Patent Grant
11291472
The present disclosure is related in general to medical devices operable to access bone marrow, and more specifically to an apparatus and method for penetrating a bone and associated bone marrow with a powered driver, inserting an intraosseous device into the bone and associated bone marrow, and providing access to the bone, bone marrow, and other portions of a patient's vascular system.
Every year, millions of patients are treated for life-threatening emergencies in the United States. Such emergencies include shock, trauma, cardiac arrest, drug overdoses, diabetic ketoacidosis, arrhythmias, burns, and status epilepticus just to name a few. For example, according to the American Heart Association, more than 1,500,000 patients suffer from heart attacks (myocardial infarctions) every year, with over 500,000 of them dying from its devastating complications.
Obtaining satisfactorily vascular access may be a critical problem in approximately five (5%) percent to ten (10%) percent of patients treated in either prehospital or hospital settings. In the U.S. approximately six million patients annually may experience problems with traditional intravenous (IV) access. An essential element for treating all such emergencies is the rapid establishment of an intravenous line in order to administer drugs and fluids directly into the circulatory system. Whether in the ambulance by paramedics, or in the emergency room by emergency specialists, the goal is the same—to start an IV in order to administer life-saving drugs and fluids. To a large degree, the ability to successfully treat such critical emergencies is dependent on the skill and luck of the operator in accomplishing vascular access.
While it is relatively easy to start an IV on some patients, doctors, nurses and paramedics often experience great difficulty establishing IV access in approximately twenty (20%) percent of patients. These patients are probed repeatedly with sharp needles in an attempt to solve this problem and may require an invasive procedure to finally establish an intravenous route. A further complicating factor in achieving IV access occurs “in the field” e.g. at the scene of an accident or during ambulance transport where it is difficult to see the target and excessive motion make accessing the venous system very difficult. The success rate on the battlefield is often much lower where Army medics may only be about twenty-nine (29%) percent successful in starting an IV line during emergency conditions in the field. These patients are probed repeatedly with sharp needles in an attempt to solve this problem and may require an invasive procedure to finally establish an intravenous route.
In the case of some patients (e.g., those with chronic disease or the elderly), the availability of easily-accessible veins may be depleted. Other patients may have no available IV sites due to anatomical scarcity of peripheral veins, obesity, extreme dehydration, and/or previous IV drug use. For these patients, finding a suitable site for administering lifesaving drugs becomes a monumental and frustrating task. While morbidity and mortality statistics are not generally available, it is known that many patients with life-threatening emergencies have died of ensuing complications because access to the vascular system with life-saving IV therapy was delayed or simply not possible. For such patients, an alternative approach is required.
An accepted alternative route to give IV medications and fluids is through bone marrow by providing intraosseous (IO) access. Drugs and other fluids may enter a patient's vascular system just as rapidly via the intraosseous route as when given intravenously. Bone and associated bone marrow may be considered a large non-collapsible vein. The intraosseous route has been used for alternative emergency access in pediatric patients, whose bones are soft enough to permit manual insertion of intraosseous needles.
Powered drivers associated with intraosseous devices typically include a housing with various types of motors and/or gear assemblies disposed therein. A rotatable shaft may be disposed within the housing and connected with a gear assembly. Various types of fittings, connections, connectors and/or connector receptacles may be provided at one end of the rotatable shaft extending from the housing to releasably engage an intraosseous device with the powered driver.
Vascular system access may be essential for treatment of many serious diseases, chronic conditions and acute emergency situations. Yet, many patients experience extreme difficulty obtaining effective treatment because of inability to obtain or maintain IV access. An intraosseous space provides a direct conduit to a patent's vascular system and systemic circulation. Therefore, intraosseous access is generally an effective route to administer a wide variety of drugs, other medications and fluids equivalent to IV access. Rapid intraosseous access offers great promise for almost any serious emergency that requires vascular access to administer life saving drugs, other medications and/or fluids when traditional IV access is difficult or impossible.
Bone marrow typically includes blood, blood forming cells, and connective tissue disposed in an intraosseous space or cavity surrounded by compact bone. Long bones such as the tibia typically have an elongated central cavity filled with yellow bone marrow and adipose or connective tissue. Such cavities may also be referred to as a “medullary cavity,” “bone marrow cavity” and/or “intraosseous space.”
Compact bone disposed nearer the anterior or dorsal surface shall be referred to as “anterior compact bone” or “anterior bone cortex.” Compact bone disposed farther from the dorsal or anterior surface may be referred to as “posterior compact bone” or “posterior bone cortex.”
The upper tibia proximate a patient's knee or the humeral head proximate a patient's shoulder may be used as insertion sites for an intraosseous device to establish access with the patient's vascular system. Sternal access may also be used as an insertion site. Availability of multiple intraosseous insertion sites and associated target areas in adjacent bone marrow have proven to be especially important in applications such as emergency treatment of battlefield casualties or other mass casualty situations. Teachings of the present disclosure may be used at a wide variety of insertion sites and target areas. Teachings of the present disclosure are not limited to power drivers and/or intraosseous devices which may be inserted at the proximal tibia, distal tibia, humerus, or sternum.
Intraosseous access may be used as a “bridge” for temporary fluid and/or drug therapy during emergency conditions until conventional IV sites can be found and used. Conventional IV sites often become available because fluids and/or medication provided via intraosseous access may stabilize a patient and expand veins and other portions of a patient's vascular system. Intraosseous devices and associated procedures incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may become standard care for administering medications and fluids in situations when IV access is difficult or not possible.
Intraosseous access may be used as a “routine” procedure with chronic conditions which substantially reduce or eliminate availability of conventional IV sites. Examples of such chronic conditions may include, but are not limited to, dialysis patients, patients in intensive care units and epilepsy patients. Intraosseous devices and associated apparatus incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be quickly and safely used to provide intraosseous access to a patient's vascular system in difficult cases such as status epilepticus to give medical personnel an opportunity to administer crucial medications and/or fluids. Further examples of such acute and chronic conditions are listed near the end of this written description.
In accordance with teachings of the present disclosure, apparatus and methods are provided for gaining rapid access to a patient's bone marrow and vascular system.
In one embodiment, an apparatus for penetrating a bone marrow is provided that includes a housing and a penetrator assembly. The penetrator assembly is operable to penetrate the bone marrow, having a removable inner trocar and an outer penetrator. A connector operable to releasably attach the penetrator assembly to a drill shaft is included. The drill shaft is operable to connect the penetrator assembly to a gear assembly. The gear assembly is operable to engage and rotate the drill shaft. A motor operable to engage the gear assembly and drive the penetrator into the bone marrow by rotation of the drill shaft and a power supply and associated circuitry operable to power the motor are also included. The power supply may comprise at least one rechargeable battery.
In another embodiment, an apparatus for penetrating a bone marrow is provided that includes a housing and a penetrator assembly, operable to penetrate the bone marrow. A connector operable to releasably attach the penetrator assembly to a drill shaft, the drill shaft operable to connect the penetrator assembly to a reduction gear assembly is included. A reduction gear assembly operable to engage and rotate the drill shaft and a motor operable to engage the reduction gear assembly and drive the penetrator into the bone marrow by rotation of the drill shaft are also included. A power supply and associated circuitry operable to power the motor are also provided. The power supply may comprise at least one rechargeable battery.
In one embodiment, a penetrator assembly operable to provide access to a bone marrow comprising an outer penetrator and a removable inner trocar operable to penetrate the bone marrow is provided. A connector operable to releasably attach the penetrator assembly to a power drill is also included.
In another embodiment, a penetrator assembly operable to provide access to a bone marrow comprising an outer penetrator and a removable inner trocar operable to penetrate the bone marrow is provided. The inner trocar includes a handle, the handle including a grasping means that allows a user to grasp and manipulate the device. The outer penetrator includes a handle, the handle including a grasping means, and also includes a flange operable to engage an insertion site proximate the bone marrow. A connector operable to releasably attach the penetrator assembly to a power drill is also provided. The inner trocar is operable to releasably engage the connector.
In one embodiment, a method of accessing a bone marrow is provided that includes inserting a penetrator assembly into the bone marrow by means of a powered apparatus, detaching the powered apparatus from the penetrator, removing an inner trocar from an outer penetrator of the assembly and attaching a right angle connector to the outer penetrator.
In another embodiment, a method of accessing a bone marrow is provided that includes inserting a penetrator assembly into the bone marrow by means of a powered apparatus, detaching the powered apparatus from the penetrator, removing an inner trocar from an outer penetrator of the assembly and attaching an adapter suitable to convey medications or fluids to the bone marrow.
In yet another embodiment, a method of manufacturing an apparatus operable to penetrate a bone marrow is provided that includes manufacturing a housing having a connector operable to releasably attach a penetrator assembly to a drill shaft, a drill gear assembly, a gear assembly operable to engage and rotate the drill shaft, a motor operable to engage the gear assembly and drive a penetrator assembly into the bone marrow and a power supply and associated circuitry operable to power the motor and manufacturing a penetrator assembly operable to releasably attach to the connector. The power supply may comprise at least one rechargeable battery.
In a further embodiment, a kit for use in penetrating a bone marrow in an extremity is provided that includes a carrying case, an apparatus for penetrating the bone marrow including a housing and penetrator assemblies operable to penetrate the bone marrow, a removable inner trocar and an outer penetrator forming portions of at least one of the penetrator assemblies, at least one connector operable to releasably attach the penetrator assemblies to a drill shaft, a gear assembly operable to engage and rotate the drill shaft, a motor operable to engage the reduction gear assembly and drive at least one of the penetrator assemblies into the bone marrow and a power supply and associated circuitry to power the motor and a strap operable to immobilize the outer penetrator to a site in an extremity. The power supply may comprise at least one rechargeable battery.
One embodiment may include a powered driver operable to insert an intraosseous device into a patient's bone marrow at a selected target site. The powered driver may include a variable speed mechanism such as a low voltage potentiometer or any other electrical device satisfactory to allow varying the speed of an associated motor.
One embodiment of the present disclosure may provide an apparatus operable to insert an intraosseous device into a bone and associated bone marrow. The apparatus may include a housing, a drive shaft, a motor, a power supply and associated electrical circuit, and a light. The drive shaft may extend from an opening in the housing and may be operable to releasably engage the intraosseous device. The motor may be disposed within the housing and rotatably engaged with the drive shaft. The power supply and associated electrical circuit may be operable to power the motor. The light may extend from the housing and be connected to the power supply and the light may be operable to illuminate an insertion site for the intraosseous device.
Another embodiment of the present disclosure may provide a powered driver operable to insert an intraosseous device into a bone and associated bone marrow. The powered driver may include a housing, a drive shaft extending from the housing, a motor, a power supply, electrical circuits, and a switch connected to the electrical circuits. The drive shaft may be operable to releasably engage the intraosseous device. The motor may be disposed within the housing and rotatably engaged with the drive shaft. The power supply and associated electrical circuit may be operable to power the motor. The switch may be operable to activate the motor to rotate the drive shaft.
Another embodiment of the present disclosure may provide an apparatus operable to insert an intraosseous device into a bone and associated bone marrow and to assist with other medical procedures. The apparatus may include a powered driver, a drive shaft, a motor, a power supply and electrical circuits, a switch, and a suction pump. The powered driver may have a housing with one end of the drive shaft extending therefrom. The one end of the drive shaft may be operable to releasably engage the intraosseous device. The motor may be disposed within the housing and rotatably engaged with the drive shaft. The power supply and electrical circuits may be operable to power the motor. The switch may be operable to activate the motor to rotate the drill shaft. The suction pump may have a connector operable to be releasably engaged with the one end of the drive shaft whereby the powered driver may operate the pump.
The present disclosure also relates to kits, apparatus contained in such kits and associated procedures to obtain access to a patient's vascular system. For some embodiments such kits may include intravenous access devices and intraosseous access devices. Such kits may be used in both emergency situations or more routine procedures associated with treating chronic conditions. The present disclosure may provide apparatus and methods to establish vascular access during treatment of a patient at a wide variety of locations and facilities including, but not limited to, accident sites, emergency rooms, battlefields, emergency medical services (EMS) facilities, oncology treatment centers, chromic disease treatment facilities and veterinary applications.
Technical benefits of some embodiments may include providing portable kits with devices and components for rapid penetration of bone and bone marrow to provide access to a patient's vascular system.
Technical benefits of some embodiments may include devices and components for rapid penetration of bone and associated bone marrow. Such devices and components may be placed in a kit for use in accessing a patient's vascular system.
Technical benefits of some embodiments may include obtaining fast, inexpensive access to a patient's vascular system with minimal risk. Apparatus and methods incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be used to provide IO and IV access so that drugs and/or fluids can be injected into associated bone marrow.
A more complete and thorough understanding of the present embodiments and advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numbers indicate like features, and wherein:
Preferred embodiments of the invention and its advantages are best understood by reference to
Apparatus and methods incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be used to provide intraosseous access to a patient's vascular system in the sternum, the proximal humerus (the shoulder area), the proximal tibia (below the knee) and the distal tibia (above the inside of the ankle). The distal tibia may provide easier vascular access to morbidly obese patients. The distal tibia is usually a thinner area of the body. Using the distal tibia as an insertion site may allow emergency medical service personnel to pump medications and fluids into the body of obese patients when regular conventional IV access is difficult. EMS personnel may often not be able to start IVs in obese patients because their size may obscure many of the veins used for conventional IV access. Adipose tissue (fat) around normal IO access sites may be so thick that EMS personnel can't reach adjacent the bone with standard IO needles. Therefore, the distal tibia may provide an IO access site for the overweight population.
One aspect of the present disclosure may include providing a powered driver and respective IO needle sets for safe and controlled vascular access to provide medication and fluids to bone marrow, to remove biopsies of bone and/or bone marrow and to aspirate bone marrow.
Apparatus and methods incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be used with patients of all ages and weights. For example, one IO needle set may be appropriate for patients within the weight range of 3 kilograms to 39 kilograms. A second IO needle set may be satisfactory for use with patients weighing 40 kilograms or more.
For still other applications, teeth formed on one end of a cannula or catheter may be bent radially outward to reduce the amount of time and the amount of force required to penetrate bone and associated bone marrow using the cannula or catheter. For some applications a powered driver and aspiration needle set formed in accordance with teachings of the present disclosure may provide access to a patient's bone marrow using the same amount of torque. The length of time for penetrating a relatively hard bone may be increased as compared with the length of time required to penetrate a relatively softer bone.
The circuit may limit current supplied to the motor to protect associated batteries and to protect the motor for high current flow. High current flow may correspond with high torque which indicates improper use or operation of the powered driver. High torque may also indicate that the powered driver is not driving into bone. Current flow through the motor may be directly related to torque produced by the drive shaft. For some applications the circuit may indicate when current flow through the motor is typical for penetrating the hard outer layer of a bone (compact bone issue) with an IO device. The circuit may also indicate when current flow through the motor decreases in response to the IO device penetrating associated bone marrow.
For some embodiments the powered driver may include a trigger assembly operable to activate a low speed switch, a high speed switch and/or turn an associated motor off.
For some embodiments the powered driver may include a drive shaft having one end with a generally hexagonal cross section operable to be releasably engaged with intraosseous devices including, but not limited to, biopsy needles and bone marrow aspiration needles.
For some embodiments the powered driver may include a gear assembly rotatably attached to a motor. The gear assembly may have a speed reducing ratio between 60:1 and 80:1. For some applications the gear assembly may reduce speed of rotation of an attached motor at a ratio of approximately 66:1 or 77:1.
Apparatus and methods incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may include using a first IO needle set having a fifteen (15) gage cannula with a length of approximately fifteen (15) millimeters to establish vascular access for patients weighing between approximately three (3) kilograms and thirty nine (39) kilograms. A second IO needle set having a fifteen (15) gage cannula with an approximate length of twenty-five (25) millimeters may be used to establish vascular access for patients weighing forty (40) kilograms and greater.
For some applications intraosseous needles and needle sets incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be formed from 304-stainless steel. Standard Luer lock catheter connections may be provided on each IO needle. IO needles and needle sets incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be easily removed from an insertion site without the use of special tooling or equipment. The reduced size and weight of drivers and IO devices incorporating teachings of the present disclosure accommodate use in emergency crash carts and emergency medical vehicles.
The term “driver” as used in this application may include any type of powered driver or manual driver satisfactory for inserting an intraosseous (IO) device including, but not limited to, a penetrator assembly, catheter, IO needle, IO needle set, biopsy needle or aspiration needle into a selected portion of a patient's vascular system. Various techniques may be satisfactorily used to releasably engage or attach an IO device and/or penetrator assembly with a driver incorporating teachings of the present disclosure. A wide variety of connectors and associated connector receptacles, fittings and/or other types of connections with various dimensions and configurations may be satisfactorily used to releasably engage an IO device with a driver. A battery powered driver incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be used to insert an intraosseous device into a selected target area in ten seconds or less.
The term “intraosseous (IO) device” may be used in this application to include any hollow needle, hollow drive bit, penetrator assembly, bone penetrator, catheter, cannula, trocar, inner penetrator, outer penetrator, IO needle or IO needle set operable to provide access to an intraosseous space or interior portions of a bone.
For some applications an IO needle or IO needle set may include a connector with a trocar or stylet extending from a first end of the connector. A second end of the connector may be operable to be releasably engaged with a powered driver incorporating teachings of the present disclosure. An IO needle or IO needle set may also include a hub with a hollow cannula or catheter extending from a first end of the hub. A second end of the hub may include an opening sized to allow inserting the trocar through the opening and the hollow cannula. The second end of the hub may also be operable to be releasably engaged with the first end of the connector. As previously noted, the second end of the connector may be releasably engaged with a powered driver. A wide variety of connectors and hubs may be used with an IO device incorporating teaching of the present disclosure. The present disclosure is not limited to connector 1180 or hub 1200 as shown in
Various features and benefits of the present disclosure may be described with respect to a kit having a driver to insert an intraosseous (IO) device into bone marrow of a patient at a selected insertion site. However, a kit with devices and components incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be satisfactorily used to access various portions of a patient's vascular system. The present disclosure is not limited to IO devices and procedures.
The term “kit” may be used in this application to describe a wide variety of bags, containers, carrying cases and other portable enclosures which may be used to carry and store intraosseous devices and/or intravenous devices along with related components and accessories. Such kits and their contents along with applicable procedures may be used to provide access to a patient's vascular system in accordance with teachings of the present disclosure.
Various examples of an apparatus operable to access the bone marrow in accordance with the present invention are shown generally in
In
By way of example and not limitation, a reduction gear assembly, for example a worm gear assembly is shown in more detail in
In one embodiment, the invention may include a specialized connector between the penetrator assembly and a powered drill. The connector performs at least two functions, a connecting function and a releasing function. The connecting function may be performed by various mechanisms such as a pentagonal male-female fitting or various lock-and-key mechanisms such as one that may include a combination or series of grooves and ridges or bars that match and interlock on a connector.
The releasing function may be performed by an O-ring connection, a magnetic connector, a chuck release mechanism, or a ball and detent mechanism with and without a spring. In one embodiment the releasing function may occur by means of a trigger mechanism whereby a trigger comes in contact with a holding mechanism and releases a penetrator or needle. In another embodiment a connecting mechanism may also include a trigger or retractable shield rod that slides up and contacts a holding mechanism or clamp that breaks away and releases a penetrator or needle after contact (not expressly shown).
In one embodiment, the penetrator assembly may include an outer penetrator such as a cannula, needle or hollow drill bit which may be of various sizes. Needles may be small (for pediatric patients), medium (for adults) and large (for over-sized adults). Penetrator, cannulas or needles may be provided in various configurations depending on the clinical purpose for needle insertion. For example, there may be one configuration for administering drugs and fluids and an alternate configuration for sampling bone marrow or for other diagnostic purposes although one needle configuration may be suitable for both purposes. Needle configuration may vary depending on the site chosen for insertion of a needle.
In
Once an outer penetrator or needle is inserted into a bone, it may be connected to a source of intravenous fluids or medication.
A method for providing access to the bone marrow includes using a powered drill, capable of reciprocal or rotational motion, to insert a penetrator assembly that includes an outer penetrator and an inner trocar into a bone marrow cavity. The powered drill is then released from the penetrator assembly and the inner trocar is grasped and removed from the outer penetrator. A connector present on the end of the outer penetrator, for example a luer lock connector, is then available for attachment to either an adapter, such as a right angle connector or directly to an intravenous tubing or syringe.
Various features of the present disclosure may also be described with respect to powered drivers 1030 and 1030a-1030f. Various features of the present disclosure may also be described with respect to intraosseous devices such as shown in
Powered driver 1030 as shown in
Various components associated with powered driver 1030 may be disposed within housing 1032. For example a power source such as rechargeable battery pack 1034 may be disposed within handle 1036. Battery pack 1034 may have various configurations and may include multiple batteries disposed within sealed packaging material. For other applications, a non-rechargeable battery pack may also be disposed within handle 1036.
Handle 1036 may be generally described as an elongated, hollow container sized to receive battery pack or power supply 1034. Cap 1038 may be disposed on one end of handle 1036. Cap 1038 may be removed to allow inserting and removing battery pack 1034 therefrom. Handle 1036 may also include finger grips 1064 having generally ergonomic configurations.
For embodiments such as shown in
Motor 1044 and gear assembly 1046 may also be disposed within portions of housing 1032 adjacent to handle 1036. For embodiments represented by powered drivers 1030-1030e and 1330a-1330k, motor 1044 and gear assembly 1046 may be generally aligned with each other. Motor 1044 may be connected with one end of gear assembly 1046. Drive shaft 1052 may be engaged with and extend from another end of gear assembly 1046 opposite from motor 1044.
For some applications both motor 1044 and gear assembly 1046 may have generally cylindrical configurations. Exterior portion 1045 of motor 1044 may correspond with the largest nominal outside diameter associated with motor 1044. Exterior portion 1047 of gear assembly 1046 may correspond with the largest nominal outside diameter associated with gear assembly 1046. For embodiments of the present disclosure represented by powered drivers 1030-1030e and 1330a-1330k, exterior portion 1047 of gear assembly 1046 may represent a nominal outside diameter portion larger than any other outside diameter portion associated with motor 1044. In other embodiments of the present disclosure represented by powered driver 1330i, exterior portion 1047 of gear assembly 1046 may be smaller than outside diameter portions associated with impact device 1044a.
Portions of housing 1032 may have generally similar cylindrical configurations corresponding with exterior portions of motor 1044 and gear assembly 1046. For example, segment 1032a of housing 1032 may have a generally cylindrical, hollow configuration with an inside diameter compatible with exterior portion 1045 of motor 1044. Housing segment 1032b may have a generally cylindrical, hollow configuration with an inside diameter compatible with exterior portion 1047 of gear assembly 1046. Since portions of gear assembly 1046 have an outside diameter that is larger than the outside diameter of motor 1044, housing segment 1032b may have a larger outside diameter than the outside diameter of housing segment 1032a.
Motors and gear assemblies satisfactory for use with a powered driver incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be obtained from various vendors. Such motor and gear assemblies are typically ordered as “sets” with one end of each motor securely attached to an adjacent end of an associated gear assembly. The gear assemblies may sometimes be referred to as “reduction gears” or “planetary gears”.
A drive shaft having desired dimensions and configuration may extend from the gear assembly opposite from the motor. The drive shaft may be provided as part of each motor and gear assembly set. The dimensions and/or configuration of an associated housing may be modified in accordance with teachings of the present disclosure to accommodate various types of motors, gear assemblies and/or drive shafts. For example, powered drivers used with aspiration needles and/or biopsy needles may include gear assemblies with larger dimensions required to accommodate larger speed reduction ratios, for example between 60:1 and 80:1, resulting in slower drive shaft RPM. Powered drivers used to provide intraosseous access during emergency medical procedures may operate at a higher speed and may include gear assemblies having a smaller speed reduction ratio, for example between 10:1 and 30:1, resulting in higher drive shaft RPM. For some applications, the difference in size for gear assemblies may result in increasing the inside diameter of an associated housing by approximately two to three millimeters to accommodate larger gear assemblies associated with powered drivers used to insert biopsy needles and/or aspiration needles.
Distal end or first end 1048 of housing 1032 may include opening 1050 with portions of drive shaft 1052 extending therefrom. For some applications the portion of drive shaft 1052 extending from housing 1032 may have a generally pentagonal shaped cross section with tapered surfaces 1054 disposed thereon. Tapered surfaces 1054 may be disposed at an angle of approximately three (3°) degrees with respect to a longitudinal axis or rotational axis (not expressly shown) associated with drive shaft 1052. Relatively small magnet 1056 disposed on the extreme end of drive shaft 1052 opposite from housing 1032. Fittings and/or connectors with various dimensions and/or configurations other than drive shaft 1052 and/or magnet 1056 may also be satisfactorily used with a powered driver incorporating teachings of the present disclosure.
Intraosseous devices having corresponding tapered openings or connector receptacles may be releasably engaged with portions of drive shaft 1052 extending from housing 1032. For example, portions of drive shaft 1052 extending from distal end 1048 may be releasably engaged with tapered opening 1186 in connector 1180 as shown in
For embodiments such as shown in
A block diagram showing one example of electrical circuits and other components which may be satisfactory used with a powered driver incorporating teachings of the present disclosure is shown in
A wide variety of electrical circuits and/or electronic indicators may be used with power supply status indicator 1070. Additional information concerning such electrical circuits and displays may be described with respect to various power supply status indicators as shown in
A wide variety of charging circuits, voltage regulators and variable speed controllers may be satisfactorily used with a powered driver incorporating teachings of the present disclosure. Various examples of such charging circuits, voltage regulators and/or variable speed controllers are shown in
Switch 1062 may be provided to prevent inadvertent or undesired activation of motor 1044. Switch 1062 may prevent discharge of battery 1034 when an associated powered device is carried in a backpack and/or mobile storage container. An associated button 1072a may be disposed on exterior portions of a housing to activate the variable speed controller 1460. Button 1072a may be located at various positions on the exterior of a housing associated with a powered driver incorporating teachings of the present disclosure as shown in
Materials used to form cradle 1280 may be relatively low cost but durable. Such materials may be relatively stiff to secure a powered driver therein and may also flex without breaking to allow inserting and removing a powered driver at least five hundred (500) times.
Cradle 1280 may have a length and width selected to be compatible with exterior portions of housing 1032 and corresponding dimensions of powered driver 1030. For some applications first end 1281 and second end 1282 may have generally rounded configurations. A notch (not expressly shown) may also be formed in first end 1281 to accommodate portions of drive shaft 1052. Various types of holders, clamps or quick release mechanisms may be included as part of cradle 1280. For embodiments such as shown in
Arms 1284 may be relatively strong with sufficient flexibility to allow inserting and removing portions of powered driver 1030 from engagement with cradle 1280. The height of arms 1284 relative to adjacent longitudinal edges of cradle 1280 may be based at least in part on the corresponding dimensions of handle 1036 and other portions of housing 1032. The spacing or gap formed between arms 1284 may be selected to accommodate the width of handle 1036. Respective rib 1286 may be formed on the end of each arm 1284. The configuration of ribs 1286 may be selected to be compatible with a snug but releasable snap fit with adjacent portions of handle 1036.
For some applications walls or partitions 1290 may be formed adjacent to respective arms 1294. Only one wall 1290 is shown in
End 1282 of cradle 1280 may be modified to include electrical contact (not expressly shown) operable to engage recharging contacts 1040a and 1040b. Electric power cable 1292 may also extend from end 1282. Electrical power cable 1292 may be inserted into an appropriate electrical outlet for use in recharging powered driver 1030. A plurality of lights 1296, 1298 and 1300 may be provided on exterior portions of cradle 1300 to indicate the status of rechargeable battery 1034. For example light 1296 may indicate red when rechargeable battery 1034 is discharged below a desired level. Light 1298 may be flashing yellow to indicate that rechargeable battery 1034 is being recharged and/or discharged. Light 1300 may be steady green to indicate when rechargeable battery 1034 has been fully recharged. Lights 1296, 1298 and 1300 may also alternately blink or have a steady state condition.
Powered drive 1030a as shown in
An embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in
A further embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in
Powered drivers 1030d and 1030e as shown in
A further embodiment of a rechargeable powered driver incorporating teachings of the present disclosure is shown in
Power sensor circuit 1600c may detect current changes between impact device 1044a and power supply 1034. In some applications, current changes between impact device 1044a and power supply 1034 may indicate bone penetration is complete. Power sensor circuit 1600c may be operable to automatically reduce or cut power from power supply 1034 to impact device 1044a once the associated intraosseous device has penetrated the cortex of the bone.
An intraosseous device (IO), sometimes referred to as a penetrator assembly or IO needle set, may include an outer penetrator such as a cannula, needle or hollow drive bit which may be of various sizes. Needles may be small (for pediatric patients), medium (for adults) and large (for over-sized adults). Penetrator, cannulas or needles may be provided in various configurations depending on the clinical purpose for needle insertion. For example, there may be one configuration for administering drugs and fluids and an alternate configuration for sampling bone marrow or for other diagnostic purposes although one needle configuration may be suitable for both purposes. Needle configuration may vary depending on the site chosen for insertion of a needle.
A wide variety of trocars, spindles and/or shafts may be disposed within a catheter or cannula during insertion at a selected insertion site. Such trocars, spindles and shafts may also be characterized as inner penetrators. A catheter, cannula, hollow needle or hollow drive bit may sometimes be characterized as an outer penetrator.
For some applications a layer or coating (not expressly shown) of an anticoagulant such as, but not limited to, heparin may be placed on interior and/or exterior portions of a catheter or cannula to prevent thrombotic occlusion of the catheter or cannula. Anticoagulants may reduce platelet adhesion to interior surfaces of the catheter or cannula and may reduce clotting time of blood flowing into and through the catheter or cannula. Placing a layer of an anticoagulant on exterior portions of a catheter or cannula adjacent to an associated tip and/or side ports may be helpful to prevent clotting.
Penetrator assembly 1160 as shown in
Metallic disc 1170 may be disposed within opening 1186 for use in releasably attaching connector 1180 with magnet 1056 disposed on the end of drive shaft 1052. End 1223 of inner penetrator 1220 is preferably spaced from metallic disc 1170 with insulating or electrically nonconductive material disposed therebetween.
Tip 1211 of outer penetrator 1210 and/or tip 1222 of inner penetrator 1220 may be operable to penetrate bone and associated bone marrow. The configuration of tips 1211 and/or 1222 may be selected to penetrate a bone or other body cavities with minimal trauma. First end or tip 1222 of inner penetrator 1220 may be trapezoid shaped and may include one or more cutting surfaces. In one embodiment outer penetrator 1210 and inner penetrator 1220 may be ground together as one unit during an associated manufacturing process. Providing a matching fit allows respective tips 1211 and 1222 to act as a single driving unit which facilitates insertion and minimizes damage as portions of penetrator assembly 1160 are inserted into a bone and associated bone marrow. Outer penetrator 1210 and/or inner penetrator 1220 may be formed from stainless steel, titanium or other materials of suitable strength and durability to penetrate bone.
Hub 1200 may be used to stabilize penetrator assembly 1160 during insertion of an associated penetrator into a patient's skin, soft tissue and adjacent bone at a selected insertion site. First end 1201 of hub 1200 may be operable for releasable engagement or attachment with associated connector 1180. Second end 1202 of hub 1200 may have a size and configuration compatible with an associated insertion site for outer penetrator 1210. The combination of hub 1200 with outer penetrator 1210 may sometimes be referred to as a “penetrator set” or intraosseous needle.
Connector 1180 and attached inner penetrator 1220 may be releasably engaged with each other by Luer type fittings, threaded connections or other suitable fittings formed on first end 1201 of hub 1200. Outer penetrator 1210 extends from second end 1202 of hub 1200.
For some applications connector 1180 may be described as a generally cylindrical tube defined in part by first end 1181 and second end 1182. The exterior of connector 1180 may include an enlarged tapered portion adjacent to end 1181. A plurality of longitudinal ridges 1190 may be formed on the exterior of connector 1180 to allow an operator to grasp associated penetrator assembly 1160 during attachment with a drive shaft. See
Second end 1182 of connector 1180 may include opening 1185 sized to receive first end 1201 of hub 1200 therein. Threads 1188 may be formed in opening 1185 adjacent to second end 1182 of connector 1180. Threaded fitting 1188 may be used in releasably attaching connector 1180 with threaded fitting 1208 adjacent to first end 1201 of hub 1200.
First end 1201 of hub 1200 may include a threaded connector 1208 or other suitable fittings formed on the exterior thereof. First end 1201 may have a generally cylindrical pin type configuration compatible with releasably engaging second end or box end 1182 of connector 1180.
For some applications end 1202 of hub 1200 may have the general configuration of a flange. Angular slot or groove 1204 sized to receive one end of protective cover or needle cap 1234 may be formed in end 1202. Slot or groove 1204 may be used to releasable engage a needle cover (not expressly shown) with penetrator assembly 1160.
For some applications a penetrator assembly may include only a single, hollow penetrator. For other applications a penetrator assembly may include an outer penetrator such as a cannula, hollow needle or hollow drive bit and an inner penetrator such as a stylet, trocar or other removable device disposed within the outer penetrator. Penetrator 1210 is one example of a single, hollow penetrator.
The size of a penetrator may vary depending upon the intended application for the associated penetrator assembly. Penetrators may be relatively small for pediatric patients, medium size for adults and large for oversize adults. By way of example, a penetrator may range in length from five (5) mm to thirty (30) mm. The diameter of a penetrator may range from eighteen (18) gauge to ten (10) gauge. The length and diameter of the penetrator used in a particular application may depend on the size of a bone to which the apparatus may be applied. Penetrators may be provided in a wide variety of configurations depending upon intended clinical purposes for insertion of the associated penetrator. For example, there may be one configuration for administering drugs and/or fluids to a patient's bone marrow and an alternative configuration for sampling bone marrow and/or blood from a patient. Other configurations may be appropriate for bone and/or tissue biopsy.
For some applications connector 1180 may be described as having a generally cylindrical configuration defined in part by first end 1181 and second end 1182. See
First end 1181 of connector of 1180 may include opening 1186 sized to receive portions drive shaft 1052 therein. A plurality of webs 1136 may extend radially outward from connector receptacle 1186. Webs 1136 cooperate with each other to form a plurality of openings 1138 adjacent to first end 1181. Opening 1186 and openings 1138 cooperate with each other to form portions of a connector receptacle operable to receive respective portions of connector 1030 therein.
A wide variety of accessory tools and devices are frequently carried by emergency medical service personnel and/or first responders. Pump assembly 1130 as shown in
First end 1154 of connector receptacle 1152 may include opening 1156 similar to opening 1186 as described with respect to connector 1180. End 1252 extending from power driver 1230a may be disposed within opening 1156 to rotate connector receptacle 1152 and attached components of pump assembly 1130a. As a result, powered driver 1230a may be used to pump fluids from inlet 1131 through pump assembly 1130a and outwardly from outlet 1132.
One embodiment of the device calls for it being disposable. Another embodiment is designed for the body (driver) to be reusable and the needle to be disposable. This is made possible by providing a chuck that mates with a proprietary shaft attached to the needle's Luer lock. The needles must maintain sterility during storage and mounting of the needle while the driver does not have to be sterile. The driver will be rugged in design and the battery (or other power source) will be rechargeable or the battery will be easy to replace with off-the-shelf batteries.
The present disclosure includes a wide variety of kits, devices and associated components which may be used to obtain vascular access to a patient. In some embodiments, such kits may include apparatus operable to access a patient's bone marrow using a driver, an intraosseous needle and one or more connectors to communicate fluids with the patient's bone marrow. Such kits may also include apparatus which allows monitoring a patient.
Kits incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be rigid, semi-rigid or soft-sided. Such kits may provide a convenient way to carry various components and devices operable to achieve vascular access in an organized and systematic fashion. Such kits may present EMS first responders and other medical personnel with a well organized collection of components and devices to achieve vascular access by placement of peripheral intravenous (IV) catheters and/or intraosseous (IO) catheters. For some embodiments, a kit incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be combination an IV kit, an IO kit and/or a unit dose kit in one convenient bag. Examples of various types of devices and components which may be carried in a kit in accordance with teachings of the present disclosure are shown in
Securing devices incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be provided in kits to allow easy removal and replacement of associated drivers. Such securing devices may include a wide variety of cradles and other types of holder's with relatively rugged snap-in features to prevent undesired release of a driver from an associated securing device. Securing devices may be formed from plastic and/or glass composite materials to provide durability for repeated replacement and use of an associated driver. Such securing devices may releasably hold an associated driver in place within a kit so that the driver does not interfere with other devices and components disposed in the kit. A securing device may be positioned in a kit to clearly present an associated driver to a user during consideration of alternate vascular access routes.
Securing devices incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may make it easy for a user to extract an associated driver from a kit using only one hand. Other components such as penetrator assemblies and IO needles may be conveniently located in the kit to further minimize time and manipulations required for a user to attach an IO needle and insert the IO needle at a desired site in a patient. Such securing devices may also provide an easy site to return the driver to the kit after use. The associated driver may snap into place to securely protect the driver against accidental deployment until required for use in presiding another IO access.
Kits incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be used in locations where ruggedness and durability are of paramount importance. Such kits may be washable, water proof, temperature resistant, and/or crush proof. Such kits may have a wide variety of different shapes and colors. Kits incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be any size as required to contain selected IO devices and IV devices which may be used to obtain vascular access. In some embodiment kits may be approximately ten inches in length by six to eight inches in width.
For some applications kits incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be designed for use in military applications. Such kit may be as compact as feasible with components disposed in one or more compartments as necessary for an efficient use of space. Such kits may also include a manual intraosseous driver and related intraosseous components to access a patient's vascular system. Such kits may include intraosseous catheters, intravenous catheters, containers with sterile normal saline, tourniquets and IO/IV securing devices. Various components may be configured for particular branches of the military, e.g., Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard and Special Forces.
Another benefit of the present disclosure may include forming a kit with one or more dividers having components and devices arranged in order on page one and page two corresponding with steps of a procedure such as treating a patient with an emergency condition or treating a patient for a chronic condition. The pages in a kit may be arranged to accommodate a wide variety of procedures. For example, if a kit will be used in an oncology related application or for treatment of other chronic conditions, the “pages” in the kit may be arranged based on the steps required to provide access to a patient's vascular system and to carry out a planned treatment.
Various techniques and procedures may be used to position and securely engage a supporting structure for an IO device at an insertion site. For some applications, various types of straps may be used. See
Some features and benefits of the present disclosure may be described with respect to kit 3020 (See
For some applications kits 3020, 3020a and/or 3120 may be semi-rigid or soft, sided. Kits 3020, 3020a and 3120 may be formed from a wide variety of materials including, but not limited to, nylon, corduroy type materials, various types of polymeric and plastic materials. For some applications kits 3020, 3020a and/or 3120 may be formed from relatively soft materials such as canvas, polyesters and similar materials. For other applications kits incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be relatively rigid and formed from materials such as lightweight aluminum alloys and similar hard materials.
For embodiments such as shown in
For some applications, kits 3020 or 3020a may be generally described as a two part molded case formed at least in part by compression molding ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) foam. EVA may be generally described as a polymeric material with some of the characteristics of elastomeric materials and some characteristics of thermal plastic materials. However kits incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be formed from a wide variety of polymeric materials, elastomeric materials and/or thermoplastic materials.
Kits 3020 and/or 3020a may have a nominal wall thickness of approximately 0.19 inches. Exterior surfaces of kits 3020 and/or 3020a may be covered by a durable layer of heavy linear polyester or other suitable material. Interior portions of kits 3020 and/or 3020a may be formed in part by relatively smooth layers of urethane or relatively smooth layers of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Such materials allow interior portions of kits 3020 and/or 3020a to be more easily cleaned, particularly after use during an emergency at a field location.
Kits 3020 and/or 3020a may have two segments or enclosures 3022 and 3024 with generally hollow, rectangular configurations and compatible dimensions. As a result first segment 3022 and second segment 3024 may be releasably engaged with each other to form an enclosure having desired dimensions and configurations to efficiently carry IO and IV devices and components associated with kits 3020 and 3020a. For some applications, first segment 3022 and second segment 3024 may have approximately the same dimensions and configurations such that each segment 3022 and 3024 may form approximately one-half of the resulting kit. For applications such as shown in
For purposes of describing various features of the present disclosure, first segment 3022 may be described as having generally rectangular bottom layer or base 3030 with respective pairs of walls 3034 and 3036 extending therefrom. Base 3030 may also include first surface or interior surface 3031 (See
Second segment 3024 may be defined in part by top layer or cover 3040. Sometimes top layer 3040 may also be referred to as a lid. Top layer 3040 may include first surface or interior surface 3041 (See
For some applications, a pair of zippers 3028 and 3029 may be used to releasably engage second segment 3024 with first segment 3022 when associated kits 3020 or 3020a is in their respective first, closed position. (See
First segment 3022 and second segment 3024 may be hinged with each other along one side of respective kits 3020 and 3020a. Fabric type hinge 3058 or other suitable low cost, reliable hinge mechanism may be used to allow movement of second segment 3024 relative to first segment 3022 to open and close the associated kit 3020 or 3020a. Handle 3026 may be attached with exterior portion of kits 3020 and 3020a opposite from the hinge 3058 located on interiors of kits 3020 and 3020a. Handle 3026 may be formed from lightweight, durable web type material or any other suitable material.
Zippers 3028 and 3029 may be moved around the three edges of contact between first enclosure 3022 and second enclosure 3024 to engage and disengage adjacent portions of enclosures 3022 and 3024. Zippers 3028 and 3029 and associated zipper mechanisms may be formed from durable, rustproof material and extend along three edges of contact between first enclosure 3022 and second enclosure 3024.
After kits 3020 and/or 3020a have been used at a field location or at a medical facility, the used kit may be returned to a central location for cleaning and replacement of any missing components or devices. For some applications breakable seal 3023 (See
One or more panels or dividers may be disposed within kits incorporating teachings of the present disclosure. The dividers may also be referred to as “boards.” For embodiments represented by kits 3020 and 3020a one edge of each divider 3050 may be engaged with associated hinge 3058 to allow rotating movement of each divider 3050 relative to hinge 3058 when associated kit 3020 or 3020a is in its first, open position.
Dividers 3050 may be formed from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or other suitable materials. Each divider 3050 may have a generally rectangular configuration with dimensions compatible with nesting each divider within segments 3022 and 3024 when associated kit 3020 or 3020a is in its first, closed position. For some applications dividers 3050 may be about 0.050 to 0.060 inches thick. The width and other characteristics of hinge 3058 may also be selected to accommodate nesting of each divider 3050 within segments 3022 and 3024 when associated kit 3020 or 3020a is in its first closed position.
Each divider 3050 may also include first surface 3051 and a second surface 3052. Surfaces 3051 and 3052 may sometimes be referred to as “pages.” For embodiments such as shown in
For example, “page one” or first surface 3051 of divider 3050 may present EMS personnel with devices, components and instructions used to select and clean a site for vascular access. Such components and devices may include containers 3062 with cleaning fluids, alcohol wipes or other prep materials, flashlight 3064 and a tourniquet (not expressly shown). Written instructions for selecting an insertion site and/or locating a vein may be provided in pockets 3056 on page one.
“Page Two” or second surface 3052 of divider 3050 may include devices and components that allow EMS personnel to access a patient's vascular system via a peripheral vein or an intraosseous route. Such components may include intravenous catheters, intraosseous needles and other components that may be used to access a patient's vascular system. As shown in
For some applications, interior surface 3041 of cover 3040 may also function as page three with additional devices, components and instructions attached thereto. For example, when kits 3020 and/or 3021a are used in an emergency environment to provide IO access to a patient, interior surface 3041 or page three may include devices and components used to secure and intraosseous device and/or an IV device at the insertion site and to further prepare the patient for movement to an EMS treatment facility. Components and devices such as tape, dressing materials, an arm-board or splint and other components operable to secure a catheter or an intraosseous line may be provided on page three. Various types of straps and supporting structures for IO devices may be releasably attached to page three or interior surface 3041. See some examples in
Outside pocket 3060 formed from mesh type material may be attached to exterior surface 3042 of cover 3040. Outside pocket 3060 may hold printed reference materials such as quick reference cards. For some applications elastic cords (not expressly shown) may also be provided on exterior portion of kits 3020 and 3020a to hold such materials.
Velcro or elastic strips or loops or any other fastening device may be used to position components on dividers 3050. In lieu of dividers 3050, IO and IV devices and related components may be configured in some other arrangement or organizing mechanism such as compartments or smaller containers carried in a kit.
A device for accessing an intraosseous space such as a powered driver (See
Powered driver 3200 may include housing 3202 with various types of motors and/or gear assemblies disposed therein (not expressly shown). A rotatable shaft (not expressly shown) may be disposed within housing 3202 and connected with a gear assembly. Various types of fittings and/or connectors may be disposed proximate one end of the rotatable shaft extending from end 3204 of housing 3202. For some applications a pin type fitting or connector such as drive shaft 3216 may be used. A matching box type fitting or connector receptacle may be provided on an intraosseous device such that power driver 3200 may be releasably engaged with the intraosseous device. For some applications, drive shaft 3236 may have a pentagonal shaped cross section with tapered surfaces formed on the exterior thereof. Fittings and/or connections with various dimensions and configurations may be satisfactorily used to releasably engage an intraosseous device with a powered driver.
Container 3230 as shown in
Handle 3206 may include a battery (not expressly shown) or other power source. Handle 3205 may also include trigger assembly 3208 for use in activating powered driver 3200. Examples of powered drivers are shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/449,503, filed May 30, 2003, entitled “Apparatus and Method to Provide Emergency Access To Bone Marrow,” now U.S. Pat. No. 7,670,328; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/449,476, filed May 30, 2003, entitled “Apparatus and Method to Access Bone Marrow,” now U.S. Pat. No. 7,699,850; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/042,912, filed Jan. 25, 2005, entitled “Manual Intraosseous Device,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,641,715.
Various types of intraosseous devices, intraosseous needles and/or penetrator assemblies may be carried in a kit incorporating teachings of the present disclosure. See for example
For some applications a securing device designed to accommodate one or more specific types of drivers may be disposed within first segment 3022. For other applications more generic types of holders or cradles may be placed within first segment 3022. For embodiments such as shown in
Length 3082 and width 3084 of cradle 3080 may be selected to be compatible with interior dimensions of first enclosure 3022 and similar dimensions associated with a driver that will be releasably engaged with cradle 3080. For some applications first end 3086 and second end 3088 may have generally rounded configurations. Notch 3090 may be formed in first end 3086 to accommodate drive shaft 3216 extending from end 3204 of power driver 3200.
First longitudinal edge 3091 and second longitudinal edge 3092 may be spaced from each other and extend generally parallel with each other between first end 3086 and second end 3088. For some applications, ends 3086, 3088 and longitudinal edges 3091, 3092 may fit flush with interior surface 3031 of bottom layer 3030. Maintaining close contact between interior surface 3031 and adjacent portions of cradle 3080 may substantially reduce or minimize problems associated with cleaning an associated kit after use, particularly after used during an emergency at a field location.
Various types of holders, clamps and/or quick release mechanisms may be provided on a cradle incorporating teachings of the present disclosure. For embodiments represented by cradle 3080 a pair of arms 3094 and 3096 may project from respective longitudinal edges 3091 and 3092. Arms 3094 and 3096 may be relatively strong with sufficient flexibility to allow inserting and removing portions driver 3200 from engagement with cradle 3080. The height of arms 3094 and 3096 relative to longitudinal edges 3091 and 3092 may be based at least in part on the height or depth of first enclosure 3022 and corresponding dimensions of driver 3200. Support surface 3098 may be disposed between arms 3094 and 3096 in an elevated position relative to longitudinal edges 3091 and 3092. The location of support surface 3098 may be selected to accommodate corresponding dimensions of driver 3200 and particularly handle 3206.
The spacing or gap formed between first arm 3094 and second arm 3096 may be selected to accommodate the width of handle 3206 of driver 3200. Respective ribs 3100 may be formed approximate the end of each arm 3094 and 3096 opposite from longitudinal edges 3091 and 3092. Ribs 3100 preferably extend inwardly relative to associated arm 3094 and 3096. The dimensions of arms 3094 and 3096, the gap formed therebetween, and associated ribs 3100 may be selected to be compatible with forming a snug but releasable snap type fit with adjacent portions of handle 3206 of driver 3200.
For some applications first wall 3104 and second wall 3106 may be disposed between first end 3086 and supporting surface 3098 such as shown in
One or more holes 3108 may be formed in cradle 3080 approximate first end 3086 and second end 3088. Holes 3108 may be sized to receive various types of fasteners such as rivets and/or screws (not expressly shown). Such fasteners may be used to secure cradle 3080 at a desired location within first enclosure 3022.
Materials used to form cradle 3080 may be relatively low cost but must also have sufficient durability for repeated insertion and removal of an associated driver. For some applications arms 3094 and 3096 may be designed to allow insertion and removal of an associated driver at least five hundred times. Arms 3094 and 3096 may also have sufficient stiffness and strength to allow associated driver 3200 to snap into place. The stiffness of arms 3094 and 3096 may be selected such that driver 3200 will not be inadvertently released from cradle 3080 if kit 3020 or 3020a should be dropped or otherwise mishandled.
For embodiments such as shown in
Various types of indicator lights may be used. For some applications light 3074 may be yellow to indicate that a battery (not expressly shown) in power driver 3200 needs to be recharged. Light 3076 may be green to indicate that the charging is not required or that charging of associated powered driver 3200 has been satisfactorily completed. For some applications, kit 3020a will preferably be in its first, open position during charging of powered driver 3200.
Prehospital and combat situations are often ideally suited to use “unit dose” containers of various types of medications. Emergency medical personnel often need only a one-time dose of medication, such as an antidote for poison or epinephrine to stabilize the patient. Unit dose ampules are widely used by paramedics to give a predetermined amount of medication for a particular indication. A limited number of drugs may satisfactorily fill such needs.
Kit 3120 as shown in
Kit 3120 may include base portion 3130 and cover 3140. Zipper 3122 or other types of closures may be satisfactorily used to releasably engage cover 3140 with base portion 3130. For some applications a pair of zippers and a breakable seal such as shown in
For embodiments such as shown in
Base 3130 may be formed from a relatively thick layer of material satisfactory for use. A plurality of holes may be formed in interior surface 3032 of base 3130 satisfactory to accommodate releasably storing each ampule 3123-3127 in a respective hole. The exterior configurations of base 3130 may also be defined in part by walls and rounded corners which are preferably compatible with the walls and rounded corners associated with cover 3140.
Base portion 3130 as shown in
The ability to satisfactorily insert an IO device such as an IO needle at a desired insertion site may be problematic when a patient is moving or has the potential to move. Inserting an IO device in the wrong place may expose a patient to potential harm. Patient movement may be of special concern for patients suffering from status epilepticus or violent patients (drug overdoses or mental status changes) that need to be controlled for their safety and treatment. Epileptic patients may shake violently for prolonged periods which makes starting a conventional IV nearly impossible. Likewise, it may be difficult to accurately place an IO device at a desired insertion site in these patients. Although target areas for successful IO placement such as a patient's tibia and humerus are often larger than target areas for placement of an IV device, problems with inserting an IO device at a desired insertion site may be minimized by using stabilization devices and supporting structures incorporating teachings of the present disclosure. Such devices and supporting structures may be easy to apply, even in difficult field environments.
First end or tip 3161 of IO needle 3160 may be designed to drill or cut through bone 3152 and penetrate associated bone marrow 3154. Tip 3161 may be open to allow communication of fluids with bone marrow 3154. Also, one or more side ports 3164 may be formed in IO needle 3160 to allow communication of fluids therethrough. Second end 3162 of IO needle 3160 may have various types of connections including, but not limited to, a conventional Luer lock connection (not expressly shown) associated with supplying IV fluids and medications to a patient.
Strap 3170 and supporting structure 3180 such as shown in
Strap 3170 may include first end 3171 and second end 3172 sized to be inserted through holes 3181 and 3182 of supporting structure 3180. Strap 3170 and supporting structure 3180 cooperate with each other to prevent accidental removal or withdrawal of IO needle 3160 from an insertion site. Strap 3170 and supporting structure 3180 also cooperate with each other to prevent excessive movement or rocking of IO needle 3160 relative to the insertion site.
Supporting structure 3180 may include relatively short, hollow cylinder 3184 with a pair of flanges or wings 3186 extending therefrom. Holes 3181 and 3182 may respectively be formed in each wing or flange 3186. Wings 3186 may be formed from relatively flexible material which will conform with adjacent portions of a patient's skin, soft tissue and bone. Hollow cylinder 3184 may be formed from relatively rigid material to prevent undesired movement of associated 3010 needle 3160. Interior dimensions of hollow cylinder 3184 may correspond approximately with the exterior dimensions of IO needle 3160 to provide a relatively snug fit therebetween.
For embodiments such as shown in
Supporting structure 3180a may be placed at an IO insertion site. Buckle 3174a at first end 3171a of strap 3170a may be releasably engaged with corresponding projection 3181a. Strap 3170a may then be extended around patient's leg or other bone to allow engaging buckle 3174a at second end 3172a with associated projection 3182a. For such applications, strap 3170a may be formed from elastomeric material.
For some applications supporting structure 3180 may be placed at an insertion site prior to installing IO device 3160. IO device 3160 may then be inserted through the longitudinal bore of supporting structure 3180. For other applications an IO device with exterior dimensions and exterior configuration of the IO device may be compatible with interior dimensions 3188 of supporting structure 3180 may first be installed at a desired insertion site. Supporting structure 3180 may then be fitted over the installed IO device (not expressly shown) by placing the IO device through the longitudinal bore of supporting structure 3180. Strap 3170a may then be engaged with respective projections 3181 and 3182.
Seal assembly 3195 may be used to isolate transducer wire 3196 so that infusions of fluids may proceed while, at the same time, measuring intravenous pressure at tip 3161. Measurements from sensor 3192 may be analyzed by a computer (not expressly shown) to manage changes in a patient's condition by initiating pre-set increases in infusion pressure, controlling the rate of infusion or stopping infusion all together and alarming the patient and/or medical personnel if pressure limits are exceeded.
Supporting structure or guide 3180c may be formed from various polymeric and/or thermoplastic materials having desired rigidity and strength to direct insertion of an intraosseous device at a de sired insertion site. Supporting structure 3180c may also be formed from various types of elastomeric and/or nonelastomeric materials satisfactory for use in forming a guide or supporting structure to direct insertion of an intraosseous device at a desired insertion site.
For some applications strap 3170c may include one or more strips of hook and loop type material 3198 (sometimes referred to as Velcro® strips) disposed proximate first end 3171c and second end 3172c of strap 3170c. The configuration, size and dimensions of Velcro® strips 3198 may be modified to allow strap 3170c to releasably attach supporting structure 3180c with a leg or other portions of a patient's body having various dimensions. For some applications supporting structure 3180c may include target 3199 disposed within recess 3194 for use by an operator to more precisely direct insertion of an associated IO device at a desired insertion site.
Manual driver 3200a may include handle 3212 with drive shaft 216 extending therefrom. Manual driver 3200a may also include an optional ratchet mechanism (not expressly shown). Handle 3212 may be formed in a variety of shapes, such as with finger grips 3214. Handle 3212 may be formed from materials satisfactory for multiple uses or may be formed from materials satisfactory for one time or disposable use. Handle 3212 may have an ergonomically designed shape suitable for grasping with a hand and/or fingers during manual insertion of an IO device into bone and associated bone marrow.
For some applications penetrator assembly 3240 may include connector 3250 with inner penetrator or trocar 3260 extending therefrom and hub 3270 with outer penetrator or cannula 3280 extending therefrom. Connector 3250 and hub 3270 may be releasably engaged with each other using Luer type fittings, threaded connections or other suitable fittings formed on second end 3252 of connector 3250 and first end 3271 of hub 3270. Outer penetrator 3280 may extend from second end 3272 of hub 3270.
For some applications outer penetrator or cannula 3280 may be described as a generally elongated tube sized to receive inner penetrator or stylet 3260 therein. Portions of inner penetrator 3260 may be disposed within a longitudinal passageway 3276 extending through outer penetrator 3280. The outside diameter of inner penetrator 3260 and the inside diameter of longitudinal passageway 3276 may be selected so that inner penetrator 3260 may be slidably disposed within outer penetrator 3280. Outer penetrator 3280 may be formed from stainless steel, titanium or other materials of suitable strength and durability to penetrate bone and magnetic characteristics to allow releasable engagement with disc 3254.
Tip 3281 of outer penetrator 3280 and/or tip 3261 of inner penetrator 3260 may be operable to penetrate bone and associated bone marrow. The configuration of tips 3261 and/or 3281 may be selected to penetrate a bone or other body cavities with minimal trauma. First end or tip 3261 of inner penetrator 3260 may be trapezoid shaped and may include one or more cutting surfaces. In one embodiment outer penetrator 3280 and inner penetrator 3260 may be ground together as one unit during an associated manufacturing process. Inner penetrator 3260 may also include a longitudinal groove (not expressly shown) that runs along the side of inner penetrator 3260 to allow bone chips and/or tissues to exit an insertion site as penetrator assembly 3240 is drilled deeper into an associated bone.
Hub 3270 may be used to stabilize penetrator assembly 3240 during insertion of outer penetrator 3280 into a patient's skin, soft tissue and adjacent bone at a selected insertion site. First end 3271 of hub 3270 may be operable for releasable engagement or attachment with associated connector 3250. Second end 3272 of hub 3270 may have a size and configuration compatible with an associated insertion site. The combination of hub 3270 with outer penetrator 3280 may sometimes be referred to as a penetrator set or an intraosseous needle.
For some applications connector 3250 may be described as a generally cylindrical tube defined in part by first end 3251 and second end 3252. The exterior of connector 3250 may include an enlarged tapered portion adjacent to end 3251. A plurality of longitudinal ridges 3256 may be formed on the exterior of connector 3250 to allow an operator to grasp associated penetrator assembly 3240 during attachment with drive shaft 3216. Longitudinal ridges 3256 also allow connector 3250 to be grasped for disengagement from hub 3270 after outer penetrator 3280 has been inserted into a bone and associated bone marrow. Disc 3254 may be disposed within receptacle or opening 3256 for use in releasably attaching connector 3250 with drive shaft 3216.
For some applications disc 3254 may be a magnet. For such applications drive shaft 3216 may be formed from various types of metallic materials with magnetic characteristics compatible with releasable engagement of drive shaft 3216 with the magnetic disc 3254 disposed in penetrator assembly 3240. For other applications a magnet (not expressly shown) may be formed on the end of drive shaft 3216. For such applications disc 3254 may be formed from various types of metallic material with characteristics compatible with releasably engaging penetrator assembly 3240 with the magnet formed on the end of drive shaft 3216.
First end 3271 may have a generally cylindrical pin type configuration compatible with releasably engaging hub 3270 with second end or box end 3252 of connector 3250. Second end 3252 of connector 3250 may include opening 3258 sized to receive first end 3271 of hub 3270 therein. Threads 3259 may be formed in opening 3258 adjacent to second end 3252 of connector 3250. Threads 3273 may be formed proximate end 3271 of hub 3270. Threads 3259 and 3273 may be used to releasably attach connector 3250 with first end 3271 of hub 3270.
For some applications end 3272 of hub 3270 may have the general configuration of flange. Angular slot or groove 3274 sized to receive one end of protective cover or needle cap 3290 may be formed in end 3272. Slot or groove 3274 may be used to releasable engage cover 3290 with penetrator assembly 3240. For some applications cover 3290 may be described as a generally hollow tube having rounded end 3292. Cover 3290 may be disposed within associated slot 3274 to protect portions of outer penetrator 3280 and inner penetrator 3260 prior to attachment with a driver. Cover 3290 may include a plurality of longitudinal ridges 3294 formed on the exterior thereof. Longitudinal ridges 3294 cooperate with each other to allow installing and removing cover or needle cap 3290 without contaminating portions of an associated penetrator. Cover 3290 may be formed from various plastics and/or metals.
Examples of acute and chronic conditions which may be treated using powered drivers, intraosseous devices, kits, and procedures incorporating teachings of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, the following:
Anaphylaxis (epinephrine, steroids, antihistamines, fluids, and life support)
Arrhythmia (anti-arrhythmics, electrolyte balance, life support);
Burns (fluid replacement, antibiotics, morphine for pain control);
Cardiac arrest (epinephrine, atropine, amiodarone, calcium, xylocaine, magnesium);
Congestive heart failure (life support, diuretics, morphine, nitroglycerin);
Dehydration (emergency port for life support, antibiotics, blood, electrolytes);
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (life support, electrolyte control, fluid replacement);
Dialysis (emergency port for life support, antibiotics, blood, electrolytes);
Drug overdose (naloxone, life support, electrolyte correction);
Emphysema (life support, beta adrenergics, steroids);
Hemophiliacs (life support, blood, fibrin products, analgesics);
Osteomyelitis (antibiotics directly into the site of infection, analgesics);
Pediatric applications (shock, dehydration, nutrition, electrolyte correction);
Renal Failure (both acute and chronic kidney failure, inability to purify blood);
Seizures (anti-seizure medications, life support, fluid balance);
Shock (life support fluids, pressor agents, antibiotics, steroids);
Sickle cell crisis (fluid, morphine for pain, blood, antibiotics); and
Trauma (emergency port for life support fluids, antibiotics, blood, electrolytes).
More than 35,000 Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) ambulances are in service in the U.S. Each is equipped with emergency drugs and devices. Most are required to carry intraosseous needles and paramedics are trained in their use for pediatric emergencies. Kits incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may be used to administer medications and treats before permanent damage to a patient occurs.
More than 4,000 emergency rooms in the U.S. are required to treat life-threatening emergencies like shock trauma and cardiac arrest. ERs are stocked with the latest devices and equipment to help patients receive state-of-the-art treatment. However, there is no more exasperating situation for the physician or potentially catastrophic condition for the critical patient, than the inability to establish intravenous access. Kits with IO devices incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may provide a simple and straightforward solution for extremely difficult clinical problems.
Hospitals are required to provide crash carts on every patient ward. It is estimated that 6,000 U.S. hospitals stock more than 60,000 crash carts. These crash carts are stocked with defibrillators, IV access devices, including central venous catheters, IV fluids and drugs for common emergencies. Nurses and other healthcare workers using these crash carts are often inexperienced in such emergencies and have difficulty establishing IV access. A kit with IO devices incorporating teachings of the present disclosure may provide the long sought IV alternative for difficult patients.
Automatic injectors are widely used in the military. During Desert Storm, combat soldiers carried an atropine auto-injector for nerve gas poisoning. Current auto-injectors are limited to intramuscular injections. The Kits with IO devices may vastly expand the scope of treatment to include intravenous drugs, without having to be skilled in the technique of intravenous insertion.
Most acute care hospitals in the U.S. operate Intensive Care Units (ICUs) for seriously ill patients. Establishing and maintaining venous access in these patients is often a challenge. IO access may be a welcome procedure for administration of drugs and fluids to these critical patients.
Ten percent of the population experience a major seizure in their lifetime and more than 2,500,000 people in the United States have epilepsy. Grand mal seizures represent one of the most dramatic events in medicine. During the seizure, which usually lasts 60 to 90 seconds, patients typically fall to the ground, become rigid with trunk and extremities extended, and shake violently. The most dreaded progression of seizures is status epilepticus, a condition defined as a continuous seizure lasting more than 30 minutes or two or more seizures that occur without full conscious recovery between attacks. Convulsive status epilepticus requires urgent, immediate treatment. Patients are at risk for serious injury, hypoxemia, circulatory collapse, permanent brain damage and death. The overall mortality of convulsive status epilepticus is up to 35 percent.
Intravenous access with a large bore needle/catheter must be established to administer anticonvulsant medications. These include a benzodiazepine followed by phenytoin and/or phenobarbitol for immediate seizure control and prevention of further seizures. There are no satisfactory oral, rectal, or intramuscular medications that will control status epilepticus.
The problem facing clinicians and paramedics treating patients with status epilepticus is the difficulty establishing venous access. Without adequate venous lines none of the effective anticonvulsants can be given. During seizures the violent shaking makes accessing a satisfactory vein difficult. Often after the line is established, further shaking dislodges the IV or causes it to infiltrate.
Further, caregivers are at great risk of puncturing themselves with a needle when attempting to establish venous access in a patient during a seizure. Through no fault of their own, seizing patients, by jerking and thrashing around, turn the safest procedure into a terrifying venture. Doctors, nurses, and paramedics work in mortal fear of contracting AIDS and hepatitis through an inadvertent puncture with a contaminated needle.
In an attempt to solve the venous access problem, emergency physicians and intensivists have turned to establishing a central line (intravenous catheter placed in a large central vein such as the subclavian or femoral vein). However, with this method, even under ideal conditions, there is an increased incidence of serious side effects such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, inadvertent puncture of a major artery, infection, venous thrombosis, and embolus. In the case of a patient with status epilepticus, this method becomes increasingly difficult and dangerous for all of the above-mentioned reasons. Therefore, most doctors are reluctant to even attempt a central line until seizures have ceased.
Dialysis patients who often come to the emergency room in life threatening situations such as pulmonary edema (water on the lungs) or high potassium leading to cardiac arrest. These patients typically have troublesome or non-existent veins. The IO access may give these patients hope for a better quality of live and decrease their mortality.
Drug overdose victims, often comatose, generally require immediate IV access to give antidotes and life saving medications such as Narcan. These patients usually have difficult venous access due to long term abuse of their veins. IO access may give these patients an alternate route for delivery of medications and fluids while improving the safety of the healthcare workers.
Trauma victims and attempted suicide patients, often in shock due to blood loss, may also require swift replacement of fluids to save vital organs. Because of the shock condition (decreased blood pressure), veins collapse and are often impossible to find. IO access may save precious minutes for paramedics and trauma surgeons responsible for their care.
Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alternations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.
The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/228,468, entitled “Powered Drivers, Intraosseous Devices And Methods To Access Bone Marrow,” filed Apr. 12, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/029,326, entitled “Powered Drivers, Intraosseous Devices And Methods To Access Bone Marrow,” filed Sep. 23, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,973,545, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/725,939, entitled “Powered Drivers, Intraosseous Devices And Methods To Access Bone Marrow,” filed Dec. 23, 2019, now published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0129186, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/272,647, entitled “Powered Drivers, Intraosseous Devices And Methods To Access Bone Marrow,” filed Sep. 22, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,512,474, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/061,944, entitled “Powered Drivers, Intraosseous Devices and Methods to Access Bone Marrow,” filed on Apr. 3, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,451,968, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/910,122, entitled “Powered Drivers, Intraosseous Device and Methods to Access Bone Marrow,” filed Apr. 4, 2007; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/061,944 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/253,959, entitled “Method and Apparatus to Access Bone Marrow,” filed Oct. 19, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,506,568, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/253,467, entitled “Apparatus and Method to Access Bone Marrow,” filed Oct. 19, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,876,826, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/449,476, entitled “Apparatus and Method to Access Bone Marrow,” filed May 30, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,699,850, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/384,756, entitled “Apparatus and Method to Provide Access to Bone Marrow,” filed May 31, 2002. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/029,326 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/854,406, entitled “Vascular Access Kits and Methods,” filed Dec. 26, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,806,491, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/791,654, entitled “Vascular Access Kits and Methods,” filed Jul. 6, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,872,703, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/380,340, entitled “Vascular Access Kits and Methods,” filed Apr. 26, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,072,543, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/675,246, entitled “Vascular Access Kit,” filed Apr. 27, 2005, and which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/449,503, entitled “Apparatus And Method To Provide Emergency Access To Bone Marrow,” filed May 30, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,670,328, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/384,756, entitled “Apparatus and Method to Provide Access to Bone Marrow,” filed May 31, 2002. The entire contents of each of the above-referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1272104 | Riethmueller | Jul 1918 | A |
| 1539637 | Bronner | May 1925 | A |
| 1686482 | Windle | Oct 1928 | A |
| 1954620 | Connell | Apr 1934 | A |
| 2080202 | Drake | May 1937 | A |
| 2130845 | Von Issendorff | Sep 1938 | A |
| 2138842 | Drew | Dec 1938 | A |
| 2219605 | Turkel | Oct 1940 | A |
| 2261958 | Burri | Nov 1941 | A |
| 2317648 | Siqveland | Apr 1943 | A |
| 2318648 | Penfold | May 1943 | A |
| 2419045 | Whittaker | Apr 1947 | A |
| 2426535 | Turkel | Aug 1947 | A |
| 2525588 | Cameron | Oct 1950 | A |
| 2525839 | Sparklin | Oct 1950 | A |
| 2590516 | Von Breymann | Mar 1952 | A |
| 2660635 | Wood | Nov 1953 | A |
| 2714026 | Schultz | Jul 1955 | A |
| RE24056 | Johansen | Aug 1955 | E |
| 2766907 | Wallace, Jr. | Oct 1956 | A |
| 2773501 | Young | Dec 1956 | A |
| 2817648 | Gould et al. | Dec 1957 | A |
| 2860635 | Wilburn | Nov 1958 | A |
| 2876369 | Doerner | Mar 1959 | A |
| 3022596 | Cannon | Feb 1962 | A |
| 3104448 | Morrow et al. | Sep 1963 | A |
| 3120845 | Horner | Feb 1964 | A |
| 3173417 | Horner | Mar 1965 | A |
| 3175554 | Stewart | Mar 1965 | A |
| 3269046 | Schaefer | Aug 1966 | A |
| 3413498 | Bowen et al. | Nov 1968 | A |
| 3507276 | Burgess et al. | Apr 1970 | A |
| 3519858 | Morganson | Jul 1970 | A |
| 3529580 | Stevens | Sep 1970 | A |
| 3536943 | Bowen et al. | Oct 1970 | A |
| 3543966 | Ryan et al. | Dec 1970 | A |
| 3598108 | Jamshidi et al. | Aug 1971 | A |
| 3664163 | Foote | May 1972 | A |
| 3671699 | Matthews | Jun 1972 | A |
| 3697223 | Kovalcik et al. | Oct 1972 | A |
| 3713417 | Shugart | Jan 1973 | A |
| 3734207 | Fishbein | May 1973 | A |
| 3750667 | Pshenichny et al. | Aug 1973 | A |
| 3802555 | Grasty et al. | Apr 1974 | A |
| 3815605 | Schmidt et al. | Jun 1974 | A |
| 3835860 | Garretson | Sep 1974 | A |
| 3843143 | Laxson | Oct 1974 | A |
| 3844291 | Moen | Oct 1974 | A |
| 3850158 | Elias et al. | Nov 1974 | A |
| 3893445 | Hofsess | Jul 1975 | A |
| 3893455 | McNally | Jul 1975 | A |
| 3935909 | Mabuchi et al. | Feb 1976 | A |
| 3976066 | McCartney | Aug 1976 | A |
| 3981398 | Boshoff | Sep 1976 | A |
| 3991765 | Cohen | Nov 1976 | A |
| 3999110 | Ramstrom et al. | Dec 1976 | A |
| 4021920 | Kirschner et al. | May 1977 | A |
| 4040462 | Hattan | Aug 1977 | A |
| 4046254 | Kramer | Sep 1977 | A |
| 4099518 | Baylis et al. | Jul 1978 | A |
| 4124026 | Berner et al. | Nov 1978 | A |
| 4142517 | Contreras et al. | Mar 1979 | A |
| 4154026 | Palthe | May 1979 | A |
| 4157714 | Foltz et al. | Jun 1979 | A |
| 4170993 | Alvarez | Oct 1979 | A |
| 4185619 | Reiss | Jan 1980 | A |
| 4189266 | Koslow | Feb 1980 | A |
| 4194505 | Schmitz | Mar 1980 | A |
| 4200111 | Harris | Apr 1980 | A |
| 4213462 | Sato | Jul 1980 | A |
| 4258722 | Sessions et al. | Mar 1981 | A |
| 4262676 | Jamshidi | Apr 1981 | A |
| 4266555 | Jamshidi | May 1981 | A |
| 4269192 | Matsuo | May 1981 | A |
| 4299230 | Kubota | Nov 1981 | A |
| 4306570 | Matthews | Dec 1981 | A |
| 4316463 | Schmitz et al. | Feb 1982 | A |
| 4330093 | Chapman, Jr. | May 1982 | A |
| 4333459 | Becker | Jun 1982 | A |
| 4334529 | Wirth | Jun 1982 | A |
| 4356826 | Kubota | Nov 1982 | A |
| 4359052 | Staub | Nov 1982 | A |
| 4373518 | Kaiser et al. | Feb 1983 | A |
| 4378053 | Simpson | Mar 1983 | A |
| 4381777 | Garnier | May 1983 | A |
| 4393872 | Reznik et al. | Jul 1983 | A |
| 4399723 | Marleau | Aug 1983 | A |
| 4413760 | Paton | Nov 1983 | A |
| 4416503 | Hayes | Nov 1983 | A |
| 4420085 | Wilson et al. | Dec 1983 | A |
| 4441563 | Walton, II | Apr 1984 | A |
| 4461305 | Cibley | Jul 1984 | A |
| 4469109 | Mehl | Sep 1984 | A |
| 4484577 | Sackner et al. | Nov 1984 | A |
| 4487209 | Mehl | Dec 1984 | A |
| 4504267 | Parmelee et al. | Mar 1985 | A |
| 4522302 | Paikoff | Jun 1985 | A |
| 4543966 | Islam et al. | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4553539 | Morris | Nov 1985 | A |
| 4578064 | Sarnoff et al. | Mar 1986 | A |
| 4595322 | Clement | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4605011 | Naeslund | Aug 1986 | A |
| 4620539 | Andrews et al. | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4623335 | Jackson | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4630616 | Tretinyak | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4645492 | Weeks | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4646731 | Brower | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4654030 | Moll et al. | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4654492 | Koerner et al. | Mar 1987 | A |
| 4655226 | Lee | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4659329 | Annis | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4670008 | Von Albertini | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4691929 | Neumaier et al. | Sep 1987 | A |
| 4692073 | Martindell | Sep 1987 | A |
| 4696308 | Meller et al. | Sep 1987 | A |
| 4702261 | Cornell et al. | Oct 1987 | A |
| 4711636 | Bierman | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4713061 | Tarello et al. | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4716901 | Jackson et al. | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4720881 | Meyers | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4723945 | Theiling | Feb 1988 | A |
| 4728876 | Mongeon et al. | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4736850 | Bowman et al. | Apr 1988 | A |
| 4753345 | Goodsir et al. | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4758225 | Cox et al. | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4762118 | Lia et al. | Aug 1988 | A |
| 4772261 | Von et al. | Sep 1988 | A |
| 4787893 | Villette | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4793363 | Ausherman et al. | Dec 1988 | A |
| 4801293 | Jackson | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4810248 | Masters et al. | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4812008 | Tokumaru et al. | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4838282 | Strasser et al. | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4838877 | Massau | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4844259 | Glowczewskie et al. | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4867158 | Sugg | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4874181 | Hsu | Oct 1989 | A |
| 4883470 | Haindl | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4919146 | Rhinehart et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4919653 | Martinez et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4921013 | Spalink et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4922602 | Mehl | May 1990 | A |
| 4935010 | Cox et al. | Jun 1990 | A |
| 4940459 | Noce | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4944677 | Alexandre | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4969870 | Kramer et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4976269 | Mehl | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4986279 | O'Neill | Jan 1991 | A |
| 5002546 | Romano | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5012605 | Nishioka | May 1991 | A |
| 5025797 | Baran | Jun 1991 | A |
| 5036860 | Leigh et al. | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5040542 | Gray | Aug 1991 | A |
| 5057085 | Kopans | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5064426 | Huebsch | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5074311 | Hasson | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5075994 | Nishioka | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5104382 | Brinkerhoff et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5116324 | Brierley et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5120312 | Wigness et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5122114 | Miller et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5133359 | Kedem | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5137500 | Lhotak | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5137518 | Mersch | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5139500 | Schwartz | Aug 1992 | A |
| RE34056 | Lindgren et al. | Sep 1992 | E |
| 5145369 | Lustig et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5148813 | Bucalo | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5156399 | Gauer | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5159163 | Bahjat et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5172700 | Bencini et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5172701 | Leigh | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5172702 | Leigh et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5176415 | Choksi | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5176643 | Kramer et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5183054 | Burkholder et al. | Feb 1993 | A |
| 5184611 | Turnbull | Feb 1993 | A |
| 5187422 | Izenbaard et al. | Feb 1993 | A |
| 5195985 | Hall | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5203056 | Funk et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5204670 | Stinton | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5207303 | Oswalt et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5207697 | Carusillo | May 1993 | A |
| 5209721 | Wilk | May 1993 | A |
| 5210376 | Caviar | May 1993 | A |
| 5217478 | Rexroth | Jun 1993 | A |
| D338270 | Stephens et al. | Aug 1993 | S |
| 5244619 | Burnham | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5249583 | Mallaby | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5257632 | Turkel et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5257972 | Gurmarnik | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5261877 | Fine et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5261891 | Brinkerhoff et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5269785 | Bonutti | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5271380 | Riek et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5271414 | Partika et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5271744 | Kramer et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5279306 | Mehl | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5300070 | Gentelia et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5312351 | Gerrone | May 1994 | A |
| 5312361 | Zadini et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5312364 | Jacobs | May 1994 | A |
| 5312408 | Brown | May 1994 | A |
| 5313733 | Meade | May 1994 | A |
| 5315737 | Ouimet | May 1994 | A |
| 5318543 | Ross et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5318589 | Lichtman | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5320110 | Wang | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5324300 | Elias et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5330480 | Meloul et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5331972 | Wadhwani et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5332398 | Miller et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5333790 | Christopher | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5334169 | Brown et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5334204 | Clewett et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5339831 | Thompson | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5341316 | Nishigaki | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5341816 | Allen | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5341823 | Manosalva et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5344420 | Hilal et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5348022 | Leigh et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5354287 | Wacks | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5356006 | Alpern et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5357974 | Baldridge | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5357979 | Imran | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5361853 | Takamura et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5366445 | Haber et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5368046 | Scarfone et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5372583 | Roberts et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5383859 | Sewell, Jr. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5385151 | Scarfone et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5385553 | Hart et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5389553 | Grubisich et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5400798 | Baran | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5405348 | Anspach et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5405362 | Kramer et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5407243 | Riemann | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5421821 | Janicki et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5423796 | Shikhman et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5423824 | Akerfeldt et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5431151 | Riek et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5431655 | Melker et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5432459 | Thompson et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5436566 | Thompson et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5437119 | Womack | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5449370 | Vaitekunas | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5451210 | Kramer et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5454791 | Tovey et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5462062 | Rubinstein et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5476102 | Como et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5480388 | Zadini et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5484442 | Melker et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5497787 | Nemesdy et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5499997 | Sharpe et al. | Mar 1996 | A |
| 5505737 | Gosselin et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| D369858 | Baker et al. | May 1996 | S |
| 5514097 | Knauer | May 1996 | A |
| 5526820 | Khoury | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5526821 | Jamshidi | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5526822 | Burbank et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5527290 | Zadini et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5529580 | Kusunoki et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5533843 | Chung | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5549565 | Ryan et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5554154 | Rosenberg | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5556399 | Huebner | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5558737 | Brown et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5571133 | Yoon | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5586847 | Mattern et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5591119 | Adair | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5591188 | Waisman | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5595186 | Rubinstein et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5599347 | Hart et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5599348 | Gentelia et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5601559 | Melker et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5624214 | Carroll | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5632747 | Scarborough et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5649547 | Ritchart et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5651419 | Holzer et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5672155 | Riley et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5685820 | Riek et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5687802 | Spooner et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5693031 | Ryan et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5709275 | Neumaier | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5712543 | Sjostrom | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5713149 | Cady et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5713368 | Leigh | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5724873 | Hillinger | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5733262 | Paul | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5738177 | Schell et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5752923 | Terwilliger | May 1998 | A |
| 5762498 | Gonzalez | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5762639 | Gibbs | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5766221 | Benderev et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5769086 | Ritchart et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5779708 | Wu | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5800389 | Burney et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5801454 | Leininger | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5807275 | Jamshidi | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5807277 | Swaim | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5809653 | Everts et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5810826 | Angstrom et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5817052 | Johnson et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5823970 | Terwilliger | Oct 1998 | A |
| D403405 | Terwilliger | Dec 1998 | S |
| D404458 | Pruitt | Jan 1999 | S |
| 5858005 | Kriesel | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5865711 | Chen | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5868711 | Kramer et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5868750 | Schultz | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5873499 | Leschinsky et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5873510 | Hirai et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5873580 | Swenson et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5885226 | Rubinstein et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5891085 | Lilley et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5893851 | Umber et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5906797 | Orihara et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5910121 | Avaltroni et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5911701 | Miller et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5911708 | Teirstein | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5916229 | Evans | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5919172 | Golba, Jr. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5921562 | Robison | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5921987 | Stone | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5924864 | Loge et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5926989 | Oliver, Sr. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5927976 | Wu | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5928164 | Burbank et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5928238 | Scarborough et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5928241 | Menut et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5938636 | Kramer et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5941706 | Ura | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5941841 | Mutch et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5941851 | Coffey et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5945896 | Miyamoto | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5947989 | Shikhman et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5951026 | Harman et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5954671 | O'Neill | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5954701 | Matalon | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5960575 | Chiovitt et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5960797 | Kramer et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5980469 | Burbank et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5980545 | Pacala et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5984020 | Meyer et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5984919 | Hilal et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5989257 | Tidwell et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5993417 | Yerfino et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5993454 | Longo | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6007481 | Riek et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6007496 | Brannon | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6015391 | Rishton et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6017348 | Hart et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6018094 | Fox | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6018230 | Casey | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6022324 | Skinner | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6025683 | Philipp | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6027458 | Janssens | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6033369 | Goldenberg | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6033408 | Gage | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6033411 | Preissman | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6042585 | Norman | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6049725 | Emmert et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6050754 | Thomas | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6059806 | Hoegerle | May 2000 | A |
| 6063037 | Mittermeier et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6066938 | Hyodo et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6071284 | Fox | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6080115 | Rubinstein | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6083176 | Terwilliger | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6086543 | Anderson et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6086544 | Hibner et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6092355 | Ishmael | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6096042 | Herbert | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6098042 | Huynh | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6102887 | Altman | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6102915 | Bresler et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6106484 | Terwilliger | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6110128 | Andelin et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6110129 | Terwilliger | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6110174 | Nichter | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6120462 | Hibner et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6126670 | Walker et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6129106 | Kornelson et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6135769 | Kwan | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6152918 | Padilla et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6154995 | Lenoir et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6159163 | Strauss et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6162203 | Haaga | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6171276 | Lippe et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6183442 | Athanasiou et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6187768 | Welle et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6210376 | Grayson | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6217561 | Gibbs | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6221029 | Mathis et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6228049 | Schroeder et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6228088 | Miller et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6231996 | Umeno et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6238355 | Daum | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6241734 | Scribner et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6242009 | Batarseh et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6247110 | Huppenthal et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6247928 | Meller et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6248110 | Reiley et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6257351 | Ark et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6261272 | Gross et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6267763 | Castro | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6270087 | Mickel et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6272007 | Kitlas et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6273715 | Meller et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6273862 | Privitera et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6283925 | Terwilliger | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6283970 | Lubinus | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6287114 | Meller et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6302409 | Gutsche | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6302852 | Fleming et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6308540 | Lee | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6309258 | Measley | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6309358 | Okubo | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6312394 | Fleming, III | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6315737 | Skinner | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6321855 | Barnes | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6325806 | Fox | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6328701 | Terwilliger | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6328744 | Harari et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6349496 | Neely | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6358252 | Shapira | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6382212 | Borchard | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6402701 | Kaplan et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6416484 | Miller et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6419490 | Kitchings Weathers, Jr. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6425388 | Korinchock | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6425888 | Embleton et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6428487 | Burdorff et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6443910 | Krueger et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6446734 | Williams et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6450973 | Murphy | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6451023 | Salazar et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6458117 | Pollins, Sr. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6468248 | Gibbs | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6478751 | Krueger et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6488636 | Bryan et al. | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6494590 | Paganini et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6520971 | Perry et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6523698 | Dennehey et al. | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6527736 | Attinger et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6527778 | Athanasiou et al. | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6537242 | Palmer | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6540694 | Van et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6540697 | Chen | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6547451 | Nishikawa et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6547511 | Adams | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6547561 | Meller et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6547755 | Lippe et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6549511 | Prikryl | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6550786 | Gifford et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6554779 | Viola et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6555212 | Boiocchi et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6572563 | Ouchi | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6575745 | Meller et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6575919 | Reiley et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6582399 | Smith et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6585622 | Shum et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6595362 | Penney et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6595911 | Lovuolo | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6595979 | Epstein et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6613054 | Scribner et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6616632 | Sharp et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6620111 | Stephens et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6622731 | Daniel et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6626173 | Genova et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6626848 | Neuenfeldt | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6626887 | Wu | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6638235 | Miller et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
| 6641395 | Kumar et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6656133 | Voegele et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6689072 | Kaplan et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6690308 | Hayami | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6702760 | Krause et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6702761 | Damadian et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6706016 | Cory et al. | Mar 2004 | B2 |
| 6716192 | Orosz, Jr. | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6716215 | David et al. | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6716216 | Boucher et al. | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6726649 | Swenson et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6730043 | Krueger et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6730044 | Stephens et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6749576 | Bauer | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6752768 | Burdorff et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6752816 | Culp et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6758824 | Miller et al. | Jul 2004 | B1 |
| 6761726 | Findlay et al. | Jul 2004 | B1 |
| 6770070 | Balbierz | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6783532 | Steiner et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6796957 | Carpenter et al. | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6839789 | Kraemer et al. | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6846314 | Shapira | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6849051 | Sramek et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6855148 | Foley et al. | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6860860 | Viola | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6871759 | Rake et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6872187 | Stark et al. | Mar 2005 | B1 |
| 6875163 | Cercone et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6875183 | Cervi | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6875219 | Arramon et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6884245 | Spranza, III | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6887209 | Kadziauskas et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6890308 | Islam | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6896141 | McMichael et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6902559 | Taufig | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6905466 | Salgo et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6905486 | Gibbs | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6916292 | Morawski et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6930461 | Rutkowski | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6942669 | Kurc | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6947669 | Wu et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6969373 | Schwartz et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 7001342 | Faciszewski | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7008381 | Janssens | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7008383 | Damadian et al. | Mar 2006 | B1 |
| 7008394 | Geise et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7014614 | Casula | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7018343 | Plishka | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7025732 | Thompson et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7033324 | Giusti et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7063672 | Schramm | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7063703 | Reo | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7081123 | Merboth et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7108696 | Daniel et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7134815 | Steer | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7137985 | Jahng | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7169127 | Epstein et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7182752 | Stubbs et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7186257 | Kim | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7207949 | Miles et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7212011 | Shimizu et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7226450 | Athanasiou et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7229401 | Kindlein | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7278972 | Lamoureux et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7285112 | Stubbs et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7331462 | Steppe | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7331930 | Faciszewski | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7338473 | Campbell et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7413559 | Stubbs et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
| 7513722 | Greenberg et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7565935 | Phillips | Jul 2009 | B1 |
| 7615043 | Zhou | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7670328 | Miller | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7699850 | Miller | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7736322 | Roe et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7798331 | Hardin et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7811260 | Miller et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7815642 | Miller | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7850620 | Miller et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7854724 | Stearns et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7899528 | Miller et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7934333 | Tuz | May 2011 | B1 |
| 7951089 | Miller | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7988643 | Hoffmann et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8038664 | Miller et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8088189 | Matula et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8092457 | Oettinger et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8142365 | Miller | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8216189 | Stubbs et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8217561 | Fukuzawa et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8277411 | Gellman | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8282565 | Mahapatra et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8308693 | Miller et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8317815 | Mastri et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8419683 | Miller et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8480632 | Miller et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8506568 | Miller | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8641715 | Miller | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8656929 | Miller et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8668698 | Miller et al. | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8684978 | Miller et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8690791 | Miller | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8715219 | Stearns et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8715287 | Miller | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8720097 | Derman | May 2014 | B2 |
| 8812101 | Miller et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8814807 | Hulvershorn et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8870872 | Miller | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8876826 | Miller | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8920388 | Slocum et al. | Dec 2014 | B2 |
| 8926525 | Hulvershorn et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8944069 | Miller et al. | Feb 2015 | B2 |
| 8961451 | Stearns et al. | Feb 2015 | B2 |
| 8974410 | Miller et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 8974569 | Matula et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 8992535 | Miller | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 8998348 | Frank | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 8998848 | Miller et al. | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9067030 | Stearns et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| 9072543 | Miller et al. | Jul 2015 | B2 |
| 9078637 | Miller | Jul 2015 | B2 |
| 9095372 | Stearns et al. | Aug 2015 | B2 |
| 9110104 | Chung et al. | Aug 2015 | B2 |
| 9186172 | Velez Rivera | Nov 2015 | B2 |
| 9199047 | Stearns et al. | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 9295487 | Miller et al. | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9314270 | Miller | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9439667 | Miller | Sep 2016 | B2 |
| 9451968 | Miller et al. | Sep 2016 | B2 |
| 9504477 | Miller et al. | Nov 2016 | B2 |
| 9545243 | Miller et al. | Jan 2017 | B2 |
| 9662160 | Beale et al. | May 2017 | B2 |
| 9717564 | Miller et al. | Aug 2017 | B2 |
| 9717847 | Miller et al. | Aug 2017 | B2 |
| 9826984 | McGinley et al. | Nov 2017 | B2 |
| 9872703 | Miller et al. | Jan 2018 | B2 |
| 10016217 | Miller | Jul 2018 | B2 |
| 10052111 | Miller et al. | Aug 2018 | B2 |
| 10081414 | Le Devehat et al. | Sep 2018 | B2 |
| 10149686 | Anderson | Dec 2018 | B2 |
| 10245010 | Miller et al. | Apr 2019 | B2 |
| 10258783 | Miller et al. | Apr 2019 | B2 |
| 10456149 | Miller | Oct 2019 | B2 |
| 10512474 | Miller et al. | Dec 2019 | B2 |
| 10722247 | Browne et al. | Jul 2020 | B2 |
| 10806491 | Miller et al. | Oct 2020 | B2 |
| 10893875 | Miller | Jan 2021 | B2 |
| 11103281 | Miller | Aug 2021 | B2 |
| 11103282 | Miller et al. | Aug 2021 | B1 |
| 20010005778 | Ouchi | Jun 2001 | A1 |
| 20010014439 | Meller et al. | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20010026051 | Gifford et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010034527 | Scribner et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010047183 | Privitera et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010053888 | Athanasiou et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20020018102 | Nozawa | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020029007 | Bryan et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020042581 | Cervi | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020050364 | Suzuki et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020055713 | Gibbs | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020091039 | Reinbold et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020096343 | Potter et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020120212 | Ritchart et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020133148 | Daniel et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020138021 | Pflueger | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020143269 | Neuenfeldt | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020151821 | Castellacci | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020151902 | Riedel et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020158102 | Patton et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20030009132 | Schwartz et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030023256 | Estes et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030028146 | Aves | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030032939 | Gibbs | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030036747 | Ie et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030050574 | Krueger | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030078586 | Shapira | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030078589 | Preissman | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030114858 | Athanasiou et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030125639 | Fisher et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030144104 | Ryberg | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030149436 | McDowell et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030153842 | Lamoureux et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030173178 | Sasaki | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030191414 | Reiley et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030195436 | Van et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030195524 | Barner | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030199787 | Schwindt | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030199879 | Spranza | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030205987 | Barlev et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212343 | Plishka | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030216667 | Viola | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030225344 | Miller | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030225364 | Kraft et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030225411 | Miller | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20030233114 | Merboth et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040010236 | Morawski et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040019297 | Angel | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040019299 | Ritchart et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040031721 | Mann | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040032179 | Du | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040034280 | Privitera et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040049128 | Miller et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040049205 | Lee et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040064136 | Papineau et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040073139 | Hirsch et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040092946 | Bagga et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040127814 | Negroni | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040153003 | Cicenas et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040158172 | Hancock | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040158173 | Voegele et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040162505 | Kaplan et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040167428 | Quick et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040191897 | Muschler | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040210161 | Burdorff et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040210196 | Bush et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040210198 | Shih | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040215102 | Ikehara et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040220497 | Findlay et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040249306 | Islam | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040249389 | Kim | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040259254 | Honmou et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050027210 | Miller | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050033275 | Hoegerle et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050033304 | O'Heeron | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050040060 | Andersen et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050043714 | Zhou | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050075581 | Schwindt | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050085838 | Thompson et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050101880 | Cicenas et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050113716 | Mueller et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050116673 | Carl et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050119660 | Bourlion et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050124915 | Eggers et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050131345 | Miller | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050148940 | Miller | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050159677 | Shabaz et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050165328 | Heske et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050165403 | Miller | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050165404 | Miller | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050171504 | Miller | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050182394 | Spero et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050200087 | Vasudeva et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050203439 | Heske et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050209530 | Pflueger | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050215921 | Hibner et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050228309 | Fisher et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050236940 | Rockoff | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050261693 | Miller et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20060011506 | Riley | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060015066 | Turieo et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060036212 | Miller | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060043685 | Kozak | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060052790 | Miller | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060074345 | Hibner | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060074425 | Sutterlin et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060079774 | Anderson | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060089565 | Schramm | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060111724 | Yeung Wai Ping | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060115066 | Levien et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060122535 | Daum | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060129082 | Rozga | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060144548 | Beckman et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060149163 | Hibner et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060151188 | Bodine et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060167377 | Ritchart et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060167378 | Miller | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060167379 | Miller | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060173480 | Zhang | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060184063 | Miller | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060189940 | Kirsch | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060192350 | Kleine et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060206132 | Conquergood et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060237205 | Sia et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20070016100 | Miller | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070024013 | Hauptmann et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070049945 | Miller | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070084742 | Miller et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070120331 | Manschitz et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070149920 | Michels et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070209957 | Glenn et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070213735 | Saadat et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070256914 | Lohr et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070270712 | Wiksell et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070270775 | Miller et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20080015467 | Miller | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080015468 | Miller | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080015623 | Deck | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080045857 | Miller et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080045860 | Miller et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080045861 | Miller et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080045965 | Miller et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080072719 | Kozak | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080086160 | Mastri et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080087448 | Happ | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080140014 | Miller et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080177200 | Ikehara et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080215056 | Miller et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080221580 | Miller et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080243163 | Masseglia et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080262383 | Routhier et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080302551 | Komuro et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090069716 | Freeman et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090093677 | Smith | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090131832 | Sacristan et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090194446 | Miller et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090248029 | Paulos | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090311061 | Santamarina et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100137740 | Miller | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100204611 | Zambelli | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100298784 | Miller | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20110046477 | Hulvershorn et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110046507 | Herndon | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110071572 | Sixto et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110082387 | Miller et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110098604 | Miller | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110125084 | Stearns et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110184425 | Cheraux | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110186456 | Bertazzoni et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110203821 | Puzio et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110251518 | Swisher et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110288405 | Razavi et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110306841 | Lozman et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120109061 | Miller et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120150101 | Stearns et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120165832 | Oostman et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120283582 | Mahapatra et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120323071 | Gellman | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20120330184 | Mahapatra et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130213843 | Knight et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20140005657 | Brannan et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140188038 | Stearns et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140231302 | Goyal | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140262408 | Woodard | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140311302 | Taguchi et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140336567 | Stearns et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140343454 | Miller et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140358070 | Stearns et al. | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20150025363 | Hulvershorn et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150057530 | Roggeveen et al. | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150112261 | Bassett et al. | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150127006 | Miller | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150129456 | Miller et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150173818 | Baroud et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150202390 | Stearns et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150202391 | Stearns et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150223786 | Morgan et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150230823 | Morgan et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150342635 | Tsamir et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150366569 | Miller | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20160081732 | Baroud | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20170036328 | Chen | Feb 2017 | A1 |
| 20170266790 | Chuang | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20180056095 | Messerly et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180353191 | Miller et al. | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20200054350 | Miller | Feb 2020 | A1 |
| 20200214722 | Miller | Jul 2020 | A1 |
| 20210045753 | Miller et al. | Feb 2021 | A1 |
| 20210052286 | Miller et al. | Feb 2021 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2138842 | Jun 1996 | CA |
| 2366676 | Sep 2000 | CA |
| 2454600 | Feb 2003 | CA |
| 2294028 | Oct 1998 | CN |
| 2320209 | May 1999 | CN |
| 2664675 | Dec 2004 | CN |
| 10057831 | May 2002 | DE |
| 10057931 | Aug 2002 | DE |
| 0271775 | Jun 1988 | EP |
| 0517000 | Dec 1992 | EP |
| 0807412 | Nov 1997 | EP |
| 0853349 | Jul 1998 | EP |
| 1099450 | May 2001 | EP |
| 1314452 | May 2003 | EP |
| 1421907 | May 2004 | EP |
| 1447050 | Aug 2004 | EP |
| 2068725 | Jun 2009 | EP |
| 2177171 | Apr 2010 | EP |
| 3153116 | Apr 2017 | EP |
| 0853349 | Mar 1940 | FR |
| 2457105 | Dec 1980 | FR |
| 2516386 | May 1983 | FR |
| 2931451 | Nov 2009 | FR |
| 0629824 | Sep 1949 | GB |
| 2099703 | Dec 1982 | GB |
| 2130890 | Jun 1984 | GB |
| 59-119808 | Jul 1984 | JP |
| 61-032633 | Sep 1986 | JP |
| 61-032663 | Sep 1986 | JP |
| 64-052433 | Feb 1989 | JP |
| 1052433 | Feb 1989 | JP |
| 06-132663 | May 1994 | JP |
| 10-052433 | Feb 1998 | JP |
| 2001-505076 | Apr 2001 | JP |
| 6132663 | May 2017 | JP |
| 9208410 | May 1992 | WO |
| 9307819 | Apr 1993 | WO |
| 9325151 | Dec 1993 | WO |
| 9407553 | Apr 1994 | WO |
| 9631164 | Oct 1996 | WO |
| 9806337 | Feb 1998 | WO |
| 9852638 | Nov 1998 | WO |
| 9918866 | Apr 1999 | WO |
| 9952444 | Oct 1999 | WO |
| 0009024 | Feb 2000 | WO |
| 0010465 | Mar 2000 | WO |
| 0056220 | Sep 2000 | WO |
| 0178590 | Oct 2001 | WO |
| 0193931 | Dec 2001 | WO |
| 0241791 | May 2002 | WO |
| 0241792 | May 2002 | WO |
| 0296497 | Dec 2002 | WO |
| 0315637 | Feb 2003 | WO |
| 2003101307 | Dec 2003 | WO |
| 2005072625 | Aug 2005 | WO |
| 2005110259 | Nov 2005 | WO |
| 2005112800 | Dec 2005 | WO |
| 2008033871 | Mar 2008 | WO |
| 2008033874 | Mar 2008 | WO |
| 2008081438 | Jul 2008 | WO |
| 2009070896 | Jun 2009 | WO |
| 2011070593 | Jun 2011 | WO |
| 2011123703 | Oct 2011 | WO |
| 2012175946 | Dec 2012 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 11/042,912, dated Sep. 24, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 11/253,467, dated Jun. 24, 2014. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 11/380,340 dated Aug. 22, 2014. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 11/619,390 dated Jul. 3, 2014. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 11/619,390 dated Nov. 6, 2014. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 11/620,927 dated Jun. 3, 2014. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 11/853,678 dated Jul. 11, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 11/853,678, dated Nov. 8, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 11/853,678, dated Oct. 11, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 11/853,701 dated Jul. 3, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 11/853,701, dated Oct. 11, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 12/331,979 dated Jul. 17, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 12/331,979, dated Dec. 23, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 12/899,696 dated Aug. 27, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 12/899,696 dated Jul. 18, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 14/271,144 dated Jul. 22, 2014. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 12/259,745 dated Nov. 7, 2014. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 12/407,651 dated Jun. 11, 2014. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 12/427,310, dated Nov. 29, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 12/718,638, dated Aug. 3, 2015. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 12/899,696, dated Nov. 12, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance in U.S. Appl. No. 13/966,104, dated Aug. 17, 2015. |
| Notice of Allowance issued in U.S. Appl. No. 11/253,467, dated Mar. 29, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance issued in U.S. Appl. No. 11/253,467, dated Mar. 4, 2014. |
| Notice of Allowance issued in U.S. Appl. No. 11/253,959 dated May 20, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance issued in U.S. Appl. No. 11/253,959, dated Mar. 14, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance issued in U.S. Appl. No. 11/853,678, dated Mar. 27, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance issued in U.S. Appl. No. 11/853,701, dated Mar. 14, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance issued in U.S. Appl. No. 12/427,310, dated Jun. 5, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance issued in U.S. Appl. No. 12/554,664 dated Jul. 20, 2012. |
| Notice of Allowance issued in U.S. Appl. No. 12/554,708 dated Jul. 11, 2012. |
| Notice of Allowance issued in U.S. Appl. No. 12/718,606, dated Mar. 6, 2013. |
| Notice of Allowance issued in U.S. Appl. No. 12/718,606, dated Oct. 11, 2012. |
| Notification of First Chinese Office Action, Application No. 201410112780.9, dated May 27, 2015. |
| Notification of the First Chinese Office Action, Application No. 200580003261.8, 3 pages, dated Mar. 21, 2008. |
| Office Action Action for for Chinese application 200380000182.5 (English translation) dated Jun. 27, 2013. |
| Office Action for Canadian application 2,612,483, dated Dec. 27, 2013. |
| Office Action for Chinese application 201210169546.0 with English translation, dated Apr. 18, 2014. |
| Office Action for European application 03731475.4, dated Oct. 11, 2007. |
| Office Action for European application 05712091.7, dated Sep. 21, 2007. |
| Office Action for European application 07842284.7, dated May 3, 2012. |
| Office Action for European application 07842285.4, dated May 3, 2012. |
| Office Action for European application 07842286.2, dated Apr. 30, 2012. |
| Office Action for European application 07842288.8, dated May 3, 2012. |
| Office Action for European application 08021732.6, dated Oct. 2, 2013. |
| Office Action for European application 09155111.9-2310, dated Nov. 25, 2009. |
| Office Action for for Chinese application 201210169456.0 with English translation, dated Aug. 28, 2013. |
| Office Action for Japanese Application No. 2004-508670 with English Translation, dated Aug. 31, 2010. |
| Office Action for Taiwanese application 093134480 (English Translation), dated Feb. 11, 2011. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/449,503, dated Apr. 1, 2009. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/042,912, dated Mar. 19, 2010. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/042,912, dated Nov. 28, 2008. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/190,331, dated Mar. 23, 2009. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/253,467, dated Apr. 28, 2011. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/253,467, dated Jul. 22, 2010. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/253,467, dated Oct. 29, 2010. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/253,959, dated Aug. 5, 2010. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/253,959, dated Mar. 30, 2011. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/253,959, dated Oct. 18, 2010. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/427,501, dated Aug. 7, 2008. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/427,501, dated Oct. 21, 2009. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/427,501, dated May 13, 2009. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/905,659, dated Mar. 21, 2011. |
| Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 12/905,659, dated May 13, 2011. |
| Office Action in Canadian Patent Application No. 2,612,433, dated Aug. 22, 2014. |
| Office Action in Canadian Patent Application No. 2,612,483, dated Aug. 22, 2014. |
| Office Action in European Application No. 03756317.8 dated Dec. 28, 2006. |
| Office Action in European Application No. 08158699.2 dated Nov. 4, 2008. |
| Office Action issued in Chinese Application No. 200910006631.3, dated Mar. 22, 2011. |
| Office Action issued in Chinese Patent Application No. 201010144512.7, dated Feb. 23, 2011. |
| Office Action issued in Chinese Patent Application No. 201010144520.1, dated Jan. 27, 2011. |
| Office Action issued in European Application No. 09155111.9 dated Nov. 25, 2009. |
| Office Communication for European application 09150973.7-1269, dated Jan. 19, 2011. |
| Office Communication for European Patent Application No. 07842288.8, dated Mar. 12, 2015. |
| Office Communication in European Application No. 08021732.6, dated Jun. 20, 2013. |
| Office Communication in European Application No. 10153350.3, dated Jun. 14, 2011. |
| Office Communication issued in Chinese Patent Application No. 200910138130.0, dated Oct. 10, 2011. |
| Office Communication issued in European Patent Application No. 09150973.7, dated Dec. 22, 2011. |
| Office Communication issued in Taiwanese Patent Application No. 093134480, dated Jan. 15, 2011. |
| PCT Invitation to pay additional fees for international application PCT/US2006/025201, dated Oct. 26, 2006. |
| PCT Invitation to Pay Additional Fees in International Application No. PCT/US2007/072209 dated Dec. 3, 2007. |
| Pediatric Emergency, Intraosseous Infusion for Administration of Fluids and Drugs, www.cookgroup.com, 1 pg (2000). |
| Pediatrics, “2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care of Pediatric and Neonatal Patients: Pediatric Advanced Life Support,” Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Downloaded from www.pediatrics.org on Feb. 21, 2007. |
| Request for Continued Examination and Amendment for U.S. Appl. No. 11/731,568, filed Sep. 17, 2009. |
| Request for Continued Examination and Amendment, U.S. Appl. No. 11/064,156, 22 pages, dated Nov. 19, 2009. |
| Response to Extended European Search Report in European Application No. 10153350.3, filed Jun. 30, 2010. |
| Response to Non-Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 11/042,912, (11 pgs.), dated Oct. 23, 2009. |
| Response to Office Action for European application 07842284.7. Filed Nov. 10, 2012. |
| Response to Office Action for European application 07842285.4. Filed Nov. 13, 2012. |
| Response to Office Action for European application 07842286.2. Filed Nov. 8, 2012. |
| Response to Office Action for European application 07842288.8. Filed Nov. 9, 2012. |
| Response to Office Action for European application 10153350.3. Filed Mar. 17, 2011. |
| Response to Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/449,476, filed Aug. 12, 2009. |
| Response to Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 10/449,503, filed Jul. 1, 2009. |
| Response to Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/427,501, filed Jul. 1, 2009. |
| Response to Office Communication in European Application No. 10153350.3, filed Feb. 9, 2012. |
| Response to Official Letter for European application 07842284.7. Filed Oct. 14, 2011. |
| Response to Official Letter for European application 07842285.4. Filed Oct. 14, 2011. |
| Response to Official Letter for European application 07842286.2. Filed Oct. 14, 2011. |
| Response to Official Letter for European application 07842288.8. Filed Oct. 14, 2011. |
| Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 11/781,597, 14 pages, dated Nov. 17, 2009. |
| Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 11/853,685, 21 pages, dated Jun. 24, 2009. |
| Gunal et al., Compartment Syndrome After Intraosseous Infusion: An Experimental Study in Dogs, Journal od Pediatric Surgery, vol. 31, No. 11, pp. 1491-1493, Nov. 1996. |
| Hakan et al., “CT-guided Bone Biopsy Performed by Means of Coaxial Biopsy System with an Eccentric Drill,” Radiology, pp. 549-552 (Aug. 1993). |
| International PCT Search Report and Written Opinion PCT /US2005/002484, 15 pages, dated Jul. 22, 2005. |
| International PCT Search Report and Written Opinion PCT/US2004/037753, 16 pages, dated Jul. 8, 2005. |
| International PCT Search Report PCT/US03/17167, 8 pages, dated Sep. 16, 2003. |
| International PCT Search Report PCT/US03/17203, 8 pages, dated Sep. 16, 2003. |
| International PCT Search Report PCT/US2004/037753, 6 pages, dated Apr. 19, 2005. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patent ability in International Application No. PCT/US2005/002484 dated Aug. 3, 2006. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability for international application PCT/US2006/025201, dated Feb. 7, 2008. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability for international application PCT/US2007/072202, dated Jan. 15, 2009. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability for international application PCT/US2007/078204, dated Apr. 2, 2009. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability for international application PCT/US2007/078205, dated Mar. 26, 2009. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability for international application PCT/US2007/078207, dated Mar. 26, 2009. |
| International Preliminary Reporton Patentability for international application PCT/US2008/052943, dated Oct. 15, 2009. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability in International Application No. PCT/US/2007/072209, dated May 14, 2009. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability in International Application No. PCT/US/2008/050346, dated Jul. 23, 2009. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability in International Application No. PCT/US2007/072217 dated Feb. 12, 2009. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability in International Application No. PCT/US2007/078203, dated Mar. 26, 2009. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for international application PCT/US2007/078203, dated May 13, 2008. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for international application PCT/US2007/078204, dated May 15, 2008. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for international application PCT/US2007/078205, dated Sep. 11, 2007. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for international application PCT/US2007/078207, dated Apr. 7, 2008. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for international application PCT/US2008/050346 , dated May 22, 2008. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion for International Patent Application No. PCT/US2007/072202, dated Mar. 25, 2008. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US2007/072209 dated Apr. 25, 2008. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion issued in PCT Application No. PCT/US2007/072217 dated Mar. 31, 2008. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion issued in PCT/US2014/028594, dated Jul. 28, 2014. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion, PCT/US08/52943 8 pages, dated Sep. 26, 2008. |
| International Search Report for international application PCT/US2007/072209, dated Apr. 25, 2008. |
| International Search Report for international application PCT/US2007/072209, dated Mar. 12, 2007. |
| Interview Summary dated Jul. 13, 2009 and Response to Interview Summary and Amendment filed Aug. 12, 2009, U.S. Appl. No. 11/190,331, 17 pages. |
| Interview Summary for U.S. Appl. No. 11/190,331, dated Jul. 13, 2009. |
| Japanese Office Action with English Transition; Application No. 2004-508670; PCT/US03/17203; pp. 7, dated Jan. 20, 2011. |
| Japanese Office Action, Application No. 2004-508669, (with English summary), (9 pages), dated Aug. 3, 2009. |
| Japanese Office Action, Application No. 2004-508670, (with English summary), (13 pages), dated Apr. 21, 2009. |
| Liakat A. Parapia, “Trepanning or trephines: a history of bone marrow biopsy,” British Journal of Haematology, pp. 14-19 (2007). |
| Michael Totty, “Technology (A Special Report)—The Wall Street Journal 2008 Technology Innovation Awards—This years winners include: an IV alternative, a better way to make solar panels, a cheap, fuel efficient car and a better way to see in the dark”, The Wall Street Journal, Factiva, 5 pages (2008). |
| Non-Final Office Action dated Apr. 1, 2009 and Response to Office Action filed Jul. 1, 2009, U.S. Appl. No. 10/449,503, 19 pages. |
| Non-Final Office Action dated Mar. 23, 2009 and Response to Office Action filed Jun. 22, 2009, U.S. Appl. No. 11/190,331, 61 pages. |
| Non-Final Office Action dated May 29, 2009 and Response to Office Action filed Aug. 12, 2009, U.S. Appl. No. 10/449,476, 20 pages. |
| Non-Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 10/449,476, 6 pages, dated May 29, 2009. |
| Non-Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 10/449,476, 8 pages, dated Oct. 29, 2008. |
| Non-Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 10/987,051, 9 pages, dated Nov. 10, 2009. |
| Non-Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 11/042,912, 8 pages, dated Jul. 23, 2009. |
| Non-Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 12/259,745,11 pages, dated Jul. 17, 2009. |
| Notice of Allowance dated Jun. 22, 2012 in U.S. Appl. No. 11/042,912. |
| Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 27, 2013 in U.S. Appl. No. 11/042,912. |
| Notice of Allowance dated Oct. 5, 2012 in U.S. Appl. No. 11/042,912. |
| Riley, et al., “A Pathologists Perspective on Bone Marrow Aspiration Biopsy: Performing a Bone Marrow Examination” J Clin Lab Analysis. 18:70-90, 2004. |
| Search Report and Written Opinion in International Application No. PCT/US2006/025201 dated Jan. 29, 2007. |
| Search Report and Written Opinion in International Application No. PCT/US2007/072217 dated Mar. 12, 2007. |
| Search Report in European Application No. 08158699.2 dated Aug. 2008. |
| State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China, Notification of the Second Office Action for Chinese Application No. 200880000182.5, dated Mar. 12, 2012. |
| State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China, Notification of the Third Office Action for Chinese Application No. 200680000182.5, dated Dec. 13, 2012. |
| State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China, Reexamination Decision for Chinese Application No. 200880000182.5, dated Nov. 20, 2013. |
| Taiwan Office Action, Application No. 94102179 (with English translation); 12 pages, dated May 13, 2010. |
| Trotty, “Technology (A Special Report)—The Wall Street Journal 2008 Technology Innovation Awards,” The Wall Street Journal, Factiva. 2008. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 61/603,344, filed Feb. 26, 2012. |
| Vidacare corporation comments to Intraosseous Vascular Access Position Paper, Infusion Nurses Society dated May 4, 2009. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 17/228,468, filed Apr. 12, 2021. |
| “Proven reliability for quality bone marrow samples”, Special Procedures, Cardinal Health, 6 pages, 2003. |
| Astrom, K. Gunnar, “CT-guided Transsternal Core Biopsy of Anterior Mediastinal Masses,” Radiology, vol. 199, 1996, pp. 564-567. |
| Astrom, K.G., “Automatic Biopsy Instruments Used Through a Coaxial Bone Biopsy System with an Eccentric Drill Tip,” Acta Radiological, 1995; 36:237-242. |
| Australian Exam Report on Patent Application No. 2003240970, 2 pages, dated Oct. 15, 2007. |
| Bio.Access.com, Single Use Small Bone Power Tool—How It Works, 1 pg, Jun. 9, 2008. |
| Buckley et al., “CT-guided bone biopsy: initial experience with commercially available hand held Black and Decker drill,” European Journal of Radiology 61:176-180. 2007. |
| Chineese Office Action with English translation; Application No. 200910006631.3; pp. 12, dated Mar. 11, 2010. |
| Chinese Office Action w/english translation; Application No. 200680021872.X; pp. 8, dated Nov. 6, 2009. |
| Chinese Office Action with English translation, Application No. 2005800003261, 9 pgs, dated Jan. 16, 2009. |
| Chinese Office Action with English translation; Application No. 200380000022.0; pp. 10; dated Dec. 13, 2010. |
| Chinese Office Action with English translation; Application No. 200780000585.5; pp. 15, dated Nov. 19, 2010. |
| Chinese Office Action with English translation; Application No. 200780001190. 7; 12 pgs., dated Jun. 2, 2010. |
| Chinese Office Action with English translation; Application No. 200780001196; 12 pgs., dated Jul. 12, 2010. |
| Chinese Office Action with English translation; Application No. 200780001198.3; pp. 13, dated Apr. 27, 2010. |
| Chinese Office Action with English translation; Application No. 200830000022.0; pp. dated May 25, 2012. |
| Chinese Office Action with English translation; Application No. 200880000022.0; Pgs. Dated Sep. 22, 2011. |
| Chinese Office Action with English translation; Application No. 200880000182.5; 12 pages, dated Sep. 10, 2010. |
| Chinese Office Action with English translation; Application No. 200910006631.3; pp. 9, dated Nov. 11, 2010. |
| Chinese Office Action, Application No. 200780000590.6, (with English translation), (13 pages), dated Aug. 21, 2009. |
| Chinese Office Action, Application No. 200780001188.X, (with English translation), (8 pgs) dated Nov. 9, 2010. |
| Chinese Office Action, Notification of the Fourth Office Action, Application No. 200880000022.0, dated Jan. 7, 2013. |
| Chinese Office Action, Notification of the Second Office Action, Application No. 200780000590.6, dated Mar. 1, 2010. |
| Communication Pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC in European Application No. 05712091.7 dated Apr. 8, 2008. |
| Communication relating to the results of the partial International Search Report for Mailed PCT/US2005/002484, 6 pages dated May 19, 2005. |
| Cummings et al.,“ACLS—Principles and Practice” ACLS—The Reference Textbook, American Heart Association, pp. 214-218, 2003. |
| Edited by Frederick A. Matsen III M.D., Compartmental Syndromes, About Compartmental Syndromes, Generic Trauma Content http://www.orthop.washington.edu/uw/ . . . ,pp. 1-45. |
| European Extended Search Report, Application No. EP08021732.6, 7 pages, dated Nov. 13, 2009. |
| European Extended Search Report, Application No. EP10153350.3, 5 pages, dated Mar. 11, 2010. |
| European Office Action and Search Report, Application No. 09150973. 7, 8 pages, dated Oct. 23, 2009. |
| European Office Action dated Apr. 8, 2008 and Response dated May 15, 2008 , EP Application No. 05712091.7. |
| European Office Action dated Dec. 22, 2011 and Response dated Jun. 29, 2012 , EP Application No. 09150973.7. |
| European Office Action dated Feb. 21, 2007 and Response dated Jun. 27, 2007 , EP Application No. 05712091.7. |
| European Office Action dated Jan. 19, 2011 and Response dated Jul. 21, 2011 , EP Application No. 09150973.7. |
| European Office Action dated Sep. 21, 2007 and Response dated Nov. 26, 2007, EP Application No. 05712091.7. |
| European Office Action dated Sep. 8, 2010 and Response dated Mar. 17, 2011, EP Application No. 10153350.3. |
| European Office Action, Application No. 10 153 350.3, 5 pages, dated Sep. 8, 2010. |
| European Patent Office, Communication from Examining Division for European Patent Application No. 08799753.2, dated Apr. 10, 2014. |
| European Patent Office, Communication from Examining Division for European Patent Application No. 08799753.2, dated May 18, 2015. |
| European Patent Office, Communication from Examining Division for European Patent Application No. 08799753.2, dated Sep. 29, 2014. |
| European Patent Office, European Search Report for European Patent Application No. 08799753.2, dated May 23, 2013. |
| European Search Report for European Patent Application No. 07842288.8, dated Mar. 16, 2011. |
| European Search Report issued in European Patent Application No. 17198059.2 dated Jan. 29, 2018. |
| European Telephone Consultation Report dated Apr. 21, 2009 and Response dated Jun. 24, 2009 , EP Application No. 08158699 .2. |
| European Telephone Consultation Report dated Sep. 23, 2009 and Response dated Oct. 28, 2009 , EP Application No. 08158699 .2. |
| Extended European Search Report for European application 07842285.4, dated Mar. 17, 2011. |
| Extended European Search Report for European application 07842286.2, dated Mar. 18, 2011. |
| Extended European Search Report in Application No. EP 10153350.3 dated Mar. 11, 2010. |
| F .A.S.T. 1 Intraosseous Infusion System with Depth-Control Mechanism Brochure, 6 pages, 2000. |
| Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 11/064,156, 12 pages, dated Jun. 19, 2009. |
| Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 11/781,568, 19 pages, dated Jun. 17, 2009. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210386455 A1 | Dec 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60910122 | Apr 2007 | US | |
| 60384756 | May 2002 | US | |
| 60675246 | Apr 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14791654 | Jul 2015 | US |
| Child | 15854406 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17228468 | Apr 2021 | US |
| Child | 17460541 | US | |
| Parent | 17029326 | Sep 2020 | US |
| Child | 17228468 | US | |
| Parent | 15272647 | Sep 2016 | US |
| Child | 16725939 | US | |
| Parent | 12061944 | Apr 2008 | US |
| Child | 15272647 | US | |
| Parent | 11380340 | Apr 2006 | US |
| Child | 14791654 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16725939 | Dec 2019 | US |
| Child | 17029326 | US | |
| Parent | 11253959 | Oct 2005 | US |
| Child | 12061944 | US | |
| Parent | 11253467 | Oct 2005 | US |
| Child | 11253959 | US | |
| Parent | 10449476 | May 2003 | US |
| Child | 11253467 | US | |
| Parent | 15854406 | Dec 2017 | US |
| Child | 17029326 | US | |
| Parent | 10449503 | May 2003 | US |
| Child | 11380340 | US |
