The present invention relates to a power plant unit for generating electrical power, a power plant having at least one power plant unit of this kind and a method of operating a power plant unit or power plant of this kind.
A wide variety of technologies and methods are used to generate electricity in power plant technology. Thermal power plants, which are as a rule operated with fossil fuels, account for a relatively large proportion here. Key representatives are coal-fired power plants, heavy oil or diesel and gas-fired power plants. Gas-fired power plants have taken an increasing share of the market in recent years for a variety of reasons and it is expected that they will continue to grow in importance in the future.
In the case of gas-fired power plants, the main representatives are gas turbine plants and, to a significantly increasing extent, combined cycle power plants (CCPPs). Gas engines are widely used for relatively small output ranges.
At up to approx. 60%, CCPPs have the highest efficiencies that are currently achieved with thermal power plants. For cost reasons, this technology is only used cost-effectively for a power plant output>300 MW.
Specifically, the costs of installing and operating gas turbine plants are very low, but the efficiencies achieved range between only 35% and 40%. Gas turbine plants are predominantly used to cover consumption peaks and to generate balancing energy.
The main problem areas with gas turbine plants and CCPPs include the relatively poor partial-load efficiency and the very unsatisfactory control behavior under load (in particular applied load behavior).
At up to approx. 100 MW plant output with efficiencies of up to 48%, reciprocating piston engine plants are very cost-effective. In addition to this very high full load efficiency in relation to the output, gas engines also have very good efficiencies at partial load and relatively good control behavior under load that is comparable to diesel engines.
The disadvantages of gas engine plants are the relatively high specific costs of operation, service and maintenance and the significantly higher pollutant emissions compared with the gas turbine.
Each of these gas-fired power plant technologies has specific advantages and disadvantages, with the result that the most suitable variant depends on the particular requirements and boundary conditions.
Power plant units the generators of which are driven by reciprocating piston engines have the disadvantage that, in the event of a sudden short interruption of the consumer grid (short interruptions), a relatively rapid change may occur in the frequency of the generator set compared with that of the public grid and thus an incompatible phase shift between generator and grid may occur when the grid voltage is recovered. Such events can have a damaging effect on components of the generator set or may lead to a failure.
The object of the invention is to provide a cost-effective power plant unit in which only frequency deviations within the permissible limits occur even in the event of short interruptions of the power take-up by an electricity consumer, for example a public electricity grid.
This object is achieved by a power plant unit with the features of claim 1.
According to the invention it is thus provided that a reciprocating piston engine, in particular a gas engine, and a gas turbine in each case drive an electric generator the electrical power of which is fed into a common grid. This common grid can be connected to an electricity consumer, for example the public grid, by a section switch. If the section switch is opened or if the electricity consumer, for example the public grid, is de-energized, the frequency of the common grid is essentially determined by the behavior of the gas turbine, which can be controlled in a very stable manner due to the inertia of the gas turbine rotors. It is thus possible to keep the frequency of the electric voltage in the common grid within the permissible limits in the event of short interruptions to the grid.
Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are defined in the dependent claims.
It is conceivable on the one hand for precisely one gas turbine and precisely one reciprocating piston engine, which each drive precisely one generator, to be provided for each power plant unit. Variations are, however, also conceivable. For example, it can be that at least two reciprocating piston engines, which each drive a generator of their own, are provided for each gas turbine.
It is sometimes assumed below, by way of example, that a reciprocating piston engine is in the form of a gas engine.
The invention permits a gas turbine and a gas engine to be integrated in a single, self-contained power plant unit in such a way that maximum synergy of both assemblies can be achieved and thus that costs can be reduced and performance increased, that is the operating characteristics of the entire plant can be improved.
For reasons of compatibility of the pollutant emissions of gas engine and gas turbine, it is preferably provided that suitable technologies for reducing emissions are used in the gas engine. This is done, for example, either by using a combination of oxidation catalytic converter and SCR catalytic converter or by reforming the fuel for the gas engine and using an extreme lean operation process. Additional equipment that is arranged within the power plant unit is required for both emission reduction methods.
Approx. 80% of the full load output of the power plant unit is preferably provided by the gas turbine assembly. This has the advantage that the turbine is switched off in the event of load requirements of <20% and the electrical power can be generated with the very high engine efficiency (in the full load range of the reciprocating piston engine).
The concept of the power plant unit is above all designed to form modular subunits for a power plant complex with an output capacity of up to approx. 400 MW. With power plant units formed from such subunits, assembly outputs can, with regard to the total output in fine gradations, be added or removed while the assemblies remaining in operation run at full load.
Standardized machine hall or building for the following power plant components:
The following are arranged, for example, on the roof of the building for the machine hall:
It is furthermore advantageously provided that:
Possible specific operational management and functions of the integrated power plant unit:
An advantageous aspect of the invention is that the specific investment costs can be reduced by the gas turbine and gas engine sharing the use of the devices and components of the power plant unit to the maximum extent possible.
Furthermore, the invention enables standardized power plant units to be built that can be combined to form power plant complexes or power plants and enable very low specific production costs due to high manufacturing volumes and a high degree of prefabrication.
Furthermore, advantages also result from the fact that less heat is produced in comparison with large-scale power plants and there are therefore more possibilities for disposing of the waste heat in suitable consumer networks. This makes decentralization much more feasible.
The efficiency of an integrated combination of gas turbine and gas engine is approx. 2 percentage points higher over the entire load range than a pure gas turbine plant. The way in which partial-load operation is implemented, for example whether initially only the gas engine is operated at partial load or whether only the gas turbine or both systems simultaneously, has no impact on the efficiency of the plant. For example:
Modern gas engines in principle have low pollutant emissions in the exhaust gas and are in this respect significantly more environmentally friendly than diesel engines.
However, the emissions from gas turbines are significantly lower still. In particular in the case of NOx and unburned hydrocarbons, the emissions from gas engines without corresponding exhaust aftertreatment are considerably higher than those from gas turbines.
The emission guidelines for gas turbine power plants are based on values that can be achieved with gas turbines, with the result that gas engine plants cannot usually be combined with turbine plants without corresponding emission reduction measures. To this end, a variety of methods are available: in addition to exhaust aftertreatment, for instance by oxidation and/or SCR catalytic converters, extreme leaning of the mixture and/or fuel pretreatments such as, for example, hydrogen reformation are used.
Further advantages and details of the invention are apparent from the figures and the associated description of the figures. There are shown in:
Both generators 2, 4 feed their electrical power into a common grid 6, which can be electrically connected to an electricity consumer 8, which is shown here by way of example as a public grid, via a section switch 7.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
A 1481/2010 | Sep 2010 | AT | national |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | PCT/AT2011/000360 | Sep 2011 | US |
Child | 13783887 | US |