This invention relates to apparatus and methods of converting and distributing power in electrical systems such as computer and telecommunication systems and servers.
Referring to
One embodiment of the disclosure relates to an apparatus that includes a power distribution system comprising a source for providing power at a DC source voltage VS. The apparatus further includes a bus converter that includes an input circuit and an output circuit. The bus converter is adapted to convert power from the input circuit to the output circuit at a substantially fixed voltage transformation ratio KDC at an output current. An input voltage VIN is applied to the input circuit and an output voltage VOUT is produced by the output of the bus converter, and the substantially fixed voltage transformation ratio can be represented as KDC=VOUT/VIN. The apparatus further includes a power distribution bus connected to distribute power from the output circuit of the bus converter at the output voltage VOUT. The apparatus further includes a plurality of regulators. Each regulator includes a regulator input connected to the power distribution bus to receive power from the output circuit of the bus converter and a regulator output connected to supply power to a respective load. The plurality of regulators each are separated by a distance from the bus converter. The input circuit of the bus converter and at least a portion of the output circuit of the bus converter are connected in series across the source such that an absolute value of the input voltage VIN applied to the input circuit is approximately equal to the absolute value of the DC source voltage VS minus a number N times the absolute value of the output voltage VOUT, where N is at least 1.
Another embodiment relates to an apparatus that includes a power converter including an input circuit and an output circuit. The power converter is configured to receive power from a power distribution system comprising a source for providing power at a DC source voltage VS. The power converter is adapted to convert power from the input circuit to the output circuit at a substantially fixed voltage transformation ratio KDC at an output current. An input voltage VIN is applied to the input circuit and an output voltage VOUT is produced by the output of the power converter. The substantially fixed voltage transformation ratio can be represented as KDC=VOUT/VIN. The power converter further includes a series connection between the input circuit of the power converter and at least a portion of the output circuit of the power converter across the source, such that an absolute value of the input voltage VIN applied to the input circuit is approximately equal to the absolute value of the DC source voltage VS minus a number N times the absolute value of the output voltage VOUT, where N is at least 1.
Yet another embodiment relates to an apparatus that includes a bus converter including an input circuit and an output circuit. The bus converter is configured to receive power from a power distribution system including a source for providing power at a DC source voltage VS. The bus converter is adapted to convert power from the input circuit to the output circuit at a substantially fixed voltage transformation ratio KDC at an output current. An input voltage VIN is applied to the input circuit and an output voltage VOUT is produced by the output of the bus converter, and the substantially fixed voltage transformation ratio can be represented as KDC=VOUT/VIN. The apparatus further includes a power distribution bus connected to distribute power from the output circuit of the bus converter at the output voltage VOUT. The apparatus further includes a plurality of regulators. Each regulator includes a regulator input connected to the power distribution bus to receive power from the output circuit of the bus converter and a regulator output connected to supply power to a respective load. The plurality of regulators each are separated by a distance from the bus converter. The input circuit of the bus converter and at least a portion of the output circuit of the bus converter are connected in series across the source such that an absolute value of the input voltage VIN applied to the input circuit is approximately equal to the absolute value of the DC source voltage VS minus a number N times the absolute value of the output voltage VOUT, where N is at least 1.
Another embodiment relates to an apparatus comprising an intermediate bus architecture power distribution system for a telecommunications system comprising a source for providing power at a DC source voltage; a circuit board comprising a bus converter, the bus converter comprising an input circuit, the input circuit comprising a primary transformer winding, the bus converter further comprising an output circuit, the output circuit comprising a secondary transformer winding, wherein the primary and secondary transformer windings are galvanically connected in series, and wherein the bus converter is configured to provide power to a power distribution bus that is not galvanically isolated from the source; and the circuit board further comprising a plurality of regulators, wherein each regulator comprises a regulator input connected to the power distribution bus to receive power from the output circuit of the bus converter and a regulator output connected to supply power to a respective load, the plurality of regulators each being separated by a distance from the bus converter.
Power Distribution Architecture
A power distribution system 50 is shown in
One or more bus converters, e.g. bus converters 56, 57, may be connected to the power distribution bus 55 downstream from the front end 53 as shown in the example of
The output of each bus converter 56, 57 may, in turn, provide power via its respective bus 58, 59 to a respective plurality of regulators, preferably at or near the point of load, such as point-of-load switching voltage regulators 60, 61. It should be understood that although two bus converters 56, 57 are shown in the example of
The bus converters 56, 57 shown in the system of
Series-Connected DC Transformer
Referring to
The voltage gain or voltage transformation ratio of a system as defined generally herein is the ratio of its output voltage to its input voltage at a specified current such as an output current. For the system 20 in
VIN=VS−VO. (1)
Similarly as shown in
IO=IL−IN. (2)
The system voltage transformation ratio, KSYS, using the series-connected DC Transformer 25, may be expressed as a function of the DC Transformer voltage transformation ratio, KDC:
KSYS=KDC/(KDC+1) (3)
The above equation (3) may be rearranged to express the DC Transformer 25 voltage transformation ratio, KDC, required in a series-connected system as a function of the system voltage transformation ratio, KSYS:
KDC−KSYS/(1−KSYS) (4)
Referring to
A series-connected SAC 200 is shown in
Many contemporary applications use a voltage transformation ratio equal to 1/5 requiring an odd transformer turns ratio (N2/N1=1/5) which is generally not optimal. Referring to equation (4) above, the KSYS=1/5 bus converter may be implemented using a KDC=1/4 series-connected topology (e.g. as shown in
Note that the series-connected converter 200 may be implemented by connecting an off-the-shelf isolated DC Transformer, such as the isolated converter shown in
Connecting the input and output of the DC Transformer 25 in series eliminates galvanic isolation between the input and output of the series-connected bus converter 20, which is counterintuitive. However, when used in the architecture of
Efficiency
The power processed by the isolated SAC shown in
Each input switch (S1, S2, S3 and S4) in the full bridge input circuits (
PIN=2*VIN*IIN (6)
Similarly, each output switch (S5, S6, S7 and S8) in the full bridge output circuit of
POUT=2*VO*IO (7)
Combining equations (6) and (7) and making the appropriate substitutions using KDC=V0/VIN and the corollary IIN=KCD*IO, the total power processed by the converters reduces to:
P=4*VO*IO (8)
In the isolated converter of
PISO=4*PLoad (9)
Neglecting fixed losses in the converter, the input current may be expressed as a function of the output current and voltage transformation ratio as follows:
IN=IO*KDC (10)
Combining equations (2), (4), and (10), the output current of the series-connected converter may be expressed as a function of load current and voltage transformation ratio as follows:
IO-Series=IL*(1−KSYS) (11)
Substituting equation (11) into equation (8) produces the total power processed by the series-connected converter as a function of load power (PLoad=VO*IL) and system voltage transformation ratio:
PSERIES4*PLoad*(1−KSYS) (12)
Accordingly, the efficiency advantage of the series-connected converter over the isolated converter—the ratio of equations (12) and (9)—reduces to:
PSERIES/PISO=(1−KSYS) (13)
From equation (13) it can be seen that the series-connected converter offers a significant efficiency advantage. Consider a typical example for comparison, using a bus converter to convert power from a nominal 50 Volt power distribution bus for delivery to a 10 volt load (KSYS=1/5) at 100 amps: the series-connected converter processes only 80% of the power, offering a 20% efficiency savings compared to the isolated converter.
In a typical isolated DC Transformer, like most DC-DC converters, the control circuitry is configured to operate from power drawn from the input producing a quiescent component of the input current. Use of such a converter, e.g. an off-the-shelf DC Transformer, in a series-connected configuration could, therefore, allow the quiescent input current to flow unregulated into a load connected to the output, which would be problematic while the power train is not operating and, therefore, incapable of regulating the output voltage. It may, for that reason, be desirable to clamp the output voltage using a zener diode, such as zener diode 26 in
Configuring the control circuitry to reference the system ground in the integrated converter (rather than the input return in the off-the-shelf isolated converter) easily allows any interface signals to be ground-referenced (rather than output referenced) which is advantageous from the perspective of the system integrator.
Center-Tap Secondary
Another series-connected SAC 210 is shown in
The converter 210 of
VIN-210=VS−2VO (14)
as suggested by the addition of N2 turns in the output winding of the transformer. Also, each output switch (S5, S6, S7 and S8) in the converter 210 is subjected to twice the output voltage, VO, with the upper output switches (S5 and S7) each carrying an average of half of the input current, IIN, and the lower output switches (S6 and S8) each carrying an average of half of the difference between the load current, IL, and the input current, IIN. Using the same analysis as described above, summing the product of maximum voltage across (Vn) and average current (In) through each switch (N=1 through 8), the total power processed by the converter 210 of
P210=2*VIN*IIN+2*VO*IIN+2*VO*(IL−IIN) (15)
Using the system voltage transformation ratio, KSYS=VO/VS in equation (14), the input voltage may be expressed as:
VIN-210=VO*((1/KSYS)−2) (16)
Recognizing that in an ideal converter the input power equals the output power VS* IIN=VO* IL the input current may be expressed as:
IIN=KSYS*IL (17)
Making the appropriate substitutions into equation (15), the total power processed by series-connected converter 210 (
P210=4*VO*IL*(1−KSYS) (18)
which may be further reduced to express the total power processed by the series-connected converter 210 using a center-tap output winding as shown in
P210=4*PLoad*(1−KSYS) (19)
Which is the same result obtained in equation (12) above for the series-connected converter 200 in
There may be certain advantages of one series-connected topology over the other depending upon the application. For example, the transformer in the converter 200 (
Negative Input-Positive Output
Referring to
|VIN-215|=|VS|−|VO| (20)
as also suggested by the transformer configuration. Also, the upper output switches (S5 and S7) each carry an average of half of the output current, IO, which equals the load current, IL in
P215=2*VIN*IIN+2*VO*IIN+2*VO*IL (21)
which, when reduced using equations (17) and (20), becomes:
P215=4*PLoad (22)
A comparison of the power processed by the converter 215 (equation (22);
The converters 20 (
|VIN|=|VS|−N*|VO| (23)
The value of N will vary depending upon the converter topology used, e.g. a center-tap secondary or not, polarity reversing or not, etc. In the examples described above: N=1 for converters 20 (
The disclosure is described above with reference to drawings. These drawings illustrate certain details of specific embodiments that implement the systems, apparatus, and/or methods of the present disclosure. However, describing the disclosure with drawings should not be construed as imposing on the disclosure any limitations that may be present in the drawings. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.” Furthermore, no element, component or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public, regardless of whether the element, component or method step is explicitly recited in the claims.
It should be noted that although the disclosure provided herein may describe a specific order of method steps, it is understood that the order of these steps may differ from what is described. Also, two or more steps may be performed concurrently or with partial concurrence. It is understood that all such variations are within the scope of the disclosure.
The foregoing description of embodiments of the disclosure have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the disclosure. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principals of the disclosure and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to utilize the disclosure in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
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Boschert Incorporated marketing brochure, Boschert an International Leader in Switching Power Supplies. (DMMP0001837-DMMP0001851). |
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Copy of photograph from Tektronix, Inc.'s, “TM 503 Power Module Instruction Manual,” Rev. May 1984. (See DMMP0007937-DMMP0007995). (DMMP0007936). |
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EUS34-096 Isolated Bus Converter Datasheet, Murata Power Solutions, 2008 (PTX 516). |
Excerpt from the IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms, ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1984. |
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