Patent Grant
11296555
The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-052009, filed on Mar. 19, 2019, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-034337, filed on Feb. 28, 2020, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The disclosures herein relate to a power transmission system, a light output apparatus, and a light receiving apparatus.
In recent years, while data communication for telephones (such as mobile phones and smartphones) and computers is performed wirelessly, power transmission is still performed through wired connection in most cases. As a wireless power transmission technology, an electromagnetic induction technology is known. However, the electromagnetic induction technology has some problems, such as the amount of electrical power supplied, a transmission distance, the alignment of a power transmitter and a power receiver, the size of a system, safety to human bodies due to leakage of electromagnetic waves, and electromagnetic interference to devices. In light of the above, a wireless power transmission technology that supplies electrical power by irradiating a solar cell (a light receiving element) with light beams (such as laser light) has been examined. Power transmission using light beams allows the power to be transmitted over a long distance without being affected by radio frequency.
As a light receiving element that converts optical energy into electrical energy, a solar cell, which serves as a photoelectric conversion cell, has been widely used. As sunlight has a broad spectrum ranging from ultraviolet to infrared, it may be difficult for such photoelectric conversion cells to efficiently convert optical energy into electrical energy. Conversely, in wireless power transmission, band gaps of photoelectric conversion cells and wavelengths of light sources can be appropriately selected. Thus, higher energy conversion efficiency is expected to be achieved.
Patent Document 1 describes an electrical power transmission system including a power transmitting apparatus and a power receiving apparatus. The power transmitting apparatus converts electrical power into light and emits the light toward the power receiving apparatus, and the power receiving apparatus converts the received light into electrical power. In this way, electrical power is transmitted from the power transmitting apparatus to the power receiving apparatus. The electrical power transmission system described in Patent Document 1 uses light sources of a plurality of wavelengths, and also uses a multi-junction solar cell in which photoelectric conversion cells made of different materials having different band gaps are connected in series.
However, in a case where a multi-junction solar cell is used as a power receiving apparatus, highly-efficient transmission of electrical power may be difficult depending on the intensities of emitted light beams of a plurality of wavelengths.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, a power transmission system including a light output apparatus and a light receiving apparatus is provided. The light output apparatus includes a plurality of light sources having different wavelengths, and a light output control unit configured to control light outputs of the plurality of light sources, and the light receiving apparatus includes a photoelectric conversion element configured to absorb light beams emitted from the plurality of light sources, and convert the absorbed light beams into electrical power. The light output control unit individually sets each of the light outputs of the plurality of light sources.
Other objects and further features of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
According to an embodiment of the present invention, a power transmission system enables highly-efficient transmission of electrical power from a light output apparatus to a light receiving apparatus.
In the following, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same elements are denoted by the same reference numerals, and a duplicate description thereof will be omitted.
(Power Transmission System)
A power transmission system according to a first embodiment will be described. The power transmission system according to the first embodiment is an optical wireless power transmission system that uses light to transmit electrical power without using transmission lines. The power transmission system according to the first embodiment includes a light output apparatus 100 and a light receiving apparatus 200. The light output apparatus 100 converts electrical power into light, and emits the converted light toward the light receiving apparatus 200. The light receiving apparatus 200 receives the light emitted from the light output apparatus 100, and converts the received light into electrical power. Accordingly, even when the light output apparatus 100 and the light receiving apparatus 200 are located apart from each other, electrical power can be transmitted from the light output apparatus 100 to the light receiving apparatus 200 without using transmission lines.
(Light Output Apparatus)
First, the light output apparatus 100 according to the first embodiment will be described. The light output apparatus 100 includes a light output unit 110, a power source unit 120, an alignment imaging unit 130, an alignment light source 140, a light-output-side communication unit 150, an angle adjusting unit 160, and a light output control unit 170.
The light output unit 110 includes a first laser light source 111, a second laser light source 112, and a third laser light source 113. In the first embodiment, the first laser light source 111 is formed by a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of 653 nm (1.90 eV). The second laser light source 112 is formed by a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of 873 nm (1.42 eV). The third laser light source 113 is formed by a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of 1060 nm (1.17 eV). Because the semiconductor lasers are small, the size of the system can be reduced.
The power source unit 120 includes a first power source 121, a second power source 122, and a third power source 123. The first power source 121 supplies electrical power to the first laser light source 111. The second power source 122 supplies electrical power to the second laser light source 112. The third power source 123 supplies electrical power to the third laser light source 113.
The alignment imaging unit 130 captures an image to check the position of the light receiving apparatus 200. The alignment light source 140 emits laser light toward the light receiving apparatus 200 to adjust the position of the light receiving apparatus 200. The light-output-side communication unit 150 is a transmitting/receiving device that performs data communication with a light-receiving-side communication unit 250 of the light receiving apparatus 200.
The angle adjusting unit 160 adjusts the angle of a light-output-side emission unit 101. The light-output-side emission unit 101 includes the light output unit 110, the alignment imaging unit 130, the alignment light source 140, and the light-output-side communication unit 150. Accordingly, the angle of laser light emitted from the light output unit 110 can be adjusted by the angle adjusting unit 160.
The light output control unit 170 controls the first power source 121, the second power source 122, and the third power source 123 of the power source unit 120, while also controlling the alignment light source 140, the light-output-side communication unit 150, and the angle adjusting unit 160. The light output control unit 170 is connected to the alignment imaging unit 130, and an image captured by the alignment imaging unit 130 is transmitted to the light output control unit 170.
(Light Receiving Apparatus)
Next, the light receiving apparatus 200 according to the first embodiment will be described. The light receiving apparatus 200 includes a light receiving unit 210, an alignment light receiving element 240, the light-receiving-side communication unit 250, and a light reception control unit 270. The alignment light receiving element 240 receives laser light emitted from the alignment light source 140 of the light output apparatus 100. The light-receiving-side communication unit 250 is a transmitting/receiving device that performs data communication with the light-output-side communication unit 150 of the light output apparatus 100.
The light receiving unit 210 includes a photoelectric conversion element, which is what is known as a multi-junction solar cell. In the first embodiment, the light receiving unit 210 includes a photoelectric conversion element 220 as illustrated in
In such a multi-junction solar cell, photoelectric conversion cells having different band gaps are connected via tunnel junction layers, and the photoelectric conversion cells receive respective light beams having different wavelengths.
Compound semiconductors have different levels of band gap energy and lattice constants in accordance with the material composition. Therefore, a multi-junction solar cell, which divides absorption wavelength ranges and increases energy conversion efficiency, can be produced. At present, a typical example of a multi-junction solar cell that receives sunlight is a triple-junction solar cell including lattice matching GaInP/GaInAs/Ge cells (having band gaps of 1.88 eV/1.40 eV/0.67 eV) formed on a Ge substrate, which has a lattice constant approximately the same as that of GaAs. The conversion efficiency of a compound semiconductor solar cell is approximately two times higher than that of a silicon (Si)-based solar cell.
The balance of the band gaps of the above-described lattice-matching triple-junction solar cell using the Ge substrate is not optimum for a solar cell that receives sunlight, in terms of current balance. In the above-described triple-junction solar cell, increasing the band gap of the cell having the smallest band gap is desirable. Further, as an example of high efficiency, there is a triple-junction solar cell consisting of a GaInP cell, a GaAs cell, and a GaInAs cell (having band gaps of 1.9 eV, 1.42 eV, and 1.0 eV).
Solar cells that receive sunlight are designed to efficiently receive sunlight over a broad wavelength range. In the case of power transmission using laser light according to the first embodiment, each photoelectric conversion cell receives light of a corresponding wavelength. Even if light of a wavelength having energy larger than the band gap of a photoelectric conversion cell is received, the difference in energy is converted into heat and is not converted into electrical power. As the wavelength approaches the band gap, the absorption coefficient decreases, and further, light having a wavelength longer than that corresponding to the band gap is transmitted. Accordingly, by appropriately setting the band gaps of solar cell materials, energy conversion efficiency increases. Specifically, the energy of light for power transmission is preferably equal to, or is greater than and close to the band gap of the material of a photoelectric conversion cell that constitutes a solar cell for power reception.
In the first embodiment, laser beams of a plurality of respective wavelengths are emitted from the laser light sources. Further, the photoelectric conversion cells of the photoelectric conversion element have band gaps that allow the photoelectric conversion cells to efficiently absorb laser beams of the respective wavelengths. In order for a photoelectric conversion cell to sufficiently absorb a laser beam of a corresponding wavelength, the thickness of the photoelectric conversion cell, which serves as a light absorbing layer, is set to a desired thickness so as to prevent the laser beam from being transmitted through the photoelectric conversion cell and absorbed in a lower-side photoelectric conversion cell. In this way, it is possible to prevent light from being transmitted through a target photoelectric conversion cell (in which the light is expected to be absorbed) and being absorbed in a lower-side photoelectric conversion cell having a smaller band gap. As a result, an increase in energy loss can be avoided.
In a multi-junction solar cell, because cells are connected in series, the same amount of current flows in each of the cells. It is preferable for the light sources to emit light beams in amounts that allow the cells to output the same amount of current. Even if the amount of a light beam emitted to one of the cells is increased, the output current would not increase, and such power would be wasted. By preliminarily obtaining the relationship between the light amounts of respective wavelengths and the current amounts generated in the respective photoelectric conversion cells, it is possible to identify light outputs of the light sources at which current amounts generated in the photoelectric conversion cells become the same. Therefore, it is possible to adjust the current amounts generated in the respective photoelectric conversion cells by adjusting the light amounts of the light sources having the respective wavelengths. Accordingly, it is possible to readily set conditions in which current amounts generated in the photoelectric conversion cells become the same. As a result, it is possible to reduce light converted into heat and thus wasted, thereby providing a highly efficient power transmission system.
As described above, each of the photoelectric conversion cells absorbs a light beam of a corresponding wavelength. Therefore, currents generated in the photoelectric conversion cells are readily matched by adjusting the light outputs of the light sources, which correspond to the respective photoelectric conversion cells of the multi-junction solar cell. Note that the power transmission system may be configured to emit laser beams of a plurality of wavelengths to one photoelectric conversion cell, or may include a plurality of light sources having the same wavelength.
Further, the light sources may be any devices that emit light of wavelengths that can be absorbed in the light receiving apparatus. Any light sources such as light emitting diodes (LED) may be used, other than the semiconductor lasers.
(Power Transmission Method Performed by Power Transmission System)
Next, a power transmission method performed by the power transmission system according to the present embodiment will be described. First, the alignment imaging unit 130 of the light output apparatus 100 captures an image to identify and locate the position of the light receiving apparatus 200, and the angle adjusting unit 160 adjusts the emission direction of the alignment light source 140. Next, the alignment light source 140 emits light toward the alignment light receiving element 240 in an eye-safe manner. The light emitted from the alignment light source 140 is preferably near infrared light with a wavelength of 940 nm or 1.5 μm. The image captured by the alignment imaging unit 130 and the light emitted from the alignment light source 140 may also be used to check whether there is a person or an obstacle between the light output apparatus 100 and the light receiving apparatus 200.
When the alignment light receiving element 240 of the light receiving apparatus 200 receives the light emitted from the alignment light source 140 of the light output apparatus 100, the alignment light receiving element 240 outputs an output current corresponding to the amount of the received light. Information on the output current is transmitted from the light-receiving-side communication unit 250 of the light receiving apparatus 200 to the light-output-side communication unit 150 of the light output apparatus 100. The light output control unit 170 of the light output apparatus 100 monitors the output current, output from the alignment light receiving element 240 of the light receiving apparatus 200, based on the information received by the light-output-side communication unit 150. Accordingly, the light output control unit 170 monitors the output current of the alignment light receiving element 240, and the angle adjusting unit 160 adjusts the direction of light emitted from the alignment light source 140 so as to maximize the output current of the alignment light receiving element 240. In this way, while the emission direction of laser light is being adjusted, the laser light is emitted from the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100, is received by the light receiving unit 210 of the light receiving apparatus 200, and is converted into electrical power, thereby achieving power transmission from the light output apparatus 100 to the light receiving apparatus 200. During power transmission from the light output apparatus 100 to the light receiving apparatus 200, the direction of light emitted from the alignment light source is adjusted through communication between the light-output-side communication unit 150 of the light output apparatus 100 and the light-receiving-side communication unit 250 of the light receiving apparatus 200. The light output control unit 170 controls the angle adjusting unit 160 to adjust the emission direction of light.
Further, during power transmission from the light output apparatus 100 to the light receiving apparatus 200, the light output control unit 170 continuously controls light outputs of the laser light sources of the light output unit 110, so as to maximize the amount of current obtained in the photoelectric conversion element 220. That is, information of the amount of current obtained in the photoelectric conversion element 220 is transmitted to the light output control unit 170 via the light-receiving-side communication unit 250 and the light-output-side communication unit 150. Then, the light output control unit 170 controls the power source unit 120, so as to maximize the amount of current obtained in the photoelectric conversion element 220.
In the present embodiment, a feedback mechanism is provided, in which the amount of current obtained in the photoelectric conversion element 220 is monitored, and light outputs of the laser light sources of the light output unit 110 are finely adjusted so as to maximize the amount of current. With the feedback mechanism, even if currents are mismatched due to environmental changes or changes over time between the light output apparatus 100 and the light receiving apparatus 200, optimal power transmission can be achieved. Accordingly, the power transmission system enabling high energy transmission efficiency can be provided.
Further, adjustments through current matching can be readily performed at a later time. Therefore, even if there are some variations in thickness or composition in a multi-junction solar cell, which is the photoelectric conversion element 220, the power transmission system can use such a multi-junction solar cell by making adjustments through current matching. Specifically, for example, the amount of light emitted from each of the laser light sources of the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100 is sequentially adjusted, namely slightly changed, so as to maximize the amount of current flowing in the photoelectric conversion element 220 of the light receiving apparatus 200. In this way, the light output apparatus 100 can be optimized on a per-system basis. Accordingly, even if there are some variations in manufactured photoelectric conversion elements, such photoelectric conversion elements can be used in light output apparatuses, thereby improving the manufacturing yield of photoelectric conversion elements.
In the present embodiment, the multi-junction solar cell is used as the photoelectric conversion element 220, and an output voltage is increased by decreasing an output current. The amount of heat generated is represented by I2R (I=current, R=resistance). Therefore, it is possible to reduce energy that is lost due to heat without being converted into electrical power.
In the present embodiment, even if light with higher energy density is emitted, power can be transmitted without a decrease in efficiency. Further, even if a light receiving area is small, large electrical power can be transmitted. A typical solar cell receives sunlight of 1 sun (1 kW/m2), which is the standard sunlight intensity, and converts to electrical power. For power transmission, it is preferable to convert light into large electrical power by using a small light receiving area. Accordingly, the power transmission system preferably emits light with energy density greater than or equal to 1 sun (1 kW/m2).
Further, in the multi-junction solar cell, which is the photoelectric conversion element 220, the energy conversion efficiency increases by increasing the optical density of light emitted to the solar cell. That is, the energy conversion efficiency increases by increasing the open-circuit voltage (Voc). The energy conversion efficiency is expressed by the following equation.
Energy conversion efficiency=Jsc·Voc·FF/Pin
In the equation above, Jsc is the short-circuit current density (current at zero voltage), Voc is the open-circuit voltage (voltage at zero current), FF is the fill factor (a measure of the squareness of the current-voltage (I-V) curve), and Pin is the incident light power.
For typical solar cells such as Si solar cells, if light with energy density equal to 10 suns (10 kW/m2), which is 10 times natural sunlight, is emitted, the power conversion efficiency would decrease, although it depends on the series resistance value. Conversely, for a multi-junction solar cell, even if light with energy density equal to 10 suns or even 100 suns (100 kW/m2) is emitted, the multi-junction solar cell can generate power by lowering the series resistance value without a reduction in efficiency. Examples of such multi-junction solar cells include a triple-junction solar cell consisting of GaInP (1.88 eV), GaInAs (1.40 eV), and Ge (0.67 eV).
Accordingly, in such a multi-junction solar cell, by increasing band gaps of photoelectric conversion cells and decreasing the amount of current for power generation, and by increasing the number of photoelectric conversion cells (junctions) and decreasing the amount of current for power generation, it is possible to achieve power transmission without a reduction in conversion efficiency even if light exceeding 100 suns is emitted. Accordingly, in the present embodiment, the energy density of light is preferably 10 kW/m2 or more, and more preferably 100 kW/m2 or more. Further, in order to reduce effects of heat as much as possible and increase the optical density, a heat dissipation structure such as a heat sink is preferably provided.
Further, in the present embodiment, the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100 includes the plurality of laser light sources, but the light output unit 110 may include a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs). However, for solar cells, the conversion efficiency depends on the wavelength of light. In addition, as compared to light emitting diodes, wavelength stability of semiconductor lasers is high, and thus a desired wavelength can be set by controlling the material composition, and also semiconductor lasers have high energy conversion efficiency and are compact. For this reason, the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100 uses the plurality of semiconductor lasers.
Further, in the above-described example, the three semiconductor lasers are used in the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100. However, two semiconductor lasers may be used, or N number of (more than three) semiconductor lasers may be used. Specifically, as illustrated in
(Current Matching Method During Power Transmission)
Next, a current matching method performed during power transmission by the power transmission system according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to
First, in step 102 (S102), upon currents being applied to the first laser light source through the Nth laser light source, the first laser light source through the Nth laser light source emit laser beams to the light receiving unit 210 of the light receiving apparatus 200, such that the emitted laser beams enter the light receiving unit 210 of the light receiving apparatus 200. Specifically, the first power source through the Nth power source apply currents to the first laser light source through the Nth laser light source, in such a manner that laser beams are output from the first laser light source through the Nth laser light source at predetermined levels. Upon receiving the currents, the first laser light source through the Nth laser light source emit laser beams to the light receiving unit 210 of the light receiving apparatus 200, such that the emitted laser beams enter the light receiving unit 210. The laser beams that have entered the light receiving unit 210 are monitored by the light receiving unit 210, and the amount of current is measured.
Next, in step 104 (S104), information indicating that the laser beams have entered the light receiving unit 210 is transmitted to the light output apparatus 100 via the communication unit 250 and the light-output-side communication unit 150. Specifically, the information indicates that the laser beams, emitted from the first laser light source through the Nth laser light source, have entered the light receiving unit 210 of the light receiving apparatus 200.
Next, in step 106 (S106), a value I is set to 1.
Next, in step 108 (S108), in the light output apparatus 100, a current applied from the Ith power source to the Ith laser light source is varied.
Next, in step 110 (S110), the amount of current output from the photoelectric conversion element 220 of the light receiving unit 210 is measured, and information on the measured current amounts is transmitted to the light output apparatus 100.
Next, in step 112 (S112), an optimum current value, which has been obtained by varying the current applied from the Ith power source to the Ith laser light source, is set to a fixed current value of the Ith power source. Specifically, while increasing and decreasing the current applied from the Ith power source to the Ith laser light source, the amount of current output from the photoelectric conversion element 220 is monitored. Then, information on the amount of current output from the photoelectric conversion element 220 is transmitted to the light output apparatus 100. The light output control unit 170 selects, as an optimum current value, the lowest current value from among current values of the Ith power source at which the amount of current output from the photoelectric conversion element 220 is maximized, and sets the optimum current value to a fixed current value of the Ith power source. Even if power of laser light exceeding a certain level enters the photoelectric conversion element 220, the amount of current output from the photoelectric conversion element 220 would not increase, and the power of the laser light exceeding the certain level would be wasted. Therefore, by performing the above-described steps, energy loss can be reduced.
Next, in step 114 (S114), 1 is added to the value of I.
Next, in step 116 (S116), it is determined whether the value of I is greater than or equal to N. When it is determined that the value of I is greater than or equal to N, the process proceeds to step 108. When it is determined that the value of I is not greater than or equal to N, the process returns to step 106, and the above steps are repeated.
The above-described current matching is performed until power transmission ends.
Note that, at the time of inspection of the photoelectric conversion element 220 before the above-described current matching is performed, it is preferable to check light outputs of laser light sources at which current amounts generated in photoelectric conversion cells become the same. Further, the order of the laser light sources for current matching is not limited to the above.
Further, instead of the light output control unit 170, the light reception control unit 270 may determine an optimum current value. In this case, information on the optimum current value is transmitted from the light receiving apparatus 200 to the light output apparatus 100 via the light-receiving-side communication unit 250 and the light-output-side communication unit 150.
Further, light entering the photoelectric conversion element 220 is not limited to laser light emitted from the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100. Ambient light such as sunlight may enter the photoelectric conversion element 220. In this case, current matching can also be performed by a method similar to the above-described method.
(Application Example of Power Transmission System)
Currently, the use of unmanned drones for postal and home delivery services is under consideration. Such unmanned drones are driven by electrical power from rechargeable batteries. Specifically, the creation of drone highways along power transmission lines and the creation of aqua skyways along rivers have been studied. Electrical power from a rechargeable battery allows a drone to fly only approximately 30 minutes, and the battery is required to be recharged on the way. Further, in the case of an electromagnetic induction type charging system, battery charging takes time, and drones are required to be located near the charging system, thus making it difficult to efficiently perform postal and home delivery services.
Conversely, in the power transmission system according to the present embodiment, a battery can be recharged while a drone is flying. That is, power can be transmitted to a drone during postal delivery and home delivery. Thus, postal delivery and home delivery services can be efficiently performed without disruption.
Non-Patent Document 1 describes a multi-junction solar cell in which a plurality of photoelectric conversion cells having the same absorption wavelength are stacked. In the multi-junction solar cell described in Non-Patent Document 1, the photoelectric conversion cells are connected in series, and thus, the total voltage is equal to the sum of voltages of the photoelectric conversion cells, but the current is the same for all the photoelectric conversion cells. Therefore, the current of the multi-junction solar cell described in Non-Patent Document 1 is limited by the lowest current value. With this configuration, light of the same wavelength is absorbed in each of the photoelectric conversion cells. However, light is absorbed in order from the incident-side photoelectric conversion cell. Thus, in order for the photoelectric conversion cells to generate the same current amount, the photoelectric conversion cells, serving as light absorbing layers, would need to be thicker toward the substrate. However, adjusting the thicknesses of the light absorbing layers is not easy, and inappropriate thicknesses would result in poor current balance, thus making it difficult to achieve current matching. Further, the optimum structure also depends on the output of incident light. Thus, it would be difficult to produce a system that uses a multi-junction solar cell to convert light of a single wavelength into electrical power. Conversely, in the power transmission system according to the present embodiment, the photoelectric conversion cells have band gaps corresponding to respective wavelengths, and absorb light beams of the respective wavelengths. In addition, the power transmission system according to the present embodiment can individually set each output of a light beam of a corresponding wavelength. Accordingly, it is possible to produce a highly efficient optical wireless power transmission system with high uniformity and reproducibility.
Next, a second embodiment will be described. In a power transmission system according to the second embodiment, wavelengths of laser light sources included in the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100 and also the structure of a photoelectric conversion element are different from those of the first embodiment.
Specifically, the power transmission system according to the second embodiment includes a light output apparatus that outputs light beams of short wavelengths and a photoelectric conversion element that has high energy band gaps. The power transmission system uses the above-described light output apparatus and photoelectric conversion element to increase the output voltage. In the second embodiment, the first laser light source 111 is formed by a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of 640 nm (1.94 eV). The second laser light source 112 is formed by a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of 681 nm (1.82 eV). The third laser light source 113 is formed by a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of 850 nm (1.46 eV).
Further, in the second embodiment, the light receiving unit 210 includes a photoelectric conversion element 320 as illustrated in
The output voltage of a solar cell becomes lower than the band gap of a light absorbing layer by approximately 0.3 V to 0.5 V. In the second embodiment, the output voltage of the photoelectric conversion element 320 becomes lower than the band gap of a light absorbing layer forming each photoelectric conversion cell by approximately 0.3 V to 0.5 V. Therefore, a larger band gap is favorable in terms of efficiency. Preferred band gaps are band gaps of AlGaInN-based materials. However, it would be difficult to form a lattice matching photoelectric conversion cell with the AlGaInN-based materials. For GaAs-based materials, although band gaps of the GaAs-based materials are not as large as those of the AlGaInN-based materials, a lattice matching photoelectric conversion cell can be readily formed. Therefore, in the case of a GaAs substrate, a multi-junction solar cell may be formed by using materials having band gaps larger than GaAs (1.42 eV), and in the case of a Ge substrate, a multi-junction solar cell may be formed by using materials having band gaps larger than GaInAs (1.40 eV) that are lattice matched to Ge, thereby enabling highly efficient power transmission.
In the second embodiment, the photoelectric conversion element 320 has been described as a triple-junction solar cell including the GaAs cell (1.42 eV) 322, the GaInPAs cell (1.80 eV) 323, and the GaInP cell (1.92 eV) 324; however, the present invention is not limited thereto. In the photoelectric conversion element 320, band gaps of photoelectric conversion cells and the number of photoelectric conversion cells may be appropriately set. In addition, in the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100, wavelengths of laser light sources may also be appropriately set.
Details other than the above are similar to those of the first embodiment.
Next, a third embodiment will be described. In a power transmission system according to the third embodiment, wavelengths of laser light sources included in the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100 and also the structure of a photoelectric conversion element are different from those of the first embodiment.
Specifically, in the third embodiment, the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100 includes six laser light sources having different wavelengths. That is, the light output unit 110 includes a first laser light source, a second laser light source, a third laser light source, a fourth laser light source, a fifth laser light source, and a sixth laser light source.
The first laser light source is formed by a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of 639 nm (1.94 eV). The second laser light source is formed by a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of 674 nm (1.84 eV). The third laser light source is formed by a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of 713 nm (1.74 eV). The fourth laser light source is formed by a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of 756 nm (1.64 eV). A fifth laser light source is formed by a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of 805 nm (1.54 eV). The sixth laser light source is formed by a semiconductor laser having a wavelength of 861 nm (1.44 eV). In the third embodiment, the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100 includes the six laser light sources having the above-described respective wavelength. Note that all the six laser light sources, namely the first laser light source, the second laser light source, the third laser light source, the fourth laser light source, the fifth laser light source, and the sixth laser light source can be formed on a GaAs substrate.
Further, in the third embodiment, the light receiving unit 210 includes a photoelectric conversion element 420. The photoelectric conversion element 420 is a sextuple-junction solar cell as illustrated in
In the third embodiment, the six laser light sources having respective wavelengths are included in the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100. Further, the six photoelectric conversion cells of the photoelectric conversion element 420 have band gaps that enable efficient absorption of laser beams of the respective wavelengths. In this case, the wavelengths of laser light emitted from the laser light sources of the light output apparatus 100 are slightly larger than wavelengths corresponding to the respective band gaps of the photoelectric conversion cells included in the photoelectric conversion element 420 of the light receiving apparatus 200.
Further, in the photoelectric conversion element 420, the thickness of each of the photoelectric conversion cells, which serve as light absorbing layers, is adjusted, in order to prevent light having a wavelength assigned to a corresponding photoelectric conversion cell from being transmitted through the corresponding photoelectric conversion cell and being absorbed in a lower-side photoelectric conversion cell located below the corresponding photoelectric conversion cell. In addition, in order to prevent light, expected to be absorbed in a corresponding photoelectric conversion cell, from being absorbed in an upper-side photoelectric conversion cell located above the lower-side photoelectric conversion cell, the band gap of a material of the corresponding photoelectric conversion cell is smaller than the band gap of a material of the upper-side photoelectric conversion cell, by 50 meV or more, and further by 100 meV or more. In the third embodiment, the band gap of a material of a lower-side photoelectric conversion cell is smaller, by 80 meV, than the band gap of a material of an upper-side photoelectric conversion cell located above the lower-side photoelectric conversion cell.
Further, the photoelectric conversion element 420 illustrated in
In the multi-junction solar cell according to the third embodiment, the photoelectric conversion cells are connected in series, and the absorbing wavelength range is divided for optical to electrical power conversion. The current of the multi-junction solar cell according to the third embodiment is limited by a current value of a photoelectric conversion cell that generates the smallest current amount. If sunlight is used as a light source, the solar spectrum changes throughout the day, and also changes with the weather conditions, location, and time. For this reason, as the number of divided wavelengths and the number of junctions increase, a multi-junction solar cell that receives sunlight would be more susceptible to changes in solar spectrum, and more readily affected by variations in the amount of current generated in each of the photoelectric conversion cell. Conversely, in the power transmission system according to the third embodiment, even if the number of photoelectric conversion cells (junctions) increases, light outputs of respective laser light sources can be adjusted and optimized. Therefore, unlike the multi-junction solar cell that receives sunlight, in the power transmission system according to the third embodiment, an increase in the number of photoelectric conversion cells (junctions) works favorably, and the larger the number of junctions is, the more efficiently power can be transmitted. Further, as the number of junctions increases, the output voltage increases and the output current decreases. Thus, the amount of heat generated (I2R) is reduced. Accordingly, even if higher power light is emitted, power can be generated with high efficiency.
Details other than the above are similar to those of the first embodiment.
Next, a fourth embodiment will be described. According to the fourth embodiment, the light receiving unit 210 of the light receiving apparatus 200 includes a condenser element 230 on a light incident side of the photoelectric conversion element 220, and also includes a heat sink 231 on a Ge substrate side of the photoelectric conversion element 220 opposite to the light incident side.
The condenser element 230 may be a condenser lens, for example. The condenser element 230 condenses laser light emitted from the light output unit 110, such that the condensed laser light is incident on the photoelectric conversion element 220.
In the light receiving apparatus 200, the area of the multi-junction solar cell, which is the photoelectric conversion element 220, is preferably as small as possible in terms of costs. Therefore, there may be a case in which the area of the multi-junction solar cell may be smaller than a cross-section of laser light emitted from the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100. However, in the present embodiment, even if the light receiving area of the multi-junction solar cell is small, laser light is condensed by the condenser element 230 and enters the multi-junction solar cell. In this way, laser light emitted from the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100 can enter the multi-junction solar cell.
Note that it is preferable to collimate laser light emitted from the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100. However, if the light output apparatus 100 and the light receiving apparatus 200 are located away from each other, the laser beams may spread before entering the multi-junction solar cell. In the fourth embodiment, even if laser beams are spread, the spread laser beams can be condensed by the condenser element 230 such as a condenser lens and enter the multi-junction solar cell. Further, in order to decrease the optical density of laser light emitted from the light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100 for safety purposes, there may be a case in which the cross-sectional area of the laser light may be intentionally increased. Even in such a case, in the fourth embodiment, laser light can be condensed by the condenser element 230 such as a condenser lens and can enter the multi-junction solar cell. Further, in this case, even if the energy density of laser light emitted from the light output unit 110 is less than 1 sun (1 kW/m2), the condenser element 230 such as a condenser lens allows the energy density of laser light entering the photoelectric conversion element 220 of the light receiving apparatus 200 to be 1 sun (1 kW/m2) or more.
Further, in the fourth embodiment, laser light is condensed by the condenser element 230 such as a condenser lens and enters the multi-junction solar cell, thereby allowing laser light of high optical density to enter the multi-junction solar cell. For this reason, the temperature of the multi-junction solar cell may increase, and it may be required to dissipate heat. Therefore, the heat sink 231 is provided on the side of the photoelectric conversion element 220 opposite to the light incident side, in order to dissipate heat generated in the photoelectric conversion element 220.
The area of the multi-junction solar cell is relatively small. Therefore, bonding the heat sink 231 having an area larger than the area of the multi-junction solar cell to the multi-junction solar cell allows heat generated in the multi-junction solar cell to spread throughout the heat sink 231 and to be dissipated. Accordingly, heat can be efficiently dissipated.
Further,
Details other than the above are similar to those of the first embodiment. Note that the features in the fourth embodiment may be applied to the features in the second embodiment and the features in the third embodiment.
Next, a fifth embodiment will be described. In the fifth embodiment, as illustrated in
In the fifth embodiment, the photoelectric conversion element 320 may be provided on the auxiliary photoelectric conversion element 521. Alternatively, as illustrated in
The light output unit 110 of the light output apparatus 100 emits laser light toward the photoelectric conversion element 320 of the light receiving apparatus 200, but some of the laser light may be emitted outside the photoelectric conversion element 320. In this case, some of the laser light emitted outside the photoelectric conversion element 320 would not be converted into electrical power. In light of the above, in the fifth embodiment, the auxiliary photoelectric conversion element 521 is provided around the photoelectric conversion element 220, such that some laser light emitted outside the photoelectric conversion element 220 can be absorbed in the auxiliary photoelectric conversion element 521 and converted into the electrical power.
The auxiliary photoelectric conversion element 521 is formed of a material having a band gap smaller than or equal to the smallest band gap of a photoelectric conversion cell, among photoelectric conversion cells constituting the multi-junction solar cell, which is the photoelectric conversion element 320. Accordingly, although there is still energy loss due to the band gap difference, laser beams of all wavelengths emitted from the light output unit 110 can be absorbed in the photoelectric conversion element 320 and the auxiliary photoelectric conversion element 521, and converted into electrical power. When the auxiliary photoelectric conversion element 521 is provided around the photoelectric conversion element 320, power transmission efficiency can be improved, as compared to when no auxiliary photoelectric conversion element 521 is provided. In addition, the auxiliary photoelectric conversion element 521 formed of Si requires a relatively low cost, even if the auxiliary photoelectric conversion element 521 has a wide area.
Details other than the above are similar to those of the first embodiment. Note that the features in the fifth embodiment may be applied to the features in the second embodiment and the features in the third embodiment.
Next, a sixth embodiment will be described. In the sixth embodiment, as illustrated in
In the above case, the light receiving apparatus 200 preferably includes the condenser element 230 as described in the fourth embodiment. When the condenser element 230 is included, the area of the photoelectric conversion element 220 can be reduced. Accordingly, light that has been spread in order to ensure eye safety as described above can be condensed by the light receiving unit 210, and the condensed light flux can enter the photoelectric conversion element 220 having an area smaller than the light flux. Further, as in the example of
Although the embodiments have been specifically described above, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments, and numerous variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2019-052009 | Mar 2019 | JP | national |
| JP2020-034337 | Feb 2020 | JP | national |
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| 2014-123712 | Jul 2014 | JP |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20200303964 A1 | Sep 2020 | US |
