the DL-SCH, as well as paging messages from the PCH. A physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) may comprise/carry downlink control information (DCI), which may comprise downlink scheduling commands, uplink scheduling grants, and uplink power control commands. A physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) may comprise/carry uplink data and signaling messages from the UL-SCH and in some instances uplink control information (UCI) as described below. A physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) may comprise/carry UCI, which may comprise HARQ acknowledgments, channel quality indicators (CQI), pre-coding matrix indicators (PMI), rank indicators (RI), and scheduling requests (SR). A physical random access channel (PRACH) may be used for random access.

The physical layer may generate physical signals to support the low-level operation of the physical layer, which may be similar to the physical control channels. As shown in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, the physical layer signals (e.g., that may be defined by an NR configuration or any other configuration) may comprise primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DM-RS), sounding reference signals (SRS), phase-tracking reference signals (PT RS), and/or any other signals.

One or more of the channels (e.g., logical channels, transport channels, physical channels, etc.) may be used to carry out functions associated with the control plan protocol stack (e.g., NR control plane protocol stack). FIG. 2B shows an example control plane configuration (e.g., an NR control plane protocol stack). As shown in FIG. 2B, the control plane configuration (e.g., the NR control plane protocol stack) may use substantially the same/similar one or more protocol layers (e.g., PHY 211 and 221, MAC 212 and 222, RLC 213 and 223, and PDCP 214 and 224) as the example user plane configuration (e.g., the NR user plane protocol stack). Similar four protocol layers may comprise the PHYs 211 and 221, the MACs 212 and 222, the RLCs 213 and 223, and the PDCPs 214 and 224. The control plane configuration (e.g., the NR control plane stack) may have radio resource controls (RRCs) 216 and 226 and NAS protocols 217 and 237 at the top of the control plane configuration (e.g., the NR control plane protocol stack), for example, instead of having the SDAPs 215 and 225. The control plane configuration may comprise an AMF 230 comprising the NAS protocol 237.

The NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionality between the wireless device 210 and the AMF 230 (e.g., the AMF 158A or any other AMF) and/or, more generally, between the wireless device 210 and a CN (e.g., the CN 152 or any other CN). The NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionality between the wireless device 210 and the AMF 230 via signaling messages, referred to as NAS messages. There may be no direct path between the wireless device 210 and the AMF 230 via which the NAS messages may be transported. The NAS messages may be transported using the AS of the Uu and NG interfaces. The NAS protocols 217 and 237 may provide control plane functionality, such as authentication, security, a connection setup, mobility management, session management, and/or any other functionality.

The RRCs 216 and 226 may provide/configure control plane functionality between the wireless device 210 and the base station 220 and/or, more generally, between the wireless device 210 and the RAN (e.g., the base station 220). The RRC layers 216 and 226 may provide/configure control plane functionality between the wireless device 210 and the base station 220 via signaling messages, which may be referred to as RRC messages. The RRC messages may be sent/transmitted between the wireless device 210 and the RAN (e.g., the base station 220) using signaling radio bearers and the same/similar PDCP, RLC, MAC, and PHY protocol layers. The MAC layer may multiplex control-plane and user-plane data into the same TB. The RRC layers 216 and 226 may provide/configure control plane functionality, such as one or more of the following functionalities: broadcast of system information related to AS and NAS; paging initiated by the CN or the RAN; establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the wireless device 210 and the RAN (e.g., the base station 220); security functions including key management; establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of signaling radio bearers and data radio bearers; mobility functions; QoS management functions; wireless device measurement reporting (e.g., the wireless device measurement reporting) and control of the reporting; detection of and recovery from radio link failure (RLF); and/or NAS message transfer. As part of establishing an RRC connection, RRC layers 216 and 226 may establish an RRC context, which may involve configuring parameters for communication between the wireless device 210 and the RAN (e.g., the base station 220).

FIG. 6 shows example RRC states and RRC state transitions. An RRC state of a wireless device may be changed to another RRC state (e.g., RRC state transitions of a wireless device). The wireless device may be substantially the same or similar to the wireless device 106, 210, or any other wireless device. A wireless device may be in at least one of a plurality of states, such as three RRC states comprising RRC connected 602 (e.g., RRC_CONNECTED), RRC idle 606 (e.g., RRC_IDLE), and RRC inactive 604 (e.g., RRC_INACTIVE). The RRC inactive 604 may be RRC connected but inactive.

An RRC connection may be established for the wireless device. For example, this may be during an RRC connected state. During the RRC connected state (e.g., during the RRC connected 602), the wireless device may have an established RRC context and may have at least one RRC connection with a base station. The base station may be similar to one of the one or more base stations (e.g., one or more base stations of the RAN 104 shown in FIG. 1A, one of the gNBs 160 or ng-eNBs 162 shown in FIG. 1B, the base station 220 shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, or any other base stations). The base station with which the wireless device is connected (e.g., has established an RRC connection) may have the RRC context for the wireless device. The RRC context, which may be referred to as a wireless device context (e.g., the UE context), may comprise parameters for communication between the wireless device and the base station. These parameters may comprise, for example, one or more of: AS contexts; radio link configuration parameters; bearer configuration information (e.g., relating to a data radio bearer, a signaling radio bearer, a logical channel, a QoS flow, and/or a PDU session); security information; and/or layer configuration information (e.g., PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, and/or SDAP layer configuration information). During the RRC connected state (e.g., the RRC connected 602), mobility of the wireless device may be managed/controlled by a RAN (e.g., the RAN 104 or the NG RAN 154). The wireless device may measure received signal levels (e.g., reference signal levels, reference signal received power, reference signal received quality, received signal strength indicator, etc.) based on one or more signals sent from a serving cell and neighboring cells. The wireless device may report these measurements to a serving base station (e.g., the base station currently serving the wireless device). The serving base station of the wireless device may request a handover to a cell of one of the neighboring base stations, for example, based on the reported measurements. The RRC state may transition from the RRC connected state (e.g., RRC connected 602) to an RRC idle state (e.g., the RRC idle 606) via a connection release procedure 608. The RRC state may transition from the RRC connected state (e.g., RRC connected 602) to the RRC inactive state (e.g., RRC inactive 604) via a connection inactivation procedure 610.

An RRC context may not be established for the wireless device. For example, this may be during the RRC idle state. During the RRC idle state (e.g., the RRC idle 606), an RRC context may not be established for the wireless device. During the RRC idle state (e.g., the RRC idle 606), the wireless device may not have an RRC connection with the base station. During the RRC idle state (e.g., the RRC idle 606), the wireless device may be in a sleep state for the majority of the time (e.g., to conserve battery power). The wireless device may wake up periodically (e.g., each discontinuous reception (DRX) cycle) to monitor for paging messages (e.g., paging messages set from the RAN). Mobility of the wireless device may be managed by the wireless device via a procedure of a cell reselection. The RRC state may transition from the RRC idle state (e.g., the RRC idle 606) to the RRC connected state (e.g., the RRC connected 602) via a connection establishment procedure 612, which may involve a random access procedure.

A previously established RRC context may be maintained for the wireless device. For example, this may be during the RRC inactive state. During the RRC inactive state (e.g., the RRC inactive 604), the RRC context previously established may be maintained in the wireless device and the base station. The maintenance of the RRC context may enable/allow a fast transition to the RRC connected state (e.g., the RRC connected 602) with reduced signaling overhead as compared to the transition from the RRC idle state (e.g., the RRC idle 606) to the RRC connected state (e.g., the RRC connected 602). During the RRC inactive state (e.g., the RRC inactive 604), the wireless device may be in a sleep state and mobility of the wireless device may be managed/controlled by the wireless device via a cell reselection. The RRC state may transition from the RRC inactive state (e.g., the RRC inactive 604) to the RRC connected state (e.g., the RRC connected 602) via a connection resume procedure 614. The RRC state may transition from the RRC inactive state (e.g., the RRC inactive 604) to the RRC idle state (e.g., the RRC idle 606) via a connection release procedure 616 that may be the same as or similar to connection release procedure 608.

An RRC state may be associated with a mobility management mechanism. During the RRC idle state (e.g., RRC idle 606) and the RRC inactive state (e.g., the RRC inactive 604), mobility may be managed/controlled by the wireless device via a cell reselection. The purpose of mobility management during the RRC idle state (e.g., the RRC idle 606) or during the RRC inactive state (e.g., the RRC inactive 604) may be to enable/allow the network to be able to notify the wireless device of an event via a paging message without having to broadcast the paging message over the entire mobile communications network. The mobility management mechanism used during the RRC idle state (e.g., the RRC idle 606) or during the RRC idle state (e.g., the RRC inactive 604) may enable/allow the network to track the wireless device on a cell-group level, for example, so that the paging message may be broadcast over the cells of the cell group that the wireless device currently resides within (e.g. instead of sending the paging message over the entire mobile communication network). The mobility management mechanisms for the RRC idle state (e.g., the RRC idle 606) and the RRC inactive state (e.g., the RRC inactive 604) may track the wireless device on a cell-group level. The mobility management mechanisms may do the tracking, for example, using different granularities of grouping. There may be a plurality of levels of cell-grouping granularity (e.g., three levels of cell-grouping granularity: individual cells; cells within a RAN area identified by a RAN area identifier (RAI); and cells within a group of RAN areas, referred to as a tracking area and identified by a tracking area identifier (TAI)).

Tracking areas may be used to track the wireless device (e.g., tracking the location of the wireless device at the CN level). The CN (e.g., the CN 102, the 5G CN 152, or any other CN) may send to the wireless device a list of TAIs associated with a wireless device registration area (e.g., a UE registration area). A wireless device may perform a registration update with the CN to allow the CN to update the location of the wireless device and provide the wireless device with a new wireless device registration area, for example, if the wireless device moves (e.g., via a cell reselection) to a cell associated with a TAI that may not be included in the list of TAIs associated with the wireless device registration area.

RAN areas may be used to track the wireless device (e.g., the location of the wireless device at the RAN level). For a wireless device in an RRC inactive state (e.g., the RRC inactive 604), the wireless device may be assigned/provided/configured with a RAN notification area. A RAN notification area may comprise one or more cell identities (e.g., a list of RAIs and/or a list of TAIs). A base station may belong to one or more RAN notification areas. A cell may belong to one or more RAN notification areas. A wireless device may perform a notification area update with the RAN to update the RAN notification area of the wireless device, for example, if the wireless device moves (e.g., via a cell reselection) to a cell not included in the RAN notification area assigned/provided/configured to the wireless device.

A base station storing an RRC context for a wireless device or a last serving base station of the wireless device may be referred to as an anchor base station. An anchor base station may maintain an RRC context for the wireless device at least during a period of time that the wireless device stays in a RAN notification area of the anchor base station and/or during a period of time that the wireless device stays in an RRC inactive state (e.g., RRC inactive 604).

A base station (e.g., gNBs 160 in FIG. 1B or any other base station) may be split in two parts: a central unit (e.g., a base station central unit, such as a gNB CU) and one or more distributed units (e.g., a base station distributed unit, such as a gNB DU). A base station central unit (CU) may be coupled to one or more base station distributed units (DUs) using an F1 interface (e.g., an F1 interface defined in an NR configuration). The base station CU may comprise the RRC, the PDCP, and the SDAP layers. A base station distributed unit (DU) may comprise the RLC, the MAC, and the PHY layers.

The physical signals and physical channels (e.g., described with respect to FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B) may be mapped onto one or more symbols (e.g., orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing (OFDM) symbols in an NR configuration or any other symbols). OFDM is a multicarrier communication scheme that sends/transmits data over F orthogonal subcarriers (or tones). The data may be mapped to a series of complex symbols (e.g., M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) symbols or M-phase shift keying (M PSK) symbols or any other modulated symbols), referred to as source symbols, and divided into F parallel symbol streams, for example, before transmission of the data. The F parallel symbol streams may be treated as if they are in the frequency domain. The F parallel symbols may be used as inputs to an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) block that transforms them into the time domain. The IFFT block may take in F source symbols at a time, one from each of the F parallel symbol streams. The IFFT block may use each source symbol to modulate the amplitude and phase of one of F sinusoidal basis functions that correspond to the F orthogonal subcarriers. The output of the IFFT block may be F time-domain samples that represent the summation of the F orthogonal subcarriers. The F time-domain samples may form a single OFDM symbol. An OFDM symbol provided/output by the IFFT block may be sent/transmitted over the air interface on a carrier frequency, for example, after one or more processes (e.g., addition of a cyclic prefix) and up-conversion. The F parallel symbol streams may be mixed, for example, using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) block before being processed by the IFFT block. This operation may produce Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)-precoded OFDM symbols and may be used by one or more wireless devices in the uplink to reduce the peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Inverse processing may be performed on the OFDM symbol at a receiver using an FFT block to recover the data mapped to the source symbols.

FIG. 7 shows an example configuration of a frame. The frame may comprise, for example, an NR radio frame into which OFDM symbols may be grouped. A frame (e.g., an NR radio frame) may be identified/indicated by a system frame number (SFN) or any other value. The SFN may repeat with a period of 1024 frames. One NR frame may be 10 milliseconds (ms) in duration and may comprise 10 subframes that are 1 ms in duration. A subframe may be divided into one or more slots (e.g., depending on numerologies and/or different subcarrier spacings). Each of the one or more slots may comprise, for example, 14 OFDM symbols per slot. Any quantity of symbols, slots, or duration may be used for any time interval.

The duration of a slot may depend on the numerology used for the OFDM symbols of the slot. A flexible numerology may be supported, for example, to accommodate different deployments (e.g., cells with carrier frequencies below 1 GHz up to cells with carrier frequencies in the mm-wave range). A flexible numerology may be supported, for example, in an NR configuration or any other radio configurations. A numerology may be defined in terms of subcarrier spacing and/or cyclic prefix duration. Subcarrier spacings may be scaled up by powers of two from a baseline subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz. Cyclic prefix durations may be scaled down by powers of two from a baseline cyclic prefix duration of 4.7 μs, for example, for a numerology in an NR configuration or any other radio configurations. Numerologies may be defined with the following subcarrier spacing/cyclic prefix duration combinations: 15 kHz/4.7 μs; 30 kHz/2.3 μs; 60 kHz/1.2 μs; 120 kHz/0.59 μs; 240 kHz/0.29 μs, and/or any other subcarrier spacing/cyclic prefix duration combinations.

A slot may have a fixed number/quantity of OFDM symbols (e.g., 14 OFDM symbols). A numerology with a higher subcarrier spacing may have a shorter slot duration and more slots per subframe. Examples of numerology-dependent slot duration and slots-per-subframe transmission structure are shown in FIG. 7 (the numerology with a subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz is not shown in FIG. 7). A subframe (e.g., in an NR configuration) may be used as a numerology-independent time reference. A slot may be used as the unit upon which uplink and downlink transmissions are scheduled. Scheduling (e.g., in an NR configuration) may be decoupled from the slot duration. Scheduling may start at any OFDM symbol. Scheduling may last for as many symbols as needed for a transmission, for example, to support low latency. These partial slot transmissions may be referred to as mini-slot or sub-slot transmissions.

FIG. 8 shows an example resource configuration of one or more carriers. The resource configuration of may comprise a slot in the time and frequency domain for an NR carrier or any other carrier. The slot may comprise resource elements (REs) and resource blocks (RBs). A resource element (RE) may be the smallest physical resource (e.g., in an NR configuration). An RE may span one OFDM symbol in the time domain by one subcarrier in the frequency domain, such as shown in FIG. 8. An RB may span twelve consecutive REs in the frequency domain, such as shown in FIG. 8. A carrier (e.g., an NR carrier) may be limited to a width of a certain quantity of RBs and/or subcarriers (e.g., 275 RBs or 275×12=3300 subcarriers). Such limitation(s), if used, may limit the carrier (e.g., NR carrier) frequency based on subcarrier spacing (e.g., carrier frequency of 50, 100, 200, and 400 MHz for subcarrier spacings of 15, 30, 60, and 120 kHz, respectively). A 400 MHz bandwidth may be set based on a 400 MHz per carrier bandwidth limit. Any other bandwidth may be set based on a per carrier bandwidth limit.

A single numerology may be used across the entire bandwidth of a carrier (e.g., an NR such as shown in FIG. 8). In other example configurations, multiple numerologies may be supported on the same carrier. NR and/or other access technologies may support wide carrier bandwidths (e.g., up to 400 MHz for a subcarrier spacing of 120 kHz). Not all wireless devices may be able to receive the full carrier bandwidth (e.g., due to hardware limitations and/or different wireless device capabilities). Receiving and/or utilizing the full carrier bandwidth may be prohibitive, for example, in terms of wireless device power consumption. A wireless device may adapt the size of the receive bandwidth of the wireless device, for example, based on the amount of traffic the wireless device is scheduled to receive (e.g., to reduce power consumption and/or for other purposes). Such an adaptation may be referred to as bandwidth adaptation.

Configuration of one or more bandwidth parts (BWPs) may support one or more wireless devices not capable of receiving the full carrier bandwidth. BWPs may support bandwidth adaptation, for example, for such wireless devices not capable of receiving the full carrier bandwidth. A BWP (e.g., a BWP of an NR configuration) may be defined by a subset of contiguous RBs on a carrier. A wireless device may be configured (e.g., via an RRC layer) with one or more downlink BWPs per serving cell and one or more uplink BWPs per serving cell (e.g., up to four downlink BWPs per serving cell and up to four uplink BWPs per serving cell). One or more of the configured BWPs for a serving cell may be active, for example, at a given time. The one or more BWPs may be referred to as active BWPs of the serving cell. A serving cell may have one or more first active BWPs in the uplink carrier and one or more second active BWPs in the secondary uplink carrier, for example, if the serving cell is configured with a secondary uplink carrier.

A downlink BWP from a set of configured downlink BWPs may be linked with an uplink BWP from a set of configured uplink BWPs (e.g., for unpaired spectra). A downlink BWP and an uplink BWP may be linked, for example, if a downlink BWP index of the downlink BWP and an uplink BWP index of the uplink BWP are the same. A wireless device may expect that the center frequency for a downlink BWP is the same as the center frequency for an uplink BWP (e.g., for unpaired spectra).

A base station may configure a wireless device with one or more control resource sets (CORESETs) for at least one search space. The base station may configure the wireless device with one or more CORESETS, for example, for a downlink BWP in a set of configured downlink BWPs on a primary cell (PCell) or on a secondary cell (SCell). A search space may comprise a set of locations in the time and frequency domains where the wireless device may monitor/find/detect/identify control information. The search space may be a wireless device-specific search space (e.g., a UE-specific search space) or a common search space (e.g., potentially usable by a plurality of wireless devices or a group of wireless user devices). A base station may configure a group of wireless devices with a common search space, on a PCell or on a primary secondary cell (PSCell), in an active downlink BWP.

A base station may configure a wireless device with one or more resource sets for one or more PUCCH transmissions, for example, for an uplink BWP in a set of configured uplink BWPs. A wireless device may receive downlink receptions (e.g., PDCCH or PDSCH) in a downlink BWP, for example, according to a configured numerology (e.g., a configured subcarrier spacing and/or a configured cyclic prefix duration) for the downlink BWP. The wireless device may send/transmit uplink transmissions (e.g., PUCCH or PUSCH) in an uplink BWP, for example, according to a configured numerology (e.g., a configured subcarrier spacing and/or a configured cyclic prefix length for the uplink BWP).

One or more BWP indicator fields may be provided/comprised in Downlink Control Information (DCI). A value of a BWP indicator field may indicate which BWP in a set of configured BWPs is an active downlink BWP for one or more downlink receptions. The value of the one or more BWP indicator fields may indicate an active uplink BWP for one or more uplink transmissions.

A base station may semi-statically configure a wireless device with a default downlink BWP within a set of configured downlink BWPs associated with a PCell. A default downlink BWP may be an initial active downlink BWP, for example, if the base station does not provide/configure a default downlink BWP to/for the wireless device. The wireless device may determine which BWP is the initial active downlink BWP, for example, based on a CORESET configuration obtained using the PBCH.

A base station may configure a wireless device with a BWP inactivity timer value for a PCell. The wireless device may start or restart a BWP inactivity timer at any appropriate time. The wireless device may start or restart the BWP inactivity timer, for example, if one or more conditions are satisfied. The one or more conditions may comprise at least one of: the wireless device detects DCI indicating an active downlink BWP other than a default downlink BWP for a paired spectra operation; the wireless device detects DCI indicating an active downlink BWP other than a default downlink BWP for an unpaired spectra operation; and/or the wireless device detects DCI indicating an active uplink BWP other than a default uplink BWP for an unpaired spectra operation. The wireless device may start/run the BWP inactivity timer toward expiration (e.g., increment from zero to the BWP inactivity timer value, or decrement from the BWP inactivity timer value to zero), for example, if the wireless device does not detect DCI during a time interval (e.g., 1 ms or 0.5 ms). The wireless device may switch from the active downlink BWP to the default downlink BWP, for example, if the BWP inactivity timer expires.

A base station may semi-statically configure a wireless device with one or more BWPs. A wireless device may switch an active BWP from a first BWP to a second BWP, for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) receiving DCI indicating the second BWP as an active BWP. A wireless device may switch an active BWP from a first BWP to a second BWP, for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) an expiry of the BWP inactivity timer (e.g., if the second BWP is the default BWP).

A downlink BWP switching may refer to switching an active downlink BWP from a first downlink BWP to a second downlink BWP (e.g., the second downlink BWP is activated and the first downlink BWP is deactivated). An uplink BWP switching may refer to switching an active uplink BWP from a first uplink BWP to a second uplink BWP (e.g., the second uplink BWP is activated and the first uplink BWP is deactivated). Downlink and uplink BWP switching may be performed independently (e.g., in paired spectrum/spectra). Downlink and uplink BWP switching may be performed simultaneously (e.g., in unpaired spectrum/spectra). Switching between configured BWPs may occur, for example, based on RRC signaling, DCI signaling, expiration of a BWP inactivity timer, and/or an initiation of random access.

FIG. 9 shows an example of configured BWPs. Bandwidth adaptation using multiple BWPs (e.g., three configured BWPs for an NR carrier) may be available. A wireless device configured with multiple BWPs (e.g., the three BWPs) may switch from one BWP to another BWP at a switching point. The BWPs may comprise: a BWP 902 having a bandwidth of 40 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; a BWP 904 having a bandwidth of 10 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; and a BWP 906 having a bandwidth of 20 MHz and a subcarrier spacing of 60 kHz. The BWP 902 may be an initial active BWP, and the BWP 904 may be a default BWP. The wireless device may switch between BWPs at switching points. The wireless device may switch from the BWP 902 to the BWP 904 at a switching point 908. The switching at the switching point 908 may occur for any suitable reasons. The switching at a switching point 908 may occur, for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) an expiry of a BWP inactivity timer (e.g., indicating switching to the default BWP). The switching at the switching point 908 may occur, for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) receiving DCI indicating BWP 904 as the active BWP. The wireless device may switch at a switching point 910 from an active BWP 904 to the BWP 906, for example, after or in response to receiving DCI indicating BWP 906 as a new active BWP. The wireless device may switch at a switching point 912 from an active BWP 906 to the BWP 904, for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) an expiry of a BWP inactivity timer. The wireless device may switch at the switching point 912 from an active BWP 906 to the BWP 904, for example, after or in response to receiving DCI indicating BWP 904 as a new active BWP. The wireless device may switch at a switching point 914 from an active BWP 904 to the BWP 902, for example, after or in response to receiving DCI indicating the BWP 902 as a new active BWP.

Wireless device procedures for switching BWPs on a secondary cell may be the same/similar as those on a primary cell, for example, if the wireless device is configured for a secondary cell with a default downlink BWP in a set of configured downlink BWPs and a timer value. The wireless device may use the timer value and the default downlink BWP for the secondary cell in the same/similar manner as the wireless device uses the timer value and/or default BWPs for a primary cell. The timer value (e.g., the BWP inactivity timer) may be configured per cell (e.g., for one or more BWPs), for example, via RRC signaling or any other signaling. One or more active BWPs may switch to another BWP, for example, based on an expiration of the BWP inactivity timer.

Two or more carriers may be aggregated and data may be simultaneously sent/transmitted to/from the same wireless device using carrier aggregation (CA) (e.g., to increase data rates). The aggregated carriers in CA may be referred to as component carriers (CCs). There may be a number/quantity of serving cells for the wireless device (e.g., one serving cell for a CC), for example, if CA is configured/used. The CCs may have multiple configurations in the frequency domain.

FIG. 10A shows example CA configurations based on CCs. As shown in FIG. 10A, three types of CA configurations may comprise an intraband (contiguous) configuration 1002, an intraband (non-contiguous) configuration 1004, and/or an interband configuration 1006. In the intraband (contiguous) configuration 1002, two CCs may be aggregated in the same frequency band (frequency band A) and may be located directly adjacent to each other within the frequency band. In the intraband (non-contiguous) configuration 1004, two CCs may be aggregated in the same frequency band (frequency band A) but may be separated from each other in the frequency band by a gap. In the interband configuration 1006, two CCs may be located in different frequency bands (e.g., frequency band A and frequency band B, respectively).

A network may set the maximum quantity of CCs that can be aggregated (e.g., up to 32 CCs may be aggregated in NR, or any other quantity may be aggregated in other systems). The aggregated CCs may have the same or different bandwidths, subcarrier spacing, and/or duplexing schemes (TDD, FDD, or any other duplexing schemes). A serving cell for a wireless device using CA may have a downlink CC. One or more uplink CCs may be optionally configured for a serving cell (e.g., for FDD). The ability to aggregate more downlink carriers than uplink carriers may be useful, for example, if the wireless device has more data traffic in the downlink than in the uplink.

One of the aggregated cells for a wireless device may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell), for example, if a CA is configured. The PCell may be the serving cell that the wireless initially connects to or access to, for example, during or at an RRC connection establishment, an RRC connection reestablishment, and/or a handover. The PCell may provide/configure the wireless device with NAS mobility information and the security input. Wireless device may have different PCells. For the downlink, the carrier corresponding to the PCell may be referred to as the downlink primary CC (DL PCC). For the uplink, the carrier corresponding to the PCell may be referred to as the uplink primary CC (UL PCC). The other aggregated cells (e.g., associated with CCs other than the DL PCC and UL PCC) for the wireless device may be referred to as secondary cells (SCells). The SCells may be configured, for example, after the PCell is configured for the wireless device. An SCell may be configured via an RRC connection reconfiguration procedure. For the downlink, the carrier corresponding to an SCell may be referred to as a downlink secondary CC (DL SCC). For the uplink, the carrier corresponding to the SCell may be referred to as the uplink secondary CC (UL SCC).

Configured SCells for a wireless device may be activated or deactivated, for example, based on traffic and channel conditions. Deactivation of an SCell may cause the wireless device to stop PDCCH and PDSCH reception on the SCell and PUSCH, SRS, and CQI transmissions on the SCell. Configured SCells may be activated or deactivated, for example, using a MAC CE (e.g., the MAC CE described with respect to FIG. 4B). A MAC CE may use a bitmap (e.g., one bit per SCell) to indicate which SCells (e.g., in a subset of configured SCells) for the wireless device are activated or deactivated. Configured SCells may be deactivated, for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) an expiration of an SCell deactivation timer (e.g., one SCell deactivation timer per SCell may be configured).

DCI may comprise control information, such as scheduling assignments and scheduling grants, for a cell. DCI may be sent/transmitted via the cell corresponding to the scheduling assignments and/or scheduling grants, which may be referred to as a self-scheduling. DCI comprising control information for a cell may be sent/transmitted via another cell, which may be referred to as a cross-carrier scheduling. Uplink control information (UCI) may comprise control information, such as HARQ acknowledgments and channel state feedback (e.g., CQI, PMI, and/or RI) for aggregated cells. UCI may be sent/transmitted via an uplink control channel (e.g., a PUCCH) of the PCell or a certain SCell (e.g., an SCell configured with PUCCH). For a larger number of aggregated downlink CCs, the PUCCH of the PCell may become overloaded. Cells may be divided into multiple PUCCH groups.

FIG. 10B shows example group of cells. Aggregated cells may be configured into one or more PUCCH groups (e.g., as shown in FIG. 10B). One or more cell groups or one or more uplink control channel groups (e.g., a PUCCH group 1010 and a PUCCH group 1050) may comprise one or more downlink CCs, respectively. The PUCCH group 1010 may comprise one or more downlink CCs, for example, three downlink CCs: a PCell 1011 (e.g., a DL PCC), an SCell 1012 (e.g., a DL SCC), and an SCell 1013 (e.g., a DL SCC). The PUCCH group 1050 may comprise one or more downlink CCs, for example, three downlink CCs: a PUCCH SCell (or PSCell) 1051 (e.g., a DL SCC), an SCell 1052 (e.g., a DL SCC), and an SCell 1053 (e.g., a DL SCC). One or more uplink CCs of the PUCCH group 1010 may be configured as a PCell 1021 (e.g., a UL PCC), an SCell 1022 (e.g., a UL SCC), and an SCell 1023 (e.g., a UL SCC). One or more uplink CCs of the PUCCH group 1050 may be configured as a PUCCH SCell (or PSCell) 1061 (e.g., a UL SCC), an SCell 1062 (e.g., a UL SCC), and an SCell 1063 (e.g., a UL SCC). UCI related to the downlink CCs of the PUCCH group 1010, shown as UCI 1031, UCI 1032, and UCI 1033, may be sent/transmitted via the uplink of the PCell 1021 (e.g., via the PUCCH of the PCell 1021). UCI related to the downlink CCs of the PUCCH group 1050, shown as UCI 1071, UCI 1072, and UCI 1073, may be sent/transmitted via the uplink of the PUCCH SCell (or PSCell) 1061 (e.g., via the PUCCH of the PUCCH SCell 1061). A single uplink PCell may be configured to send/transmit UCI relating to the six downlink CCs, for example, if the aggregated cells shown in FIG. 10B are not divided into the PUCCH group 1010 and the PUCCH group 1050. The PCell 1021 may become overloaded, for example, if the UCIs 1031, 1032, 1033, 1071, 1072, and 1073 are sent/transmitted via the PCell 1021. By dividing transmissions of UCI between the PCell 1021 and the PUCCH SCell (or PSCell) 1061, overloading may be prevented and/or reduced.

A PCell may comprise a downlink carrier (e.g., the PCell 1011) and an uplink carrier (e.g., the PCell 1021). An SCell may comprise only a downlink carrier. A cell, comprising a downlink carrier and optionally an uplink carrier, may be assigned with a physical cell ID and a cell index. The physical cell ID or the cell index may indicate/identify a downlink carrier and/or an uplink carrier of the cell, for example, depending on the context in which the physical cell ID is used. A physical cell ID may be determined, for example, using a synchronization signal (e.g., PSS and/or SSS) sent/transmitted via a downlink component carrier. A cell index may be determined, for example, using one or more RRC messages. A physical cell ID may be referred to as a carrier ID, and a cell index may be referred to as a carrier index. A first physical cell ID for a first downlink carrier may refer to the first physical cell ID for a cell comprising the first downlink carrier. Substantially the same/similar concept may apply to, for example, a carrier activation. Activation of a first carrier may refer to activation of a cell comprising the first carrier.

A multi-carrier nature of a PHY layer may be exposed/indicated to a MAC layer (e.g., in a CA configuration). A HARQ entity may operate on a serving cell. A transport block may be generated per assignment/grant per serving cell. A transport block and potential HARQ retransmissions of the transport block may be mapped to a serving cell.

For the downlink, a base station may send/transmit (e.g., unicast, multicast, and/or broadcast), to one or more wireless devices, one or more reference signals (RSs) (e.g., PSS, SSS, CSI-RS, DM-RS, and/or PT-RS). For the uplink, the one or more wireless devices may send/transmit one or more RSs to the base station (e.g., DM-RS, PT-RS, and/or SRS). The PSS and the SSS may be sent/transmitted by the base station and used by the one or more wireless devices to synchronize the one or more wireless devices with the base station. A synchronization signal (SS)/physical broadcast channel (PBCH) block may comprise the PSS, the SSS, and the PBCH. The base station may periodically send/transmit a burst of SS/PBCH blocks, which may be referred to as SSBs.

FIG. 11A shows an example mapping of one or more SS/PBCH blocks. A burst of SS/PBCH blocks may comprise one or more SS/PBCH blocks (e.g., 4 SS/PBCH blocks, as shown in FIG. 11A). Bursts may be sent/transmitted periodically (e.g., every 2 frames, 20 ms, or any other durations). A burst may be restricted to a half-frame (e.g., a first half-frame having a duration of 5 ms). Such parameters (e.g., the number of SS/PBCH blocks per burst, periodicity of bursts, position of the burst within the frame) may be configured, for example, based on at least one of: a carrier frequency of a cell in which the SS/PBCH block is sent/transmitted; a numerology or subcarrier spacing of the cell; a configuration by the network (e.g., using RRC signaling); and/or any other suitable factor(s). A wireless device may assume a subcarrier spacing for the SS/PBCH block based on the carrier frequency being monitored, for example, unless the radio network configured the wireless device to assume a different subcarrier spacing.

The SS/PBCH block may span one or more OFDM symbols in the time domain (e.g., 4 OFDM symbols, as shown in FIG. 11A or any other quantity/number of symbols) and may span one or more subcarriers in the frequency domain (e.g., 240 contiguous subcarriers or any other quantity/number of subcarriers). The PSS, the SSS, and the PBCH may have a common center frequency. The PSS may be sent/transmitted first and may span, for example, 1 OFDM symbol and 127 subcarriers. The SSS may be sent/transmitted after the PSS (e.g., two symbols later) and may span 1 OFDM symbol and 127 subcarriers. The PBCH may be sent/transmitted after the PSS (e.g., across the next 3 OFDM symbols) and may span 240 subcarriers (e.g., in the second and fourth OFDM symbols as shown in FIG. 11A) and/or may span fewer than 240 subcarriers (e.g., in the third OFDM symbols as shown in FIG. 11A).

The location of the SS/PBCH block in the time and frequency domains may not be known to the wireless device (e.g., if the wireless device is searching for the cell). The wireless device may monitor a carrier for the PSS, for example, to find and select the cell. The wireless device may monitor a frequency location within the carrier. The wireless device may search for the PSS at a different frequency location within the carrier, for example, if the PSS is not found after a certain duration (e.g., 20 ms). The wireless device may search for the PSS at a different frequency location within the carrier, for example, as indicated by a synchronization raster. The wireless device may determine the locations of the SSS and the PBCH, respectively, for example, based on a known structure of the SS/PBCH block if the PSS is found at a location in the time and frequency domains. The SS/PBCH block may be a cell-defining SS block (CD-SSB). A primary cell may be associated with a CD-SSB. The CD-SSB may be located on a synchronization raster. A cell selection/search and/or reselection may be based on the CD-SSB.

The SS/PBCH block may be used by the wireless device to determine one or more parameters of the cell. The wireless device may determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) of the cell, for example, based on the sequences of the PSS and the SSS, respectively. A person of ordinarily skill in the art would readily understand that PCI may be used to refer to a physical cell identifier and/or a physical cell identity. Accordingly, while PCI herein is used to refer to physical cell identifier, PCI herein may additionally or alternatively refer to a physical cell identity. The wireless device may determine a location of a frame boundary of the cell, for example, based on the location of the SS/PBCH block. The SS/PBCH block may indicate that it has been sent/transmitted in accordance with a transmission pattern. An SS/PBCH block in the transmission pattern may be a known distance from the frame boundary (e.g., a predefined distance for a RAN configuration among one or more networks, one or more base stations, and one or more wireless devices).

The PBCH may use a QPSK modulation and/or forward error correction (FEC). The FEC may use polar coding. One or more symbols spanned by the PBCH may comprise/carry one or more DM-RSs for demodulation of the PBCH. The PBCH may comprise an indication of a current system frame number (SFN) of the cell and/or a SS/PBCH block timing index. These parameters may facilitate time synchronization of the wireless device to the base station. The PBCH may comprise a MIB used to send/transmit to the wireless device one or more parameters. The MIB may be used by the wireless device to locate remaining minimum system information (RMSI) associated with the cell. The RMSI may comprise a System Information Block Type 1 (SIB1). The SIB1 may comprise information for the wireless device to access the cell. The wireless device may use one or more parameters of the MIB to monitor a PDCCH, which may be used to schedule a PDSCH. The PDSCH may comprise the SIB1. The SIB1 may be decoded using parameters provided/comprised in the MIB. The PBCH may indicate an absence of SIB1. The wireless device may be pointed to a frequency, for example, based on the PBCH indicating the absence of SIB1. The wireless device may search for an SS/PBCH block at the frequency to which the wireless device is pointed.

The wireless device may assume that one or more SS/PBCH blocks sent/transmitted with a same SS/PBCH block index are quasi co-located (QCLed) (e.g., having substantially the same/similar Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average gain, average delay, and/or spatial Rx parameters). The wireless device may not assume QCL for SS/PBCH block transmissions having different SS/PBCH block indexes. SS/PBCH blocks (e.g., those within a half-frame) may be sent/transmitted in spatial directions (e.g., using different beams that span a coverage area of the cell). A first SS/PBCH block may be sent/transmitted in a first spatial direction using a first beam, a second SS/PBCH block may be sent/transmitted in a second spatial direction using a second beam, a third SS/PBCH block may be sent/transmitted in a third spatial direction using a third beam, a fourth SS/PBCH block may be sent/transmitted in a fourth spatial direction using a fourth beam, etc.

A base station may send/transmit a plurality of SS/PBCH blocks, for example, within a frequency span of a carrier. A first PCI of a first SS/PBCH block of the plurality of SS/PBCH blocks may be different from a second PCI of a second SS/PBCH block of the plurality of SS/PBCH blocks. The PCIs of SS/PBCH blocks sent/transmitted in different frequency locations may be different or substantially the same.

The CSI-RS may be sent/transmitted by the base station and used by the wireless device to acquire/obtain/determine channel state information (CSI). The base station may configure the wireless device with one or more CSI-RSs for channel estimation or any other suitable purpose. The base station may configure a wireless device with one or more of the same/similar CSI-RSs. The wireless device may measure the one or more CSI-RSs. The wireless device may estimate a downlink channel state and/or generate a CSI report, for example, based on the measuring of the one or more downlink CSI-RSs. The wireless device may send/transmit the CSI report to the base station (e.g., based on periodic CSI reporting, semi-persistent CSI reporting, and/or aperiodic CSI reporting). The base station may use feedback provided by the wireless device (e.g., the estimated downlink channel state) to perform a link adaptation.

The base station may semi-statically configure the wireless device with one or more CSI-RS resource sets. A CSI-RS resource may be associated with a location in the time and frequency domains and a periodicity. The base station may selectively activate and/or deactivate a CSI-RS resource. The base station may indicate to the wireless device that a CSI-RS resource in the CSI-RS resource set is activated and/or deactivated.

The base station may configure the wireless device to report CSI measurements. The base station may configure the wireless device to provide CSI reports periodically, aperiodically, or semi-persistently. For periodic CSI reporting, the wireless device may be configured with a timing and/or periodicity of a plurality of CSI reports. For aperiodic CSI reporting, the base station may request a CSI report. The base station may command the wireless device to measure a configured CSI-RS resource and provide a CSI report relating to the measurement(s). For semi-persistent CSI reporting, the base station may configure the wireless device to send/transmit periodically, and selectively activate or deactivate the periodic reporting (e.g., via one or more activation/deactivation MAC CEs and/or one or more DCIs). The base station may configure the wireless device with a CSI-RS resource set and CSI reports, for example, using RRC signaling.

The CSI-RS configuration may comprise one or more parameters indicating, for example, up to 32 antenna ports (or any other quantity of antenna ports). The wireless device may be configured to use/employ the same OFDM symbols for a downlink CSI-RS and a CORESET, for example, if the downlink CSI-RS and CORESET are spatially QCLed and resource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS are outside of the physical resource blocks (PRBs) configured for the CORESET. The wireless device may be configured to use/employ the same OFDM symbols for a downlink CSI-RS and SS/PBCH blocks, for example, if the downlink CSI-RS and SS/PBCH blocks are spatially QCLed and resource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS are outside of PRBs configured for the SS/PBCH blocks.

Downlink DM-RSs may be sent/transmitted by a base station and received/used by a wireless device for a channel estimation. The downlink DM-RSs may be used for coherent demodulation of one or more downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH). A network (e.g., an NR network) may support one or more variable and/or configurable DM-RS patterns for data demodulation. At least one downlink DM-RS configuration may support a front-loaded DM-RS pattern. A front-loaded DM-RS may be mapped over one or more OFDM symbols (e.g., one or two adjacent OFDM symbols). A base station may semi-statically configure the wireless device with a number/quantity (e.g. a maximum number/quantity) of front-loaded DM-RS symbols for a PDSCH. A DM-RS configuration may support one or more DM-RS ports. A DM-RS configuration may support up to eight orthogonal downlink DM-RS ports per wireless device (e.g., for single user-MIMO). A DM-RS configuration may support up to 4 orthogonal downlink DM-RS ports per wireless device (e.g., for multiuser-MIMO). A radio network may support (e.g., at least for CP-OFDM) a common DM-RS structure for downlink and uplink. A DM-RS location, a DM-RS pattern, and/or a scrambling sequence may be the same or different. The base station may send/transmit a downlink DM-RS and a corresponding PDSCH, for example, using the same precoding matrix. The wireless device may use the one or more downlink DM-RSs for coherent demodulation/channel estimation of the PDSCH.

A transmitter (e.g., a transmitter of a base station) may use a precoder matrices for a part of a transmission bandwidth. The transmitter may use a first precoder matrix for a first bandwidth and a second precoder matrix for a second bandwidth. The first precoder matrix and the second precoder matrix may be different, for example, based on the first bandwidth being different from the second bandwidth. The wireless device may assume that a same precoding matrix is used across a set of PRBs. The set of PRBs may be determined/indicated/identified/denoted as a precoding resource block group (PRG).

A PDSCH may comprise one or more layers. The wireless device may assume that at least one symbol with DM-RS is present on a layer of the one or more layers of the PDSCH. A higher layer may configure one or more DM-RSs for a PDSCH (e.g., up to 3 DMRSs for the PDSCH). Downlink PT-RS may be sent/transmitted by a base station and used by a wireless device, for example, for a phase-noise compensation. Whether a downlink PT-RS is present or not may depend on an RRC configuration. The presence and/or the pattern of the downlink PT-RS may be configured on a wireless device-specific basis, for example, using a combination of RRC signaling and/or an association with one or more parameters used/employed for other purposes (e.g., modulation and coding scheme (MCS)), which may be indicated by DCI. A dynamic presence of a downlink PT-RS, if configured, may be associated with one or more DCI parameters comprising at least MCS. A network (e.g., an NR network) may support a plurality of PT-RS densities defined in the time and/or frequency domains. A frequency domain density (if configured/present) may be associated with at least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth. The wireless device may assume a same precoding for a DM-RS port and a PT-RS port. The quantity/number of PT-RS ports may be fewer than the quantity/number of DM-RS ports in a scheduled resource. Downlink PT-RS may be configured/allocated/confined in the scheduled time/frequency duration for the wireless device. Downlink PT-RS may be sent/transmitted via symbols, for example, to facilitate a phase tracking at the receiver.

The wireless device may send/transmit an uplink DM-RS to a base station, for example, for a channel estimation. The base station may use the uplink DM-RS for coherent demodulation of one or more uplink physical channels. The wireless device may send/transmit an uplink DM-RS with a PUSCH and/or a PUCCH. The uplink DM-RS may span a range of frequencies that is similar to a range of frequencies associated with the corresponding physical channel. The base station may configure the wireless device with one or more uplink DM-RS configurations. At least one DM-RS configuration may support a front-loaded DM-RS pattern. The front-loaded DM-RS may be mapped over one or more OFDM symbols (e.g., one or two adjacent OFDM symbols). One or more uplink DM-RSs may be configured to send/transmit at one or more symbols of a PUSCH and/or a PUCCH. The base station may semi-statically configure the wireless device with a number/quantity (e.g. the maximum number/quantity) of front-loaded DM-RS symbols for the PUSCH and/or the PUCCH, which the wireless device may use to schedule a single-symbol DM-RS and/or a double-symbol DM-RS. A network (e.g., an NR network) may support (e.g., for cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM)) a common DM-RS structure for downlink and uplink. A DM-RS location, a DM-RS pattern, and/or a scrambling sequence for the DM-RS may be substantially the same or different.

A PUSCH may comprise one or more layers. A wireless device may send/transmit at least one symbol with DM-RS present on a layer of the one or more layers of the PUSCH. A higher layer may configure one or more DM-RSs (e.g., up to three DMRSs) for the PUSCH. Uplink PT-RS (which may be used by a base station for a phase tracking and/or a phase-noise compensation) may or may not be present, for example, depending on an RRC configuration of the wireless device. The presence and/or the pattern of an uplink PT-RS may be configured on a wireless device-specific basis (e.g., a UE-specific basis), for example, by a combination of RRC signaling and/or one or more parameters configured/employed for other purposes (e.g., MCS), which may be indicated by DCI. A dynamic presence of an uplink PT-RS, if configured, may be associated with one or more DCI parameters comprising at least MCS. A radio network may support a plurality of uplink PT-RS densities defined in time/frequency domain. A frequency domain density (if configured/present) may be associated with at least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth. The wireless device may assume a same precoding for a DM-RS port and a PT-RS port. A quantity/number of PT-RS ports may be less than a quantity/number of DM-RS ports in a scheduled resource. An uplink PT-RS may be configured/allocated/confined in the scheduled time/frequency duration for the wireless device.

One or more SRSs may be sent/transmitted by a wireless device to a base station, for example, for a channel state estimation to support uplink channel dependent scheduling and/or a link adaptation. SRS sent/transmitted by the wireless device may enable/allow a base station to estimate an uplink channel state at one or more frequencies. A scheduler at the base station may use/employ the estimated uplink channel state to assign one or more resource blocks for an uplink PUSCH transmission for the wireless device. The base station may semi-statically configure the wireless device with one or more SRS resource sets. For an SRS resource set, the base station may configure the wireless device with one or more SRS resources. An SRS resource set applicability may be configured, for example, by a higher layer (e.g., RRC) parameter. An SRS resource in an SRS resource set of the one or more SRS resource sets (e.g., with the same/similar time domain behavior, periodic, aperiodic, and/or the like) may be sent/transmitted at a time instant (e.g., simultaneously), for example, if a higher layer parameter indicates beam management. The wireless device may send/transmit one or more SRS resources in SRS resource sets. A network (e.g., an NR network) may support aperiodic, periodic, and/or semi-persistent SRS transmissions. The wireless device may send/transmit SRS resources, for example, based on one or more trigger types. The one or more trigger types may comprise higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC) and/or one or more DCI formats. At least one DCI format may be used/employed for the wireless device to select at least one of one or more configured SRS resource sets. An SRS trigger type 0 may refer to an SRS triggered based on higher layer signaling. An SRS trigger type 1 may refer to an SRS triggered based on one or more DCI formats. The wireless device may be configured to send/transmit an SRS, for example, after a transmission of a PUSCH and a corresponding uplink DM-RS if a PUSCH and an SRS are sent/transmitted in a same slot. A base station may semi-statically configure a wireless device with one or more SRS configuration parameters indicating at least one of following: a SRS resource configuration identifier; a number of SRS ports; time domain behavior of an SRS resource configuration (e.g., an indication of periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic SRS); slot, mini-slot, and/or subframe level periodicity; an offset for a periodic and/or an aperiodic SRS resource; a number of OFDM symbols in an SRS resource; a starting OFDM symbol of an SRS resource; an SRS bandwidth; a frequency hopping bandwidth; a cyclic shift; and/or an SRS sequence ID.

An antenna port may be determined/defined such that the channel over which a symbol on the antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which another symbol on the same antenna port is conveyed. The receiver may infer/determine the channel (e.g., fading gain, multipath delay, and/or the like) for conveying a second symbol on an antenna port, from the channel for conveying a first symbol on the antenna port, for example, if the first symbol and the second symbol are sent/transmitted on the same antenna port. A first antenna port and a second antenna port may be referred to as quasi co-located (QCLed), for example, if one or more large-scale properties of the channel over which a first symbol on the first antenna port is conveyed may be inferred from the channel over which a second symbol on a second antenna port is conveyed. The one or more large-scale properties may comprise at least one of: a delay spread; a Doppler spread; a Doppler shift; an average gain; an average delay; and/or spatial Receiving (Rx) parameters.

Channels that use beamforming may require beam management. Beam management may comprise a beam measurement, a beam selection, and/or a beam indication. A beam may be associated with one or more reference signals. A beam may be identified by one or more beamformed reference signals. The wireless device may perform a downlink beam measurement, for example, based on one or more downlink reference signals (e.g., a CSI-RS) and generate a beam measurement report. The wireless device may perform the downlink beam measurement procedure, for example, after an RRC connection is set up with a base station.

FIG. 11B shows an example mapping of one or more CSI-RSs. The CSI-RSs may be mapped in the time and frequency domains. Each rectangular block shown in FIG. 11B may correspond to a resource block (RB) within a bandwidth of a cell. A base station may send/transmit one or more RRC messages comprising CSI-RS resource configuration parameters indicating one or more CSI-RSs. One or more of parameters may be configured by higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC and/or MAC signaling) for a CSI-RS resource configuration. The one or more of the parameters may comprise at least one of: a CSI-RS resource configuration identity, a number of CSI-RS ports, a CSI-RS configuration (e.g., symbol and resource element (RE) locations in a subframe), a CSI-RS subframe configuration (e.g., a subframe location, an offset, and periodicity in a radio frame), a CSI-RS power parameter, a CSI-RS sequence parameter, a code division multiplexing (CDM) type parameter, a frequency density, a transmission comb, quasi co-location (QCL) parameters (e.g., QCL-scramblingidentity, crs-portscount, mbsfn-subframeconfiglist, csi-rs-configZPid, qcl-csi-rs-configNZPid), and/or other radio resource parameters.

One or more beams may be configured for a wireless device in a wireless device-specific configuration. Three beams are shown in FIG. 11B (beam #1, beam #2, and beam #3), but more or fewer beams may be configured. Beam #1 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1101 that may be sent/transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a first symbol. Beam #2 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1102 that may be sent/transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a second symbol. Beam #3 may be allocated with CSI-RS 1103 that may be sent/transmitted in one or more subcarriers in an RB of a third symbol. A base station may use other subcarriers in the same RB (e.g., those that are not used to send/transmit CSI-RS 1101) to transmit another CSI-RS associated with a beam for another wireless device, for example, by using frequency division multiplexing (FDM). Beams used for a wireless device may be configured such that beams for the wireless device use symbols different from symbols used by beams of other wireless devices, for example, by using time domain multiplexing (TDM). A wireless device may be served with beams in orthogonal symbols (e.g., no overlapping symbols), for example, by using the TDM.

CSI-RSs (e.g., CSI-RSs 1101, 1102, 1103) may be sent/transmitted by the base station and used by the wireless device for one or more measurements. The wireless device may measure an RSRP of configured CSI-RS resources. The base station may configure the wireless device with a reporting configuration, and the wireless device may report the RSRP measurements to a network (e.g., via one or more base stations) based on the reporting configuration. The base station may determine, based on the reported measurement results, one or more transmission configuration indication (TCI) states comprising a number of reference signals. The base station may indicate one or more TCI states to the wireless device (e.g., via RRC signaling, a MAC CE, and/or DCI). The wireless device may receive a downlink transmission with an Rx beam determined based on the one or more TCI states. The wireless device may or may not have a capability of beam correspondence. The wireless device may determine a spatial domain filter of a transmit (Tx) beam, for example, based on a spatial domain filter of the corresponding Rx beam, if the wireless device has the capability of beam correspondence. The wireless device may perform an uplink beam selection procedure to determine the spatial domain filter of the Tx beam, for example, if the wireless device does not have the capability of beam correspondence. The wireless device may perform the uplink beam selection procedure, for example, based on one or more sounding reference signal (SRS) resources configured to the wireless device by the base station. The base station may select and indicate uplink beams for the wireless device, for example, based on measurements of the one or more SRS resources sent/transmitted by the wireless device.

A wireless device may determine/assess (e.g., measure) a channel quality of one or more beam pair links, for example, in a beam management procedure. A beam pair link may comprise a Tx beam of a base station and an Rx beam of the wireless device. The Tx beam of the base station may send/transmit a downlink signal, and the Rx beam of the wireless device may receive the downlink signal. The wireless device may send/transmit a beam measurement report, for example, based on the assessment/determination. The beam measurement report may indicate one or more beam pair quality parameters comprising at least one of: one or more beam identifications (e.g., a beam index, a reference signal index, or the like), an RSRP, a precoding matrix indicator (PMI), a channel quality indicator (CQI), and/or a rank indicator (RI).

FIG. 12A shows examples of downlink beam management procedures. One or more downlink beam management procedures (e.g., downlink beam management procedures P1, P2, and P3) may be performed. Procedure P1 may enable a measurement (e.g., a wireless device measurement) on Tx beams of a TRP (or multiple TRPs) (e.g., to support a selection of one or more base station Tx beams and/or wireless device Rx beams). The Tx beams of a base station (e.g., base station 1210) and the Rx beams of a wireless device (e.g., wireless device 1205) are shown as ovals in the top row of P1 and bottom row of P1, respectively. Beamforming (e.g., at a TRP) may comprise a Tx beam sweep for a set of beams (e.g., the beam sweeps shown, in the top rows of P1 and P2, as ovals rotated in a counter-clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrows). Beamforming (e.g., at a wireless device) may comprise an Rx beam sweep for a set of beams (e.g., the beam sweeps shown, in the bottom rows of P1 and P3, as ovals rotated in a clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrows). Procedure P2 may be used to enable a measurement (e.g., a wireless device measurement) on Tx beams of a TRP (shown, in the top row of P2, as ovals rotated in a counter-clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrow). The wireless device and/or the base station may perform procedure P2, for example, using a smaller set of beams than the set of beams used in procedure P1, or using narrower beams than the beams used in procedure P1. Procedure P2 may be referred to as a beam refinement. The wireless device may perform procedure P3 for an Rx beam determination, for example, by using the same Tx beam(s) of the base station and sweeping Rx beam(s) of the wireless device.

FIG. 12B shows examples of uplink beam management procedures. One or more uplink beam management procedures (e.g., uplink beam management procedures U1, U2, and U3) may be performed. Procedure U1 may be used to enable a base station (e.g., base station 1210) to perform a measurement on Tx beams of a wireless device (e.g., wireless device 1205) (e.g., to support a selection of one or more Tx beams of the wireless device and/or Rx beams of the base station). The Tx beams of the wireless device and the Rx beams of the base station are shown as ovals in the top row of U1 and bottom row of U1, respectively). Beamforming (e.g., at the wireless device) may comprise one or more beam sweeps, for example, a Tx beam sweep from a set of beams (shown, in the bottom rows of U1 and U3, as ovals rotated in a clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrows). Beamforming (e.g., at the base station) may comprise one or more beam sweeps, for example, an Rx beam sweep from a set of beams (shown, in the top rows of U1 and U2, as ovals rotated in a counter-clockwise direction indicated by the dashed arrows). Procedure U2 may be used to enable the base station to adjust its Rx beam, for example, if the wireless device (e.g., UE) uses a fixed Tx beam. The wireless device and/or the base station may perform procedure U2, for example, using a smaller set of beams than the set of beams used in procedure P1, or using narrower beams than the beams used in procedure P1. Procedure U2 may be referred to as a beam refinement. The wireless device may perform procedure U3 to adjust its Tx beam, for example, if the base station uses a fixed Rx beam.

A wireless device may initiate/start/perform a beam failure recovery (BFR) procedure, for example, based on detecting a beam failure. The wireless device may send/transmit a BFR request (e.g., a preamble, UCI, an SR, a MAC CE, and/or the like), for example, based on the initiating the BFR procedure. The wireless device may detect the beam failure, for example, based on a determination that a quality of beam pair link(s) of an associated control channel is unsatisfactory (e.g., having an error rate higher than an error rate threshold, a received signal power lower than a received signal power threshold, an expiration of a timer, and/or the like).

The wireless device may measure a quality of a beam pair link, for example, using one or more reference signals (RSs) comprising one or more SS/PBCH blocks, one or more CSI-RS resources, and/or one or more DM-RSs. A quality of the beam pair link may be based on one or more of a block error rate (BLER), an RSRP value, a signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) value, an RSRQ value, and/or a CSI value measured on RS resources. The base station may indicate that an RS resource is QCLed with one or more DM-RSs of a channel (e.g., a control channel, a shared data channel, and/or the like). The RS resource and the one or more DM-RSs of the channel may be QCLed, for example, if the channel characteristics (e.g., Doppler shift, Doppler spread, an average delay, delay spread, a spatial Rx parameter, fading, and/or the like) from a transmission via the RS resource to the wireless device are similar or the same as the channel characteristics from a transmission via the channel to the wireless device.

A network (e.g., an NR network comprising a gNB and/or an ng-eNB) and/or the wireless device may initiate/start/perform a random access procedure. A wireless device in an RRC idle (e.g., an RRC_IDLE) state and/or an RRC inactive (e.g., an RRC_INACTIVE) state may initiate/perform the random access procedure to request a connection setup to a network. The wireless device may initiate/start/perform the random access procedure from an RRC connected (e.g., an RRC_CONNECTED) state. The wireless device may initiate/start/perform the random access procedure to request uplink resources (e.g., for uplink transmission of an SR if there is no PUCCH resource available) and/or acquire/obtain/determine an uplink timing (e.g., if an uplink synchronization status is non-synchronized). The wireless device may initiate/start/perform the random access procedure to request one or more system information blocks (SIBs) (e.g., other system information blocks, such as SIB2, SIB3, and/or the like). The wireless device may initiate/start/perform the random access procedure for a beam failure recovery request. A network may initiate/start/perform a random access procedure, for example, for a handover and/or for establishing time alignment for an SCell addition.

FIG. 13A shows an example four-step random access procedure. The four-step random access procedure may comprise a four-step contention-based random access procedure. A base station (e.g., base station 1302) may send/transmit a configuration message 1310 to a wireless device (e.g., wireless device 1301), for example, before initiating the random access procedure. The four-step random access procedure may comprise transmissions of four messages comprising: a first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311), a second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312), a third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313), and a fourth message (e.g., Msg 4 1314). The first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) may comprise a preamble (or a random access preamble). The first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) may be referred to as a preamble. The second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312) may comprise as a random access response (RAR). The second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312) may be referred to as an RAR.

The configuration message 1310 may be sent/transmitted, for example, using one or more RRC messages. The one or more RRC messages may indicate one or more random access channel (RACH) parameters to the wireless device. The one or more RACH parameters may comprise at least one of: general parameters for one or more random access procedures (e.g., RACH-configGeneral); cell-specific parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigCommon); and/or dedicated parameters (e.g., RACH-ConfigDedicated). The base station may send/transmit (e.g., broadcast or multicast) the one or more RRC messages to one or more wireless devices. The one or more RRC messages may be wireless device-specific. The one or more RRC messages that are wireless device-specific may be, for example, dedicated RRC messages sent/transmitted to a wireless device in an RRC connected (e.g., an RRC_CONNECTED) state and/or in an RRC inactive (e.g., an RRC_INACTIVE) state. The wireless devices may determine, based on the one or more RACH parameters, a time-frequency resource and/or an uplink transmit power for transmission of the first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) and/or the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313). The wireless device may determine a reception timing and a downlink channel for receiving the second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312) and the fourth message (e.g., Msg 4 1314), for example, based on the one or more RACH parameters.

The one or more RACH parameters provided/configured/comprised in the configuration message 1310 may indicate one or more Physical RACH (PRACH) occasions available for transmission of the first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311). The one or more PRACH occasions may be predefined (e.g., by a network comprising one or more base stations). The one or more RACH parameters may indicate one or more available sets of one or more PRACH occasions (e.g., prach-ConfigIndex). The one or more RACH parameters may indicate an association between (a) one or more PRACH occasions and (b) one or more reference signals. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate an association between (a) one or more preambles and (b) one or more reference signals. The one or more reference signals may be SS/PBCH blocks and/or CSI-RSs. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate a quantity/number of SS/PBCH blocks mapped to a PRACH occasion and/or a quantity/number of preambles mapped to a SS/PBCH blocks.

The one or more RACH parameters provided/configured/comprised in the configuration message 1310 may be used to determine an uplink transmit power of first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) and/or third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313). The one or more RACH parameters may indicate a reference power for a preamble transmission (e.g., a received target power and/or an initial power of the preamble transmission). There may be one or more power offsets indicated by the one or more RACH parameters. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate: a power ramping step; a power offset between SSB and CSI-RS; a power offset between transmissions of the first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) and the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313); and/or a power offset value between preamble groups. The one or more RACH parameters may indicate one or more thresholds, for example, based on which the wireless device may determine at least one reference signal (e.g., an SSB and/or CSI-RS) and/or an uplink carrier (e.g., a normal uplink (NUL) carrier and/or a supplemental uplink (SUL) carrier).

The first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) may comprise one or more preamble transmissions (e.g., a preamble transmission and one or more preamble retransmissions). An RRC message may be used to configure one or more preamble groups (e.g., group A and/or group B). A preamble group may comprise one or more preambles. The wireless device may determine the preamble group, for example, based on a pathloss measurement and/or a size of the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313). The wireless device may measure an RSRP of one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RSs) and determine at least one reference signal having an RSRP above an RSRP threshold (e.g., rsrp-ThresholdSSB and/or rsrp-ThresholdCSI-RS). The wireless device may select at least one preamble associated with the one or more reference signals and/or a selected preamble group, for example, if the association between the one or more preambles and the at least one reference signal is configured by an RRC message.

The wireless device may determine the preamble, for example, based on the one or more RACH parameters provided/configured/comprised in the configuration message 1310. The wireless device may determine the preamble, for example, based on a pathloss measurement, an RSRP measurement, and/or a size of the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313). The one or more RACH parameters may indicate: a preamble format; a maximum quantity/number of preamble transmissions; and/or one or more thresholds for determining one or more preamble groups (e.g., group A and group B). A base station may use the one or more RACH parameters to configure the wireless device with an association between one or more preambles and one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RSs). The wireless device may determine the preamble to be comprised in first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311), for example, based on the association if the association is configured. The first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) may be sent/transmitted to the base station via one or more PRACH occasions. The wireless device may use one or more reference signals (e.g., SSBs and/or CSI-RSs) for selection of the preamble and for determining of the PRACH occasion. One or more RACH parameters (e.g., ra-ssb-OccasionMskIndex and/or ra-OccasionList) may indicate an association between the PRACH occasions and the one or more reference signals.

The wireless device may perform a preamble retransmission, for example, if no response is received after (e.g., based on or in response to) a preamble transmission (e.g., for a period of time, such as a monitoring window for monitoring an RAR). The wireless device may increase an uplink transmit power for the preamble retransmission. The wireless device may select an initial preamble transmit power, for example, based on a pathloss measurement and/or a target received preamble power configured by the network. The wireless device may determine to resend/retransmit a preamble and may ramp up the uplink transmit power. The wireless device may receive one or more RACH parameters (e.g., PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) indicating a ramping step for the preamble retransmission. The ramping step may be an amount of incremental increase in uplink transmit power for a retransmission. The wireless device may ramp up the uplink transmit power, for example, if the wireless device determines a reference signal (e.g., SSB and/or CSI-RS) that is the same as a previous preamble transmission. The wireless device may count the quantity/number of preamble transmissions and/or retransmissions, for example, using a counter parameter (e.g., PREAMBLE_TRANSMISSION_COUNTER). The wireless device may determine that a random access procedure has been completed unsuccessfully, for example, if the quantity/number of preamble transmissions exceeds a threshold configured by the one or more RACH parameters (e.g., preambleTransMax) without receiving a successful response (e.g., an RAR).

The second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312) (e.g., received by the wireless device) may comprise an RAR. The second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312) may comprise multiple RARs corresponding to multiple wireless devices. The second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312) may be received, for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) the sending/sending (e.g., transmitting) of the first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311). The second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312) may be scheduled on the DL-SCH and may be indicated by a PDCCH, for example, using a random access radio network temporary identifier (RA RNTI). The second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312) may indicate that the first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) was received by the base station. The second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312) may comprise a time-alignment command that may be used by the wireless device to adjust the transmission timing of the wireless device, a scheduling grant for transmission of the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313), and/or a Temporary Cell RNTI (TC-RNTI). The wireless device may determine/start a time window (e.g., ra-ResponseWindow) to monitor a PDCCH for the second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312), for example, after sending/sending (e.g., transmitting) the first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) (e.g., a preamble). The wireless device may determine the start time of the time window, for example, based on a PRACH occasion that the wireless device uses to send/transmit the first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) (e.g., the preamble). The wireless device may start the time window one or more symbols after the last symbol of the first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) comprising the preamble (e.g., the symbol in which the first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) comprising the preamble transmission was completed or at a first PDCCH occasion from an end of a preamble transmission). The one or more symbols may be determined based on a numerology. The PDCCH may be mapped in a common search space (e.g., a Typel-PDCCH common search space) configured by an RRC message. The wireless device may identify/determine the RAR, for example, based on an RNTI. Radio network temporary identifiers (RNTIs) may be used depending on one or more events initiating/starting the random access procedure. The wireless device may use a RA-RNTI, for example, for one or more communications associated with random access or any other purpose. The RA-RNTI may be associated with PRACH occasions in which the wireless device sends/transmits a preamble. The wireless device may determine the RA-RNTI, for example, based on at least one of: an OFDM symbol index; a slot index; a frequency domain index; and/or a UL carrier indicator of the PRACH occasions. An example RA-RNTI may be determined as follows:

$RA - RNTI = 1 + s_id + 14 \times t_id + 14 \times 80 \times f_id + 14 \times 80 \times 8 \times ul_carrier_id$

where s_id may be an index of a first OFDM symbol of the PRACH occasion (e.g., 0≤s_id<14), t_id may be an index of a first slot of the PRACH occasion in a system frame (e.g., 0≤t_id<80), f_id may be an index of the PRACH occasion in the frequency domain (e.g., 0≤f_id<8), and ul_carrier_id may be a UL carrier used for a preamble transmission (e.g., 0 for an NUL carrier, and 1 for an SUL carrier).

The wireless device may send/transmit the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313), for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) a successful reception of the second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312) (e.g., using resources identified in the Msg 2 1312). The third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313) may be used, for example, for contention resolution in the contention-based random access procedure. A plurality of wireless devices may send/transmit the same preamble to a base station, and the base station may send/transmit an RAR that corresponds to a wireless device. Collisions may occur, for example, if the plurality of wireless device interpret the RAR as corresponding to themselves. Contention resolution (e.g., using the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313) and the fourth message (e.g., Msg 4 1314)) may be used to increase the likelihood that the wireless device does not incorrectly use an identity of another the wireless device. The wireless device may comprise a device identifier in the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313) (e.g., a C-RNTI if assigned, a TC RNTI comprised in the second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312), and/or any other suitable identifier), for example, to perform contention resolution.

The fourth message (e.g., Msg 4 1314) may be received, for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) the sending (e.g., transmitting) of the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313). The base station may address the wireless on the PDCCH (e.g., the base station may send the PDCCH to the wireless device) using a C-RNTI, for example, If the C-RNTI was included in the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313). The random access procedure may be determined to be successfully completed, for example, if the unique C RNTI of the wireless device is detected on the PDCCH (e.g., the PDCCH is scrambled by the C-RNTI). Fourth message (e.g., Msg 4 1314) may be received using a DL-SCH associated with a TC RNTI, for example, if the TC RNTI is comprised in the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313) (e.g., if the wireless device is in an RRC idle (e.g., an RRC_IDLE) state or not otherwise connected to the base station). The wireless device may determine that the contention resolution is successful and/or the wireless device may determine that the random access procedure is successfully completed, for example, if a MAC PDU is successfully decoded and a MAC PDU comprises the wireless device contention resolution identity MAC CE that matches or otherwise corresponds with the CCCH SDU sent/transmitted in third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313).

The wireless device may be configured with an SUL carrier and/or an NUL carrier. An initial access (e.g., random access) may be supported via an uplink carrier. A base station may configure the wireless device with multiple RACH configurations (e.g., two separate RACH configurations comprising: one for an SUL carrier and the other for an NUL carrier). For random access in a cell configured with an SUL carrier, the network may indicate which carrier to use (NUL or SUL). The wireless device may determine to use the SUL carrier, for example, if a measured quality of one or more reference signals (e.g., one or more reference signals associated with the NUL carrier) is lower than a broadcast threshold. Uplink transmissions of the random access procedure (e.g., the first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) and/or the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313)) may remain on, or may be performed via, the selected carrier. The wireless device may switch an uplink carrier during the random access procedure (e.g., between the Msg 1 1311 and the Msg 3 1313). The wireless device may determine and/or switch an uplink carrier for the first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) and/or the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313), for example, based on a channel clear assessment (e.g., a listen-before-talk).

FIG. 13B shows a two-step random access procedure. The two-step random access procedure may comprise a two-step contention-free random access procedure. Similar to the four-step contention-based random access procedure, a base station (e.g., base station 1302) may, prior to initiation of the procedure, send/transmit a configuration message 1320 to the wireless device (e.g., wireless device 1301). The configuration message 1320 may be analogous in some respects to the configuration message 1310. The procedure shown in FIG. 13B may comprise transmissions of two messages: a first message (e.g., Msg 1 1321) and a second message (e.g., Msg 2 1322). The first message (e.g., Msg 1 1321) and the second message (e.g., Msg 2 1322) may be analogous in some respects to the first message (e.g., Msg 1 1311) and a second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312), respectively. The two-step contention-free random access procedure may not comprise messages analogous to the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313) and/or the fourth message (e.g., Msg 4 1314).

The two-step (e.g., contention-free) random access procedure may be configured/initiated for a beam failure recovery, other SI request, an SCell addition, and/or a handover. A base station may indicate, or assign to, the wireless device a preamble to be used for the first message (e.g., Msg 1 1321). The wireless device may receive, from the base station via a PDCCH and/or an RRC, an indication of the preamble (e.g., ra-PreambleIndex).

The wireless device may start a time window (e.g., ra-ResponseWindow) to monitor a PDCCH for the RAR, for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) sending (e.g., transmitting) the preamble. The base station may configure the wireless device with one or more beam failure recovery parameters, such as a separate time window and/or a separate PDCCH in a search space indicated by an RRC message (e.g., recoverySearchSpaceId). The base station may configure the one or more beam failure recovery parameters, for example, in association with a beam failure recovery request. The separate time window for monitoring the PDCCH and/or an RAR may be configured to start after sending (e.g., transmitting) a beam failure recovery request (e.g., the window may start any quantity of symbols and/or slots after sending (e.g., transmitting) the beam failure recovery request). The wireless device may monitor for a PDCCH transmission addressed to a Cell RNTI (C-RNTI) on the search space. During the two-step (e.g., contention-free) random access procedure, the wireless device may determine that a random access procedure is successful, for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) sending (e.g., transmitting) first message (e.g., Msg 1 1321) and receiving a corresponding second message (e.g., Msg 2 1322). The wireless device may determine that a random access procedure has successfully been completed, for example, if a PDCCH transmission is addressed to a corresponding C-RNTI. The wireless device may determine that a random access procedure has successfully been completed, for example, if the wireless device receives an RAR comprising a preamble identifier corresponding to a preamble sent/transmitted by the wireless device and/or the RAR comprises a MAC sub-PDU with the preamble identifier. The wireless device may determine the response as an indication of an acknowledgement for an SI request.

FIG. 13C shows an example two-step random access procedure. Similar to the random access procedures shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B, a base station (e.g., base station 1302) may, prior to initiation of the procedure, send/transmit a configuration message 1330 to the wireless device (e.g., wireless device 1301). The configuration message 1330 may be analogous in some respects to the configuration message 1310 and/or the configuration message 1320. The procedure shown in FIG. 13C may comprise transmissions of multiple messages (e.g., two messages comprising: a first message (e.g., Msg A 1331) and a second message (e.g., Msg B 1332)).

Msg A 1331 may be sent/transmitted in an uplink transmission by the wireless device. Msg A 1331 may comprise one or more transmissions of a preamble 1341 and/or one or more transmissions of a transport block 1342. The transport block 1342 may comprise contents that are similar and/or equivalent to the contents of the third message (e.g., Msg 3 1313) (e.g., shown in FIG. 13A). The transport block 1342 may comprise UCI (e.g., an SR, a HARQ ACK/NACK, and/or the like). The wireless device may receive the second message (e.g., Msg B 1332), for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) sending (e.g., transmitting) the first message (e.g., Msg A 1331). The second message (e.g., Msg B 1332) may comprise contents that are similar and/or equivalent to the contents of the second message (e.g., Msg 2 1312) (e.g., an RAR shown in FIGS. 13A), the contents of the second message (e.g., Msg 2 1322) (e.g., an RAR shown in FIG. 13B) and/or the fourth message (e.g., Msg 4 1314) (e.g., shown in FIG. 13A).

The wireless device may start/initiate the two-step random access procedure (e.g., the two-step random access procedure shown in FIG. 13C) for a licensed spectrum and/or an unlicensed spectrum. The wireless device may determine, based on one or more factors, whether to start/initiate the two-step random access procedure. The one or more factors may comprise at least one of: a radio access technology in use (e.g., LTE, NR, and/or the like); whether the wireless device has a valid TA or not; a cell size; the RRC state of the wireless device; a type of spectrum (e.g., licensed vs. unlicensed); and/or any other suitable factors.

The wireless device may determine, based on two-step RACH parameters comprised in the configuration message 1330, a radio resource and/or an uplink transmit power for the preamble 1341 and/or the transport block 1342 (e.g., comprised in the first message (e.g., Msg A 1331)). The RACH parameters may indicate an MCS, a time-frequency resource, and/or a power control for the preamble 1341 and/or the transport block 1342. A time-frequency resource for transmission of the preamble 1341 (e.g., a PRACH) and a time-frequency resource for transmission of the transport block 1342 (e.g., a PUSCH) may be multiplexed using FDM, TDM, and/or CDM. The RACH parameters may enable the wireless device to determine a reception timing and a downlink channel for monitoring for and/or receiving second message (e.g., Msg B 1332).

The transport block 1342 may comprise data (e.g., delay-sensitive data), an identifier of the wireless device, security information, and/or device information (e.g., an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)). The base station may send/transmit the second message (e.g., Msg B 1332) as a response to the first message (e.g., Msg A 1331). The second message (e.g., Msg B 1332) may comprise at least one of: a preamble identifier; a timing advance command; a power control command; an uplink grant (e.g., a radio resource assignment and/or an MCS); a wireless device identifier (e.g., a UE identifier for contention resolution); and/or an RNTI (e.g., a C-RNTI or a TC-RNTI). The wireless device may determine that the two-step random access procedure is successfully completed, for example, if a preamble identifier in the second message (e.g., Msg B 1332) corresponds to, or is matched to, a preamble sent/transmitted by the wireless device and/or the identifier of the wireless device in second message (e.g., Msg B 1332) corresponds to, or is matched to, the identifier of the wireless device in the first message (e.g., Msg A 1331) (e.g., the transport block 1342).

A wireless device and a base station may exchange control signaling (e.g., control information). The control signaling may be referred to as L1/L2 control signaling and may originate from the PHY layer (e.g., layer 1) and/or the MAC layer (e.g., layer 2) of the wireless device or the base station. The control signaling may comprise downlink control signaling sent/transmitted from the base station to the wireless device and/or uplink control signaling sent/transmitted from the wireless device to the base station.

The downlink control signaling may comprise at least one of: a downlink scheduling assignment; an uplink scheduling grant indicating uplink radio resources and/or a transport format; slot format information; a preemption indication; a power control command; and/or any other suitable signaling. The wireless device may receive the downlink control signaling in a payload sent/transmitted by the base station via a PDCCH. The payload sent/transmitted via the PDCCH may be referred to as downlink control information (DCI). The PDCCH may be a group common PDCCH (GC-PDCCH) that is common to a group of wireless devices. The GC-PDCCH may be scrambled by a group common RNTI.

A base station may attach one or more cyclic redundancy check (CRC) parity bits to DCI, for example, in order to facilitate detection of transmission errors. The base station may scramble the CRC parity bits with an identifier of a wireless device (or an identifier of a group of wireless devices), for example, if the DCI is intended for the wireless device (or the group of the wireless devices). Scrambling the CRC parity bits with the identifier may comprise Modulo-2 addition (or an exclusive-OR operation) of the identifier value and the CRC parity bits. The identifier may comprise a 16-bit value of an RNTI.

DCI messages may be used for different purposes. A purpose may be indicated by the type of an RNTI used to scramble the CRC parity bits. DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a paging RNTI (P-RNTI) may indicate paging information and/or a system information change notification. The P-RNTI may be predefined as “FFFE” in hexadecimal. DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a system information RNTI (SI-RNTI) may indicate a broadcast transmission of the system information. The SI-RNTI may be predefined as “FFFF” in hexadecimal. DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a random access RNTI (RA-RNTI) may indicate a random access response (RAR). DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a cell RNTI (C-RNTI) may indicate a dynamically scheduled unicast transmission and/or a triggering of PDCCH-ordered random access. DCI having CRC parity bits scrambled with a temporary cell RNTI (TC-RNTI) may indicate a contention resolution (e.g., a Msg 3 analogous to the Msg 3 1313 shown in FIG. 13A). Other RNTIs configured for a wireless device by a base station may comprise a Configured Scheduling RNTI (CS RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-PUCCH RNTI (TPC PUCCH-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-PUSCH RNTI (TPC-PUSCH-RNTI), a Transmit Power Control-SRS RNTI (TPC-SRS-RNTI), an Interruption RNTI (INT-RNTI), a Slot Format Indication RNTI (SFI-RNTI), a Semi-Persistent CSI RNTI (SP-CSI-RNTI), a Modulation and Coding Scheme Cell RNTI (MCS-C RNTI), and/or the like.

A base station may send/transmit DCI messages with one or more DCI formats, for example, depending on the purpose and/or content of the DCI messages. DCI format 0_0 may be used for scheduling of a PUSCH in a cell. DCI format 0_0 may be a fallback DCI format (e.g., with compact DCI payloads). DCI format 0_1 may be used for scheduling of a PUSCH in a cell (e.g., with more DCI payloads than DCI format 0_0). DCI format 1_0 may be used for scheduling of a PDSCH in a cell. DCI format 10 may be a fallback DCI format (e.g., with compact DCI payloads). DCI format 1_1 may be used for scheduling of a PDSCH in a cell (e.g., with more DCI payloads than DCI format 1_0). DCI format 20 may be used for providing a slot format indication to a group of wireless devices. DCI format 21 may be used for informing/notifying a group of wireless devices of a physical resource block and/or an OFDM symbol where the group of wireless devices may assume no transmission is intended to the group of wireless devices. DCI format 2_2 may be used for transmission of a transmit power control (TPC) command for PUCCH or PUSCH. DCI format 2_3 may be used for transmission of a group of TPC commands for SRS transmissions by one or more wireless devices. DCI format(s) for new functions may be defined in future releases. DCI formats may have different DCI sizes, or may share the same DCI size.

The base station may process the DCI with channel coding (e.g., polar coding), rate matching, scrambling and/or QPSK modulation, for example, after scrambling the DCI with an RNTI. A base station may map the coded and modulated DCI on resource elements used and/or configured for a PDCCH. The base station may send/transmit the DCI via a PDCCH occupying a number of contiguous control channel elements (CCEs), for example, based on a payload size of the DCI and/or a coverage of the base station. The number of the contiguous CCEs (referred to as aggregation level) may be 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and/or any other suitable number. A CCE may comprise a number (e.g., 6) of resource-element groups (REGs). A REG may comprise a resource block in an OFDM symbol. The mapping of the coded and modulated DCI on the resource elements may be based on mapping of CCEs and REGs (e.g., CCE-to-REG mapping).

FIG. 14A shows an example of CORESET configurations. The CORESET configurations may be for a bandwidth part or any other frequency bands. The base station may send/transmit DCI via a PDCCH on one or more control resource sets (CORESETs). A CORESET may comprise a time-frequency resource in which the wireless device attempts/tries to decode DCI using one or more search spaces. The base station may configure a size and a location of the CORESET in the time-frequency domain. A first CORESET 1401 and a second CORESET 1402 may occur or may be set/configured at the first symbol in a slot. The first CORESET 1401 may overlap with the second CORESET 1402 in the frequency domain. A third CORESET 1403 may occur or may be set/configured at a third symbol in the slot. A fourth CORESET 1404 may occur or may be set/configured at the seventh symbol in the slot. CORESETs may have a different number of resource blocks in frequency domain.

FIG. 14B shows an example of a CCE-to-REG mapping. The CCE-to-REG mapping may be performed for DCI transmission via a CORESET and PDCCH processing. The CCE-to-REG mapping may be an interleaved mapping (e.g., for the purpose of providing frequency diversity) or a non-interleaved mapping (e.g., for the purposes of facilitating interference coordination and/or frequency-selective transmission of control channels). The base station may perform different or same CCE-to-REG mapping on different CORESETs. A CORESET may be associated with a CCE-to-REG mapping (e.g., by an RRC configuration). A CORESET may be configured with an antenna port QCL parameter. The antenna port QCL parameter may indicate QCL information of a DM-RS for a PDCCH reception via the CORESET.

The base station may send/transmit, to the wireless device, one or more RRC messages comprising configuration parameters of one or more CORESETs and one or more search space sets. The configuration parameters may indicate an association between a search space set and a CORESET. A search space set may comprise a set of PDCCH candidates formed by CCEs (e.g., at a given aggregation level). The configuration parameters may indicate at least one of: a number of PDCCH candidates to be monitored per aggregation level; a PDCCH monitoring periodicity and a PDCCH monitoring pattern; one or more DCI formats to be monitored by the wireless device; and/or whether a search space set is a common search space set or a wireless device-specific search space set (e.g., a UE-specific search space set). A set of CCEs in the common search space set may be predefined and known to the wireless device. A set of CCEs in the wireless device-specific search space set (e.g., the UE-specific search space set) may be configured, for example, based on the identity of the wireless device (e.g., C-RNTI).

As shown in FIG. 14B, the wireless device may determine a time-frequency resource for a CORESET based on one or more RRC messages. The wireless device may determine a CCE-to-REG mapping (e.g., interleaved or non-interleaved, and/or mapping parameters) for the CORESET, for example, based on configuration parameters of the CORESET. The wireless device may determine a number (e.g., at most 10) of search space sets configured on/for the CORESET, for example, based on the one or more RRC messages. The wireless device may monitor a set of PDCCH candidates according to configuration parameters of a search space set. The wireless device may monitor a set of PDCCH candidates in one or more CORESETs for detecting one or more DCI messages. Monitoring may comprise decoding one or more PDCCH candidates of the set of the PDCCH candidates according to the monitored DCI formats. Monitoring may comprise decoding DCI content of one or more PDCCH candidates with possible (or configured) PDCCH locations, possible (or configured) PDCCH formats (e.g., the number of CCEs, the number of PDCCH candidates in common search spaces, and/or the number of PDCCH candidates in the wireless device-specific search spaces) and possible (or configured) DCI formats. The decoding may be referred to as blind decoding. The wireless device may determine DCI as valid for the wireless device, for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) CRC checking (e.g., scrambled bits for CRC parity bits of the DCI matching an RNTI value). The wireless device may process information comprised in the DCI (e.g., a scheduling assignment, an uplink grant, power control, a slot format indication, a downlink preemption, and/or the like).

The wireless device may send/transmit uplink control signaling (e.g., UCI) to a base station. The uplink control signaling may comprise HARQ acknowledgements for received DL-SCH transport blocks. The wireless device may send/transmit the HARQ acknowledgements, for example, after (e.g., based on or in response to) receiving a DL-SCH transport block. Uplink control signaling may comprise CSI indicating a channel quality of a physical downlink channel. The wireless device may send/transmit the CSI to the base station. The base station, based on the received CSI, may determine transmission format parameters (e.g., comprising multi-antenna and beamforming schemes) for downlink transmission(s). Uplink control signaling may comprise scheduling requests (SR). The wireless device may send/transmit an SR indicating that uplink data is available for transmission to the base station. The wireless device may send/transmit UCI (e.g., HARQ acknowledgements (HARQ-ACK), CSI report, SR, and the like) via a PUCCH or a PUSCH. The wireless device may send/transmit the uplink control signaling via a PUCCH using one of several PUCCH formats.

There may be multiple PUCCH formats (e.g., five PUCCH formats). A wireless device may determine a PUCCH format, for example, based on a size of UCI (e.g., a quantity/number of uplink symbols of UCI transmission and a number of UCI bits). PUCCH format 0 may have a length of one or two OFDM symbols and may comprise two or fewer bits. The wireless device may send/transmit UCI via a PUCCH resource, for example, using PUCCH format 0 if the transmission is over/via one or two symbols and the quantity/number of HARQ-ACK information bits with positive or negative SR (HARQ-ACK/SR bits) is one or two. PUCCH format 1 may occupy a number of OFDM symbols (e.g., between four and fourteen OFDM symbols) and may comprise two or fewer bits. The wireless device may use PUCCH format 1, for example, if the transmission is over/via four or more symbols and the number of HARQ-ACK/SR bits is one or two. PUCCH format 2 may occupy one or two OFDM symbols and may comprise more than two bits. The wireless device may use PUCCH format 2, for example, if the transmission is over/via one or two symbols and the quantity/number of UCI bits is two or more. PUCCH format 3 may occupy a number of OFDM symbols (e.g., between four and fourteen OFDM symbols) and may comprise more than two bits. The wireless device may use PUCCH format 3, for example, if the transmission is four or more symbols, the quantity/number of UCI bits is two or more, and the PUCCH resource does not comprise an orthogonal cover code (OCC). PUCCH format 4 may occupy a number of OFDM symbols (e.g., between four and fourteen OFDM symbols) and may comprise more than two bits. The wireless device may use PUCCH format 4, for example, if the transmission is four or more symbols, the quantity/number of UCI bits is two or more, and the PUCCH resource comprises an OCC.

The base station may send/transmit configuration parameters to the wireless device for a plurality of PUCCH resource sets, for example, using an RRC message. The plurality of PUCCH resource sets (e.g., up to four sets in NR, or up to any other quantity of sets in other systems) may be configured on an uplink BWP of a cell. A PUCCH resource set may be configured with a PUCCH resource set index, a plurality of PUCCH resources with a PUCCH resource being identified by a PUCCH resource identifier (e.g., pucch-Resourceid), and/or a number (e.g. a maximum number) of UCI information bits the wireless device may send/transmit using one of the plurality of PUCCH resources in the PUCCH resource set. The wireless device may select one of the plurality of PUCCH resource sets, for example, based on a total bit length of the UCI information bits (e.g., HARQ-ACK, SR, and/or CSI) if configured with a plurality of PUCCH resource sets. The wireless device may select a first PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “0,” for example, if the total bit length of UCI information bits is two or fewer. The wireless device may select a second PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “1,” for example, if the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than two and less than or equal to a first configured value. The wireless device may select a third PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “2,” for example, if the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than the first configured value and less than or equal to a second configured value. The wireless device may select a fourth PUCCH resource set having a PUCCH resource set index equal to “3,” for example, if the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than the second configured value and less than or equal to a third value (e.g., 1406, 1706, or any other quantity of bits).

The wireless device may determine a PUCCH resource from the PUCCH resource set for UCI (HARQ-ACK, CSI, and/or SR) transmission, for example, after determining a PUCCH resource set from a plurality of PUCCH resource sets. The wireless device may determine the PUCCH resource, for example, based on a PUCCH resource indicator in DCI (e.g., with DCI format 1_0 or DCI for 1_1) received on/via a PDCCH. An n-bit (e.g., a three-bit) PUCCH resource indicator in the DCI may indicate one of multiple (e.g., eight) PUCCH resources in the PUCCH resource set. The wireless device may send/transmit the UCI (HARQ-ACK, CSI and/or SR) using a PUCCH resource indicated by the PUCCH resource indicator in the DCI, for example, based on the PUCCH resource indicator.

FIG. 15A shows example communications between a wireless device and a base station. A wireless device 1502 and a base station 1504 may be part of a communication network, such as the communication network 100 shown in FIG. 1A, the communication network 150 shown in FIG. 1B, or any other communication network. A communication network may comprise more than one wireless device and/or more than one base station, with substantially the same or similar configurations as those shown in FIG. 15A.

The base station 1504 may connect the wireless device 1502 to a core network (not shown) via radio communications over the air interface (or radio interface) 1506. The communication direction from the base station 1504 to the wireless device 1502 over the air interface 1506 may be referred to as the downlink. The communication direction from the wireless device 1502 to the base station 1504 over the air interface may be referred to as the uplink. Downlink transmissions may be separated from uplink transmissions, for example, using various duplex schemes (e.g., FDD, TDD, and/or some combination of the duplexing techniques).

For the downlink, data to be sent to the wireless device 1502 from the base station 1504 may be provided/transferred/sent to the processing system 1508 of the base station 1504. The data may be provided/transferred/sent to the processing system 1508 by, for example, a core network. For the uplink, data to be sent to the base station 1504 from the wireless device 1502 may be provided/transferred/sent to the processing system 1518 of the wireless device 1502. The processing system 1508 and the processing system 1518 may implement layer 3 and layer 2 OSI functionality to process the data for transmission. Layer 2 may comprise an SDAP layer, a PDCP layer, an RLC layer, and a MAC layer, for example, described with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4A. Layer 3 may comprise an RRC layer, for example, described with respect to FIG. 2B.

The data to be sent to the wireless device 1502 may be provided/transferred/sent to a transmission processing system 1510 of base station 1504, for example, after being processed by the processing system 1508. The data to be sent to base station 1504 may be provided/transferred/sent to a transmission processing system 1520 of the wireless device 1502, for example, after being processed by the processing system 1518. The transmission processing system 1510 and the transmission processing system 1520 may implement layer 1 OSI functionality. Layer 1 may comprise a PHY layer, for example, described with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4A. For sending/transmission processing, the PHY layer may perform, for example, forward error correction coding of transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping of transport channels to physical channels, modulation of physical channel, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) or multi-antenna processing, and/or the like.

A reception processing system 1512 of the base station 1504 may receive the uplink transmission from the wireless device 1502. The reception processing system 1512 of the base station 1504 may comprise one or more TRPs. A reception processing system 1522 of the wireless device 1502 may receive the downlink transmission from the base station 1504. The reception processing system 1522 of the wireless device 1502 may comprise one or more antenna panels. The reception processing system 1512 and the reception processing system 1522 may implement layer 1 OSI functionality. Layer 1 may include a PHY layer, for example, described with respect to FIG. 2A, FIG. 2B, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4A. For receive processing, the PHY layer may perform, for example, error detection, forward error correction decoding, deinterleaving, demapping of transport channels to physical channels, demodulation of physical channels, MIMO or multi-antenna processing, and/or the like.

The base station 1504 may comprise multiple antennas (e.g., multiple antenna panels, multiple TRPs, etc.). The wireless device 1502 may comprise multiple antennas (e.g., multiple antenna panels, etc.). The multiple antennas may be used to perform one or more MIMO or multi-antenna techniques, such as spatial multiplexing (e.g., single-user MIMO or multi-user MIMO), transmit/receive diversity, and/or beamforming. The wireless device 1502 and/or the base station 1504 may have a single antenna.

The processing system 1508 and the processing system 1518 may be associated with a memory 1514 and a memory 1524, respectively. Memory 1514 and memory 1524 (e.g., one or more non-transitory computer readable mediums) may store computer program instructions or code that may be executed by the processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518, respectively, to carry out one or more of the functionalities (e.g., one or more functionalities described herein and other functionalities of general computers, processors, memories, and/or other peripherals). The transmission processing system 1510 and/or the reception processing system 1512 may be coupled to the memory 1514 and/or another memory (e.g., one or more non-transitory computer readable mediums) storing computer program instructions or code that may be executed to carry out one or more of their respective functionalities. The transmission processing system 1520 and/or the reception processing system 1522 may be coupled to the memory 1524 and/or another memory (e.g., one or more non-transitory computer readable mediums) storing computer program instructions or code that may be executed to carry out one or more of their respective functionalities.

The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may comprise one or more controllers and/or one or more processors. The one or more controllers and/or one or more processors may comprise, for example, a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and/or other programmable logic device, discrete gate and/or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, an on-board unit, or any combination thereof. The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may perform at least one of signal coding/processing, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that may enable the wireless device 1502 and/or the base station 1504 to operate in a wireless environment.

The processing system 1508 may be connected to one or more peripherals 1516. The processing system 1518 may be connected to one or more peripherals 1526. The one or more peripherals 1516 and the one or more peripherals 1526 may comprise software and/or hardware that provide features and/or functionalities, for example, a speaker, a microphone, a keypad, a display, a touchpad, a power source, a satellite transceiver, a universal serial bus (USB) port, a hands-free headset, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a media player, an Internet browser, an electronic control unit (e.g., for a motor vehicle), and/or one or more sensors (e.g., an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a temperature sensor, a radar sensor, a lidar sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, a light sensor, a camera, and/or the like). The processing system 1508 and/or the processing system 1518 may receive input data (e.g., user input data) from, and/or provide output data (e.g., user output data) to, the one or more peripherals 1516 and/or the one or more peripherals 1526. The processing system 1518 in the wireless device 1502 may receive power from a power source and/or may be configured to distribute the power to the other components in the wireless device 1502. The power source may comprise one or more sources of power, for example, a battery, a solar cell, a fuel cell, or any combination thereof. The processing system 1508 may be connected to a Global Positioning System (GPS) chipset 1517. The processing system 1518 may be connected to a Global Positioning System (GPS) chipset 1527. The GPS chipset 1517 and the GPS chipset 1527 may be configured to determine and provide geographic location information of the wireless device 1502 and the base station 1504, respectively.

FIG. 15B shows example elements of a computing device that may be used to implement any of the various devices described herein, including, for example, the base station 160A, 160B, 162A, 162B, 220, 1210, 1302, 1713, 2413, and/or 3201, the wireless device 106, 156A, 156B, 210, 1205, 1301, 1701, 2301, 2401, and/or 3202, or any other base station, wireless device, AMF, UPF, network device, or computing device described herein. The computing device 1530 may include one or more processors 1531, which may execute instructions stored in the random access memory (RAM) 1533, the removable media 1534 (such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive, compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD), or floppy disk drive), or any other desired storage medium. Instructions may also be stored in an attached (or internal) hard drive 1535. The computing device 1530 may also include a security processor (not shown), which may execute instructions of one or more computer programs to monitor the processes executing on the processor 1531 and any process that requests access to any hardware and/or software components of the computing device 1530 (e.g., ROM 1532, RAM 1533, the removable media 1534, the hard drive 1535, the device controller 1537, a network interface 1539, a GPS 1541, a Bluetooth interface 1542, a WiFi interface 1543, etc.). The computing device 1530 may include one or more output devices, such as the display 1536 (e.g., a screen, a display device, a monitor, a television, etc.), and may include one or more output device controllers 1537, such as a video processor. There may also be one or more user input devices 1538, such as a remote control, keyboard, mouse, touch screen, microphone, etc. The computing device 1530 may also include one or more network interfaces, such as a network interface 1539, which may be a wired interface, a wireless interface, or a combination of the two. The network interface 1539 may provide an interface for the computing device 1530 to communicate with a network 1540 (e.g., a RAN, or any other network). The network interface 1539 may include a modem (e.g., a cable modem), and the external network 1540 may include communication links, an external network, an in-home network, a provider's wireless, coaxial, fiber, or hybrid fiber/coaxial distribution system (e.g., a DOCSIS network), or any other desired network. Additionally, the computing device 1530 may include a location-detecting device, such as a global positioning system (GPS) microprocessor 1541, which may be configured to receive and process global positioning signals and determine, with possible assistance from an external server and antenna, a geographic position of the computing device 1530.

The example in FIG. 15B may be a hardware configuration, although the components shown may be implemented as software as well. Modifications may be made to add, remove, combine, divide, etc. components of the computing device 1530 as desired. Additionally, the components may be implemented using basic computing devices and components, and the same components (e.g., processor 1531, ROM storage 1532, display 1536, etc.) may be used to implement any of the other computing devices and components described herein. For example, the various components described herein may be implemented using computing devices having components such as a processor executing computer-executable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium, as shown in FIG. 15B. Some or all of the entities described herein may be software based, and may co-exist in a common physical platform (e.g., a requesting entity may be a separate software process and program from a dependent entity, both of which may be executed as software on a common computing device).

FIG. 16A shows an example structure for uplink transmission. Processing of a baseband signal representing a physical uplink shared channel may comprise/perform one or more functions. The one or more functions may comprise at least one of: scrambling; modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued symbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers; transform precoding to generate complex-valued symbols; precoding of the complex-valued symbols; mapping of precoded complex-valued symbols to resource elements; generation of complex-valued time-domain Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), CP-OFDM signal for an antenna port, or any other signals; and/or the like. An SC-FDMA signal for uplink transmission may be generated, for example, if transform precoding is enabled. A CP-OFDM signal for uplink transmission may be generated, for example, if transform precoding is not enabled (e.g., as shown in FIG. 16A). These functions are examples and other mechanisms for uplink transmission may be implemented.

FIG. 16B shows an example structure for modulation and up-conversion of a baseband signal to a carrier frequency. The baseband signal may be a complex-valued SC-FDMA, CP-OFDM baseband signal (or any other baseband signals) for an antenna port and/or a complex-valued Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) baseband signal. Filtering may be performed/employed, for example, prior to transmission.

FIG. 16C shows an example structure for downlink transmissions. Processing of a baseband signal representing a physical downlink channel may comprise/perform one or more functions. The one or more functions may comprise: scrambling of coded bits in a codeword to be sent/transmitted on/via a physical channel; modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers; precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on a layer for transmission on the antenna ports; mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for an antenna port to resource elements; generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for an antenna port; and/or the like. These functions are examples and other mechanisms for downlink transmission may be implemented.

FIG. 16D shows an example structure for modulation and up-conversion of a baseband signal to a carrier frequency. The baseband signal may be a complex-valued OFDM baseband signal for an antenna port or any other signal. Filtering may be performed/employed, for example, prior to transmission.

A wireless device may receive, from a base station, one or more messages (e.g. RRC messages) comprising configuration parameters of a plurality of cells (e.g., a primary cell, one or more secondary cells). The wireless device may communicate with at least one base station (e.g., two or more base stations in dual-connectivity) via the plurality of cells. The one or more messages (e.g. as a part of the configuration parameters) may comprise parameters of PHY, MAC, RLC, PCDP, SDAP, RRC layers for configuring the wireless device. The configuration parameters may comprise parameters for configuring PHY and MAC layer channels, bearers, etc. The configuration parameters may comprise parameters indicating values of timers for PHY, MAC, RLC, PCDP, SDAP, RRC layers, and/or communication channels.

A timer may begin running, for example, if it is started, and continue running until it is stopped or until it expires. A timer may be started, for example, if it is not running or restarted if it is running. A timer may be associated with a value (e.g., the timer may be started or restarted from a value or may be started from zero and expire if it reaches the value). The duration of a timer may not be updated, for example, until the timer is stopped or expires (e.g., due to BWP switching). A timer may be used to measure a time period/window for a process. With respect to an implementation and/or procedure related to one or more timers or other parameters, it will be understood that there may be multiple ways to implement the one or more timers or other parameters. One or more of the multiple ways to implement a timer may be used to measure a time period/window for the procedure. A random access response window timer may be used for measuring a window of time for receiving a random access response. The time difference between two time stamps may be used, for example, instead of starting a random access response window timer and determine the expiration of the timer. A process for measuring a time window may be restarted, for example, if a timer is restarted. Other example implementations may be configured/provided to restart a measurement of a time window.

FIG. 17A shows an example of positioning. An AMF (e.g., AMF 158A in FIG. 1B) may receive a request for a location service that may be associated with a wireless device 1701 (e.g., a particular target wireless device, e.g., a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU)) from another entity (e.g., Gateway Mobile Location Centre (GMLC) or the wireless device). For example, the AMF may determine to initiate the location service corresponding to the wireless device 1701 (e.g., on behalf of the wireless device 1701, e.g., for an IMS emergency call from the wireless device 1701). The AMF may send a location services request to a location server, e.g., location management function (LMF) 1702, e.g., via NL1 interface. The NL1 interface between the LMF and the AMF may be transparent to the (all) wireless device 1701 and/or a base station (e.g., base station 1713). The LMF 1702 processes the location services request which may include transferring/transmitting assistance data 1708 to the wireless device 1701 to assist with wireless device-based (i.e., the wireless device estimating its own location) and/or wireless device-assisted positioning (i.e., the network estimating the wireless device location) and/or may include positioning of the wireless device 1701. The LMF 1702 may return/transmit/send a result of the location service (e.g., measurements/location data/information 1707, e.g., a position estimate for the wireless device 1701) back to the AMF. In the case of the location service requested by an entity other than the AMF (e.g., the GMLC or the wireless device 1701), the AMF may return/transmit/send the location service result to the entity. The LMF 1702 may have a proprietary signaling connection to a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP). The SLP is the SUPL entity responsible for positioning over the user plane.

For example, the AMF may establish a signaling connection with the wireless device and assign a specific serving gNB or ng-eNB, for example, if the AMF receives the location service request in case of the wireless device 1701 is in an CM-IDLE state. The wireless device 1701 may be in the RRC connected state/mode before the beginning of a positioning procedure. For example, the wireless device 1701 may send (e.g., transmit) from the RRC idle state to the RRC connected state to perform the positioning procedure (corresponding to the location service). For example, the wireless device 1701 may send (e.g., transmit) to the RRC inactive state to perform the positioning procedure.

As shown in FIG. 17A, positioning the wireless device 1701 (e.g., the positioning procedure) may involve/comprise (signal) measurements (e.g., GNSS signals and/or LTE/NR radio signals) and a position estimate (e.g., the location) and an optional velocity computation based on the (signal) measurements. Although not shown in FIG. 17A, the measurements may be performed/made by the wireless device 1701 and/or by a (serving/non-serving) base station (e.g., ng-eNB or gNB or TRP). The measurements may be positioning measurements (e.g., reference signal time difference (RSTD)) or non-positioning measurements (e.g., SSB/CSI-RS/TRS measurements).

FIG. 17A may show an example of an LTE positioning protocol (LPP) 1706 configuration between a location server (e.g., an Enhanced Serving Mobile Location Centre (E-SMLC), the LMF or the SLP), resided in core network (e.g., EPC or 5GC) 1712, and a wireless device 1701 (e.g., target device, e.g., a UE or a SUPL Enabled Terminal (SET)). The LPP may be used in 4G LTE and/or 5G NR systems. The LPP configuration may be used to position the wireless device 1701 using position-related measurements (e.g., GNSS signals and/or LTE/NR radio signals) obtained by one or more reference sources 1703. The one or more reference resources may comprise one or more base stations (e.g., eNodeB/NG-RAN node/gNB), transmitting LTE/NR radio signals 1705, and/or Global Navigation Satellites Systems (GNSSs) transmitting general radio navigation signals (GNSS signals) 1704. The GNSSs systems may comprise at least one of the following: GPS, Modernized GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS). Regional navigation satellite systems include Quasi Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), and NAVigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC). The one or more reference resources may comprise one or more transmission points (TPs) and/or transmission reception points (TRPs). Example of FIG. 17A may show an example of the configuration as applied to the control-plane and/or user-plane location solutions for E-UTRAN and NG-RAN.

A positioning session (e.g., an LPP session, see FIG. 17B for an example) may be used between the location server 1702 and the wireless device 1701 in order to obtain (e.g., by the wireless device 1701 and/or the base station 1713 and/or the location server 1702) location related measurements or a location estimate or to transfer assistance data 1708. A single positioning session (e.g., a single LPP session) may be used to support a single location request (e.g., for a single Mobile Terminated Location Request (MT-LR), Mobile Originated Location Request (MO-LR) or Network Induced Location Request (NI-LR)). Multiple positioning sessions (e.g., multiple LPP sessions) may be used between the wireless device 1701 and the location server to support multiple different location requests. An (or each) positioning session may comprise one or more positioning transactions (e.g., one or more LPP transactions), with each positioning transaction performing a single operation/function/procedure (e.g., a capability exchange procedure/operation, an assistance procedure/operation, and/or a location information transfer operation/procedure). The positioning transactions within the positioning session may occur serially or in parallel. Positioning transactions may be indicated at the LPP protocol level with a transaction ID in order to associate one or more positioning messages (e.g., LPP messages) with one another (e.g., a request message and a response message). For example, the positioning session may correspond to (or associated with) the positioning procedure. The positioning session may be for performing the positioning procedure by the wireless device 1701 and/or the base station and/or the location server.

LPP messages are carried as transparent (LPP) PDUs across intermediate network interfaces using the appropriate protocols (e.g., NGAP over the NG-C interface, NAS/RRC over the LTE-Uu and NR-Uu interfaces). The RRC protocol may provide transport for the LPP messages over the NR-Uu/LTE-Uu interfaces and/or configuring the wireless device 1701 with SRS resources/resource sets for positioning (e.g., via one or more SRS configuration parameters such as SRS-Resource/SRS-ResourceSet and/or SRS-PosResource/SRS-PosResourceSet). The activation/deactivation of configured semi-persistent SRS resource sets may be via MAC protocol over the NR-Uu/LTE-Uu interfaces. The activation of a configured aperiodic SRS resource set may be via a DCI.

An SRS which is configured with IEs SRS-ResourceSet/SRS-Resource may be called a MIMO SRS or SRS for MIMO. An SRS which is configured with IEs SRS-PosResourceSet/SRS-PosResource may be called a positioning SRS or SRS for positioning. A positioning SRS may have different configuration parameter values (e.g., comb size or number of symbols) than a MIMO SRS. A MIMO SRS may be configured on one or multiple antenna ports. A MIMO SRS may be configured within a BWP of a UE. A MIMO SRS may be configured with frequency hopping which is within the BWP of the configuration (e.g., within the BWP on which SRS-ResourceSet is configured).

A positioning transaction of the positioning session (e.g., an LPP transaction of the LPP session) may comprise communicating/exchanging (transmitting/receiving) the one or more positioning messages (e.g., the LPP messages comprising LPP PDUs) between the location server and the wireless device 1701 (e.g., based on LTE-Uu/NR-Uu interface). For example, the location server may interact (e.g., for transmitting/receiving the one or more positioning messages) with the wireless device 1701 based on the LPP. The wireless device 1701 may exchange/communicate with the location server (e.g., receive or transmit) the LPP messages (or the one or more positioning messages) via the base station based on/via/using NAS/RRC messages/protocol (e.g., RRC DL information transfer and/or RRC UL information transfer) over the LTE-Uu and NR-Uu interfaces. The LPP PDUs of the LPP messages (carried by the RRC DL information transfer and/or RRC UL information transfer) may be transparent to the base station (e.g., the base station may not attempt to decode the LPP messages). The base station may transmit/send the LPP messages received from the wireless device 1701 (using/based on the RRC/NAS messages/protocol) to the core network (AMF/LMF) using a format/protocol (e.g., NGAP messages, e.g., NGAP downlink NAS transport and/or NGAP uplink NAS transport). The base station may transmit/send the LPP messages received from the core network (AMF/LMF) to the wireless device 1701 using/based on the RRC/NAS messages/protocol (e.g., NGAP messages, e.g., NGAP downlink NAS transport and/or NGAP uplink NAS transport). The NGAP uplink/downlink NAS transport messages may comprise LPP PDUs of the LPP messages.

The one or more positioning messages may comprise assistance data messages/information (e.g., to set up the wireless device to perform positioning measurements) and/or measurements (e.g., A, B, or A+B)/locations messages. The wireless device may receive the assistance data messages/information based on/via LPP messages/signaling and/or RRC messages and/or (RRC) broadcasting (e.g., at least one positioning System Information Block (posSIB or SIBpos)).

The positioning procedure may comprise one or more RRC procedures for positioning. The one or more RRC procedures may comprise a wireless device Positioning Assistance Information procedure (e.g., used by a wireless device to report the wireless device Positioning Assistance Information for UL-TDOA, e.g., to report association between UL-SRS resources for positioning and the wireless device Tx TEG ID); and/or a location measurement indication procedure (e.g., used by the wireless device to request measurement gaps for OTDOA RSTD measurements, for subframe and slot timing detection for inter-RAT E-UTRA RSTD measurements, or for NR downlink positioning reference signals (DL-PRS) measurements). The one or more RRC procedures for positioning may comprise communicating one or more RRC message between the wireless device and the base station. The one or more RRC messages may comprise the RRC reconfiguration message; and/or an RRC Location Measurement Indication message; and/or (RRC) UE Positioning Assistance Info message; and/or (RRC) Inter-frequency RSTD measurement indication; and/or RRC system information message (e.g., SIBpos). For example, the base station may broadcast assistance data information/messages, received from the location server (e.g., via NRPPa messages of the one or more positioning messages), in positioning System Information messages. The one or more positioning messages may comprise posSIBs.

The wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters (e.g., via a service cell and/or a base station). The one or more configuration parameters may comprise configurations indicated by the LPP messages (e.g., the one or more positioning messages) and/or the positioning SIBs and/or the one or more RRC messages and/or other SIBs (e.g., SIBx, x=1, 2, . . . , 19, . . . ).

An NG-RAN node (e.g., a base station of the one or more base stations) may control/mange several TRPs/TPs, such as remote radio heads, or DL-PRS-only TPs for support of PRS-based Terrestrial Beacon System (TBS). A gNB-DU may include TRP functionality where the TRP functionality may support functions for a TP, RP or both TP and RP. For example, a gNB-DU which includes TRP functionality may not offer cell services to the wireless device.

As shown in FIG. 17A, the location server may interact with a base station (e.g., gNB) 1713 in order to obtain location related information 1710 to support the positioning procedure (e.g., an NR RAT-Dependent positioning method/procedure), for example, via NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) 1709. The assistance data 1711 may comprise the location related information. For example, the location related information may comprise timing information for a TRP (e.g., in relation to either absolute GNSS time or timing of other TRPs) and information about the supported cells and TRPs including DL PRS and/or sidelink (SL) PRS schedule. The TRP may be a reference TRP (e.g., an assistance data reference TRP) or a neighbor TRP (e.g., non-assistance data reference TRP). The reference TRP may be the serving TRP. The reference TRP may be a serving TRP that the wireless device is able to determine/obtain corresponding frame configuration (e.g., DL/UL frame configuration, e.g., SFN).

The LMF may determine one or more positioning methods for the wireless device. The one or more positioning methods (or procedures) may be at least one of the following: network-assisted GNSS methods; observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) positioning based on LTE signals; enhanced cell ID (E-CID/ECID) methods based on LTE signals; WLAN positioning; Bluetooth positioning; terrestrial beacon system (TBS) positioning; sensor based methods (e.g., barometric Pressure Sensor and/or motion sensor; NR enhanced cell ID methods (NR E-CID) based on NR signals; Multi-Round Trip Time Positioning (Multi-RTT based on NR signals); Downlink Angle-of-Departure (DL-AoD) based on NR signals; Downlink Time Difference of Arrival (DL-TDOA) based on NR signals; Uplink Time Difference of Arrival (UL-TDOA) based on NR signals; Uplink Angle-of-Arrival (UL-AoA), including A-AoA and Z-AoA based on NR signals; and/or NR carrier phase positioning (CPP) based on NR signals.

The DL-AoD positioning method/procedure may use measured DL-PRS-RSRP (and optionally DL-PRS-RSRPP (reference signal received path power)) of downlink signals (e.g., DL PRSs) received from multiple TPs/TRPs (e.g., the one or more TRPs), at the wireless device. The DL-TDOA positioning method may use measured DL RSTD (and optionally DL-PRS-RSRP and/or DL-PRS-RSRPP) of the downlink signals received from multiple TPs/TRPs, at the wireless device. The UL-TDOA positioning method may use uplink relative time of arrival (UL-RTOA) (and optionally UL-SRS-RSRP and/or UL-SRS-RSRPP) at multiple RPs/TRPs of uplink signals (e.g., SRS) transmitted from wireless device. The UL-AoA positioning method may use measured azimuth angle of arrival (A-AoA) and zenith angle of arrival (Z-AoA) at multiple RPs/TRPs of uplink signals (SRS) transmitted from the wireless device. The Multi-RTT positioning method may use measured UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements (and optionally DL-PRS-RSRP and/or DL-PRS-RSRPP) of the downlink signals received from multiple (e.g., one or more or at least one) TRPs (e.g., comprising the reference TRP and/or neighbor TRPs), measured by the wireless device and/or the measured gNB Rx-Tx time difference measurements (and optionally UL-SRS-RSRP and/or UL-SRS-RSRPP) at multiple TRPs of the uplink signals transmitted from wireless device. The NR CPP positioning method may use downlink reference signal carrier phase (DL RSCP), downlink reference signal carrier phase difference (DL RSCPD), and/or uplink reference signal carrier phase (UL RSCP).

The measurements 1707 (e.g., to perform the positioning procedure of the one or more positioning procedures) at the wireless device may comprise the DL-PRS-RSRP measurement(s) of the (received) downlink signals and/or the DL-PRS-RSRPP measurement(s) of the (received) downlink signals and/or the DL RSTD measurement(s) of the received signals and/or the UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements of the received signals and/or DL RSCP measurement(s) of the received downlink signals and/or DL RSCPD measurement(s) of the received downlink signals. The measurements of the downlink signals at the wireless device may be based on the assistance data (received from the positioning server).

The measurements 1710 (e.g., to perform the positioning procedure) at the base station(s)/RPs/TRPs may comprise the UL-SRS-RSRP measurement(s) of uplink signals (e.g., SRS) and/or the UL-SRS-RSRPP measurement(s) of the uplink signals and/or the gNB Rx-Tx time difference measurements and/or UL-RTOA measurements of the uplink signals and/or A-AoA and/or Z-AoA measurement(s) of the uplink signals and/or UL RSCP measurement(s) of the uplink signals.

The positioning procedure (e.g., at the wireless device and/or the base station) may be a hybrid positioning using the one or more positioning methods from the list of positioning methods herein. The positioning procedure may be a UE-based positioning procedure, a UE-assisted/LMF-based positioning procedure, and/or an NG-RAN node assisted positioning procedure.

For example, the positioning procedure may require the base station (e.g., gNB) measurements. The NG-RAN (e.g., the base station) may use/utilize the one or more positioning methods (e.g., listed herein) in order to determine the position of the wireless device. As shown in FIG. 17A, as part of the positioning procedure, the LMF may interact/communicate with the base station via the NRPPa 1709 to support the positioning method (or procedure), e.g., by transmitting/receiving the one or more positioning messages. The one or more positioning messages may comprise NRPPa messages.

FIG. 17B shows an example of LPP messages and LPP procedures. The interaction/communication between the wireless device 1701 and the location server may comprise communicating LPP messages of the one or more positioning messages, e.g., during the (ongoing) positioning procedure 1735. As shown in FIG. 17B, the positioning procedure (and/or the positioning session) may comprise at least one of the following: a capability procedure 1730 (e.g., an LPP capability procedure); and/or an (LPP) assistance data procedure 1731; and/or a location procedure 1732 (e.g., an LPP location procedure); and/or an (LPP) abort (or cancel or terminate) procedure 1734. The purpose of the abort procedure may be to allow the wireless device 1701 or the location server to abort 1729 the (ongoing) positioning procedure (e.g., cancellation of a location request by an LCS client). For example, the abort procedure may stop (or terminate or finish) the (ongoing) positioning procedure.

The capability procedure may be (or comprise) an LPP capability transfer procedure 1730. The server may send/transmit request capabilities 1721 (e.g., RequestCapabilities) message of the one or more positioning messages to the wireless device 1701. For example, the wireless device 1701 may send (e.g., transmit) provide capabilities 1722 (e.g., ProvideCapabilities) message to the location server (e.g., based on (e.g., in response to) the request capabilities message). Upon receiving the RequestCapabilities message, the wireless device 1701 may generate the ProvideCapabilities message. For each positioning method for which a request for capabilities is included RequestCapabilities message and if the wireless device 1701 supports the requested positioning method, the wireless device 1701 may include the capabilities of the wireless device 1701 for the supported positioning method in the ProvideCapabilities message. For example, the capability procedure may be an LPP capability indication procedure allowing the wireless device 1701 to provide unsolicited capabilities (e.g., to transmit the ProvideCapabilities message) to the location server, e.g., without receiving the request capability message.

The assistance data procedure may comprise one or more (LPP) procedures related to assistance data transfer 1731. The assistance data procedure may enable/allow the wireless device 1701 to request assistance data 1723 (e.g., by sending (e.g., transmitting) a request assistance data message of the one or more positioning messages) from the location server to assist in positioning corresponding to the positioning procedure. The location server may respond with a provide assistance data 1724-1725 (e.g., ProvideAssistanceData) message (of the one or more positioning messages) to the wireless device 1701 containing/comprising (requested) assistance data. The assistance data procedure may be a periodic assistance data transfer procedure. The assistance data procedure may enable/allow the location server to transfer assistance data to the wireless device 1701 in the absence of a request of assistance data (e.g., without receiving a request assistance data message or an assistance data delivery procedure).

For example, assistance data that may be transferred from the location server to the wireless device 1701 (e.g., via the one or more positioning messages) may comprise at least one of the following: cell information (e.g., Physical cell IDs (PCIs), global cell IDs (GCIs), and PRS IDs, ARFCNs of candidate NR TRPs for measurement); and/or Timing relative to the TRP of the candidate NR TRPs; and/or DL-PRS configuration of candidate NR TRPs (e.g., as shown in FIG. 21A); and/or SSB information of the (one or more) TRPs (the time/frequency occupancy of SSBs); and/or PRS-only TP indication; On-Demand DL-PRS-Configurations; Validity Area of the Assistance Data. The candidate NR TRPs may comprise the one or more TRPs.

The location procedure 1732 may comprise procedures related to location information transfer/report. The location procedure may enable/allow the location server to request location measurement data 1726 (or positioning measurements or measurements or positioning measurement data) and/or a location estimate from the wireless device 1701. The location server may send a request location information (e.g., RequestLocationInformation) message (of the one or more positioning messages) to the wireless device 1701 to request location information (e.g., indicating a type of location information needed and potentially an associated QoS). The request location information message may indicate a request for the location information/position (or measurements of the positioning procedure) of the wireless device. The wireless device 1701 may send (e.g., transmit) a provide location information 1727-1728 (e.g., ProvideLocationInformation) message (of the one or more positioning messages) to the location server to transfer the location information data (or simply location data or location information or location), for example, based on (e.g., in response to) the request location information message. For example, the location procedure may enable/allow the wireless device 1701 to transfer/transmit/send the (unsolicited) location measurement data and/or the location estimate to the location server in the absence of a request of location measurement data from the location server (e.g., the location information delivery procedure). The location procedure may comprise (periodically) transmitting/sending location information report(s) (e.g., comprising the location information data) to the location server by the wireless device 1701.

FIG. 18A shows an example of request capabilities message. The request capabilities message (of the one or more positioning messages) may indicate types of capability needed for the ongoing positioning procedure. The RequestCapabilities message body in a LPP message (e.g., the request capabilities message) of the LPP messages may be used by the location server to request the wireless device capability information for LPP and the supported individual positioning methods. The request capabilities message may comprise RequestCapabilities-r9-IEs indicating one or more capabilities, e.g., common request capabilities (e.g., commonlEsRequestCapabilities), and/or NR ECID request capabilities (e.g., nr-ECID-RequestCapabilities-r16), and/or NR multi-RTT request capabilities (e.g., nr-Multi-RTT-RequestCapabilities-r16), and/or NR DL TDOA request capabilities (e.g., nr-DL-TDOA-RequestCapabilities-r16), and/or NR UL request capabilities (e.g., nr-UL-RequestCapabilities-r16), and/or the like. The RequestCapabilities-r9-Ies may indicate other capabilities (e.g., a-gnss-RequestCapabilities and/or wIan-RequestCapabilities-r13, and/or the like) not shown in FIG. 18A.

FIG. 18B shows an example of provide capabilities message. The provide capabilities message (of the one or more positioning messages) may indicate types of capability needed for the ongoing positioning procedure (e.g., for each positioning method whose capabilities are to be indicated or request by the request capabilities). The ProvideCapabilities message body in an LPP message (e.g., the provide capabilities message) may indicate the LPP capabilities of the wireless device to the location server. The provide capabilities message may comprise ProvideCapabilities-r9-Ies indicating one or more capabilities, e.g., common provide capabilities (e.g., commonIEsProvideCapabilities), and/or NR ECID request capabilities (e.g., nr-ECID-ProvideCapabilities-r16), and/or NR multi-RTT request capabilities (e.g., nr-Multi-RTT-ProvideCapabilities-r16), and/or NR DL TDOA request capabilities (e.g., nr-DL-TDOA-ProvideCapabilities-r16), and/or NR UL request capabilities (e.g., nr-UL-ProvideCapabilities-r16), and/or the like. The ProvideCapabilities-r9-Ies may indicate other capabilities (e.g., a-gnss-ProvideCapabilities and/or wIan-ProvideCapabilities-r13, and/or the like) not shown in FIG. 18A.

FIG. 18C shows an example of request assistance data message. The request assistance data message (of the one or more positioning messages) may comprise RequestAssistanceData-r9-Ies comprising at least one of the following, e.g., common request assistance data (e.g., commonlEsRequestAssistanceData), and/or NR multi-RTT request assistance data (e.g., nr-Multi-RTT-RequestAssistanceData-r16), and/or NR DL TDOA request assistance data (e.g., nr-DL-TDOA-RequestAssistanceData-r16), and/or NR DL AoD request assistance data (e.g., nr-DL-AoD-RequestAssistanceData-r16), and/or the like. For example, the request assistance data message (e.g., CommonlEsRequestAssistanceData) may comprise/indicate a primary cell ID/index (e.g., primaryCellID) indicating a primary cell of the wireless device. A provide assistance data message (of the one or more positioning messages) may comprise ProvideAssistanceData-r9-Ies comprising at least one of the following, e.g., common provide assistance data (e.g., commonlEsProvideAssistanceData), and/or NR multi-RTT provide assistance data (e.g., nr-Multi-RTT-ProvideAssistanceData-r16, see FIG. 20A for an example), and/or NR DL TDOA provide assistance data (e.g., nr-DL-TDOA-ProvideAssistanceData-r16), and/or NR DL AoD provide assistance data (e.g., nr-DL-AoD-ProvideAssistanceData-r16), and/or the like.

A request location information message (of the one or more positioning messages) may comprise RequestLocationInformation-r9-Ies comprising at least one of the following, e.g., common request location information (e.g., commonIEsRequestLocationInformation, see FIG. 19 for an example), and/or NR multi-RTT request location information (e.g., nr-Multi-RTT-RequestLocationInformation-r16), and/or NR DL TDOA request location information (e.g., nr-DL-TDOA-RequestLocationInformation-r16), and/or NR DL AoD request location information (e.g., nr-DL-AoD-RequestLocationInformation-r16), and/or the like.

FIG. 19 shows an example of configuration parameters of a request location information. The request location information may comprise the common request location information (e.g., commonlEsRequestLocationInformation). As shown in FIG. 19, the common request location information (e.g., commonIEsRequestLocationInformation) may comprise at least one of the following: locationInformationType (e.g., whether the location server requires the location estimate or the measurements); and/or a triggered reporting (e.g., triggeredReporting); and/or a periodic reporting (e.g., periodicalReporting); and/or an additional information; and/or a response time (e.g., responseTime or responseTimeNB); and/or a scheduled location time (e.g., scheduledLocationTime).

The additional information may indicate whether the wireless device is allowed to send (e.g., transmit) additional information (e.g., besides requested information) to the location server. If the additional information indicates ‘onlyReturnInformationRequested’, the wireless device may not return (or send or transmit) any additional information to the location server. If additional information indicates ‘mayReturnAdditionalInformation’, the wireless device may return (or transmit) additional information to the location server. The additional information may comprise a velocity (e.g., corresponding to the location estimate) and/or E-CID measurements.

The triggered reporting may indicate that triggered reporting is requested (by the location service). For example, the triggered reporting may indicate/configure one or more reporting triggers/criteria (e.g., via TriggeredReportingCriteria) for (performing/triggering) the location (transfer/delivery) procedure. The triggered reporting may comprise cellChange and reportingDuration. If the cellChange field of the triggered reporting is set to TRUE, the wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) the (requested) location information each time the primary cell changes (e.g., due to handover procedure), e.g., the one or more reporting triggers may comprise the (primary) cell change. The reportingDuration may indicate a maximum duration of the triggered reporting (e.g., in seconds/milliseconds). A value of zero of the reportingDuration may indicate an unlimited (i.e., “infinite”) duration. For example, the wireless device may continue transmitting/sending the location information (or the location data/positioning measurements) to the location server (e.g., based on the one or more reporting triggers) for the reportingDuration or until the ongoing positioning procedure being aborted/canceled/stopped (e.g., based on (e.g., in response to) the abort message or an error message of the one or more positioning message). The wireless device may ignore the triggeredReporting field of the commonIEsRequestLocationInformation if the commonIEsRequestLocationInformation comprises/configures at least one of the following: the perioding reporting (e.g., periodicalReporting IE) and/or the response time (e.g., responseTime IE or responseTimeNB IE).

The periodic reporting (e.g., periodicalReporting) may indicate that periodic reporting (of the location information data/measurements) is requested by the location server. The periodic reporting may comprise a reporting amount (e.g., reportingAmount) and/or a reporting interval (e.g., reportingInterval). The reporting amount may indicate a number of the (periodic) location information data/reports. If the reportingAmount is ‘infinite/indefinite’, the wireless device may continue periodic reporting of the location information (to the location server) until the abort message is received from the location server. The reporting interval may indicate an interval between the (consecutive) location information reports and/or a response time requirement for a first/starting/initial/earliest location information report. For example, the location information reports (or measurement reports) may contain no measurements or no location estimate when a reportingInterval expires before the wireless device is able to obtain new measurements or obtain a new location estimate.

The response time may comprise at least one of the following: a time; and/or a responseTimeEarlyFix; and/or a unit. The time may indicate a maximum/largest/greatest response time (e.g., based on the indicated unit or seconds) as measured between receipt of the RequestLocationInformation message and transmission of the ProvideLocationInformation message. The responseTimeEarlyFix may indicate the a maximum/largest/greatest response time (e.g., based on the indicated unit or seconds) as measured between receipt of the RequestLocationInformation message and transmission of the ProvideLocationInformation message containing an early location measurement or an early location estimate.

The scheduledLocationTime may indicate that the wireless device is requested (by the location server) to obtain the location information data (or the positioning/location measurements or location estimate) valid at the scheduledLocationTime T_scheduledLocationTime. T_scheduledLocationTime may be in UTC format, or GNSS system time, or a network time (e.g., networkTime, e.g., in a E-UTRA or NR network time, or a relativeTime (e.g., T_scheduledLocationTime in seconds from current time, where current time is defined as the time the CommonIEsRequestLocationInformation is received). The NR network time may be based on system frame number (nr-SFN) and/or a (physical) cell ID/identity (e.g., nr-PhysCellID, nr-ARFCN, nr-CellGlobalID) and/or a slot number (e.g., nr-Slot for an indicated subcarrier spacing (SCS)), e.g., the NR network time may be nr-SFN+nr-Slot.

The provide location information message may comprise ProvideLocationInformation-r9-Ies comprising at least one of the following, e.g., common provide location information (e.g., commonlEsProvideLocationInformation), and/or NR multi-RTT provide location information (e.g., nr-Multi-RTT-ProvideLocationInformation-r16), and/or NR DL TDOA provide location information (e.g., nr-DL-TDOA-ProvideLocationInformation-r16), and/or NR DL AoD provide location information (e.g., nr-DL-AoD-ProvideLocationInformation-r16), and/or the like.

For example, the provide location information message (e.g., IE NR-Multi-RTT-ProvideLocationInformation) may comprise signal measurement information configuration(s) (e.g., NR-Multi-RTT-SignalMeasurementInformation and/or NR-DL-TDOA-SignalMeasurementInformation-r16 and/or NR-DL-AoD-SignalMeasurementInformation-r16 and/or the like). The signal measurement information configurations may comprise at least one of the following: nr-NTA-Offset (e.g., N_TAoffset used by the wireless device); and/or SRS for Positioning Resources associated with a wireless device Tx time error group (TEG); and/or a list of multi-RTT measurement elements (e.g., nr-Multi-RTT-MeasList-r16 or nr-AdditionalPathListExt-r17). Each multi-RTT measurement element (e.g., NR-Multi-RTT-MeasElement-r16 or NR-Multi-RTT-AdditionalMeasurementElement-r16) of the list of multi-RTT measurement elements may comprise at least one of the following: associated/corresponding nr-UE-RxTxTimeDiff (indicating a wireless device Rx-Tx time difference measurement); and/or associated/corresponding PRS configuration (e.g., comprising dl-PRS-ID and/or a DL-PRS Resource Set ID and a DL-PRS Resources ID); and/or associated/corresponding additional measurements (e.g., nr-DL-PRS-RSRP-Result-r16); and/or associated/corresponding time stamp (e.g., nr-TimeStamp-r16). The dl-PRS-ID and/or the DL-PRS Resource Set ID and the DL-PRS Resources ID may uniquely identify a DL-PRS Resource. The dl-PRS-ID may be associated with multiple DL-PRS Resource Sets associated with a single TRP (e.g., the reference TRP or a neighbor TRP). Each TRP (e.g., the reference TRP or a neighbor TRP) may only be associated with one the dl-PRS-ID. Each multi-RTT measurement element may correspond to a path (a first/initial detected path or an additional detected path) and/or the TEG. Each multi-RTT measurement element may comprise accompanied DL-PRS RSRP measurements and/or LOS-NLOS indicator.

The wireless device Rx-Tx (or reception-transmission) time difference measurement may be measured/calculated/determined (by the wireless device) as T_(UE-RX)−T_(UE-TX), wherein T_(UE-RX) is the received timing of downlink subframe #i (at the wireless device) from a TRP/TP (e.g., corresponding to the PRS configuration identified by the dl-PRS-ID and/or the DL-PRS Resource Set ID and the DL-PRS Resources ID) defined by the first detected path in time and T_(UE-TX) is the send (e.g., transmit) timing of uplink subframe #j (at the wireless device) that is closest in time to the subframe #i received from the TP/TP. The wireless device may (corresponding to the first detected path) receive/measure DL PRS of the PRS configuration (e.g., corresponding to the dl-PRS-ID and/or the DL-PRS Resource Set ID and the DL-PRS Resources ID) during/within downlink subframe #i. The wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) SRS (for positioning) during/with the uplink subframe #j.

FIG. 20A shows an example of configuration parameters of the provide assistance data message. The provide assistance data message (of the one or more positioning message) may comprise the multi-RTT provide assistance data (NR-Multi-RTT-ProvideAssistanceData) message and/or the DL-TDOA provide assistance data (NR-DL-TDOA-ProvideAssistanceData) message. As shown in FIG. 20A, the provide assistance data message may comprise a cell list of a network area (e.g., IE AreaID-CellList). The cell list of the network area may provide (NR) Cell-IDs (e.g., nr-PhysCellID-r17) of the multiple TRPs belonging to the network area where the (associated) assistance data are valid (e.g., indicated by the corresponding provide assistance data message). The provide assistance data message may comprise one or more PRS configuration parameters. The one or more PRS configuration parameters may comprise at least one of the following: DL PRS assistance data (e.g., nr-DL-PRS-AssistanceData-r16) and/or nr-SelectedDL-PRS-IndexList (indicating DL-PRS Resources applicable for the NR-Multi-RTT-ProvideAssistanceData message) and/or nr-On-Demand-DL-PRS-Configurations (indicating a set of available DL-PRS configurations requested by the wireless device on-demand) and/or nr-On-Demand-DL-PRS-Configurations-Selected-IndexList (indicating available on-demand DL-PRS configurations applicable for the NR-Multi-RTT-ProvideAssistanceData message). For example, the wireless device may request the nr-On-Demand-DL-PRS-Configurations by sending (e.g., transmitting) the request assistance data message (e.g., NR-Multi-RTT-RequestAssistanceData-r16) to the location server. If DL PRS assistance data (e.g., nr-DL-PRS-AssistanceData-r16) is absent but the nr-SelectedDL-PRS-IndexList field is present, the nr-DL-PRS-AssistanceData may be provided in IE NR-DL-TDOA-ProvideAssistanceData or NR-DL-AoD-ProvideAssistanceData.

FIG. 20B shows an example of configuration parameters of the request assistance data message. For example, the request assistance data message may comprise the NR-Multi-RTT-RequestAssistanceData-r16. Although not shown in FIG. 20B, similar configurations (to the configurations of the FIG. 20B) for NR-DL-TDOA-RequestAssistanceData and/or NR-DL-AoD-RequestAssistanceData or the like may exist. The request assistance data message may comprise at least one of the following: nr-PhysCellID (e.g., the NR physical cell identity of the (current) primary cell of the wireless device); and/or nr-AdType (e.g., indicating the requested assistance data and/or configuration: nr-DL-PRS-AssistanceData, for PRS assistance data, or UL SRS configuration, for SRS configuration); and/or the nr-on-demand-DL-PRS-Request-r17; and/or the nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedAoD-or-AoA-Request-r17 (indicating that IE NR-DL-PRS-ExpectedAoD-or-AoA in NR-DL-PRS-AssistanceData is requested); and/or the pre-configured-AssistanceDataRequest-r17 (indicating that the wireless device requests pre-configured assistance data with the area validity, e.g., the network area); and/or the like. For example, when the nr-AdType of the request assistance data message indicates nr-DL-PRS-AssistanceData, the wireless device/base station may request (from the location server) configuration of the PRS for the positioning procedure.

FIG. 21A, FIG. 21B, and FIG. 22 show examples of configuration parameters of downlink (DL) positioning reference signal (PRS). For example, the one or more configuration parameters may comprise the configuration parameters of the DL PRS (e.g., one or more DL PRS configuration parameters). The DL PRS may sometimes be called simply the PRS. The one or more DL PRS configuration parameters may comprise one or more DL PRS resource set configuration(s) (e.g., indicated by IE NR-DL-PRS-ResourceSet and NR-DL-PRS-Resource in FIG. 22). The one or more DL PRS resource set configuration(s) may configure one or more DL PRS resource sets. The one or more DL PRS resource sets may comprise one or more collections (or lists or sets or subsets) of DL PRS resource sets. Each collection of DL PRS resource sets (of the one or more collections of DL PRS resource sets) may correspond to (or associated with) a DL PRS positioning frequency layers of one or more DL PRS positioning frequency layers. A collection of DL PRS resource sets may comprise one or more first DL PRS resource sets (e.g., configured via nr-DL-PRS-ResourceSetList of the nr-DL-PRS-Info), e.g., corresponding to a TRP (e.g., the reference TRP or a neighbor TRP), e.g., DL PRS resources sets of the TRP. For example, a DL PRS resource set of the one or more DL PRS resource sets may correspond to a (unique) nr-DL-PRS-ResourceSetID).

The one or more DL PRS configuration parameters may configure/indicate DL-PRS configuration (e.g., DL PRS resources and/or DL PRS resource sets) corresponding to the multiple (e.g., the one or more) TRPs (e.g., comprising the reference TRP and/or at least one neighbor TRP). The DL PRS assistance data (e.g., nr-DL-PRS-AssistanceData-r16) may (implicitly or explicitly) indicate/configure the assistance data reference TRP (e.g., the reference TRP) and/or the at least one neighbor TRP.

As shown in FIG. 21A, the DL PRS assistance data comprises IE nr-DL-PRS-ReferenceInfo that indicates ID(s) of the reference TRP. FIG. 21B shows configuration parameter(s) of a PRS reference information (e.g., the IE DL-PRS-ID-Info). For example, the IE DL-PRS-ID-Info may configure/indicate one or more IDs (or indexes or identifications or indices) of the reference TRPs' PRS Resource(s) and/or PRS resource set(s) of the one or more PRS resource sets. The one or more IDs may indicate IDs of DL PRS Resource(s) and/or DL PRS resource set(s) that are associated with the reference TRP. The DL-PRS-ID-Info (e.g., via nr-DL-PRS-ResourceID-List-r16) indicates/configures a list of DL-PRS Resource IDs under a same DL-PRS Resource Set (e.g., indicated/configured by nr-DL-PRS-ResourceSetID-r16), e.g., a list of PRS resource(s) that are associated with a PRS resource set with index/ID of nr-DL-PRS-ResourceSetID-r16. The wireless device may, using the IE DL-PRS-ID-Info (e.g., dl-PRS-ID and/or the one or more IDs and/or the nr-DL-PRS-ResourceSetID), determine/distinguish/identify the reference TRP. The wireless device may use DL PRS resource(s) corresponding to the IE DL-PRS-ID-Info as a reference for the DL RSTD, DL PRS-RSRP, DL PRS-RSRPP, and wireless device Rx-Tx time difference measurements. For example, the wireless device may use different DL PRS resources or a different DL PRS resource set (e.g., than the DL PRS resource(s) corresponding to the IE DL-PRS-ID-Info) to determine the reference for the RSTD measurement. If the wireless device chooses to use a different reference than indicated by the IE DL-PRS-ID-Info, the wireless device may report/send/transmit (e.g., via the LPP messages, e.g., the provided location info message) to the location server the dl-PRS-ID, the DL PRS resource ID(s) or the DL PRS resource set ID used to determine the reference.

As shown in FIG. 21A, the one or more PRS configuration parameters (e.g., the DL PRS assistance data (e.g., nr-DL-PRS-AssistanceData-r16)) may configure/indicate (e.g., via nr-DL-PRS-AssistanceDataList-r16) one or more DL PRS positioning frequency layers (e.g., via IE nr-DL-PRS-AssistanceDataList). Each DL PRS positioning frequency layer (of the one or more DL PRS positioning frequency layers) may define/configure/indicate a collection of DL PRS resource sets of the one or more collections of DL PRS resource sets (e.g., via nr-DL-PRS-Info in NR-DL-PRS-AssistanceDataPerTRP). For example, NR-DL-PRS-PositioningFrequencyLayer may comprise common parameters that are shared across the collection of the DL PRS resource sets per each frequency layer. For example, a DL PRS positioning frequency layer (e.g., that is configured by NR-DL-PRS-PositioningFrequencyLayer) may configure/indicate at least one of the following: dl-PRS-SubcarrierSpacing (indicating a subcarrier spacing for a (corresponding) DL PRS resource; and/or a dl-PRS-CyclicPrefix indicating a cyclic prefix for the DL PRS resource; and/or dl-PRS-PointA indicating an absolute frequency of a reference resource block; and/or dl-PRS-ResourceBandwidth indicating a number of PRBs allocated for the DL-PRS Resource (allocated DL-PRS bandwidth); and/or the like.

As shown in FIG. 21A, a dl-PRS-ID corresponding to a DL PRS positioning frequency layer (e.g., via NR-DL-PRS-AssistanceDataPerTRP of the NR-DL-PRS-AssistanceDataPerFreq) may correspond (or associate with) multiple DL PRS resource sets (or a collection of DL PRS resource sets) via IE DL-PRS-Info.

As shown in FIG. 22, a DL PRS resource set (with/corresponding to nr-DL-PRS-ResourceSetID), e.g., of the multiple DP PRS resource sets (or the collection of DL PRS resource sets), may comprise of a list of DL PRS resource(s) (e.g., via IE dl-PRS-ResourceList). The DL PRS resource set may correspond to a dl-PRS-ID and/or nr-PhysCellID (and/or nr-CellGlobalID and/or nr-ARFCN) as indicated by the NR-DL-PRS-AssistanceDataPerTRP in FIG. 21A. Each DL PRS resource of the list of DL PRS resource(s) may correspond to a nr-DL-PRS-ResourceID and/or an associated spatial transmission filter (e.g., configured by dl-PRS-QCL-Info). The wireless device may expect that one of these dl-PRS-ID along with a nr-DL-PRS-ResourceSetID and a nr-DL-PRS-ResourceID-r16 uniquely identify a DL PRS resource (and/or an associated TRP). The dl-PRS-QCL-Info may configure/indicate SSB(s) (or other RS signal(s)) that are quasi-collocated with a DL PRS resource of the list of DL PRS resource(s) and/or a type of the QCL (e.g., rs-Type). For example, the dl-PRS-QCL-Info may indicate physical cell ID of the SSB(s).

The DL PRS (corresponding to a DL PRS resource set or a DL PRS resource) may be sent (e.g., transmitted) via/from a serving cell (e.g., a TRP of the serving cell, e.g., the reference TRP or a neighbor TRP) or a non-serving cell (e.g., a TRP of the non-serving cell, e.g., a neighbor TRP). If nr-PhysCellID or nr-CellGlobalID is provided, and if nr-PhysCellID, nr-CellGlobalID and nr-ARFCN associated with the dl-PRS-ID, if provided, are the same as the corresponding information of a serving cell, the wireless device may assume/determine that the DL PRS may be sent (e.g., transmitted) from the serving cell; otherwise, the wireless device may assume/determine that the DL PRS may not be sent (e.g., transmitted) from/via the serving cell (e.g., is sent (e.g., transmitted) via/from the non-serving cell). If the wireless device assumes/determines that the DL PRS is sent (e.g., transmitted) from the serving cell, and if the serving cell is the same as the serving cell defined by the SS/PBCH block of the corresponding DL PRS resource, the wireless device may assume/determine that the DL PRS and the SS/PBCH block are sent (e.g., transmitted) from/via the same serving cell. If the assumes/determines that the DL PRS may not be sent (e.g., transmitted) from the serving cell, and if nr-PhysCellID is provided, and is the same as physical cell ID of the SS/PBCH block from the non-serving cell of the same band as the DL PRS, the wireless device may assume/determine that the DL PRS and the SS/PBCH block may be sent (e.g., transmitted) from/via the same non-serving cell.

The wireless device may assume that the DL PRS from the serving cell is not mapped to any symbol that contains SS/PBCH block from the serving cell. If the time frequency location of the SS/PBCH block transmissions from non-serving cells are provided to the wireless device (e.g., via the LPP messages or RRC messages) the wireless device may assume that the DL PRS from the non-serving cell is not mapped to any symbol that contains the SS/PBCH block of the same non-serving cell.

FIG. 23A shows an example of configuration of DL PRS resource set with respect to a DL frame 2306 (corresponding to a TRP) of a wireless device 2301. The PRS resources 2351 of a DL PRS resource set 2303 (of the collection of the DL PRS resource sets), corresponding to a TRP (e.g., the reference TRP or a neighbor TRP), may comprise time/frequency resources for measuring the DL PRSs. As shown in FIG. 22, a DL PRS resource set (of the collection of the PRS resource sets) may comprise at least one of the following: a corresponding nr-DL-PRS-ResourceSetID defining/indicating an identity (or ID) of the DL PRS resource set (configuration); and/or a periodicity 2307 and resource set slot offset 2302 (e.g., dl-PRS-Periodicity-and-ResourceSetSlotOffset); and/or a PRS resource repetition factor (e.g., dl-PRS-ResourceRepetitionFactor) defining/indicating how many times each DL-PRS resource is repeated for a single instance of the DL-PRS resource set (e.g., to improve reliability of measurements); and/or a PRS resource gap (e.g., dl-PRS-ResourceTimeGap) defining/indicating a time/gap (or an offset) in number of slots between two repeated instances of a DL PRS resource with the same nr-DL-PRS-ResourceID within a single instance of the DL PRS resource set; and/or at least one muting option (e.g., dl-PRS-MutingOption1 and/or dl-PRS-MutingOption2) defining/indicating time locations where the DL PRS resource may be expected to not be sent (e.g., transmitted) for a DL PRS resource set; and/or dl-PRS-NumSymbols defining/indicating number of symbols of the DL PRS resource within a slot.

As shown in FIG. 23A, the periodicity 2307 and resource set slot offset 2302 (e.g., dl-PRS-Periodicity-and-ResourceSetSlotOffset) may define/indicate a (DL PRS resource) periodicity (e.g., corresponding to dl-PRS-SubcarrierSpacing) and a slot offset for DL PRS resource set, e.g., with respect to SFN0 slot 0 2308 of a corresponding TRP (e.g., the reference TRP or a neighbor TRP). DL PRS resources (e.g., configured by dl-PRS-ResourceList) within the DL PRS resource set are configured with the same DL PRS resource periodicity. As shown in FIG. 21A, the (corresponding TRP) may be a PRS-only TP/TRP, e.g., if field prs-OnlyTP of the NR-DL-PRS-AssistanceDataPerTRP (of the TRP) presents. If the field prs-OnlyTP of the NR-DL-PRS-AssistanceDataPerTRP (of the TRP) is present, the wireless device may not assume that any other signals or physical channels are present for the TRP other than DL-PRS. A PRS from a PRS-only TP may be treated/consider as PRS from a non-serving cell.

FIG. 22 shows an example of configuration parameters of a DL PRS resource of a DL PRS resource set of the collection of the PRS resource sets (e.g., NR-DL-PRS-Resource). For example, the of configuration parameters of a DL PRS resource of the DL PRS resource set may comprise at least one of the following: a nr-DL-PRS-ResourceID determining/indicating the DL PRS resource configuration identity; and/or dl-PRS-SequenceID used in pseudo random generator for generation of DL PRS sequence for a given DL PRS resource; and/or dl-PRS-CombSizeN-AndReOffset defining/indicating a starting RE offset of a first symbol within a DL PRS resource in frequency; and/or a PRS resource slot offset 2304 (e.g., dl-PRS-ResourceSlotOffset) determining/indicating/defining a starting slot of the DL PRS resource with respect to corresponding DL PRS resource set slot offset (e.g., PRS resource set slot offset 2302 shown in FIG. 23A); and/or a PRS resource symbol offset 2305 (e.g., dl-PRS-ResourceSymbolOffset) determining/indicating/defining a starting symbol of a slot configured with the DL PRS resource; and/or dl-PRS-QCL-Info defining any quasi co-location information of the DL PRS resource with other reference signals (e.g., SSBs).

FIG. 23B shows an example of configurations of DL PRS resource sets corresponding to TRPs. For example, a first DL frame 2309 of a wireless device 2301 may correspond to a first TRP (e.g., the reference TRP). A second DL frame 2310 (or configuration) of the wireless device 2301 with respect to a second DL frame corresponding to a second TRP (e.g., a neighbor TRP). The first periodicity 2312 and first resource set slot offset 2311 may define/indicate a (DL PRS resource) periodicity and a slot offset for DL PRS resource set, e.g., with respect to SFN0 slot 0 2341 of a reference TRP. The PRS resources 2313 of a DL PRS resource set, corresponding to the reference TRP, may comprise time/frequency resources for measuring the DL PRSs. The second periodicity 2316 and second resource set slot offset 2315 may define/indicate a (DL PRS resource) periodicity and a slot offset for DL PRS resource set, e.g., with respect to SFN0 slot 0 2342 of a neighbor TRP. The PRS resources 2317 of a DL PRS resource set, corresponding to the neighbor TRP, may comprise time/frequency resources for measuring the DL PRSs. As shown in FIG. 21A, the one or more PRS configuration parameters (e.g., the DL PRS assistance data) may configure/indicate an SFN0-Offset 2314 (e.g., NR-DL-PRS-SFN0-Offset) per a TRP (e.g., the first TRP or the second TRP). As shown in FIG. 21A, the SFN0-Offset may comprise a sfn-offset and/or a subframe offset (e.g., integerSubframeOffset). The sfn-offset of the SFN0-Offset 2314 may indicate/specify an SFN offset at the TRP antenna location between the assistance TRP and the neighbor TRP. The sfn-offset of the SFN0-Offset 2314 may correspond to a number of full radio frames counted from the beginning/starting/initial/earliest of a radio frame #0 of/associated with the assistance TRP to a beginning starting/initial/earliest of a closest subsequent radio frame #0 of the neighbor TRP. The integerSubframeOffset of the SFN0-Offset may specify/indicate a frame boundary offset at the TRP antenna location between the assistance TRP and the neighbor TRP counted in full subframes. The integerSubframeOffset of the SFN0-Offset 2314 may correspond to a number of full subframes counted from the beginning/starting/initial/earliest of a subframe #0 of the assistance TRP to the beginning/starting/initial/earliest of a closest subsequent subframe #0 of the neighbor TRP. The location server may set/configure/determine the value of the SFN0-Offset 2314 (e.g., sfn-offset and/or IntegerSubframeOffset) in accordance with a search window for the wireless device (e.g., using nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD and nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD-Uncertainty of the DL PRS assistance data).

For example, for the reference TRP, the corresponding SFN0-Offset 2314 (or the sfn-offset and/or the subframe offset) may be 0. For each neighbor TRP (e.g., the second TRP), the corresponding SFN0-Offset 2314 may indicate a relative SFN offset with respect to the SFN #0 slot #0 2341 (or SFN0 slot 0 or SFN 0) of the reference TRP, e.g., a time offset (e.g., in number of subframes and/or slots) of the SFN0 slot 0 2342 for a DL PRS resource set (corresponding to the second TRP) with respect to SFN0 slot 0 2341 of a reference provided by nr-DL-PRS-ReferenceInfo (e.g., corresponding to the reference TRP). As shown in FIG. 23B, the wireless device 2301 may determine SFN #0 slot #0 2342 of the neighbor TRP based on the indicated SFN0-offset 2314 (corresponding to the neighbor TRP).

As shown in FIG. 21A, the one or more PRS configuration parameters (e.g., the DL PRS assistance data) may configure/indicate per each TRP (e.g., the reference TRP and/or the neighbor TRP) a PRS expected RSTD (e.g., nr-DL-PRS-expectedRSTD) and/or a PRS expected-RSTD uncertainty (e.g., nr-DL-PRS-expectedRSTD-Uncertainty). For example, corresponding to the reference TRP, the location server (e.g., the network) may signal/configure a value of zero for the nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD, and/or nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD-uncertainty in nr-DL-PRS-AssistanceDataList. For the neighbor TRP, the corresponding PRS expected RSTD (e.g., nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD) may indicate/define a time difference with respect to a received DL subframe timing the wireless device is expected to receive DL PRS (e.g., from the neighbor TRP). For example, the PRS expected RSTD of the neighbor TRP may indicate a reference signal time difference (RSTD) value that the wireless device is expected to measure between the neighbor TRP and the assistance TRP. The nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD field may take into account an expected propagation time difference as well as transmit time difference of PRS positioning occasions between the neighbor TRP and the reference TRP. For example, the nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD field of the NR-DL-PRS-AssistanceDataPerTRP may indicate a value in range of (−3841 . . . 3841) (e.g., (−0.5 ms, 0.5 ms) considering the resolution R). The resolution of the nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD may be R=4×Ts, with Ts=1/(15000*2048) seconds.

FIG. 24A shows an example of a search window for receiving PRS from a neighbor TRP. A first DL frame 2402 of a wireless device 2401 may correspond to a first TRP (e.g., the reference TRP). A second DL frame 2403 of the wireless device 2401 may correspond to a second TRP (e.g., a neighbor TRP). The PRS resource 2405 of a DL PRS resource set, corresponding to the reference TRP, may comprise time/frequency resources for measuring the DL PRSs. The PRS resource 2407 of a DL PRS resource set, corresponding to the neighbor TRP, may comprise time/frequency resources for measuring the DL PRSs. As shown in FIG. 24A, a wireless device 2401 may (based on the one or more PRS configuration parameters) determine an RSTD gap 2408 and/or the search window 2409. The PRS expected-RSTD uncertainty of the neighbor TRP (e.g., nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD-Uncertainty) may define/indicate a search window 2409 around the nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD, e.g., the nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD and nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD-Uncertainty together define the search window 2409 for the wireless device 2401. For example, The PRS expected-RSTD uncertainty of the neighbor TRP may indicate an uncertainty in the nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD value of the neighbor TRP. For example, the indicated uncertainty is related to the location server's a priori estimate of the wireless device location. For example, the nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD-Uncertainty field of the NR-DL-PRS-AssistanceDataPerTRP may indicate a value in range of 0 to 246 (e.g., [0 ms, 0.032 ms] considering the resolution R). The resolution of the nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD-Uncertainty may be R=4×Ts seconds.

For example, as shown in FIG. 24A, the wireless device 2401 may assume/determine that a beginning/starting of a (DL) subframe for the PRS (corresponding to/of the neighbor TRP), e.g., subframe #j 2406 in FIG. 24A, is received within the search window 2409 of size [-nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD-Uncertainty×R; nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD-UncertaintyR]centered at T_REF+1 millisecond×N+nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD×4×Ts. T_REFis a reception time of a beginning/starting of a subframe for the PRS of the assistance TRP (e.g., subframe #i 2404 in FIG. 24A) at the wireless device antenna connector. Parameter N may be calculated (e.g., by the wireless device 2401) based on the nr-DL-PRS-SFN0-Offset (of the neighbor TRP) and/or dl-PRS-Periodicity-and-ResourceSetSlotOffset and/or dl-PRS-ResourceSlotOffset. For example, the RSTD gap 2408 may be based on the PRS expected RSTD of the neighbor TRP and parameter N (e.g., the RSTD gap=1 millisecond×N+nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD×4×Ts after/from the T_REF).

For example, the positioning procedure may be based on/via gap-based measurements, e.g., measuring DL PRS resources during/within (positioning) measurement gap(s). The wireless device 2401 may measure a DL PRS resource outside an active DL BWP or with a numerology different from a numerology of the active DL BWP (e.g., if the measurement is made/performed during a configured measurement gap). For example, the one or more configuration parameters may configure the wireless device 2401 with one or more measurement gaps. The one or more measurement gaps may comprise one or more preconfigured measurement gaps (e.g., for positioning) each associated with a measPosPreConfigGapId. For example, the wireless device 2401 may (e.g., if the wireless device 2401 may be expected to measure the DL PRS resource) request from the location server a (preconfigured) measurement gap (e.g., via an LPP message of the LPP messages, e.g., via NR-PRS-MeasurementInfoList message, by transmitting a MAC CE (e.g., Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/deactivation request MAC CE) or by requesting on using a RRC message. The MAC CE may indicate a measPosPreConfigGapId of a preconfigured measurement gap of the one or more preconfigured measurement gaps.

The wireless device 2401 may receive a command for a preconfigured Measurement Gap for Positioning activation/deactivation (e.g., Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/Deactivation Command MAC CE), e.g., via the serving cell. The command may indicate a first preconfigured measurement gap. The wireless device 2401 may transmit a PUCCH with HARQ-ACK information in slot n corresponding to the PDSCH carrying the command (Positioning Measurement Gap Activation/Deactivation Command MAC CE). For example, the wireless device 2401 may activate/deactivate the first preconfigured measurement gap (and apply corresponding assumptions) starting from a first/initial/starting slot that is after slot n+3N_slot^subframe,μ where μ is an SCS configuration for the PUCCH.

For example, the positioning procedure may be based on/via gap-less measurements positioning, e.g., measuring DL PRS resources during/within one or more DL PRS processing windows (PPWs). The wireless device 2401 may (to perform the positioning procedure) measure the DL PRS outside a measurement gap if a DL PRS is inside the active DL BWP and has the same numerology as the active DL BWP and is within/during the PPW. For example, the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., DL-PPW-PreConfig) configure/indicate the one or more PPWs.

The wireless device 2401 may receive a command for PPW (of the one or more PPWs) activation/deactivation (e.g., PPW Activation/Deactivation Command MAC CE), e.g., via the serving cell. The activation command may indicate the PPW. The wireless device 2401 may transmit a PUCCH with HARQ-ACK information in slot n corresponding to the PDSCH carrying the command (PPW Activation/Deactivation Command MAC CE). For example, the wireless device 2401 may activate/deactivate the PPW (and apply corresponding assumptions) starting from a first/initial/starting slot that is after slot n+3N_slot^subframe,μ where μ is an SCS configuration for the PUCCH. The wireless device 2401 may not expect to be indicated with more than 4 activated PPWs of the one or more PPWs across all active DL BWPs and may not expect to be indicated with the activated PPWs that overlap in time.

Inside/within the PPW, the wireless device 2401 may measure a single DL PRS positioning frequency layer. The wireless device 2401 may not expect to measure the DL PRS outside the measurement gap if an expected received timing difference between the DL PRS from the non-serving cell (e.g., the neighbor TRP) and that from the serving cell (e.g., the reference TRP), determined by the nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD and/or nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD-Uncertainty corresponding to the neighbor TRP, is larger than a threshold (e.g., a maximum Rx timing difference that is provided by wireless device capability, e.g., IE prs-MeasurementWithoutMG). The threshold (e.g., THR) may indicate a wireless device capability for support of Rx timing difference between the serving cell (e.g., the reference TRP) and non-serving cell (e.g., the neighbor TRP) for PRS measurement within the PPW. The wireless device may, for receiving/measuring the DL PRS outside the measurement gap and within the PPW, determine max |ΔT|≤THR, where ΔT may be a time difference between a start/beginning of a slot/subframe containing PRS from the neighbor cell/TRP (e.g., slot/subframe #j 2406 in FIG. 24A) and a start/beginning of a closest slot/subframe from the serving cell/reference TRP (e.g., slot/subframe #i 2404 in FIG. 24A). the wireless device may determine a range of ΔT by the expected RSTD (e.g., nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD) and expected RSTD uncertainty (e.g., nr-DL-PRS-ExpectedRSTD-Uncertainty) in the assistance data. For receiving/measuring the DL PRS outside the measurement gap and within the PPW, the wireless device may consider a priority between DL PRS and SSB or other DL signals (e.g., PDSCH or PDCCH). For example, the one or more configuration parameters may indicate a priority of the DL PRS.

A PPW of the one or more PPWs may be with a type1A or type1B or type2. For performing the positioning procedure and if the wireless device is expected to measure the DL PRS outside the measurement gap in a PPW with type1A and if the DL PRS is determined to be higher priority than a DL signal/channel (e.g., CSI-RS/PDCCH/PDSCH) inside the PPW, the wireless device may not receive/measure the DL signal/channel. For performing the positioning procedure and if the wireless device is expected to measure the DL PRS outside the measurement gap in a PPW with type1B and if the DL PRS is determined to be higher priority than the DL signal/channel inside the PPW, the wireless device may not receive/measure the DL signal/channel. For performing the positioning procedure and if the wireless device is expected to measure the DL PRS outside the measurement gap in a PPW with type2 if the DL PRS is determined to be higher priority than the DL signal/channel inside the PPW, the wireless device may not receive/measure the DL signal/channel overlapping with the DL PRS.

For example, the one or more positioning configuration parameters (e.g., the LPP messages) may configure the wireless device to measure and report to the location server (e.g., during the positioning procedure) a number of (e.g., up to 4) DL RSTD measurements per pair of dl-PRS-ID with each measurement between a different pair of DL PRS resources or DL PRS resource sets within the DL PRS configured for those dl-PRS-ID. The one or more positioning configuration parameters (e.g., the LPP messages) may configure the wireless device, for performing the positioning procedure, to measure and report (to the location server) a number of (e.g., up to 24) DL PRS-RSRP (and/or DL PRS-RSRPP) measurements on DL PRS resources associated with a same dl-PRS-ID. The one or more positioning configuration parameters (e.g., the LPP messages) may configure the wireless device (e.g., for performing the positioning procedure) to measure and report (to the location server) a number of (e.g., up to 4) wireless device Rx-Tx time difference measurements corresponding to a single configured SRS resource for positioning (via the one or more SRS configuration parameters of the one or more configuration parameters) or DL PRS resource set. Each measurement may correspond to a single received DL PRS resource or resource set (e.g., from the reference TRP and/or the neighbor TRP) which may be in different DL PRS positioning frequency layers. For example, associated with each RSTD and/or wireless device Rx−Tx time difference, the wireless device may (e.g., for performing the positioning procedure) measure and report (to the location server) timing and quality metrics of a number of (up to 8) additional detected. For example, the one or more positioning configuration parameters (e.g., the LPP messages) may configure the wireless device, for performing the positioning procedure, to report (e.g., via the LPP messages) to the location server quality metrics NR-TimingQuality corresponding to the DL RSTD and wireless device Rx-Tx time difference measurements.

For example, to perform the positioning procedure, the wireless device may measure multiple DL RSTD measurements and/or PRS-RSRP(P) measurements and/or wireless device Rx−Tx time difference measurements during at least one measurement period. The at least one measurement period may, for example, be/comprise an RSTD measurement period (T_RSTD,Total). The at least one measurement period may, for example, be/comprise an PRS-RSRP measurement period (T_{PRS-RSRP,total}) and/or a wireless device Rx−Tx (time different) measurement period (T_UERxTx,Total). A length of the at least one measurement period (in ms) may depend on a (total) number of configured positioning frequency layers and/or a periodicity of the (PRS RSTD and/or PRS-RSRP(P) and/or wireless device Rx−Tx time difference) measurement in a positioning frequency layer.

The wireless device may start a measurement period of the at least one measurement period after/from receiving an indication from higher layers (e.g., LPP layer) of the wireless device and/or a positioning event occur. The indication may be based on (e.g., in response to) receiving (by the higher layers of the wireless device) an LPP message (e.g., NR-TDOA-ProvideAssistanceData message and/or NR-TDOA-RequestLocationInformation message and/or NR-DL-AoD-ProvideAssistanceData message and/or NR-DL-AoD-RequestLocationInformation message and/or NR-Multi-RTT-ProvideAssistanceData message and/or NR-Multi-RTT-RequestLocationInformation message) of the one or more positioning messages from the LMF. The indication may be the delivery of the LPP message from the higher layers to the physical layer of the wireless device. For example, the wireless device may start the measurement period from/after a first/earliest/starting (configured/activated) measurement gap/PPW instance aligned with a DL PRS resource(s) in the assistance data. The positioning event may correspond to a deferred Mobile Terminated Location Request (MT-LR) and/or Mobile Originated Location Request (MO-LR) and/or Network Induced Location Request (NI-LR) or the like.

The wireless device may determine whether to continue measurements (e.g., not stop/restart the measurement period and/or complete the on-going RSTD measurements) or restart the measurement period, for example, in response to/upon/based on an event of at least one event is occurred during performing the ongoing positioning procedure and/or while performing/measuring one or more measurements (e.g., RSTD/RSRP/wireless device Rx−Tx time difference, and/or the like) measurements during a measurement period of the at least one measurement period (e.g., the RSTD measurement period). The determination may be based on the event and/or the measurement period (e.g., whether the measurement period is the RSTD measurement period or the PRS-RSRP measurement period or the wireless device Rx−Tx time difference measurement period).

An event of the at least one event may correspond to/be (execution/occurrence/performing/triggering) handover, for example, a handover event, to handover from a first cell/source cell to a second cell/target cell. The first cell may be different than the second cell (e.g., the PCI of the first cell is different than the PCI of the second cell). For example, the handover may comprise layer 3 (e.g., RRC/PDCP/RLC/NAS layers) procedures. For example, the handover may be an RRC reconfiguration procedure. For example, the handover event may occur when the wireless device receives an RRC reconfiguration message (e.g., RRCReconfiguration), e.g., comprising reconfiguration with sync configurations (e.g., reconfigurationWithSync), via the source cell indicating the handover from the source cell to the target cell, e.g., as part of a reconfiguration with sync procedure. In another example, the handover event may occur when the wireless device triggers a conditional handover. The reconfiguration with sync (reconfigurationWithSync) may comprise cell common parameters (spCellConfigCommon) of the target cell, a RNTI (newUE-Identity) identifying the wireless device in the target cell, a value of a handover timer (e.g., T304), a dedicated RACH resource (rach-ConfigDedicated), and/or rach-skip configuration parameters (e.g., per-allocated UL grant(s)).

For example, the RRC reconfiguration message may configure at least one conditional handover (CHO) execution condition. For example, a CHO execution condition (or an RRC reconfiguration condition) of the at least one CHO execution condition may correspond to a candidate target cell of the candidate target cells. CHO execution condition may be an execution condition that needs to be fulfilled in order to trigger the execution of a conditional reconfiguration for CHO, CPA, intra-SN CPC without MN involvement or MN initiated inter-SN CPC. In an example, a CHO execution condition of the at least one CHO execution condition may comprise at least one of the following: a measurement event D1 (e.g., condEventD1) for a candidate cell; and/or a measurement event T1 (e.g., condEventT1) for a candidate cell; and/or a measurement event A3 (e.g., condEventA3) for a candidate cell; and/or a measurement event A4 (e.g., condEventA4) for a candidate cell; and/or a measurement event A5 (e.g., condEventA5) for a candidate cell. For example, a first CHO execution condition (e.g., the measurement event T1) of the at least one CHO execution condition may be a time-based (or time-dependent) event for triggering/executing the (conditional) handover. In some cases, a second CHO execution condition of the at least one CHO execution condition may be a distance-based (or distance-dependent) event for triggering/executing the (conditional) handover. In response to a CHO execution condition of the at least one CHO execution condition being satisfied/fulfilled, the wireless device may start the conditional handover (e.g., the handover event).

The handover procedure may be a RACH-based handover (comprising performing a random access procedure, e.g., using the dedicated RACH resource) or a RACH-less handover (not comprising performing a random access procedure, e.g., using the rach-skip configuration parameters). For example, the wireless device may, based on starting the handover (e.g., the handover event being occurred), start a handover timer (T304). The wireless device may stop the handover timer in response to successfully completing the handover (e.g., successfully completing the random access procedure). The wireless device, after completing the handover, may apply a first part of CQI reporting configuration, SR configuration and/or SRS configuration that do not require the wireless device to know a system frame number (SFN) of the target base station. The wireless device, after completing the handover procedure toward a PCell, may apply second parts of measurement and radio resource configuration that require the wireless device to know the SFN of the target base station (e.g., measurement gaps, periodic CQI reporting, SR configuration, SRS configuration), upon acquiring the SFN of the target gNB.

For example, if handover occurs (e.g., the handover event occurs) while performing/measuring RSTD measurements (for performing the ongoing positioning procedure) during a first measurement period (e.g., the RSTD measurement period) of the at least one measurement period, the wireless device may continue (e.g., not stop/restart the first measurement period) and complete the on-going RSTD measurements. For example, if handover occurs while performing/measuring PRS-RSRP(P) measurements (for performing the ongoing positioning procedure) during a second measurement period (e.g., the PRS-RSRP measurement period) of the at least one measurement period, the wireless device may continue (e.g., not stop/restart the measurement period) and complete the on-going PRS-RSRP measurements. In yet another example, the wireless device may, for performing the ongoing positioning procedure, restart a third measurement period (e.g., the wireless device Rx−Tx time difference measurement period) of the at least one measurement period if handover occurs during the measurement period and after SRS reconfiguration on the target cell is complete.

An event of the at least one event may correspond to/be a cell (e.g., PSCell or SCell) addition/release or a cell change, e.g., a serving cell change. If PSCell or SCell addition or release does not cause SRS reconfiguration during the third measurement period (e.g., when the PSCell/SCell addition/release using the RRC connection reconfiguration message is without (or is not based on) the reconfigurationWithSync message or mobilityControlInfo message), the wireless device may continue the wireless device Rx−Tx time difference measurement, e.g., not stopping/restarting the third measurement period of the at least one measurement period. If the cell addition or release causes SRS reconfiguration during the third measurement period (e.g., when the PSCell/SCell addition/release using the RRC connection reconfiguration message is with/based on the reconfigurationWithSync message or mobilityControlInfo message), the wireless device may restart the wireless device Rx−Tx time difference measurement (e.g., restart the third measurement period) after the SRS reconfiguration on the cell is complete. If the serving cell change occurs during the third measurement period, the wireless device may continue (e.g., not stop/restart the third measurement period) and complete the wireless device Rx−Tx time difference measurement based on the serving cell change not impacting (e.g., not changing) SRS configuration for the wireless device Rx−Tx time difference measurement.

An event of the at least one event may correspond to change of the SRS configuration. For example, if SRS is reconfigured without serving cell change during the third measurement period of the at least one measurement period, the wireless device may restart the wireless device Rx−Tx time difference measurement (e.g., restart the third measurement period) after the SRS reconfiguration is complete.

An event of the at least one event may correspond to a change in an uplink transmission timing of the wireless device. For example, if an uplink transmission timing changes due to receiving a Timing Advance command (e.g., TAC MAC CE) during the third measurement period (e.g., the wireless device Rx−Tx time difference measurement period), the wireless device may restart the third measurement period after uplink transmission timing changes (e.g., after applying the TAC MAC CE). If the uplink transmission timing changes due to a change in a N_{TA_offset}(e.g., receiving a new N_TA-offset) during the third measurement period, the wireless device may restart the third measurement period after uplink transmission timing changes (e.g., after applying the new N_TA-offset). For example, if the uplink transmission timing changes due to (or as a result of or because of) a first autonomous timing adjustment by the wireless device during the third measurement period, the wireless device may restart the third measurement period based on whether a cell (e.g., the serving cell) is a downlink reference cell for SRS transmission or not. The cell may be reference cell.

The wireless device may follow a frame timing change of the reference cell, e.g., in the RRC connected state/mode. The uplink frame (for uplink transmissions) may be (N_TA+N_TA-offset+)×T_cbefore a reception of a first/earliest detected path (in time) of the corresponding downlink frame from the reference cell. For serving cell(s) in pTAG, the wireless device may use the SpCell as the reference cell for deriving the uplink transmit timing for cells in the pTAG. For serving cell(s) in sTAG, the wireless device may use any of the activated SCells as the reference cell for deriving the wireless device transmit timing for the cells in the sTAG.

The first autonomous timing adjustment may comprise a first gradual timing adjustment procedure based on (or to achieve/satisfy/fulfill) TA accuracy requirement(s). The TA accuracy requirements may correspond to/comprise a first transmission timing error. The first transmission timing error may be an initial (or first) transmission timing error ±T_e. If the transmission timing error (e.g., between the wireless device and a first reference timing exceeds first transmission timing error), the wireless device may (autonomously) adjust a transmission timing to within the first transmission timing error ±T_e, e.g., first autonomous timing adjustment. The first reference timing may be (N_TA+N_TA-offset)×T_cbefore/prior to the downlink timing of the reference cell. For example, the first autonomous timing adjustment may comprise (autonomously) adjusting the transmission timing such that a maximum amount of the magnitude of the timing change in one adjustment being T_q (e.g., a first maximum autonomous time adjustment step); and/or a minimum aggregate adjustment rate being T_p (e.g., a first aggregate adjustment rate) per second; and/or the maximum aggregate adjustment rate being T_q per 200 ms.

For example, a timing advance command (e.g., the TAC MAC CE) of the at least one TA command may be a TA command of a random access response. The TA command may be an absolute timing advance command MAC CE. The TA command may indicate a value T_Afor a TAG T_A=0, 1, 2, . . . , 3846. The wireless device may determine an amount of the time alignment for the TAG with SCS of 2_μ-15 kHz based on N_TA=T_A·16·64/2^μ. N_TAmay be relative to the SCS of the first uplink transmission from the wireless device after the reception of the random access response or the absolute timing advance command MAC CE. For example, a timing advance command (e.g., the TAC MAC CE), T_A, for a TAG indicates adjustment of a current N_TAvalue, N_{TA_old}, to the new N_TAvalue, N_{TA_new}, by index values of T_A=0, 1, 2, . . . , 63, where for a SCS of 2^μ·15 kHz, N_{TA_new}=N_{TA_old}+(T_A−31)·16·64/2^μ. Based on (e.g., in response to) receiving the TAC MAC CE on/during uplink slot n, the wireless device may apply/adjust an uplink transmission timing (e.g., for transmission of UL signals) from a beginning/start of uplink slot n+k+1 where k=┌N_slot^subframe,μ, (N_T,1+N_T,2+N_TA,max+0.5)/T_sf┐, N_T,1is a time duration in msec of N₁symbols corresponding to a PDSCH processing time for wireless device processing capability 1 if additional PDSCH DM-RS is configured, N_T,2is a time duration in msec of N₂symbols corresponding to a PUSCH preparation time for wireless device processing capability 1, N_TA,maxis a maximum timing advance value in msec that can be provided by a T_Acommand field of 12 bits, N_slot^subframe,μ is the number of slots per subframe, T_sfis the subframe duration of 1 msec. N₁and N₂are determined with respect to the minimum SCS among the SCSs of all configured UL BWPs for all uplink carriers in the TAG and of all configured DL BWPs for the corresponding downlink carriers. For μ=0, the wireless device assumes N_1,0=14. Slot n and N_slot^subframe,μ are determined with respect to the minimum SCS among the SCSs of all configured UL BWPs for all uplink carriers in the TAG. N_TA,maxis determined with respect to the minimum SCS among the SCSs of all configured UL BWPs for all uplink carriers in the TAG and for all configured initial UL BWPs provided by initialUplinkBWP. The uplink slot n may be a last/final/ending/latest slot among uplink slot(s) overlapping with the slot(s) of PDSCH reception assuming T_TA=0, where the PDSCH provides the timing advance command.

FIG. 24B shows an example of signaling access between the LMF 2414 and the base station 2413 based on the NRPPa protocol. For performing the positioning procedure 2417, using NRPPa message(s) (e.g., comprising NRPPa PDUs) of the one or more positioning messages (e.g., first message 2411 and/or second message 2412 in FIG. 24B), a location server 2414 may request a base station 2413 for SRS configuration for a wireless device and the base station 2413 may accordingly respond with the SRS configuration to the location server 2414. The SRS configuration may be SRS for positioning or other SRS configuration (e.g., SRS for MIMO). Using NRPPa message(s) of the one or more positioning messages, the base station may provide/transmit an updated SRS configuration to the location server 2414 if the SRS configuration changes. For example, if semi-persistent or aperiodic SRS is configured to the wireless device, the LMF may request to activate/deactivate the SRS (via the NRPPa messages). If the SRS is sent (e.g., transmitted) (e.g., the uplink signals) by the wireless device, the location server 2414 may request multiple TRPs to perform uplink measurements and report/transmit results (e.g., measurements) via the NRPPa messages.

The NRPPa messages (of the one or more positioning messages) may correspond to signaling access between the LMF (e.g., the location server) and the base station for non-wireless device associated NRPPa procedure (e.g., for transfer of information applicable to the NG-RAN node and associated TRP, including the procedures supporting the OTDOA Information Transfer, Assistance Information Transfer, TRP Information Transfer, and Measurement Information Transfer functions) or wireless device-associated NRPPa procedure (e.g., for transfer of information for a particular wireless device (e.g., the wireless device), including the procedures supporting Positioning Information Transfer and E-CID Location Information Transfer functions).

The location server 2414 may obtain TRP information (e.g., geographical locations of the reference TRP and/or the neighbor TRPs) required for multi-RTT positioning. For example, a base station 2413 (e.g., NG-RAN) may exchange/communicate NRPPa messages (or NRPPa PDUs) with the core network (e.g., AMF/LMF) using/based on NGAP DL wireless device associated NRPPa transport (e.g., corresponding to wireless device associated NRPPa procedure) and/or NGAP DL Non wireless device associated NRPPa transport (e.g., corresponding to non-wireless device associated NRPPa procedure) and/or NGAP UL wireless device associated NRPPa transport (e.g., corresponding to wireless device associated NRPPa procedure) and/or NGAP UL Non wireless device associated NRPPa transport (e.g., corresponding to non-wireless device associated NRPPa procedure).

FIG. 25 and FIG. 26 show examples of NRPPa messages and corresponding NRPPa elementary procedure. The first message and/or the second message in FIG. 24B may be one or the NRPPa messages shown in FIG. 25 and/or FIG. 26. For example, an example of an initial (or starting) message in FIG. 25 and/or FIG. 26 may be the first message in FIG. 24B. For example, the response message FIG. 25 and/or FIG. 26 may be the first message or the second message.

FIG. 27 shows an example of functions that the NRPPa protocol may provide. FIG. 27 further shows the mapping between the NRPPa functions and NRPPa elementary procedures. As shown in FIG. 27, the NRPPa protocol (e.g., via the NRPPa messages) may provide at least one of the following functions: E-CID Location Information Transfer (e.g., for the NG-RAN node to exchange location information with LMF for the purpose of E-CID positioning and NR E-CID positioning); and/or OTDOA Information Transfer (e.g., for the NG-RAN node to exchange information with the LMF for the purpose of OTDOA positioning) and/or Reporting of General Error Situations (e.g., for reporting of general error situations, for which function specific error messages have not been defined) and/or Assistance Information Transfer (e.g., for the LMF to exchange information with the NG-RAN node for the purpose of assistance information broadcasting); and/or Positioning Information Transfer (e.g., for the NG-RAN node to exchange positioning information with the LMF for the purpose of positioning) and/or Measurement Information Transfer (e.g., for the LMF to exchange measurement information with the NG-RAN node for the purpose of positioning); and/or TRP Information Transfer (e.g., for the LMF to obtain TRP related information from the NG-RAN node); and/or PRS Information Transfer (e.g., for the LMF to exchange PRS related informationFf with the NG-RAN node); and/or Measurement Preconfiguration Information Transfer (e.g., for the LMF to request the NG-RAN node to preconfigure and activate measurement gap and/or PRS processing window).

FIG. 28 and FIG. 29 show examples of configuration parameters of an SRS for positioning (e.g., SRS indicated for positioning and/or SRS configured for positioning). A wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters of the SRS for positioning (e.g., the configuration parameters shown in FIG. 28 and FIG. 29). A base station may send (e.g., transmit) the one or more configuration parameters of the SRS for positioning to the wireless device. The one or more configuration parameters, for example, may comprise configuration parameters of the SRS for positioning (e.g., one or more SRS for positioning configuration parameters). The SRS for positioning may sometimes be called the SRS and/or the SRS configured by/with an SRS positioning parameter (e.g., SRS-PosResource). The one or more SRS configuration parameters may comprise one or more SRS resource set parameters (e.g., indicated by SRS-PosResourceSet in FIG. 28). The one or more SRS resource set parameters may indicate one or more SRS resource sets. The one or more SRS resource set parameters may indicate an identity of the SRS resource sets (e.g., srs-PosResourceSetId in FIG. 28). The one or more SRS resource set parameters may indicate a list (e.g., set, subset, and/or collection) of SRS resource identifiers (e.g., srs-PosResourceIdList in FIG. 28). The one or more SRS resource set parameters may indicate a resource type (e.g., resourceType in FIG. 28). The one or more SRS resource set parameters may, for example, indicate the resource type as aperiodic, semi-persistent, or periodic, as shown in FIG. 28. The one or more SRS resource set parameters may indicate a power control factor and a power control parameter (e.g., alpha and p0, respectively in FIG. 28). The wireless device may, for example, determine a transmission power (e.g., for SRS transmission(s)) based on the power control factor and the power control parameter. The one or more SRS resource set parameters may indicate a pathloss reference reference signal (e.g., pathlossReferenceRS-Pos in FIG. 28). The pathloss reference reference signal may indicate, for example, an SSB of the serving cell (e.g., ssb-IndexServing in FIG. 28), an SSB of a neighbor cell (e.g., ssb-Ncell in FIG. 28), or a downlink PRS (e.g., dl-PRS in FIG. 28). The wireless device may be triggered to send (e.g., transmit) an SRS via the SRS resource(s) based on the one or more configuration parameters for the SRS for positioning.

The one or more SRS resource identifiers may identify one or more SRS resource parameters (e.g., SRS-PosResource in FIG. 29). The one or more SRS resource parameters may indicate a transmission comb parameter (e.g., transmissionComb in FIG. 29). The transmission comb parameter may, for example, indicate n2, n4, or n8 as a comb size, as shown in FIG. 29. The transmission comb parameter may indicate a comb offset and a cyclic shift (e.g., combOffset and cyclicShift in FIG. 29). The one or more SRS resource parameters may indicate a resource mapping parameter (e.g., resourceMapping in FIG. 29). The resource mapping parameter may indicate a starting position (e.g., startPosition in FIG. 29) of the SRS resource and a quantity/number of symbols (e.g., nrofSymbols in FIG. 29) of the SRS resource. The resource mapping parameter may indicate a frequency domain shift parameter (e.g., freqDomainShift in FIG. 29) and a frequency hopping parameter (e.g., freqHopping in FIG. 29). The frequency hopping parameter may indicate an index (e.g., c-SRS shown in FIG. 29).

The one or more SRS resource parameters may indicate a resource type parameter (e.g., resourceType in FIG. 29). The one or more SRS resource parameters may, for example, indicate the resource type as aperiodic, semi-persistent, or periodic, as shown in FIG. 29. The resource type parameter may indicate a periodicity and offset (e.g., periodicityAndOffset-sp or periodicityAndOffset-sp-Ext as shown in FIG. 29). The one or more SRS resource parameters may indicate a sequence identifier parameter (e.g., sequenceID in FIG. 29). The sequence identifier parameter may indicate a value for use in SRS sequence generation. The one or more SRS resource parameters may indicate a spatial relation parameter (e.g., spatialRelationInfoPos in FIG. 29). The spatial relation parameter may indicate a reference signal (e.g., SSB, DL PRS) for determining a transmission beam (e.g., for SRS transmission).

A wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters (e.g., RRC parameters) comprising one or more parameters for positioning SRS frequency hopping. The wireless device may, for example, be a reduced capability device. The one or more parameters for positioning SRS frequency hopping may indicate (or schedule) the wireless device to perform transmit frequency hopping separate from the uplink BWP configuration. The transmission of the frequency hopping may be outside of the uplink active BWP.

The wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) the frequency hopping within an SRS resource for positioning (e.g., within one SRS resource). The SRS resource may have a bandwidth that is larger than the maximum bandwidth of the wireless device. The maximum bandwidth may be 20 MHz and the bandwidth of the SRS resource (e.g., for positioning SRS frequency hopping) may be 100 MHz, for example, if the wireless device is a reduced capability device. The wireless device may be indicated (e.g., scheduled and/or triggered) to perform the transmit frequency hopping in RRC Connected or RRC Inactive mode.

The wireless device may be indicated (e.g., schedule and/or triggered) to perform the transmit frequency hopping with overlapping or non-overlapping, in the frequency domain, frequency hops. The one or more configuration parameters, of the one or more parameters for positioning SRS frequency hopping, may indicate a starting PRB of a frequency hop (e.g., a first frequency hop) of the transmit frequency hopping.

The wireless device (e.g., reduced capability device) may be configured (e.g., indicated and/or triggered), by the one or more configuration parameters, with an uplink time window. The wireless device may not be expected to send (e.g., transmit) other signals or channels in the uplink time window. The wireless device may only expect to send (e.g., transmit) the SRS for positioning using frequency hopping inside the uplink time window. The wireless device may, for example, drop (e.g., skip, not transmit, ignore, postpone, and/or delay) other uplink transmissions inside the uplink time window.

A wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) a configured (e.g., indicated and/or triggered) SRS (e.g., configured by SRS-ResourceSet) on an active uplink bandwidth part of a carrier of a serving cell. The wireless device may determine the configured SRS transmission power, for an SRS transmission occasion, based on a configured (e.g., indicated) maximum power, a power control parameter (e.g., p0), an indicated SRS bandwidth (e.g., as defined by a lookup table), a power control factor (e.g., alpha), a downlink pathloss estimate, a subcarrier spacing (SCS) of the active uplink BWP, and a closed loop power control parameter.

The configured SRS (e.g., as in FIG. 28 and/or configured by SRS-ResourceSet) transmission power, for the SRS transmission occasion, may be determined, in dBm, based on a power control equation such as,

$P_{SRS, b, f, c} = \min (P_{CMAX, f, c}, P_{O_SRS, b, f, c} +$

$10 \log_{10} (2^{μ} M_{SRS, b, f, c}) + α_{SRS, b, f, c} {PL}_{b, f, c} + h_{b, f, c})$

where, P_CMAX,f,cmay be the configured (e.g., indicated) maximum power, P_O_SR_S,b,f,cmay be the power control parameters (e.g., p0), M_SRS,b,f,cmay be the indicated SRS bandwidth (e.g., as defined by a lookup table), α_SRS,b,f,cmay be the power control factor, PL_b,f,cmay be the downlink pathloss estimate, μ may be the SCS of the active uplink BWP, and h_b,f,cmay be the closed loop power control parameter.

The wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) a configured (e.g., indicated) SRS for positioning (e.g., configured by SRS-PosResourceSet) on an active uplink bandwidth part of a carrier of a serving cell. The wireless device may determine the configured SRS for positioning transmission power, for an SRS for positioning transmission occasion, based on a configured (e.g., indicated) maximum power, a power control parameter (e.g., p0), an indicated SRS bandwidth (e.g., as defined or determined by a lookup table), a power control factor (e.g., alpha), a downlink pathloss estimate, and a subcarrier spacing (SCS) of the active uplink BWP.

The configured SRS for positioning (e.g., configured by SRS-PosResourceSet) transmission power, for the SRS transmission occasion, may be determined, in dBm, based on a power control equation such as,

$P_{SRS, b, f, c} = \min (P_{CMAX, f, c}, P_{O_SRS, b, f, c} + 10 \log_{10} (2^{μ} M_{SRS, b, f, c}) + α_{SRS, b, f, c} {PL}_{b, f, c})$

where, P_CMAx,f,cmay be the configured (e.g., indicated) maximum power, P_{O_SRS,b,f,c}may be the power control parameters (e.g., p0), M_SRS,b,f,cmay be the indicated SRS bandwidth (e.g., as defined by a lookup table), α_SRS,b,f,cmay be the power control factor, PL_b,f,cmay be the downlink pathloss estimate, and y may be the SCS of the active uplink BWP. A transmission occasion (e.g., SRS transmission occasion) may be a quantity/number of consecutive symbols (e.g., SRS symbols) in a slot within a frame (e.g., with a system frame number).

The wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters (e.g., via SRS-PosRRC-InactiveConfig) for transmission of SRS in an RRC Inactive mode. The wireless device may be configured (e.g., indicated and/or triggered) to send (e.g., transmit) outside the initial uplink BWP in an RRC Inactive mode. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate a BWP (e.g., indicated in bwp-NUL or bwp-SUL) for the wireless device to use for SRS transmission in an RRC Inactive mode. The wireless device may use the BWP (e.g., indicated in bwp-NUL or bwp-SUL) for transmission power determination in RRC Inactive mode.

A wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters comprising one or more SRS parameters. The one or more SRS parameters (e.g., SRS-PosResource, SRS-Resource, SRS-PosResourceSet, SRS-ResourceSet) may, for example, indicate an SRS resource, a quantity/number of ports for SRS transmission, a resource ID for the SRS resource, a transmission comb size, and/or an index (e.g., c-SRS). The wireless device may determine the quantity/number of (antenna) ports for transmission of the SRS resource(s) based on the quantity/number of ports. The transmission comb size may, for example, be equal to 2, 4, 6, or 8. The wireless device may determine the quantity/number of resource elements (or subcarriers) to use for a symbol (e.g., OFDM symbol) of an SRS transmission based on the transmission comb size. The wireless device may use every other resource element (or subcarrier) for a symbol (e.g., OFDM symbol) of an SRS transmission via the SRS resource, for example, for transmission comb of 2. The wireless device may, for example, determine the bandwidth of the SRS resource (e.g., M-SRS) based on the index. The wireless device may, for example, select a row in a lookup table based on the index. The wireless device may, for example, determine the bandwidth of the SRS resource based on the row in the lookup table. The wireless device may determine (e.g., generate, calculate, and/or produce) a sequence for the SRS resource based on the bandwidth of the SRS resource, the transmission comb size, and/or the subcarrier spacing of the SRS resource.

FIG. 30 shows an example of positioning SRS frequency hopping (FH). In FIG. 30, a wireless device (e.g., a UE) may be configured (e.g., by one or more configuration parameters in one or more RRC messages) to send (e.g., transmit) an SRS (e.g., an SRS transmission, an SRS signal, or an SRS resource) over multiple uplink (frequency) hops. FIG. 30 shows five hops: UL hop 1, UL hop 2, UL hop 3, UL hop 4, UL hop 5. A base station may configure a wireless device (e.g., by sending/transmitting the one or more configuration parameters in one or more RRC messages) to perform SRS transmission over the multiple uplink hops. The multiple uplink hops may occur over an uplink time window for positioning SRS frequency hopping 3007. The uplink time window 3007 may be referred to as a time window for SRS frequency hopping, a time window, a time for SRS frequency hopping, an uplink time window, an uplink time for SRS frequency hopping, or a time period for SRS frequency hopping. The time for SRS frequency hopping may be, for example, a quantity/number of slots (e.g., 2 slots or 4 slots). The time for SRS frequency hopping may be a quantity/number of symbols (e.g., 10 symbols or 20 symbols) or an absolute time (e.g., 1 ms or 4 ms). The multiple uplink hops may occur over a bandwidth for positioning SRS frequency hopping 3005 (e.g., 100 MHz). The base station may indicate the uplink time window for SRS frequency hopping 3007 to the wireless device (e.g., via one or more RRC messages). The indication of the uplink time window for SRS frequency hopping 3007 may, for example, comprise one or more parameters (e.g., a start time, end time, periodicity, and duration). The indication of the bandwidth for the SRS frequency hopping 3005 may, for example, comprise one or more parameters (e.g., one or more frequency resources, a starting frequency, an ending frequency, a frequency offset, a frequency shift, a bandwidth). The bandwidth for positioning SRS frequency hopping 3005 may be referred to as an SRS frequency hopping bandwidth, frequency resources for SRS frequency hopping, a frequency region for SRS frequency hopping, or a span for SRS frequency hopping.

A wireless device performing positioning SRS frequency hopping may, for example, be a wireless device with reduced capabilities (e.g., a capability-reduced wireless device, a reduced capability wireless device (RedCap UE)). The reduced-capability wireless device may support a narrower bandwidth (e.g., 20 MHz compared to 100 MHz), a smaller quantity/number of Tx/Rx antenna (e.g., 2 antennas compared to 8 antennas), a longer processing timing, and/or a lower processing capability, for example, in comparison with a normal-capability wireless device. The device supporting narrower bandwidth may, for example, support a smaller maximum bandwidth than a full-capability device (e.g., 20 MHz compared to 100 MHz). FIG. 30 shows an example of a wireless device with reduced capabilities, although the present disclosure is not limited to this example and is also applicable to full-capability wireless devices (e.g., with wider bandwidth capabilities and/or other capabilities). FIG. 30 shows that the BWP of the wireless device 3001 may be 20 MHz.

One or more of the hops may be outside of the (e.g., active uplink) BWP of the wireless device 3001. FIG. 30 shows that a lowest frequency of UL hop 1 is lower in frequency than a lowest frequency of the BWP of the wireless device 3001. Each hop of the positioning SRS frequency hopping may overlap in the frequency domain with another hop. In FIG. 30, the highest frequency of UL hop 1 overlaps in frequency with the lowest frequency of UL hop 2. The highest frequency of UL hop 2 overlaps in frequency with the lowest frequency of UL hop 3. The UL hops may also overlap with non-consecutive hops (e.g., UL hop 1 may overlap with UL hop 3 or UL hop 5). A receiver (e.g., base station or TRP) may use the overlapping frequency region between hops to perform phase compensation of the positioning SRS transmission. The receiver (e.g., base station or TRP) may mitigate errors from phase offsets (or variations) between each frequency hop by performing phase compensation. Phase offsets between the (frequency) hops may be caused by random or unpredictable RF impairments of the device. Each (frequency) hop may use a part of an SRS sequence of the overall SRS resource (e.g., UL hop 1 may use the first part of the sequence equivalent to the UL hop 1 bandwidth) in order to send (e.g., transmit) on that hop. The wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) the full sequence of the SRS resource over the time period for all the hops. A base station may, for example, send (e.g., transmit) one or more configuration parameters, to the wireless device, indicating to perform SRS frequency hopping within one SRS resource. The one or more configuration parameters may, for example, indicate an SRS resource configured with a parameter indicating that the SRS resource is used for positioning (e.g., SRS-PosResource or SRS-PosResourceSet) in one or more RRC messages. A wireless device may be configured to send (e.g., transmit) positioning SRS frequency hopping outside of the active (UL) BWP of the wireless device 3001. Positioning SRS frequency hopping may be referred to as SRS frequency hopping, uplink frequency hopping, frequency hopping SRS for positioning, SRS for positioning frequency hopping, SRS frequency hopping configured with SRS-PosResource, SRS frequency hopping configured with SRS-PosResourceSet, or frequency hopping.

FIG. 30 further shows an example where a wireless device may have a time gap between each UL hop of the positioning SRS frequency hopping. The time gap may be referred to as a timing gap, a timing offset, a switching time, a switching delay for SRS frequency hopping, a RF switching time, or a RF switching delay. The time gap may be, and/or comprise, a switching delay or a switching time for switching from a first hop (e.g., FH_n) to a second hop (e.g., FH_n+1). The wireless device may switch the transmitting frequency range, for example, within the switching time 3003. The wireless device may switch the transmitting frequency range by retuning RF components of the wireless device. The wireless device may switch the transmitting frequency range in order to send (e.g., transmit) on a different frequency region for the next hop (e.g., the wireless device may change the center frequency). FIG. 30 shows a switching time 3003 that may occur between UL hop 1 and UL hop 2. The wireless device switches between the frequency range for UL hop 1 to the frequency range for UL hop 2, for example, within the switching time 3003. The time gap may, for example, be one or more symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) in length (e.g., the time gap may be 1, 2, or 4 OFDM symbols). The time gap may be in absolute time units (e.g., independent of the subcarrier spacing, such as 70 μs or 140 μs). The time gap may be based on a subcarrier spacing (or numerology) of the wireless device (e.g., the active (UL) BWP).

FIG. 31 shows an example of positioning SRS frequency hopping. A wireless device may be indicated (e.g., configured and/or triggered) to send (e.g., transmit) positioning SRS frequency hopping 3105 over a quantity/number of hops (e.g., across 5 hops as shown in FIG. 31). The wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) outside the active BWP 3102 for the positioning SRS frequency hopping 3105. Being outside an active BWP herein may correspond to a BWP, frequency, frequency range, and/or any frequency resource not being included in the active BWP (e.g., not being included entirely within the active BWP and/or not overlapping in frequency with any frequency or frequency range of the active BWP). The wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate one or more positioning SRS frequency hopping parameters. The one or more positioning SRS frequency hopping parameters may, for example, indicate a quantity/number of hops (e.g., 5 hops as shown in FIG. 31). The one or more positioning SRS frequency hopping parameters may indicate a hopping bandwidth (e.g., per hop BW 3104 as shown in FIG. 31). The hopping bandwidth may, for example, have a maximum value limited by the maximum transmission bandwidth of the wireless device. The maximum transmission bandwidth may, for example, be based on a subcarrier spacing. The one or more positioning SRS frequency hopping parameters may indicate one or more virtual BWP parameters. The virtual BWP parameters may also be called reference BWP parameters. The virtual BWP parameters may indicate one or more of a subcarrier spacing of a virtual BWP 3101, a cyclic prefix size (or length) of a virtual BWP 3101, or a bandwidth of a virtual BWP 3101. The virtual BWP 3101 may also be called a reference BWP. The bandwidth of the virtual BWP 3101 may comprise a frequency location (e.g., center frequency of the virtual BWP) and span (e.g., frequency domain span or frequency domain size) of the virtual BWP. The one or more positioning SRS frequency hopping parameters may indicate an overlap between hops 3103 (e.g., overlap in the frequency domain). The overlap between hops 3103 may be indicated in a quantity/number of resource blocks (RBs) or physical resource blocks (PRBs). The overlap between hops 3103 may be indicated as 2 RBs as shown in FIG. 31.

FIG. 31 shows an example where an actual total transmitted unique bandwidth 3106 may be the total span in the frequency domain of all the positioning SRS hops (e.g., across 5 hops). The actual total transmitted unique bandwidth 3106 may be 247 RBs if the per hop bandwidth is 51 RBs, the quantity/number of hops is 5, and the overlap between hops is 2 RBs, for example, as shown in FIG. 31.

FIG. 32 shows an example where, at (e.g., on, in, and/or during) t0, a wireless device 3202 receives one or more messages (e.g., RRC messages and/or LPP messages) comprising configuration parameters 3203 for SRS frequency hopping. The wireless device 3202 may receive configuration parameters 3203, for example, from a base station 3201. The one or more configuration parameters 3203 may comprise, for example, one or more SRS configuration parameters 3204, one or more parameters of an uplink BWP 3205, one or more SRS resource parameters 3206 (e.g., SRS-PosResourceSet and/or SRS-PosResource), one or more virtual BWP parameters 3207, and/or one or more SRS hopping pattern parameters 3208. The one or more configuration parameters 3203 may, for example, comprise one or more configuration parameters of the uplink BWP (e.g., the uplink BWP of a cell). The one or more SRS configuration parameters 3204 may, for example, indicate SRS resources and/or SRS resource sets. The one or more SRS resource parameters 3206 (e.g., SRS-PosResourceSet and/or SRS-PosResource as in FIGS. 28 and 29) may indicate SRS resources for positioning SRS frequency hopping. The one or more SRS resource parameters 3206 may indicate one or more SRS transmission occasions for the SRS resources for positioning SRS frequency hopping. The one or more SRS resource parameters 3206 may, for example, indicate one or more SRS hops (e.g., similar to SRS hops as shown in FIGS. 30 and 31). The one or more virtual BWP parameters 3207 may indicate a virtual BWP (e.g., similar to the virtual BWP shown in FIG. 31) for positioning SRS frequency hopping. The one or more virtual BWP parameters 3207 may indicate one or more of: a subcarrier spacing of the virtual BWP, a cyclic prefix size (or length) of the virtual BWP, or a bandwidth of the virtual BWP. The bandwidth of the virtual BWP may comprise a frequency location (e.g., center frequency of the virtual BWP) and span (e.g., frequency domain span or frequency domain size) of the virtual BWP. The virtual BWP may be referred to as a reference BWP. The virtual BWP may be outside of the uplink BWP (e.g., at least one resource block of the virtual BWP does not overlap in the frequency domain with the resource blocks of the uplink BWP).

The wireless device 3202 may determine a transmission power for an SRS transmission occasion 3210 (e.g., of an SRS resource indicated by the one or more configuration parameters), for example, at t1. The wireless device 3202 may send (e.g., transmit), at the SRS transmission occasion, an SRS transmission 3209 via an SRS resource based on (e.g., with and/or using) the transmission power, for example, at t2. The SRS transmission 3209 may, for example, be/comprise one SRS hop (e.g., an SRS hop as shown in FIGS. 30 and 31). The wireless device 3202 may send (e.g., transmit) the SRS transmission 3209 to the base station 3201

In at least some wireless communications, a wireless device 3202 may determine a transmission power (e.g., at t1 in FIG. 32) based on a subcarrier spacing (SCS) of the uplink BWP (e.g., the active uplink BWP). The wireless device 3202 may, for example, determine the transmission power of an SRS transmission 3210 for positioning SRS frequency hopping based on an SCS of the uplink BWP (e.g., the active uplink BWP). The wireless device 3202 may receive one or more configuration parameters 3203 of the uplink BWP indicating the SCS of the uplink BWP. A base station 3201 may send (e.g., transmit) the one or more configuration parameters 3203 to the wireless device 3202. The base station 3203 may receive the SRS transmission 3209 for positioning SRS frequency hopping. The wireless device 3202 may determine the transmission power based on the SCS of the uplink BWP based on (e.g., in response to) the uplink BWP being an active uplink BWP (e.g., of the wireless device 3202). The wireless device 3202 may, for example, determine the transmission power using (e.g., based on) a bandwidth of the SRS transmission. The bandwidth of the SRS transmission may, for example, be determined (e.g., by the wireless device 3202) based on a quantity/number of resource blocks for the SRS transmission (e.g., an integer value of resource blocks) and an SCS (e.g., the bandwidth may be determined by multiplying the quantity/number of resource blocks by the SCS). The wireless device 3202 may, for example, use the bandwidth in a power control equation (e.g., one of the power control equations discussed previously). In at least some wireless communications, the wireless device 3202 may use the SCS of the uplink BWP (e.g., active BWP) to determine the bandwidth and the transmission power. The wireless device may incorrectly/wrongly calculate/determine the transmission power, for example, by using the SCS of the uplink BWP for determining the bandwidth and the transmission power for the SRS transmissions. The wireless device 3202 may, for example, use a higher or lower transmission power (compared to what the base station may expect) for sending (e.g., transmitting) the SRS transmissions. An increased interference to other devices (e.g., other wireless devices and/or base stations) may be inflicted/imposed and/or a battery life of the wireless device's battery may be decreased (e.g., higher power consumption), for example, by using a higher transmission power. Efficiency/reliability of the positioning accuracy for the wireless device 3202 may be reduced, for example, by using a lower transmission power. The base station 3201 (or core network) may receive the SRS transmission(s) 3209 with lower power and make/perform less accurate positioning measurement (e.g., timing measurements) based on the SRS transmissions/measurements, for example, if using a lower transmission power. Enhancements of the power/bandwidth determination (e.g., for SRS transmissions) may enhance positioning accuracy, and/or improve communication reliability/efficiency (e.g., by reducing interference), and/or reduce consumed power of the wireless device.

Described herein is an approach for resolving these and/or other issues that arise when a transmission power (e.g., transmission power for positioning SRS frequency hopping) is determined for an SRS transmission occasion (e.g., positioning SRS frequency hopping transmission occasion). These and other features are described further herein.

A wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) an SRS transmission (e.g., via an SRS resource) via a transmission occasion (e.g., uplink symbol(s)) using a transmission power based on a second SCS (e.g., second SCS indicated (e.g., configured) by one or more configuration parameters). The wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters of an uplink BWP (e.g., active uplink BWP) indicating the second SCS. The second SCS may be different than the SCS of the uplink BWP. The one or more configuration parameters may, for example, indicate/configure the second SCS and the SCS of the uplink BWP.

Sending (e.g., transmitting) the SRS transmission (e.g., via an SRS resource), via a transmission occasion, using the transmission power based on the second SCS, may result in advantages such as an increase of efficiency, a decrease in interference, and/or an increase positioning accuracy. The wireless device may, for example, determine a transmission power allowing the base station to receive the SRS transmission with a higher power. The base station may perform (e.g., determine) positioning measurements (e.g., timing measurements, power measurements, phase measurements, and/or angle measurements) with a higher accuracy based on the SRS transmission received with the higher power from the wireless device. Using the SRS transmission received with the higher power from the wireless device may increase the positioning accuracy of the wireless device. The wireless device may, for example, decrease interference from the SRS transmission, to other wireless devices and/or base stations, based on determining the transmission power based on the second SCS.

FIG. 33 shows an example method for sending (e.g., transmitting) an SRS. The aspects of FIG. 33 may be combined with any one of the aspects in FIGS. 30-32. In step 3305, a wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters of an uplink BWP, indicating a first SCS of the uplink BWP, an SRS resource, and a second SCS for SRS transmission via the SRS resource. A base station may send (e.g., transmit) the one or more configuration parameters of the uplink BWP to the wireless device. In step 3310, the wireless device may send (e.g., transmit), via an SRS transmission occasion, an SRS using a transmission power determined based on the second SCS. The base station may receive the SRS transmission from the wireless device. The wireless device may, for example, send (e.g., transmit) the SRS via the SRS resource (e.g., SRS configured by SRS-Pos-ResourceSet/SRS-PosResource).

The one or more configuration parameters may be/comprise one or more configuration parameters of the uplink BWP of a cell (e.g., a serving cell). The wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters indicating one or more cell parameters (e.g., serving cell parameters). The one or more cell parameters may indicate one or more BWP parameters. The BWP parameters may be/comprise uplink BWP and/or downlink BWP parameters. The BWP parameters may indicate a first SCS of the BWP, a first cyclic prefix (CP) size/length of the BWP, a first center frequency of the BWP, and/or a first bandwidth of the BWP.

The wireless device may further determine, for the SRS transmission occasion, the transmission power based on the second SCS. The wireless device may, for example, determine the bandwidth of the SRS transmission via the SRS transmission occasion based on the second SCS. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the bandwidth. The wireless device may, for example, multiply the second SCS with the quantity/number of resource (e.g., frequency resource) blocks. The quantity/number of resource blocks may be indicated, for example, by the one or more configuration parameters. The quantity/number of resource blocks may be an integer number of resource blocks (e.g., 20, 30, or 50). The quantity/number of resource blocks may, for example, be indicated by the SRS resource and/or the SRS resource parameters. The wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) the SRS transmission, via the SRS transmission occasion, via the SRS resource, using the transmission power. A base station may receive the SRS transmission from the wireless device.

The one or more configuration parameters may indicate at least one of: a first CP size/length of the uplink BWP, a first bandwidth of the uplink BWP, a second CP size/length for SRS transmission via the SRS resource, and a second bandwidth for SRS transmission via the SRS resource. The one or more configuration parameters may further indicate a first location of the first bandwidth and a second location of the second bandwidth. The first location and second location may be, for example, the center frequency of the first and second bandwidth, respectively.

The wireless device may further determine the transmission power based on the second CP size/length and/or the second bandwidth. The wireless device may, for example, determine the transmission power based on at least one of the second SCS, the second CP size/length, and/or the second bandwidth. The transmission power may be determined (e.g., calculated) based on a power control equation. The power control equation may, for example, be based on a numerology of the transmission. The wireless device may determine the numerology of the transmission based on the second CP size/length and/or the second SCS.

The SRS resource may be/comprise an SRS resource for positioning and/or an SRS resource for positioning SRS frequency hopping. The SRS resource for positioning may be called a positioning SRS resource (e.g., SRS configured/indicated by SRS-PosResourceSet). The SRS transmission, via the SRS resource, may be outside of the first bandwidth of the uplink BWP (e.g., outside of the uplink BWP). The SRS transmission, outside of the first bandwidth of the uplink BWP, may occur while the uplink BWP is an active BWP. The wireless device may activate the uplink BWP as the active (uplink) BWP. A base station may indicate (e.g., via DCI, MAC CE, and/or RRC), to the wireless device, to activate the BWP as an active uplink BWP. The indication to activate the BWP as an active uplink BWP may comprise a field indicating to activate the BWP as an active uplink BWP. The field, for example, may contain an indicator (e.g., 2 bits) that indicates the wireless device to activate the BWP as an active uplink BWP. The indicator may, for example, be the BWP identifier (ID) of the BWP. The SRS transmission may be outside of the first bandwidth of the uplink BWP when at least one frequency resource (e.g., resource block or subcarrier) is outside of (e.g., not overlapping with) the first bandwidth of the uplink BWP. The SRS transmission may be outside of the bandwidth of the uplink BWP, for example, if the SRS transmission spans RB #0-RB #10 in the frequency domain while the bandwidth of the uplink BWP spans RB #1-RB #9 in the frequency domain. The SRS transmission may be outside of the bandwidth of the uplink BWP due to RB #1 and/or RB #10 not overlapping with the bandwidth of the uplink BWP. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the second SCS based on (e.g., in response to) the SRS transmission being outside of the first bandwidth of the uplink BWP. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the second SCS based on (e.g., in response to) the SRS transmission being via an SRS positioning frequency hopping.

The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the first SCS based on (e.g., in response to) the second bandwidth being fully overlapping with the first bandwidth. The second bandwidth may, for example, be fully overlapping with the first bandwidth if the second bandwidth is contained within the first bandwidth (e.g., second bandwidth is 10 MHZ and first bandwidth is 20 MHz with the same center frequency). The SRS transmission may be outside of the first bandwidth, for example, if the second bandwidth is not fully overlapping with the first bandwidth.

The one or more configuration parameters may indicate a first hopping bandwidth for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource. The first hopping bandwidth may be indicated (e.g., configured) by one or more SRS positioning frequency hopping parameters. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the second SCS based on (e.g., in response to) the first hopping bandwidth being larger than the first bandwidth. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the second SCS, for example, if the hopping bandwidth is 100 MHz and the first bandwidth is 20 MHz. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the first SCS based on (e.g., in response to) the first hopping bandwidth being equal to or smaller than the first bandwidth. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the first SCS, for example, if the hopping bandwidth is 10 MHz and the first bandwidth is 20 MHz. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the second SCS based on (e.g., in response to) the second bandwidth (for SRS transmission via the SRS resource) being larger than the first bandwidth. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the first SCS based on (e.g., in response to) the second bandwidth (for SRS transmission via the SRS resource) being equal to or smaller than the first bandwidth.

The one or more configuration parameters may comprise/be one or more virtual (or reference) BWP parameters. The one or more virtual BWP parameters may indicate the second SCS for SRS transmission via the SRS resource. The one or more virtual BWP parameters may further indicate the second CP size/length for SRS transmission via the SRS resource and/or the second bandwidth for SRS transmission via the SRS resource. The virtual BWP parameters may be referred to as reference BWP parameters. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the second SCS. The wireless device may further determine the transmission power based on the second CP size/length and/or the second bandwidth. The wireless device may, for example, determine the transmission power based on at least one of: the second SCS, the second CP size/length, and/or the second bandwidth. The transmission power may be determined (e.g., calculated) based on a power control equation. The power control equation may, for example, be based on a numerology of the transmission. The wireless device may determine the numerology of the transmission based on the second CP size/length and/or the second SCS.

The one or more configuration parameters may indicate one or more SRS hops (e.g., hops of FIG. 30) for positioning SRS frequency hopping. The one or more SRS hops may be/comprise one or more symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) for SRS transmission. The one or more symbols for SRS transmission may be/comprise one or more SRS symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols). Each of the one or more SRS hops may comprise one or more consecutive SRS symbols (e.g., 2, 4 or 6 symbols). The one or more configuration parameters may indicate the quantity/number of SRS symbols per SRS hop. The SRS transmission occasion may be/comprise a first SRS hop of the one or more SRS hops. The SRS transmission occasion may be/comprise at least two SRS hops of the one or more SRS hops. The at least two SRS hops may be within a slot (e.g., the same slot). The one or more configuration parameters may indicate a slot (e.g., time slot) for each of the one or more SRS hops. The wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) via a second SRS transmission occasion, using the transmission power determined for the SRS transmission occasion. The wireless device may, for example, send (e.g., transmit) a second SRS hop using a transmission power determined for the first SRS hop. The wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) a second SRS hop using a transmission power determined for the first SRS hop based on the second SRS hop being associated with the first SRS hop (e.g., same SRS hopping occasion and/or same slot). The second SRS hop may be associated with the first SRS hop when both hops occur with a time duration of each other (e.g., within one slot).

The wireless device may determine the transmission power (e.g., for SRS transmission(s) via the SRS resource) based on the first hopping bandwidth. The SRS transmission occasion may comprise one SRS hop. The first hopping bandwidth may be bandwidth of the SRS transmission, at the SRS transmission occasion. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the first hopping bandwidth based on (e.g., in response to) the first quantity/number of hops being greater than 1.

The one or more configuration parameters may indicate a first quantity/number of hops for the SRS transmission via the SRS resource. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the first quantity/number of hops. The wireless device may, for example, multiply the quantity/number of hops by the first hopping bandwidth while determining the transmission power.

The wireless device may determine a third bandwidth based on an index for positioning SRS frequency hopping (e.g., index for bandwidth of positioning SRS frequency hopping). The index for positioning frequency hopping may be indicated (e.g., configured) by the one or more configuration parameters. A base station may send (e.g., transmit) the one or more configuration parameters to the wireless device. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the third bandwidth. The transmission power may, for example, be based on a power control equation. The power control equation may depend on the transmission bandwidth. The wireless device may determine the transmission bandwidth based on the third bandwidth. The transmission bandwidth may, for example, be equal to the third bandwidth. The wireless device may determine the third bandwidth based on a total quantity/number of transmitted resource blocks (e.g., total quantity/number of transmitted resource blocks at the transmission occasion). The index for positioning frequency hopping may indicate a row of a table. The wireless device may determine the row of the table based on the index. The wireless device may determine a sixth bandwidth (e.g., of the SRS resource or the SRS transmission(s)) based on the row. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the sixth bandwidth.

The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the bandwidth of the SRS transmission (e.g., based on the bandwidth of one SRS hop when the SRS transmission occasion is/comprises one SRS hop). The one or more configuration parameters may indicate at least one of a second hopping bandwidth for positioning SRS frequency hopping, a second quantity/number of hops, and an overlapping bandwidth. The overlapping bandwidth may, for example, be a quantity/number of resource blocks (RBs) in the frequency domain that overlap between two SRS hops (e.g., as shown in FIG. 31). The wireless device may determine the bandwidth of the SRS transmission based on at least one of the second hopping bandwidth, the second quantity/number of hops (e.g., in the transmission occasion), and the overlapping bandwidth. The wireless device may determine a total overlapping bandwidth based on the second quantity/number of hops and the overlapping bandwidth. The second quantity/number of hops may be 5 and the overlapping bandwidth may be 2 resource blocks (RBs), for example, as shown in FIG. 31. The wireless device may determine the total overlapping bandwidth to be equal to 8 RBs. The wireless device may determine the bandwidth of the SRS transmission based on the total overlapping bandwidth. The wireless device may, for example, add the total overlapping bandwidth to a bandwidth of the SRS resource to determine the bandwidth of the SRS transmission. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the second SCS based on (e.g., in response to) the overlapping bandwidth being greater than zero.

The wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters (e.g., not of the uplink BWP) indicating a second SRS resource for transmission in an RRC Inactive mode and a second BWP for transmission in an RRC Inactive mode. A base station may send (e.g., transmit) the one or more configuration parameters (e.g., not of the uplink BWP) to the wireless device. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate at least one of: a third SCS of the second BWP, a third CP size/length of the second BWP, and a fourth bandwidth of the second BWP. The one or more configuration parameters may further indicate a location of the second BWP (e.g., center frequency). The second SRS resource may, for example, be a positioning SRS resource and/or a positioning SRS frequency hopping resource. The second SCS may be the same as the third SCS. The second SCS may be the same as the third SCS, the second CP size/length may be the same as the third CP size/length, and/or the second bandwidth may be the same as the fourth bandwidth. The wireless device may send (e.g., transmit), via a third SRS transmission occasion of the second SRS resource, a second SRS using a second transmission power based on the second SCS. The one or more configuration parameters (e.g., not of the uplink BWP) may indicate at least one of a fourth SCS for SRS transmissions via the second SRS resource, a fourth CP size/length for SRS transmissions via the second SRS resource, and a fifth bandwidth for SRS transmissions via the second SRS resource. The wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) via a fourth SRS transmission occasion of the second SRS resource, a third SRS using a third transmission power based on the fourth SCS. The wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) via a fourth SRS transmission occasion of the second SRS resource, a third SRS using a third transmission power based on the fourth CP size/length, the fourth SCS, and/or the fourth bandwidth.

The wireless device may send (e.g., transmit) a capability message indicating support for overlapping bandwidth for positioning SRS frequency hopping. The capability message may be an RRC or LPP message. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the second SCS based on (e.g., in response to) the transmission of the capability message.

The receiving of the one or more configuration parameters may comprise receiving one or more messages. The one or more messages may comprise the one or more configuration parameters. The one or more messages may comprise one or more RRC messages or one or more RRC reconfiguration messages. The one or more messages may comprise one or more LPP messages.

FIG. 34 shows an example method for sending (e.g., transmitting) an SRS. The aspects of FIG. 34 may be combined with any one of the aspects in FIGS. 30-33. In step 3410, a wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters, of a BWP of a cell, indicating a first SCS of the BWP, an SRS resource (e.g., indicated by SRS-PosResourceSet and/or SRS-PosResource), a bandwidth, and a second SCS. A base station may send (e.g., transmit) the one or more configuration parameters, of the BWP of the cell, to the wireless device. The SRS resource may, for example, be an SRS resource for positioning SRS frequency hopping. In step 3420, the wireless device may activate the BWP as an active uplink BWP of the cell. A base station may indicate (e.g., via DCI, MAC CE, and/or RRC), to the wireless device, to activate the BWP as an active uplink BWP. The indication to activate the BWP as an active uplink BWP may comprise a field indicating to activate the BWP as an active uplink BWP. The field (e.g., in DCI, MAC CE, and/or RRC) for example, may contain an indicator (e.g., 2 bits) that indicates the wireless device to activate the BWP as an active uplink BWP. The indicator may be the BWP ID of the BWP. The wireless device may activate the BWP as an active uplink BWP based on the field indicating the BWP ID of the BWP.

In step 3430, the wireless device may further select, from the first SCS and second SCS, a third SCS based on the bandwidth. In step 3440, the wireless device may select the third SCS to be equal to the second SCS, for example, if the bandwidth is greater than a threshold (e.g., X as shown in FIG. 34). In step 3450, the wireless device may select the third SCS to be equal to the first SCS, for example, if the bandwidth is less than or equal to a threshold (e.g., X as shown in FIG. 34). The threshold may, for example, be equal to the maximum transmission bandwidth of the wireless device (e.g., 20 MHz). The threshold may be equal to the bandwidth of the BWP. In step 3460, the wireless device may determine for an SRS transmission occasion of the SRS resource, a transmission power based on the third SCS. In step 3470, the wireless device may send (e.g., transmit), via the SRS transmission occasion of the SRS resource, an SRS using the transmission power. A base station may receive the SRS from the wireless device.

SRS frequency hopping may refer to positioning SRS frequency hopping, SRS for positioning frequency hopping, frequency hopping SRS for positioning, frequency hopping SRS, SRS frequency hopping for positioning, SRS for positioning using frequency hopping, or positioning SRS configured for frequency hopping.

Configuration parameters may refer to RRC configuration parameters, RRC reconfiguration parameters, LPP parameters, or MAC-CE parameters. A transmission occasion may refer to a transmission time/frequency, a set of transmission resources, a set of uplink symbols, an uplink transmission occasion, or a set of uplink resources. A transmission power may refer to a power used of a transmission, a power, a transmit power setting, a power control setting, an uplink transmission power, an uplink transmit power, an uplink power control setting, or a transmit power. A hopping bandwidth may refer to a hopping bandwidth for positioning SRS frequency hopping, a hop bandwidth, a per hop bandwidth, a hop bandwidth for positioning SRS frequency hopping, an SRS hop bandwidth, an SRS positioning frequency hopping hop bandwidth, or a per hop bandwidth for positioning SRS frequency hopping.

A PUSCH/PUCCH/SRS/PRACH transmission occasion may be defined by a slot index within a frame with a system frame number, a first symbol within the slot, and a quantity/number of consecutive symbols. An SRS transmission occasion may be a single hop (e.g., SRS hop or frequency hop), for example, for positioning frequency hopping. An SRS transmission occasion may be multiple hops (e.g., all hops within the slot), for example, for positioning frequency hopping.

A wireless device may determine M_SRS,b,f,cas an SRS bandwidth expressed in quantity/number of resource blocks for a SRS transmission occasion on active UL BWP b of carrier f of serving cell c and μ is a SCS configuration except when SRS positioning frequency hopping is configured (e.g., triggered, indicated, and/or enabled). The wireless device may determine (e.g., calculate) M_SRS,b,f,c=N_hops*N_RB,hop. Where N_hopsis the quantity/number of hops (e.g., in SRS positioning frequency hopping) and N_RB,hopis the quantity/number of resource blocks per hop (e.g., hop bandwidth).

A wireless device may determine M_SRS,b,f,cas an SRS bandwidth expressed in quantity/number of resource blocks for a SRS transmission occasion on active UL BWP b of carrier f of serving cell c and μ is a SCS configuration except when N_hopsis configured (e.g., indicated and/or enabled) and greater than 1. The wireless device may determine (e.g., calculate) M_SRS,b,f,c=N_hops*N_RB,hop. Where N_hopsis the quantity/number of hops (e.g., in SRS positioning frequency hopping) and N_RB,hopis the quantity/number of resource blocks per hop (e.g., hop bandwidth).

A wireless device may determine M_SRS,b,f,cas an SRS bandwidth expressed in quantity/number of resource blocks for a SRS transmission occasion on active UL BWP b of carrier f of serving cell c and μ is a SCS configuration except when SRS positioning frequency hopping is configured (e.g., triggered, indicated, and/or enabled). The wireless device may determine (e.g., calculate) M_SRS,b,f,c=N_RB,hop. Where N_RB,hopis the quantity/number of resource blocks per hop (e.g., hop bandwidth).

The active UL BWP b may refer to a virtual BWP (e.g., virtual BWP parameters) indicated by one or more configuration parameters (e.g., SRS positioning frequency hopping parameters), for example, if a wireless device sends (e.g., transmits) SRS for positioning frequency hopping outside the active UL BWP of carrier f of serving cell c in RRC Connected state. A base station may receive the SRS for positioning frequency hopping transmission from the wireless device.

The active UL BWP b may refer to a virtual BWP (e.g., virtual BWP parameters) indicated by one or more configuration parameters (e.g., SRS positioning frequency hopping parameters), for example, if a wireless device sends (e.g., transmits) SRS for positioning frequency hopping outside the active UL BWP of carrier f of serving cell c in RRC Inactive state. A base station may receive the SRS for positioning frequency hopping transmission from the wireless device.

In at least some wireless communications, a wireless device may determine an SRS sequence based on a row of a table. The wireless device may determine the row of the table based on an index. The wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters (e.g., RRC parameters) indicating the index (e.g., c-SRS). The SRS sequence may be determined based on a length of the SRS sequence. The length of the SRS sequence may be equal to a value in the row of the table. The wireless device may, for example, use the determined SRS sequence to send (e.g., transmit) positioning SRS frequency hopping. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate one or more positioning SRS frequency hopping parameters. The one or more positioning SRS frequency hopping parameters may indicate one or more SRS resources for positioning SRS frequency hopping. The wireless device may determine an SRS sequence for at least one of the SRS resources of the one or more SRS resources. Determining an SRS sequence based on a row of a table may cause the wireless device to determine the SRS sequence incorrectly (i.e., the wrong length based on the quantity/number of resource elements for the SRS resource). Determining the SRS sequence incorrectly may cause errors in the transmission and/or reception of the SRS sequence and may decrease the positioning accuracy of the wireless device.

As described herein, wireless device may determine a sequence for an SRS resource (e.g., positioning SRS resource for positioning SRS frequency hopping) based on a hopping bandwidth (e.g., hop bandwidth and/or per hop bandwidth) and an overlap in frequency domain (e.g., overlapping bandwidth). Determining the sequence for an SRS recourse based on the hopping bandwidth and the overlap in frequency domain may cause the wireless device to determine the sequence for the SRS resource correctly (i.e., the correct length based on the quantity/number of resource elements for the SRS resource). Determining the sequence for the SRS resource correctly may cause the wireless device to send (e.g., transmit) the SRS without errors and may increase the positioning accuracy of the wireless device.

FIG. 35 shows an example method for sending (e.g., transmitting) an SRS. In step 3510, a wireless device receives one or more configuration parameters indicating an SRS resource, a hopping bandwidth for SRS frequency hopping, and an overlap in frequency domain for SRS frequency hopping. A base station may send (e.g., transmit) the one or more configuration parameters to the wireless device. The SRS resource may, for example, be a positioning SRS resource and/or an SRS resource for positioning SRS frequency hopping. The overlap in frequency domain may, for example, be a quantity/number of resource blocks (RBs) in the frequency domain that overlap between two SRS hops (e.g., as shown in FIG. 31). In step 3520, the wireless device may determine a sequence for the SRS resource based on the hopping bandwidth and the overlap in frequency domain. In step 3530, the wireless device may send (e.g., transmit), via the SRS resource, an SRS transmission based on the sequence. A base station may receive the SRS transmission from the wireless device.

The wireless device may further determine a sequence length for the sequence (for the SRS resource) based on the hopping bandwidth and/or the overlap in frequency domain. The wireless device may determine the sequence (for the SRS resource) based on the sequence length.

The one or more configuration parameters indicate a quantity/number of hops (e.g., 5 hops as shown in FIG. 31). The wireless device may determine the sequence for the SRS resource based on the quantity/number of hops, the hopping bandwidth, and/or the overlap in frequency domain. The wireless device may determine a sequence length for the SRS resource based on the quantity/number of hops, the hopping bandwidth, and/or the overlap in frequency domain. The wireless device may determine the sequence for the SRS resource based on the sequence length. The wireless device may determine the sequence length based on a first quantity and a second quantity. The wireless device may determine the first quantity based on multiplying the hopping bandwidth and the quantity/number of hops. The wireless device may determine the second quantity based on multiplying the quantity/number of hops minus one and the overlap in frequency domain. The wireless device may determine the sequence length for the SRS resource based on subtracting the first quantity from the second quantity.

It should be understood that any description of operations from the perspective of wireless device may also be applied to a base station. Reciprocal operations may not be stated explicitly for each and every operation, although it is implied and a part of the present disclosure. For example, when the present disclosure describes one or more embodiments in which a transmitter device (e.g., a wireless device or a base station) sends (e.g., transmits) a signal starting from a symbol and/or determines a starting symbol for the signal, a receiver device (e.g., a wireless device or a base station) receives the signal starting from the symbol and/or determines the starting symbol for the symbol. Reciprocal determinations and/or timer operations may occur to ensure alignment between operations of the transmitter device and receiver device. Furthermore, as an example of reciprocal operations, a wireless device may determine a time to send (e.g., transmit) a signal based on a grant and a base station may determine the time to receive the signal and/or determine the time to schedule the signal for the wireless device to send (e.g., transmit) via the grant. Similarly, as another reciprocal operation, if a receiver device (e.g., a wireless device or a base station) monitors for a signal or monitors a channel, a transmitter device (e.g., a wireless device or a base station) sends (e.g., transmits) the signal or sends (e.g., transmits) the channel.

A wireless device may perform a method comprising multiple operations. The wireless device may be in a radio resource control (RRC) connected state. The wireless device may receive: first configuration parameters, of a first bandwidth part (BWP), indicating: a first subcarrier spacing (SCS); and a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource for transmission on a second BWP for SRS frequency hopping; and one or more second configuration parameters, of the second BWP, indicating a second SCS of the second BWP. The wireless device may receive the first configuration parameters and/or the one or more second configuration parameters in one or more RRC messages. The wireless device may activate the first BWP as an active uplink (UL) BWP. The wireless device may transmit, outside the active UL BWP and via the SRS resource indicated by the first configuration parameters of the first BWP, an SRS transmission using a transmission power that is based on the second SCS indicated by the one or more second configuration parameters of the second BWP. The wireless device may determine the transmission power that is based on the second SCS, wherein the transmission power is based on the second SCS in response to the SRS transmission being outside the active UL BWP. The wireless device may receive one or more third configuration parameters indicating: a third BWP; a second SRS resource; and to transition to an RRC inactive state. The wireless device may transmit a second SRS transmission, via the second SRS resource, during a time period that the wireless device is in an RRC inactive state, and use a second transmission power, wherein the second transmission power is based on the third BWP. The first configuration parameters may further indicate at least one of: a first cyclic prefix (CP) length of the uplink BWP; a first bandwidth of the uplink BWP; a second CP length for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource; or a second bandwidth for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource. The wireless device may determine the transmission power that is based on the second SCS, wherein the transmission power is based on the second SCS in response to the SRS transmission being for an SRS positioning frequency hopping. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on a bandwidth of the SRS transmission. The wireless device may comprise one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to perform the described method, additional operations and/or include the additional elements. A system may comprise a wireless device configured to perform the described method, additional operations and/or include the additional elements; and a base station configured to send the one or more RRC messages. A computer-readable medium may store instructions that, when executed, cause performance of the described method, additional operations and/or include the additional elements.

A wireless device may perform a method comprising multiple operations. The wireless device may be in a radio resource control (RRC) connected state. The wireless device may receive: first configuration parameters, of a first bandwidth part (BWP), indicating: a first subcarrier spacing (SCS); and a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource for transmission on a second BWP for SRS frequency hopping; and one or more second configuration parameters, of the second BWP, indicating a second SCS of the second BWP. The wireless device may receive the first configuration parameters and/or the one or more second configuration parameters in one or more RRC messages. The wireless device may activate the first BWP as an active uplink (UL) BWP. The wireless device may, based on a scheduled SRS transmission being outside the active UL BWP, transmit an SRS transmission using a transmission power that is based on the second SCS indicated by the one or more second configuration parameters of the second BWP. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on a first hopping bandwidth. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on a bandwidth of the SRS transmission. The wireless device may transmit a second SRS transmission, via a second SRS resource, during a time period that the wireless device is in an RRC inactive state, and use a second transmission power, wherein the second transmission power is based on a third BWP. The wireless device may determine the transmission power, based on the second SCS, in response to a first hopping bandwidth being larger than a first bandwidth of the uplink BWP. The first configuration parameters may further indicate at least one of: a first cyclic prefix (CP) length of the uplink BWP, a first bandwidth of the uplink BWP, a second CP length for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource, or a second bandwidth for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on at least one of: the second CP length or the second bandwidth. The wireless device may comprise one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to perform the described method, additional operations and/or include the additional elements. A system may comprise a wireless device configured to perform the described method, additional operations and/or include the additional elements; and a base station configured to send the one or more RRC messages. A computer-readable medium may store instructions that, when executed, cause performance of the described method, additional operations, and/or include the additional elements.

A base station may perform a method comprising multiple operations. The base station may send: first configuration parameters, of a first bandwidth part (BWP), indicating: a first subcarrier spacing (SCS) and a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource for transmission on a second BWP for SRS frequency hopping, and one or more second configuration parameters, of the second BWP, indicating a second SCS of the second BWP. The base station may send the first configuration parameters and/or the one or more second configuration parameters in one or more RRC messages. The base station may send an indication to activate the first BWP as an active uplink (UL) BWP. The base station may receive, outside the active UL BWP and via the SRS resource indicated by the first configuration parameters of the first BWP, an SRS transmission, wherein the SRS transmission was transmitted using a transmission power that is based on the second SCS indicated by the one or more second configuration parameters of the second BWP. The base station may send one or more third configuration parameters indicating: a third BWP, a second SRS resources, and to transition to an RRC inactive state. The base station may receive a second SRS transmission from a wireless device, via a second SRS resource, and during a time period that the wireless device is in an RRC inactive state, wherein the second SRS transmission was transmitted using a second transmission power based on a third BWP. The first configuration parameters further indicate at least one of: a first cyclic prefix (CP) length of the uplink BWP, a first bandwidth of the uplink BWP, a second CP length for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource, or a second bandwidth for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource. The base station may receive a capability message indicating support for overlapping bandwidth for positioning SRS frequency hopping. The base station may comprise at least one frequency resource of the SRS transmission being outside a first bandwidth of the uplink BWP. The base station may comprise one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the base station to perform the described method, additional operations and/or include the additional elements. A system may comprise a base station configured to perform the described method, additional operations and/or include the additional elements; and a wireless device configured to receive the one or more RRC messages. A computer-readable medium may store instructions that, when executed, cause performance of the described method, additional operations, and/or include the additional elements.

A wireless device may perform a method comprising multiple operations. The wireless device may be in a radio resource control (RRC) connected state. The wireless device may receive one or more RRC messages comprising: first configuration parameters, of a first bandwidth part (BWP), indicating: a first subcarrier spacing (SCS); and a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource for transmission on a second BWP for SRS frequency hopping; and one or more second configuration parameters, of the second BWP, indicating a second SCS of the second BWP. The base station may activate the first BWP as an active uplink (UL) BWP. The base station may transmit, in the RRC connected state and via the SRS resource indicated by the first configuration parameters of the first BWP, an SRS transmission using a transmission power, wherein in response to the SRS transmission being outside the active UL BWP, the transmission power is determined based on the second SCS indicated by the one or more second configuration parameters of the second BWP.

A wireless device may perform a method comprising multiple operations. The wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters of an uplink bandwidth part (BWP) indicating: a first subcarrier spacing (SCS) of the uplink BWP, a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource, and a second SCS for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource. The wireless device may transmit, via an SRS transmission occasion, an SRS using a transmission power determined based on the second SCS. The one or more configuration parameters of the uplink BWP may be one or more configuration parameters of the uplink BWP of a cell. The wireless device may activate the uplink BWP as an active uplink BWP. The wireless device may determine, for the SRS transmission occasion, the transmission power based on the second SCS. The transmitting the SRS may comprise transmitting the SRS via the SRS resource. The one or more configuration parameters indicate at least one of: a first cyclic prefix (CP) size/length of the uplink BWP, a first bandwidth of the uplink BWP, a second CP size/length for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource, and a second bandwidth for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the second CP size/length and/or the second bandwidth. The SRS resource may be an SRS resource for positioning and/or an SRS resource for positioning SRS frequency hopping. The transmitting the SRS may be outside of the first bandwidth of the uplink BWP. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate a first hopping bandwidth for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource. The wireless device may determine the transmission power, based on the second SCS, in response to the first hopping bandwidth being larger than the first bandwidth. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate one or more virtual/reference BWP parameters. The one or more virtual/reference BWP parameters may indicate the second SCS for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate one or more SRS hops for positioning SRS frequency hopping. Each SRS hop of the one or more SRS hops may comprise one or more consecutive SRS symbols. The SRS transmission occasion may comprise a first SRS hop of the one or more SRS hops. The SRS transmission occasion may comprise at least two SRS hops of the one or more SRS hops. The at least two SRS hops may be within a slot. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the first hopping bandwidth. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate a first number of hops for the SRS transmissions via the SRS resource. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the first number of hops, wherein the transmission power comprises multiplying the first number of hops with the first hopping bandwidth. The wireless device may determine a fifth bandwidth based on an index for positioning SRS frequency hopping, wherein the one or more configuration parameters indicate the index (or the index for bandwidth of positioning SRS frequency hopping), and determine the transmission power based on the fifth bandwidth. The fifth bandwidth for positioning SRS frequency hopping may comprise a bandwidth for SRS sequence generation and/or a bandwidth for SRS transmission power. The wireless device may determine the fifth bandwidth based on a total number of transmitted resource blocks. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on a bandwidth of the SRS transmission. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate at least one of: a second hopping bandwidth for positioning SRS frequency hopping, a second number of hops, and an overlapping bandwidth. The wireless device may determine the bandwidth of the SRS transmission based on at least one of: the second hopping bandwidth, the second number of hops in the transmission occasion, and the overlapping bandwidth. The wireless device may determine a total overlapping bandwidth based on the second number of hops and the overlapping bandwidth. The wireless device may determine the bandwidth of the SRS transmission based on the total overlapping bandwidth. The wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters indicating: a second SRS resource for transmission in an RRC Inactive mode, and a second BWP for transmission in an RRC Inactive mode. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate at least one of: a third SCS of the second BWP, a third CP size/length of the second BWP, and a third bandwidth of the second BWP. The second SRS resource may be a positioning SRS frequency hopping resource. The second SCS may be the same as the third SCS. The second SCS may be the same as the third SCS, the second CP size/length may be the same as the third CP size/length, and/or the second bandwidth may be the same as the third bandwidth. The wireless device may transmit, via a third SRS transmission occasion of the second SRS resource, a second SRS using a second transmission power based on the second SCS. The wireless device may determine the bandwidth of the SRS transmission in response to the overlapping bandwidth being greater than 0. The wireless device may transmit a capability message indicating support for overlapping bandwidth for positioning SRS frequency hopping. The wireless device may determine the bandwidth of the SRS in response to transmitting the capability message. The wireless device may transmit, via a second SRS transmission occasion, using the transmission power determined for the SRS transmission occasion. The second SRS transmission occasion may comprise a second SRS hop associated with the first SRS hop. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate at least one of: a fourth SCS for SRS transmissions via the second SRS resource, a fourth CP size/length for SRS transmissions via the second SRS resource, and a fourth bandwidth for SRS transmissions via the second SRS resource. The method of claim 42, further comprising transmitting, via a fourth SRS transmission occasion of the second SRS resource, a third SRS using a third transmission power based on the fourth SCS. The method of claim 43, further comprising determining the third transmission power based on the fourth CP size/length and/or the fourth bandwidth. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the first hopping bandwidth. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the first hopping bandwidth, in response to the first number of hops being greater than 1. The wireless device may determine the transmission power, based on the first SCS, in response to the first hopping bandwidth being equal to or smaller than the first bandwidth. The wireless device may transmit the SRS while the uplink BWP is an active BWP. Outside of the first bandwidth of the uplink BWP may comprise at least one frequency resource of the SRS is outside the first bandwidth of the uplink BWP. The wireless device may determine a row of a table based on the index and determine a bandwidth based on the row. The wireless device may receive one or more RRC messages, in an RRC connected state, indicating the one or more configuration parameters. The one or more configuration parameters comprise: first configuration parameters indicating: the first SCS and the SRS resource, and one or more second configuration parameters indicating the second SCS. The SRS resource may be for SRS frequency hopping. The wireless device may transmit in the RRC connected state and via the SRS resource. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on the second SCS in response to the SRS transmission being outside the active UL BWP. The wireless device may receive one or more third configuration parameters indicating: a third BWP, a second SRS resources, and to transition to an RRC inactive state. The wireless device may transmit a second SRS transmission, via the second SRS resource and while in the RRC inactive state, using a second transmission power, wherein the second transmission power is determined based on the third BWP.

A wireless device may perform a method comprising multiple operations. The wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters of an uplink bandwidth part (BWP) of a cell, indicating: a first subcarrier spacing (SCS) of the uplink BWP, a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource, and a second SCS for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource. The wireless device may activate the uplink BWP as an active uplink BWP of the cell. The wireless device may determine, for an SRS transmission occasion of the SRS resource, a transmission power based on the second SCS. The wireless device may transmit, via the SRS transmission occasion, an SRS using the transmission power.

A wireless device may perform a method comprising multiple operations. The wireless device may receive one or more configuration parameters indicating: an SRS resource, a hopping bandwidth for SRS frequency hopping, and an overlap in frequency domain for SRS frequency hopping. The wireless device may determine a sequence for the SRS resource based on the hopping bandwidth and the overlap in frequency domain. The wireless device may transmit, via the SRS resource, an SRS transmission based on the sequence. The wireless device may determine a sequence length for the SRS resource based on the hopping bandwidth and the overlap in frequency domain. The wireless device may determine the sequence for the SRS resource based on the sequence length. The one or more configuration parameters may indicate a number of hops. The wireless device may determine the sequence for the SRS resource based on the number of hops. The wireless device may determine a sequence length for the SRS resource based on the hopping bandwidth, the number of hops, and the overlap in frequency domain. The wireless device may determine the sequence for the SRS resource based on the sequence length. The wireless device may determine the sequence length for the SRS resource based on: a first quantity based on multiplying the hopping bandwidth and the number of hops, a second quantity based on multiplying the number of hops minus 1 and the overlap in frequency domain, and subtracting the first quantity and the second quantity.

A wireless device may perform a method comprising multiple operations. The wireless device may be in a radio resource control (RRC) connected state. The wireless device may receive, by a wireless device in a radio resource control (RRC) connected state, one or more RRC messages comprising: first configuration parameters, of a first bandwidth part (BWP), indicating: a first subcarrier spacing (SCS); and a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource for transmission on a second BWP for SRS frequency hopping; and one or more second configuration parameters, of the second BWP, indicating a second SCS of the second BWP. The wireless device may activate the first BWP as an active uplink (UL) BWP. The wireless device may transmit, outside the active UL BWP and via the SRS resource indicated by the first configuration parameters of the first BWP, an SRS transmission using a transmission power that is based on the second SCS indicated by the one or more second configuration parameters of the second BWP. The wireless device may determine the transmission power that is based on the second SCS, wherein the transmission power is based on the second SCS in response to the SRS transmission being outside the active UL BWP. The wireless device may receive one or more third configuration parameters indicating: a third BWP, a second SRS resource, and to transition to an RRC inactive state. The wireless device may transmit a second SRS transmission, via the second SRS resource, during a time period that the wireless device is in an RRC inactive state, and use a second transmission power, wherein the second transmission power is based on a third BWP. The first configuration parameters further indicate at least one of: a first cyclic prefix (CP) length of the uplink BWP, a first bandwidth of the uplink BWP, a second CP length for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource, or a second bandwidth for SRS transmissions via the SRS resource. The wireless device may determine the transmission power that is based on the second SCS, wherein the transmission power is based on the second SCS in response to the SRS transmission being for an SRS positioning frequency hopping. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on a bandwidth of the SRS transmission. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on a first hopping bandwidth. The wireless device may determine the transmission power, based on the second SCS, in response to a first hopping bandwidth being larger than a first bandwidth of the uplink BWP. The wireless device may determine the transmission power based on at least one of: the second CP length; or the second bandwidth. The wireless device may transmit a capability message indicating support for overlapping bandwidth for positioning SRS frequency hopping. Outside of the first bandwidth of the uplink BWP comprises at least one frequency resource of the SRS outside the first bandwidth of the uplink BWP. The wireless device may comprise one or more processors; and memory storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the wireless device to perform the described method, additional operations and/or include the additional elements. A system may comprise a wireless device configured to perform the described method, additional operations and/or include the additional elements; and a base station configured to send the one or more RRC messages. A computer-readable medium may store instructions that, when executed, cause performance of the described method, additional operations, and/or include the additional elements

Communications described herein may be determined, generated, sent, and/or received using any quantity of messages, information elements, fields, parameters, values, indications, information, bits, and/or the like. While one or more examples may be described herein using any of the terms/phrases message, information element, field, parameter, value, indication, information, bit(s), and/or the like, one skilled in the art understands that such communications may be performed using any one or more of these terms, including other such terms. For example, one or more parameters, fields, and/or information elements (IEs), may comprise one or more information objects, values, and/or any other information. An information object may comprise one or more other objects. At least some (or all) parameters, fields, IEs, and/or the like may be used and can be interchangeable depending on the context. If a meaning or definition is given, such meaning or definition controls.

One or more elements in examples described herein may be implemented as modules. A module may be an element that performs a defined function and/or that has a defined interface to other elements. The modules may be implemented in hardware, software in combination with hardware, firmware, wetware (e.g., hardware with a biological element) or a combination thereof, all of which may be behaviorally equivalent. For example, modules may be implemented as a software routine written in a computer language configured to be executed by a hardware machine (such as C, C++, Fortran, Java, Basic, Matlab or the like) or a modeling/simulation program such as Simulink, Stateflow, GNU Octave, or LabVIEWMathScript. Additionally or alternatively, it may be possible to implement modules using physical hardware that incorporates discrete or programmable analog, digital and/or quantum hardware. Examples of programmable hardware may comprise: computers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs); field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs); and/or complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). Computers, microcontrollers and/or microprocessors may be programmed using languages such as assembly, C, C++ or the like. FPGAs, ASICs and CPLDs are often programmed using hardware description languages (HDL), such as VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) or Verilog, which may configure connections between internal hardware modules with lesser functionality on a programmable device. The above-mentioned technologies may be used in combination to achieve the result of a functional module.

One or more features described herein may be implemented in a computer-usable data and/or computer-executable instructions, such as in one or more program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types when executed by a processor in a computer or other data processing device. The computer executable instructions may be stored on one or more computer readable media such as a hard disk, optical disk, removable storage media, solid state memory, RAM, etc. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired. The functionality may be implemented in whole or in part in firmware or hardware equivalents such as integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), and the like. Particular data structures may be used to more effectively implement one or more features described herein, and such data structures are contemplated within the scope of computer executable instructions and computer-usable data described herein.

A non-transitory tangible computer readable media may comprise instructions executable by one or more processors configured to cause operations of multi-carrier communications described herein. An article of manufacture may comprise a non-transitory tangible computer readable machine-accessible medium having instructions encoded thereon for enabling programmable hardware to cause a device (e.g., a wireless device, wireless communicator, a wireless device, a base station, and the like) to allow operation of multi-carrier communications described herein. The device, or one or more devices such as in a system, may include one or more processors, memory, interfaces, and/or the like. Other examples may comprise communication networks comprising devices such as base stations, wireless devices or user equipment (wireless device), servers, switches, antennas, and/or the like. A network may comprise any wireless technology, including but not limited to, cellular, wireless, WiFi, 4G, 5G, 6G, any generation of 3GPP or other cellular standard or recommendation, any non-3GPP network, wireless local area networks, wireless personal area networks, wireless ad hoc networks, wireless metropolitan area networks, wireless wide area networks, global area networks, satellite networks, space networks, and any other network using wireless communications. Any device (e.g., a wireless device, a base station, or any other device) or combination of devices may be used to perform any combination of one or more of steps described herein, including, for example, any complementary step or steps of one or more of the above steps.

Although examples are described herein, features and/or steps of those examples may be combined, divided, omitted, rearranged, revised, and/or augmented in any desired manner. Various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this description, though not expressly stated herein, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the descriptions herein. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not limiting.

Power Control for Frequency Hopping

Information

Publication Number

Date Filed

Date Published

Inventors

Original Assignees

CPC

International Classifications

Abstract

Description

Claims

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Provisional Applications (1)