Patent Application
20210376602
The invention concerns a power supply system for a water-bound facility, in particular a floating facility. Floating facilities are for example ships, submarines, oil platforms and/or gas platforms. Examples of ships are cruise ships, frigates, container ships, aircraft carriers, icebreakers, etc. Floating facilities are water-bound facilities. Oil platforms or gas platforms, which stand on the seabed, are examples of water-bound facilities. Besides the power supply system, the invention also concerns a corresponding method for operating this power supply system.
A power supply system for a water-bound facility, or a floating facility, has power sources. Where the text below refers to a floating facility, this also accordingly means a water-bound facility, and vice versa. Examples of power sources are a diesel generator, a fuel cell, a battery/storage battery, a flywheel, etc. The diesel engine of the diesel generator is operable using heavy-oil marine diesel and/or LNG, for example. The power supply system is intended for example to supply a drive of the floating facility with electrical power, or else auxiliary systems or other loads, such as air-conditioning system, lighting, automation systems, etc. The power supply system is in particular configurable such that at least an emergency mode for the floating facility can be facilitated even in the event of failure of a power source. The power supply of a floating facility comprises an onboard system, in particular. The onboard system (the onboard electrical system) is used for supplying electrical power to the floating facility.
If a floating facility is capable of maintaining its position, for example, then it has a multiplicity of drives. These drives comprise in particular a propeller or a waterjet. These drives for maintaining the position of the ship in the water and/or for propelling the ship in the water need in particular to be kept operational independently of one another. If this floating facility has for example two or more drive systems in the stern region, such as e.g. two POD drives or two propellers with shafts protruding from the ship's hull that are driven by an electric motor and/or by a diesel engine with a shaft generator, it is advantageous if these can be supplied with electrical power independently of one another in the event of a fault in one drive.
EP 3 046 206 A1 discloses a power distribution system on a ship. Said system has a first medium-voltage bus and a second medium-voltage bus. The second medium-voltage bus is not directly connected to the first medium-voltage bus. Additionally, the power distribution system has a first low-voltage AC bus, a first power converter between the first medium-voltage bus and the first AC bus, in order to allow a flow of power from the first medium-voltage bus to the first AC bus. Additionally, the power distribution system also has a second AC bus and a second power converter between the second medium-voltage bus and the second AC bus, in order to allow a flow of power from the second medium-voltage bus to the second AC bus.
WO 2016/116595 A1 discloses a device for distributing stored electrical power on a ship, which device also comprises one or more AC loads. In the event of failure of a primary electrical power supply, there is provision for a DC system having a multiplicity of electrical energy storage elements, in order to allow one or more AC loads to be supplied with stored electrical power. There is provision in the DC circuit for multiple cutout systems for disconnecting one or more auxiliary electrical powers.
DE 102009043530 A1 discloses a power supply system having an electrical drive shaft. The electrical drive shaft has at least one variable-speed generator for producing a voltage having variable amplitude and variable frequency and at least one variable-speed drive motor that is supplied with this voltage. The generator has for example a superconducting winding, in particular a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) winding.
In onboard electrical systems, the electrical power is often required at different voltage levels and/or in different voltage forms (AC or DC). To this end, for example primary energy is made available from one or more internal combustion engines and converted into electrical power by means of one or more three-phase generators (asynchronous generator or synchronous generator). The synchronous generator is a permanent-magnet synchronous generator, for example. This electrical power is generated in particular on the highest voltage level available in the onboard system (supply system upper voltage level). In order to produce further voltage levels, transformers and/or DC/DC converters are used, for example. The transformers usually have high weight and physical volume, losses of approximately 1%, and the input and output frequencies are always identical. By way of example, the total generator output produced is supplied using the upper voltage level and distributed to a main power bus. The main power bus in many installations or onboard systems is a 3-phase AC bus (AC=alternating current), which spans an AC system. The electrical power in this case is distributed in particular using one or more control panels. In AC systems, the frequency of a lower system is identical to the frequency of the upper system. The lower system is distinguished from the upper system in this case by the voltage, the upper system having a higher voltage than the lower system. The use of an AC system having an AC power bus for distributing the electrical power can be disadvantageous if the frequency at the upper voltage level is variable. Variable frequencies are particularly the consequence of variable-speed internal combustion engines. Usually, multiple transformers are required in order to supply power to a lower voltage level from an upper AC power bus. The power is thus transferred via the upper AC main power bus using the upper voltage level. The power within a voltage level can be distributed using switchgear. AC is distributed using AC switchgear. The voltage magnitude of the power bus or of the voltage level is substantially dependent on the installed capacity. The different loads are fed and the underlying voltage levels are supplied with power. To connect the different voltage levels, transformers are required in AC networks, which means that the voltage levels have the same frequency. The transformation ratio of the transformer used defines the ratio of the voltages.
Since the loads on a floating facility make different demands on the power supply system and, depending on the operating condition of the floating facility, different loads also draw power from the power supply system, the power supply system needs to be designed as flexibly as possible.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a flexible power supply system and a flexible method for operating such a power supply system.
The object is achieved according to the independent claims. Further configurations of the invention are obtained according to the dependent claims.
A power supply system for a water-bound facility, and in particular for a floating facility, has a first DC voltage bus for a first DC voltage and a second DC voltage bus for a second DC voltage. This means that the first DC voltage bus is suitable, or intended, for a first DC voltage level and the second DC voltage bus is suitable, or intended, for a second DC voltage level. The first DC voltage level is in particular higher than the second DC voltage level. The first DC voltage level thus corresponds to the first DC voltage bus and the second DC voltage level corresponds to the second DC voltage bus. By way of example, the DC voltage levels differ by a factor of between 5 and 50. Ratios of e.g. 1:5 to 1:20 are thus possible. A corresponding situation arises in the case of a water-bound or floating facility, in particular a ship, that has a power supply system in one of the described configurations.
Examples of a water-bound facility are: a ship (e.g. cruisers, container ships, feeder ships, support ships, crane ships, tankers, battleships, landing ships, icebreakers, etc.), a floating platform, a platform permanently anchored in the seabed, etc.
In one configuration, the floating or water-bound facility and/or the power supply system has a first zone and a second zone. Here too, as already noted above, a floating facility is also intended to be understood to mean a water-bound facility in the remainder of this document. The floating facility can also have more than two zones. The type of zones may be different. As such, a zone can be a fire zone, for example. Zones can be separated from one another by one or more bulkheads. This forms chambers that can serve for example to protect against fire and/or to protect against the floating or water-bound facility sinking. A bulkhead, or bulkheads, can be of airtight and/or liquid-tight and/or flame-retardant design or embodiment. In a floating facility such as a ship, for example, there can be for example at least one transverse bulkhead and/or a longitudinal bulkhead and/or a watertight deck. However, zones or chambers are formed. A chamber can be a zone, just as a zone can be a chamber. The power supply system for the floating or water-bound facility has a first power source and a second power source, wherein the first power source in the first zone is intended to feed at least one DC voltage bus of the at least two DC voltage buses and wherein the second power source in the second zone is intended to feed at least one DC voltage bus of the at least two DC voltage buses. The first power source may thus be intended for example to feed only the first DC voltage bus or may be intended to feed the first DC voltage bus and the second DC voltage bus. The situation is similar with the second power source, which may be intended for example to feed only the first DC voltage bus or may be intended to feed the first DC voltage bus and the second DC voltage bus. The feeding of the respective DC voltage bus in this case concerns in particular a direct connection to the DC voltage bus. A direct connection is intended to be understood to mean an electrical connection for which there is no further DC bus interposed for power distribution. However, a direct connection can comprise a power converter, a transformer, a switch, a DC/DC chopper, for example. Power sources of the power supply system can be of the following type, for example: a diesel generator, a gas turbine generator, a battery, a capacitor, SUPER caps, a flywheel store, fuel cells.
In one configuration of the power supply system, at least part thereof is subdivided depending on zones. In particular, the subdivision corresponds locally to the zone spit for at least two zones. Zones of the water-bound facility are obtained in particular as a result of a physical device such as a bulkhead. A subdivision of the power supply system is obtained in particular as a result of switching devices that can break or make an electrical connection. Such switching devices can form sections in the power supply system.
In one configuration of the power supply system, a distinction is drawn between primary power sources and secondary power sources. These types of power sources concern the assignment thereof to a respective bus. These types of power sources concern any type of power source, such as e.g. a diesel generator, a battery, a fuel cell, a gas turbine with generator, SUPER caps, flywheel stores, etc. Primary power sources are assigned to the first DC voltage bus (DC bus), a primary power source being used in particular for producing electrical power for the main drive of the floating or water-bound facility. By way of example, one or more primary power sources can also be used for supplying power to a further, in particular downstream, DC voltage bus (has a lower DC voltage than the supplying DC bus). This assignment means that there is no other DC voltage bus interposed between this primary power source and the first DC voltage bus. Secondary power sources are assigned to the second DC voltage bus (DC bus), a secondary power source being used in particular for producing electrical power for operating systems of the floating or water-bound facility that are not used for the main drive of the floating facility. This assignment also means that there is no other DC voltage bus interposed between this secondary power source and the second DC voltage bus. In one configuration, there is also the possibility of using at least one secondary power source, which is assigned to the second DC voltage bus, for supplying power to the first DC voltage bus and in particular for supplying power to the main drives. Operating systems of the floating facility are for example (onboard supply, hotel operation, weapons systems, etc.). In one configuration of the power supply system, secondary power sources are chosen such that they may be able to react more quickly to load fluctuations. The load is for example at least one drive motor for driving the floating facility and/or other electrical loads of the floating facility for, by way of example, pumps, compressors, air-conditioning systems, winches, onboard electronics, etc. On a cruise ship, electrical loads for, by way of example, the air-conditioning system, the galleys, the laundry, lighting, etc., are also referred to as hotel load.
The power supply system can have multiple power sources of the same type. In one configuration of the power supply system, power sources of different type can be in different zones. As a result, the supply reliability within the floating facility for example in emergencies and/or in a fault situation can be increased. In another configuration, power sources of different type can be in the same zone.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the DC link voltage at the smallest load, i.e. the lowest output, is proportioned such that an inverter can be used therefor. In the case of other larger loads, a single inverter is used for as long as it is available. For other larger loads that are too large for an inverter at the selected voltage, parallel inverters or motors having multiple winding systems are used. This approach allows medium-voltage DC voltage systems to be realized at optimized cost.
For example, the DC link voltage for a thruster load of 3.5 MW is stipulated as 4.5 kV DC (3.3 kV three-phase). The 3.5 MW is the smallest load connected to the medium-voltage DC voltage system. Another load at 12 MW is likewise operated at 3.3 kV three-phase, and hence at 4.5 kV DC. This load is operated with two parallel converters or with a machine having two winding systems. Two machines on one shaft are also possible.
The design aim of keeping the medium-voltage DC voltage bus in the voltage range 3.2 kV to 6 kV is used to ensure a system having optimum cost.
Higher outputs are realized by means of parallel connection and/or by means of multi-winding machines.
The reduced medium-voltage DC voltage stipulation also reduces the physical volume and the costs for the semiconductor switches between the zones and the costs of the short-circuit protection of the inverters.
The same approach can also be used for the rectifiers on the infeed side.
The use of a first DC voltage bus and a second DC voltage bus in the floating facility allows electrical power to be easily transferred from one bus to the other bus without unnecessary losses. This is advantageous in particular in a fault situation in which one or more power sources for the first bus fail. If power levels were linked via an AC connection, this can lead to higher losses, in particular in a fault situation. In DC systems, the power is first rectified, in order to be distributed on the upper DC voltage (conversion 1). Next, an AC voltage needs to be produced from the DC voltage by means of an inverter (conversion 2). The inverter needs to perform the same functions as a generator (selectivity and frequency management in the lower voltage level). Adaptation of the voltage requires a transformer (conversion 3). This threefold conversion has associated losses of approximately 3-3.5%. The costs of the components and the weights are very high. The inverters used are sensitive toward harmonics of the lower voltage level. Connecting motors and nonlinear loads to the inverters used is also problematic and limited. The proposed power supply system, which has a first DC voltage bus and a second DC voltage bus, can be used to reduce losses.
In one configuration of the power supply system, said power supply system also has a third power source besides the first power source and the second power source. The first power source and the second power source are for example primary power sources and the third power source is a secondary power source. The third power source can be used for example for peak shaving and/or as spinning reserve. This means that peaks in the power consumption of the floating facility that cannot be covered quickly by the primary power source are covered by the secondary power source, and/or power can be made available if a power source fails.
In one configuration of the power supply system, said power supply system has a medium-voltage DC voltage bus, having a DC voltage at 3 kV to 18 kV, which is embodied as a ring bus, and a low-voltage DC voltage bus, having a DC voltage at 0.4 kV to 1.5 kV, which is embodied as a ring bus.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the power bus, in particular the further main power bus or else the substitute for the DC bus, that is used can, in addition to a DC bus, also be a three-phase AC bus (AC bus). A DC distribution system (DC bus) and/or an AC distribution system (AC bus) can also be used at a low-voltage level.
A power supply system for a water-bound facility, in particular a floating facility, is thus also able to be embodied with a first DC voltage bus for a first DC voltage and with a second DC voltage bus for a second DC voltage, wherein the power supply system has a first power source, the first power source having a generator system that has a first winding system for feeding the first DC voltage bus and that has a second winding system for feeding the second DC voltage bus. As such, one generator system can be used to feed various voltage levels. If the power supply system has other power sources, these can also have such a generator system.
In one configuration of the power supply system, this meaning, as hitherto and below, all the power supply systems described, the first winding system is designed for a first voltage and the second winding system is designed for a second voltage, the first voltage being higher than the second voltage. The generator system has for example only one generator or e.g. two generators. The generator is in particular a synchronous generator. Asynchronous generators and/or PEM generators can also be used. If the generator has a low-voltage winding system and a medium-voltage winding system, then it has in particular a high Xd″. In one embodiment of the generator, said generator can have a high Xd″. This reduces the short-circuit current contribution of the generator and allows a simpler design for a short-circuit-resistant rectifier. This reduced short-circuit current also reduces the mechanical strain on the shaft assembly in the event of a short circuit. In particular the short-circuit-resistant design of the rectifier allows a simpler design for the power supply system, since no additional short-circuit-protection elements are required and hence a direct connection without disconnecting means between the generator and the rectifier is possible. This is advantageous in particular at the medium-voltage level, since disconnecting or protective means, such as e.g. circuit breakers or fuses, require a lot of space, have a significant cost factor or in some cases are also unavailable. The three-phase medium-voltage terminal of the generator can be connected to a diode rectifier or to a controlled rectifier, for example, so as thus to feed the medium-voltage DC bus. This also applies in a comparable manner to the three-phase low-voltage terminal for the low-voltage DC bus. The power converter for the low-voltage DC bus may in particular also be an active front end (AFE). This has four-quadrant operation, in particular. As a result, for example it is possible to feed electrical power from batteries to the low-voltage DC bus, and from there via the active front end to the medium-voltage DC bus. The active front end is an active rectifier that allows power to flow in both directions.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the first winding system is electrically connected to the first DC voltage bus for the purpose of feeding the latter in transformerless fashion. The absence of a transformer allows weight, volume and/or costs to be saved.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the second winding system is electrically connected to the second DC voltage bus for the purpose of feeding the latter in transformerless fashion. Here too, the absence of the transformer saves weight, volume and/or costs.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the generator system has a first generator having the first winding system and a second generator having the second winding system, wherein the first generator and the second generator are driveable by means of a common shaft system. The first generator and the second generator are in particular stiffly, that is to say rigidly, coupled. The use of two generators for the two winding systems allows the design of the generators to be kept simple.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the generator system is a multi-winding system generator, wherein the stator of the multi-winding system generator has the first winding system and the second winding system or further winding systems. This allows a compact generator system to be formed.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the multi-winding system generator has grooves that concern the first winding system and the second winding system. This allows a compact design to be realized.
In one configuration, the two winding systems in the generator can be arranged in the grooves such that the best possible decoupling is achieved, in order to avoid influencing of the winding systems. Adequate decoupling is achieved if the different winding systems are placed in different grooves.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the water-bound facility, such as in particular the floating facility, has a first zone, a second zone and a second power source, wherein the first power source in the first zone is intended to feed at least one DC voltage bus of the at least two DC voltage buses and wherein the second power source in the second zone is intended to feed at least one DC voltage bus of the at least two DC voltage buses. It is thus possible for the reliability of the supply of electrical power to the DC voltage buses to be improved.
A power supply system for a water-bound facility, in particular a floating facility, is also able to be embodied with a first DC voltage bus for a first DC voltage and with a second DC voltage bus for a second DC voltage, wherein a first power source has at least three feeding electrical connections to the DC voltage buses, wherein at least one of the DC voltage buses has sections. This too allows the supply reliability of the power supply system to be improved.
In one configuration of the power supply system, a first feeding connection of the at least three feeding electrical connections feeds a first section and a second feeding connection of the at least three feeding electrical connections feeds a second section of the same DC voltage bus, wherein a third feeding connection of the at least three feeding electrical connections feeds a section of the other DC voltage bus. It is thus possible for the feed of electrical power to be distributed over different DC voltage buses.
In one configuration of the power supply system, said power supply system has a fourth feeding connection of the first power source, wherein two of the at least four feeding connections are intended to feed the first DC voltage bus in different sections of the first DC voltage bus and wherein two other of the at least four feeding connections are intended to feed the second DC voltage bus in different sections of the second DC voltage bus. This increases the dependability of the water-bound facility.
A power supply system for a water-bound facility, in particular a floating facility, is also able to be embodied with a first DC voltage bus for a first DC voltage and with a second DC voltage bus for a second AC voltage, wherein a first power source has at least two feeding electrical connections to the DC voltage buses, at least one of the DC voltage buses having sections. This too allows the supply reliability of the power supply system to be improved.
In one configuration of the power supply system, a first feeding connection of the at least two feeding electrical connections feeds a first section and a second feeding connection of the at least two feeding electrical connections feeds a second section of the same DC voltage bus or the second feeding connection of the at least two feeding electrical connections feeds a section of the other DC voltage bus. It is thus possible for the feed of electrical power to be distributed over different DC voltage buses.
In one configuration of the power supply system, said power supply system has a third and a fourth feeding connection of the first power source, wherein two of the at least four feeding connections are intended to feed the first DC voltage bus in different sections of the first DC voltage bus and wherein two other of the four feeding connections are intended to feed the second DC voltage bus in different sections of the second DC voltage bus. This increases the dependability of the water-bound facility.
In one configuration of the power supply system, a first feeding connection of the at least two feeding electrical connections feeds a first section and a second feeding connection of the at least two feeding electrical connections feeds a second section of the same DC voltage bus, wherein a third feeding connection feeds a section of the other DC voltage bus. It is thus possible for the feed of electrical power to be distributed over different DC voltage buses.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the water-bound facility has a first zone and a second zone, wherein the first DC voltage bus and/or the second DC voltage bus extends via the first zone and/or the second zone, wherein the first power source is intended to feed sections of the first DC voltage bus and/or of the second DC voltage bus in different zones. This allows the redundancy for the supply of electrical power to the DC voltage buses to be increased.
In one configuration of the power supply system, said power supply system has a second power source, wherein the first power source in the first zone is intended to feed at least one DC voltage bus of the at least two DC voltage buses and wherein the second power source in the second zone is intended to feed at least one DC voltage bus of the at least two DC voltage buses. It is thus possible for both DC voltage buses to be supplied with electrical power, even if only one power source is active.
In one configuration of the power supply system, a section of the first DC voltage bus has both a feeding connection to the first power source and a further feeding electrical connection to the second power source. This too allows the flexibility of the system to be improved.
In one configuration of the power supply system, a section of the second DC voltage bus has both a feeding connection to the first power source and a further feeding electrical connection to the second power source. Feeding connections here can also generally have a switch, however, in order to be able to flexibly activate and deactivate the feeding connection (the feeding electrical connection).
In one configuration of the power supply system, at least one of the DC voltage buses is able to be or is in the form of a ring bus. The ring bus is splittable by switches. In particular, a ring bus can be divided into two smaller buses. The smaller buses, for their part, can be converted into ring buses by the addition of elements. The possibility of splitting the ring bus allows flexible reaction to faults.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the switches for splitting the bus and/or ring bus are embodied as ultrafast switching elements and in particular as semiconductor switching means or hybrid switching means that have a trip time in the range from 1 μs to 150 μs. Hybrid switching means comprise mechanical and semiconductor and/or electronic elements. The fast tripping reduces the short-circuit current that occurs, and prevents the fault from having an adverse effect on the adjacent zone. This prevents further failures in adjacent zones.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the first DC voltage bus is intended for a first DC voltage and the second DC voltage bus is intended for a second DC voltage, the first DC voltage being higher than the second DC voltage. In particular, the lower voltage is a low voltage (LV) and the higher voltage is a medium voltage (MV). The low voltage is in particular between 400 V and 1000 V. In the future, low-voltage systems up to a voltage of 1500 V can thus also be expected to be realized. The medium voltage is higher than 1000 V or 1500 V, in particular between 10 kV and 20 kV or between 5 kV and 20 kV. For example, the following are possible values for the medium voltage: 5 kV, 6 kV, 12 kV and 18 kV. In particular, the different voltage levels of the DC voltage buses also afford optimum-cost assignment (in particular owing to the costs of the power electronics) for the loads, the lower-power loads being assigned to the lower voltage here. Assignment is intended to be understood to mean the electrical connection of the load to the DC voltage bus.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the first DC voltage bus is connected to the second DC voltage bus for example via at least one of the following couplings:
In one configuration of the power supply system, the first DC voltage is thus higher than the second DC voltage. In particular, the first DC voltage is a medium voltage (MV) and the second DC voltage is a low voltage (LV), wherein a power transfer from the first DC voltage bus to the second DC voltage bus is possible, as is a power transfer from the second DC voltage bus to the first DC voltage bus. This increases the flexibility, usability and/or fault tolerance of the power supply system.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the first DC voltage bus is intended for a first DC voltage and the second DC voltage bus is intended for a second DC voltage, the first DC voltage being higher than the second DC voltage. As such, loads such as motors, electronics, heating systems, etc., can be supplied with electrical power using a suitable voltage level.
In one configuration of the power supply system, at least one of the DC voltage buses is intended to extend via at least two zones. As a result, for example a zone that itself has no power source can be supplied with electrical power.
In one configuration of the power supply system, a zone is bypassable by means of a bypass. The bypass can be understood to be part of a ring bus, with branches being split in the region of the bypass. In one configuration, the bypass can also be realized using another DC voltage level. As such, for example a zone that is under water or in which fire has broken out can be isolated from the electrical supply without another zone in which the applicable bus extends being impaired.
In one configuration of the power supply system, at least one of the DC voltage buses has sections, wherein the sections are zone-related. The sections are able to be isolated from one another by means of switches, for example. A switch in this case can be a mechanical switch and/or a mechanical and semiconductor switch and/or a semiconductor switch.
In one configuration of the power supply system, two zones can have two sections. In another configuration, one zone can have two sections of the same bus. In another configuration, each zone having a section has its own power source.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the first power source in the first zone is intended to feed the first DC voltage bus and the second DC voltage bus. As such, for example both voltage levels in a zone can be supplied with power.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the first DC voltage bus is intended to feed the second DC voltage bus. As such, a power source connected to the first DC voltage bus can also supply power to the second DC voltage bus.
In one configuration of the power supply system, said power supply system has a three-phase bus, wherein the second DC voltage bus is intended to feed the three-phase bus. The three-phase bus can extend via at least two zones or be limited to one zone. In one configuration, it is also possible for the three-phase bus to bypass one or more zones, i.e. there is a bypass for at least one zone. The three-phase bus (AC current) is intended to supply power to AC loads. On a cruise ship, for example, these can also be galley equipment connectable to sockets, such as toasters, waffle irons or coffee machines.
In one configuration of the power supply system, it is possible, in particular depending on a ship application, to at least partly integrate an AC distribution system at the low-voltage level into a medium-voltage DC distribution system or to form individual DC islands within the zones, which are connected between the zones via AC connections. In one configuration of the power supply system, individual DC islands are connected to one another via DC/DC converters.
In one configuration of the power supply system, a zone is operable independently, wherein this independent zone has at least one of the power sources, wherein the first DC voltage bus and/or the second DC voltage bus are able to be fed, wherein the respective sections of the first DC voltage bus and the second DC voltage bus also remain in this zone. A section thus does not go beyond a zone. As such, independent areas within a floating facility can be set up that are also capable of working by themselves even in the event of failure or damage in one of the zones of the floating facility.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the floating facility has at least two longitudinal zones and at least two transverse zones, wherein two sections of at least one DC voltage bus are in the same transverse zone and also in different longitudinal zones. As such, for example faults that occur on one side of a ship can be limited in respect of effect on the electrical power supply. The longitudinal zone is limited by a longitudinal bulkhead, for example. The transverse zone is limited by a transverse bulkhead, for example.
In one configuration of the power supply system, at least one of the DC voltage buses has a switching device (switch). The switching device, which operates mechanically and/or electrically by means of semiconductors, is used for isolating and connecting sections of the respective buses. The switching device can be tripped for isolation or connection on the basis of switching commands that are generated owing to an electrical condition and/or on the basis of switching commands that are generated owing to events in a zone (e.g. water ingress, fire, etc.).
In one configuration of the power supply system, the switching device in the DC voltage bus is a fault isolator, wherein the fault isolator isolates the bus in particular in the event of a short-circuit fault. This function means that the fault isolator can also be referred to as a short-circuit switch. The switching device in particular isolates two zones. The switching device is for example a fast-acting switch that allows safe isolation of sections of a bus. As such, a short circuit in a zone can be limited to this zone. Other zones remain largely unaffected by a short circuit in one of the multiplicity of zones. Shutting down and restarting the power supply in the event of a short circuit is therefore avoidable. The likelihood of a blackout for the entire floating facility can therefore be reduced.
A method for operating a power supply system of a floating facility, wherein the floating facility has a first zone and a second zone, wherein the floating facility has a first DC voltage bus for a first DC voltage and a second DC voltage bus for a second DC voltage, wherein the floating facility has a first power source and a second power source, involves electrical power being transferred from the first zone to the second zone or from the second zone to the first zone. As such, zones can be supplied with electrical power independently of whether they have a power source, for example.
A method for operating a power supply system for a water-bound facility, having a first DC voltage bus for a first DC voltage and having a second DC voltage bus for a second DC voltage, having a first power source, wherein the first power source has a generator system that has a first winding system for feeding the first DC voltage bus and that has a second winding system for feeding the second DC voltage bus, involves the first winding system being used to produce a first voltage and the second winding system being used to produce a second voltage, the second voltage being lower than the first voltage, wherein the generator system is driven using a diesel engine or a gas turbine. This and other methods can be complemented by and/or combined with other configurations.
In one configuration of the method, the feed by the first winding system or the feed by the second winding system is prevented. As such, for example in the case of a cruise ship in a port, the hotel load thereof can be attended to by means of just one winding system. The switch for or on the MV system (MV bus) can thus be opened if only power for the LV bus is required.
A method for operating a power supply system for a water-bound facility, having a first DC voltage bus for a first DC voltage and having a second DC voltage bus for a second DC voltage, having a first power source that has at least two or at least three feeding electrical connections to the DC voltage buses, wherein at least one of the DC voltage buses has sections, involves the DC voltage buses being supplied with electrical power. The feeding electrical connections have for example switches in order to break or make the connection. As such, for example faulty areas (e.g. as a result of a short circuit) of the power supply system can be isolated from correctly operating areas.
In one configuration of the method, a power supply system as described here is used for performing the method.
In one configuration of at least one of the methods, a fault, e.g. short circuit, ground fault, water ingress, fire, in a zone results in at least one of the DC buses being isolated in bulkhead-dependent fashion, e.g. in zone-dependent fashion.
In one configuration of at least one of the methods, a fault results in a bulkhead being closed and at least one of the DC buses being isolated in bulkhead-dependent fashion. As such, in particular in the event of a fault, this fault can be limited to one zone.
In one configuration of at least one of the methods, first power management is performed for at least the first zone and second power management for at least the second zone. As such, for example each zone that has a power source can have power management by means of a power management system, wherein the power management systems of different zones are connectable to one another for data communication purposes. In particular, a master power management system can be defined that controls and/or regulates the flow of power between the zones managed by the individual power management systems. A wired or radio-based transmission system can be used for data transfer. The radio-based transmission system is better able to cope with faults that occur for example as a result of mechanical damage within a zone.
In one configuration, only one power management system is present, wherein each zone is operable independently in a fault situation, even if the higher-level power management system fails. For this purpose, a zone has at least one independent automation system.
In one configuration of at least one of the methods, said method can be used with any of the configurations and combinations of the power supply system that are described here. The high flexibility of the method and of the power supply system allows flexible operation of the floating facility.
The power supply system described here can be used to realize a network architecture for powerful ship systems having at least two voltage levels. In DC systems, the electrical power is rectified and distributed using the common DC bus. Large AC loads, and small ones, such as e.g. main and auxiliary drives, are fed from the DC bus via inverters. AC subsystems require an inverter and a transformer. The voltage can be selected by means of the transformation ratio of the transformer, as in the case of a conventional AC main system. The frequency is adjustable by the inverter independently of the speed of the generators. The use, in particular increased use, of DC voltage buses means that the problems present in the AC systems in reference to a high weight of the transformers and different frequencies of the systems with reference to the generator can be avoided. When a DC network architecture having at least two DC voltage levels (medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV)) is used, the need to use system-frequency transformers, e.g. for 50 Hz or 60 Hz, is reduced. The network architecture is distinguished in particular by at least two DC bus systems (LV and MV), which can be designed as a closed bus. These DC ring buses are made possible in particular by the use of a very fast semiconductor switch for LV and MV, in order to ensure the integrity of the individual bus sections in the zones in the event of a fault. This prevents faulty bus sections from leading to failures in other bus sections. The integration of an LV DC ring bus in addition to an MV ring bus allows local energy storage systems to be connected to the LV DC ring bus and, as a result of the closed bus, the use and distribution of the power. The local energy storage systems in this case are in particular secondary power sources. The use of multiple closed DC ring buses in particular also allows a better opportunity for power splitting and/or power distribution between the ring buses of the different voltage levels. One option for connecting the different voltage levels is provided by means of a DC/DC converter. Another option is for a transformer and a rectifier on the AC side of the generator to be used to supply power to the other DC ring bus while the DC ring bus having the higher output/higher voltage is supplied with power directly via a rectifier. If energy stores are connected to the low-voltage DC ring bus, the rectifier of the low-voltage ring bus can also be embodied as an active inverter, in order to allow power to flow in both directions. The infeed for the generator via rectifiers or controlled rectifiers also allows a higher frequency for the generator output voltage, which decreases the weight and dimensions of the requisite transformer.
In one configuration of the power supply system, a generator has at least two voltage levels. This allows the system to be optimized further and a heavy transformer to be avoided. The use of generators having at least two voltage levels allows a first voltage level and a second voltage level to be supplied with power. This concerns in particular the first DC voltage bus and the second DC voltage bus alike, these each being connected to the generator via a rectifier. This allows the repeated conversion of power as in AC systems to be avoided. Arrangements that cover the upper and second voltage levels are appropriate in this case, since the outputs at the second and other lower voltage levels decrease ever further.
In another configuration, the rectifier on the second DC voltage bus can also be embodied as an active rectifier, this active rectifier permitting a flow of power in both directions and/or also being capable of forming a system. As a result it is possible for power from the second DC voltage bus, operated as a low-voltage bus, to be transported to the first DC voltage bus, operated as a medium-voltage bus, via the stationary, nonrotating, generator.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the generator frequency can be selected freely within certain limits. When generators having separate windings are used, different frequencies are also possible for the different voltages. The frequencies and other machine parameters influence the stability of the assigned DC system. The two voltage levels are fed independently of one another by different generator windings, or core-and-winding assemblies. It is irrelevant whether the core-and-winding assemblies are set up in a housing on a shaft or in tandem arrangement. Operation at two shaft ends is also possible.
In one configuration of the power supply system, the core-and-winding assembly length of the generator is shortened. A generator can thus have two different core-and-winding assembly lengths, for example. This is accomplished for example by the use of new manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing. Possible economies arise for example in the area of the winding heads. Therefore generators that, despite multiple windings connected in succession, do not become longer or become only insignificantly longer also become useful.
A new network architecture for ships having large onboard system capacities and/or hotel capacities (e.g. cruise ships, navy (new classes with increased demand for electrical power in addition to the drive outputs, FPSO; FSRU; . . . )) allows an efficient power supply to be realized with the integration of multiple closed DC ring buses on different voltage levels. The increased use of DC buses allows system distribution transformers, e.g. 50 Hz or 60 Hz, which are required for AC systems, to be reduced.
On the basis of one of the described configurations of the power supply system, it is possible for an AC/DC/AC conversion at the upper voltage level to be dispensed with in the floating facility and for the DC/AC/DC conversion between the voltage levels to be simplified. If the lower system, that is to say the system having a lower voltage, is a DC system, the frequency of the feeding AC voltage can be selected in optimum fashion.
In one configuration, the use of multiple DC ring buses having different voltage levels can be ensured by fast-switching semiconductor switches and allows a more optimum and reliable load distribution between the buses and a more optimum distribution and use of energy stores between the individual zones. The loads of the second and lower voltage levels can be fed at a fixed, freely allocable frequency that is not dependent on the speed of the diesel generators, even if the upper voltage level is operated at variable frequency.
In conventional systems, e.g. on cruise ships, the distribution transformers for the second voltage levels are of redundant design. If the hotel capacity is 10 MW, for example, the installed total capacity of the distribution transformers is at least 20 MW. Owing to additional safeties and in consideration of simultaneity factors, this value once again significantly increases to values of between 25 MW and 30 MW. The generators connected to the first voltage level need to provide only the 20 MW in total for the second voltage level, however.
The various power supply systems and water-bound facilities described, and the methods described, can have their features combined in a variable manner. This allows the applicable system, the applicable facility or method to be adapted e.g. for use in a cruise ship, a crane ship, an oil platform, etc.
In one configuration of the power supply system, said power supply system has an electrical shaft. This is an electrical drive solution that involves at least one generator and at least one drive motor being coupled to one another without interposed converters or power converters. In the case of such a drive solution, one or more variable-speed drive motors (i.e. the motors for driving the propellers) are operated directly by means of the voltage of variable amplitude and variable frequency produced by one or more variable-speed generators, without an interposed converter or power converter. Such generators can use a rectifier to also feed at least one of the DC voltage buses. The control and/or regulation of the motors and hence of the propulsion units in the case of an electrical shaft is therefore effected indirectly by means of control and/or regulation of the internal combustion engines for driving the generators. The drive motors are electrically permanently coupled to the generators, i.e. a rotational movement of the generators causes a corresponding proportional rotational movement of the electrical drive motors. The function of a mechanical shaft is therefore reproduced using electrical machines. Such a drive solution is referred to as electrical shaft. It is also possible to decouple electrical power from the electrical shaft via an onboard system converter, i.e. an onboard system converter converts the voltage of variable amplitude and variable frequency produced by the generator(s) into a voltage having constant amplitude and constant frequency for an onboard system. The onboard system has the LV DC voltage bus assigned to it, that is to say comprises it, for example. An electrical drive shaft comprises for example at least one variable-speed generator for producing a voltage having variable amplitude and variable frequency and at least one variable-speed drive motor supplied with this voltage. The at least one generator has in particular a superconducting winding, in particular a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) winding. The superconducting winding can be a stator winding or a rotating rotor winding of the generator. A generator having a superconducting winding has in particular a substantially larger magnetic air gap between the rotor and the stator in comparison with a conventional generator without a superconducting winding. The reason for this is particularly that the superconductor is cooled by a vacuum cryostat or a similar cooling device, the wall of which runs in the air gap. The relatively large magnetic air gap causes the generator to have a substantially lower synchronous reactance than a conventional generator. This leads to an HTS generator having a significantly stiffer current/voltage characteristic in comparison with a conventional generator for the same electrical power. As a result, there is no dip in the voltage produced by the generator when loads are connected or in the event of load surges. Voltage and frequency fluctuations in the electrical shaft can be reduced as a result. There is therefore no need for complex control for the electrical shaft in order to stabilize the voltage of the propulsion system and the speed of the drive motors or of the propulsion unit. If the at least one drive motor also has a superconducting winding, in particular a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) winding, it can be in very powerful and high-torque form while small in physical size, which is important in particular for use of a watercraft in the ice. In one configuration, the superconducting winding is a rotating rotor winding. In the case of said rotating rotor winding, the surface to be cooled is smaller than can be maintained in the case of a superconducting stator winding. In the case of multiple variable-speed generators for producing a respective voltage having variable amplitude and variable frequency, the electrical shaft also comprises a generator synchronization device for synchronizing the amplitude, frequency and phase of the voltages produced by the generators.
In one configuration of the power supply system, at least one generator and/or one motor has HTS technology.
In one configuration of the power supply system, there is provision for an interface for a port power supply. This interface is for example a connection to the MV DC voltage bus and/or a connection to the LV DC voltage bus and/or a connection to a three-phase system of the power supply system.
The invention is described by way of illustration below with reference to figures. The same reference signs are used for units of the same type. In the figures:
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It is shown here that the other loads connected to the DC voltage bus 11 can be auxiliary drives, e.g. compressor drive 207.
It is shown here that a three-phase system can be produced by means of an active inverter, e.g. a modular multilevel converter (MMC) with/without filter 208, which is connected to the DC voltage bus 11.
It is shown here that there is provision for different variants as power infeed.
One configuration shown is a generator 201 having an assigned rectifier.
One configuration shown is a generator 200 having at least two winding systems and two assigned rectifiers for use in the case of outputs that cannot be realized for one rectifier.
As one configuration, these rectifiers can also feed a generator having one winding system (not shown) in parallel.
As one configuration, the generator 202 uses a rectifier to feed the first DC voltage bus 11 and uses a transformer 205 and a rectifier 206 to feed the second DC voltage bus 12.
One configuration shown is an infeed 204, as shore connection.
One configuration shown is a connection of the DC voltage bus 11 to the DC voltage bus 12 using a DC/DC converter 209.
One configuration shown is this DC/DC converter as a three pole 210. In this instance, it is possible to connect not only the DC voltage bus 12 and 11 but also a battery 211 and/or another DC voltage bus.
In another configuration, this three pole can also be embodied as a multi-pole.
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| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2018 216 753.2 | Sep 2018 | DE | national |
This application is the US National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2019/076157 filed 27 Sep. 2019, and claims the benefit thereof. The International Application claims the benefit of German Application No. DE 10 2018 216 753.2 filed 28 Sep. 2018. All of the applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/076157 | 9/27/2019 | WO | 00 |
