Patent Grant
8461183
This application is the U.S. national phase of International Application No. PCT/FR2009/050980 filed 26 May 2009, which designated the U.S. and claims priority to France Application No. 0853415 filed 26 May 2008, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to compounds of therapeutic interest, intended notably for treating diabetes and/or dyslipidemias. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds.
Diabetes and dyslipidemias (high plasma levels of LDL cholesterol and of triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, etc.) are included among the clearly identified cardiovascular risk factors that predispose an individual to develop a cardiovascular pathology (The Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke, edited by Mackay J and Mensah M, published by World Health Organization, 2004). These risk factors are additional to the risk factors associated with lifestyle such as smoking, physical inactivity and an unbalanced diet. There is a synergistic effect between these various factors: the simultaneous presence of several of them leads to a dramatic worsening of cardiovascular risk and it is then best to talk of global risk for cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of dyslipidemias reached 43.6% of the population in 2004 in the main developed countries. The prevalence of diabetes, currently showing a marked increase, will become increasingly significant in the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases. It is estimated at 7.6% of the population for 2010 (Fox-Tucker J, The Cardiovascular Market Outlook to 2010, Business Insights Reports, 2005).
According to the International Atherosclerosis Society, cardiovascular diseases represent the primary cause of mortality in the industrialized countries and are becoming more and more common in the developing countries. These diseases are notably coronary diseases, cerebral ischemia and peripheral arterial diseases. These data justify the adoption of energetic measures for significantly reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Equally, the need to find effective treatments, capable of acting on the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and on their consequences, is now of global urgency, also in view of recent disappointing results with candidate drugs (Krause B, 2008).
Among the various nuclear receptors that can be therapeutic targets (Hansen M K and Connolly T M, 2008), the involvement of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in pathologies of this type is now very well established (Blaschke F et al., 2006; Gilde A J et al., 2006; Gervois P et al., 2007). The PPAR family comprises three isoforms, designated α, γ and δ (also called β), each encoded by a different gene. These receptors, which form part of the superfamily of nuclear receptors and of transcription factors, have a major role in regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
PPARα controls lipid metabolism (hepatic and muscular) and glucose homeostasis, and influences intracellular metabolism of lipids and sugars by direct control of transcription of the genes coding for proteins involved in lipid homeostasis. PPARα also exerts anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects and prevents the proatherogenic effects of accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages by stimulating the outflow of cholesterol (Lefebvre P et al., 2006). PPARγ is a key regulator of adipogenesis. It is also involved in the lipid metabolism of mature adipocytes, in glucose homeostasis, in insulin resistance, in inflammation, in accumulation of cholesterol at the macrophage level and in cellular proliferation (Lehrke M and Lazar M A, 2005). PPARγ consequently plays a role in the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. PPARδ is involved in controlling lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, in the energy balance, in neurodegeneration, in obesity, in the formation of foam cells and in inflammation (Gross B et al., 2005).
These multiple properties make PPARs therapeutic targets of interest for the treatment of diabetes and dyslipidemias, and for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Ligands of PPARs are already known, some are marketed and prescribed in the treatment of some of the pathologies mentioned above, and their toxicology has been investigated (Peraza M et al., 2006). We may mention activators of PPARα, such as fibrates (fenofibrate, bezafibrate, ciprofibrate, gemfibrozil), which are used in clinical practice for treating certain dyslipidemias by increasing plasma levels of HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) and by lowering triglycerides (Hourton D et al. 2001). Moreover, thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), ligands of PPARγ, are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Ligands of PPARδ are also known (such as L-165041, GW501516 and KD3010). Among the documents of the prior art mentioning similar compounds, patent applications WO 03/084916, WO 08/152333, WO 05/041959, WO 08/066356, EP 1266888, and US 2005096336 describe PPAR receptor agonists.
The invention proposes novel compounds that are agonists of PPARs (PPARα and/or PPARγ and/or PPARδ), and in particular are suitable for the therapeutic and/or prophylactic treatment of diabetes, dyslipidemias, insulin resistance, pathologies associated with metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, obesity, hypertension and/or inflammatory diseases. These PPAR agonist compounds can also be particularly effective for reducing cardiovascular risk, and for preventing cardiovascular diseases, notably those associated with disorders of lipid and/or carbohydrate metabolism.
These and other aims are achieved by compounds of the following general formula (I):
in which,
Within the scope of the present invention, the following definitions are applicable:
The alkyl radical R of the triazole can be an alkyl radical as defined previously.
In general, the invention relates to compounds corresponding to general formula (I) as defined previously, in which, preferably:
The invention relates more preferably to compounds of general formula (I) as previously defined and in which at least one of the following conditions is satisfied:
A first particular aspect of the invention relates to compounds of general formula (I) in which Y1 denotes an oxygen or sulfur atom and simultaneously Y2 denotes an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a group —CR5R6 in which R5 and R6, which may be identical or different, are selected from a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl or alkynyl radical with 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and a ring with 3 to 6 atoms, the ring preferably being phenyl.
A second particular aspect of the invention relates to compounds of general formula (I) in which Y1 denotes an amino group —NH. According to this second particular aspect of the invention, Y2 preferably represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a radical —CR5R6—, in which R5 and R6, which may be identical or different, are selected from a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkenyl or alkynyl radical with 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and a ring with 3 to 6 atoms, the ring preferably being phenyl.
According to this first or second particular aspect of the invention, X1 preferably denotes an unsubstituted phenyl radical or a phenyl radical substituted with a —CF3 group, said group —CF3 being preferably in para of the pyridinyl radical, and/or G denotes a group —OCH3 or —OC(CH3)3. More specifically, X1 advantageously denotes a phenyl radical substituted with a —CF3 group in para of the pyridinyl radical, G denotes a group —OCH3, and X2 denotes a hydrogen atom. According to one embodiment of this first particular aspect of the invention, X1 advantageously denotes an unsubstituted phenyl radical, G denotes a group —OC(CH3)3, and X2 denotes a hydrogen atom. Whether they are compounds belonging to said first particular aspect of the invention or to said second particular aspect of the invention, advantageously R1, R2, R3 and R4 denote simultaneously hydrogen atoms.
A third particular aspect of the invention relates to compounds of general formula (I) which
The present invention relates to compounds that are activators of PPARs. These compounds meet the pharmacological criteria stated in the literature for compounds of this kind, by measuring various parameters such as the properties of activating human PPARs in vitro and in cellular models, and antidiabetic or hypolipemic character in vivo in murine models. These results show that the compounds of general formula (I) having specific groups have properties that are superior and unexpected relative to documents of the prior art mentioning similar compounds, such as WO 03/084916, WO 08/152333, WO 05/041959, WO 08/066356, EP 1266888, and US 2005096336. For example, properties of activating PPARδ were confirmed in vivo and in vitro for Cpd 24 and Cpd 7 (see Table 8-1, Example 11, and
Preferably, the compounds according to the invention are selected from:
Even if the compounds according to the invention can be generated and purified according to methods and with compounds already known by a person skilled in the art and such as those described in the literature, the invention relates to methods of preparation of the compounds of general formula (I).
According to a first variant of the method of preparation (
According to a second variant of the method of preparation (
The details of the general methods of synthesis and purification of the raw reaction products obtained are defined in Example 1. More particularly, Examples 1 to 7 show how different series of compounds according to the invention, and the corresponding reaction intermediates, can be synthesized and purified from compounds that are already known. A general scheme of synthesis of the compounds of general formula (I) is presented in
The functional groups optionally present in the reaction intermediates used in the methods can be protected, either permanently, or temporarily, by protective groups, which ensure unequivocal synthesis of the desired compounds. The reactions of protection and deprotection are carried out according to techniques well known by a person skilled in the art or such as those described in the literature, as in the book “Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” (4th edition, 2007; edited by Wuts P G and Greene T W; published by John Wiley and Sons).
The compounds according to the invention can contain one or more asymmetric centers. The present invention includes stereoisomers (diastereoisomers, enantiomers), pure or mixed, as well as racemic mixtures and geometric isomers, or tautomers. When an enantiomerically pure (or enriched) mixture is desired, it can be obtained either by purification of the final product or of chiral intermediates, or by asymmetric synthesis according to methods known by a person skilled in the art (using for example chiral reactants and catalysts). Certain compounds according to the invention can have various stable tautomeric forms and all these forms and mixtures thereof are included in the invention. The techniques for obtaining and characterizing the stereoisomers, pure or mixed, as well as racemic mixtures and geometric isomers, or tautomers are described in the literature, such as in the book “Chirality in Drug Design and Development” (2004; edited by Reddy I K and Mihvar R; Published by CRC Press).
The compounds of general formula (I) can exist in the form of bases or of salts of addition to acids. These salts can be prepared, selected and used according to techniques well known by a person skilled in the art or as described in the literature such as in the book “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use” (2002; edited by Stahl P H and Wermuth G H; published by VHCA Switzerland and Wiley-VCH Germany). Notably, the present invention relates to the “pharmaceutically acceptable” salts of the compounds according to the invention. Generally, this term denotes salts of low toxicity or nontoxic obtained from bases or from acids, organic or inorganic.
These salts can be obtained during the stage of final purification of the compound according to the invention or by incorporation of the salt on the compound already purified. These salts can be prepared with pharmaceutically acceptable acids but the salts of other acids useful for purifying or isolating the compounds of general formula (I) also form part of the invention. In particular, when the compounds according to the invention are in the form of a salt, it is a salt of an alkali metal, in particular a salt of sodium or of potassium, or a salt of an alkaline-earth metal, in particular magnesium or calcium, or a salt with an organic amine, more particularly with an amino acid such as arginine or lysine.
More particularly, group W as described previously can have an acid character. The corresponding salts are selected from metal salts (for example, aluminum, zinc, chromium), alkaline salts (for example, lithium, sodium, potassium) or alkaline-earth (for example, calcium, magnesium). They can for example be organic salts such as nontoxic ammonium derivatives and amines: ammonium, quaternary ammonium (for example, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium), alkylamines (for example, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylamine, etc.), hydroxyalkylamines (for example, 2-hydroxyethylamine, bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, etc.), cycloalkylamines (for example, bicyclohexylamine, glucamine, etc.), pyridines and analogs (such as collidine, quinine, quinoline, etc.) of salts of amino acids with basic character (for example, lysine, arginine, etc.).
The pyridine nucleus, the groups G and/or Y1 as described previously can have a basic character. The corresponding salts are selected advantageously from mineral acids (hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, boric, nitric, phosphoric, etc.) or organic acids (for example, carboxylic or sulfonic acids such as formic, acetic, methylsulfonic, propionic, toluenesulfonic, valeric, oleic, palmitic, stearic, lactic, lauric, oxalic, citric, maleic, succinic, glycolic, tartaric acid, etc.) or salts obtained from amino acids with acid character such as glutamic acid.
Certain compounds according to the invention can be isolated in the form of zwitterions and each of these forms is included in the invention, as well as mixtures thereof. Certain compounds according to the invention and their salts can be stable in several solid forms. The present invention includes all solid forms of the compounds according to the invention, which includes the amorphous, polymorphic, mono- and poly-crystalline forms.
The compounds of general formula (I) can exist in the free form or in the solvated form, i.e. in the form of associations or combinations with one or more molecules of a solvent, for example with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water (hydrates) or ethanol. The present invention also includes the prodrugs of the compounds according to the invention which, after administration to a subject, are converted to the compounds as described in the invention or to their metabolites having therapeutic activities comparable to the compounds according to the invention.
The compounds according to the invention labeled with one or more isotopes are also included in the invention: these compounds are structurally identical but differ in that at least one atom of the structure is replaced by an isotope (radioactive or not). Examples of isotopes that can be included in the structure of the compounds according to the invention can be selected from hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur such as 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C, 15N, 18O, 17O, 35S respectively. The radioactive isotopes 3H and 14C are particularly preferred as they are easy to prepare and detect in studies of the bioavailability in vivo of the substances. The heavy isotopes (such as 2H) are particularly preferred as they are used as internal standards in analytical studies.
The present invention also relates to the compounds as described previously, as medicinal products. Notably the present invention relates to the use of a compound according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicinal product intended for the therapeutic and/or prophylactic treatment of diabetes, dyslipidemias, insulin resistance, pathologies associated with metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases (notably those associated with disorders of lipid and/or carbohydrate metabolism), obesity, hypertension and/or inflammatory diseases.
The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, at least one compound as described above, optionally in combination with one or more other therapeutic and/or cosmetic active principles. Advantageously it is a pharmaceutical composition for the therapeutic and/or prophylactic treatment of diabetes, dyslipidemias, insulin resistance, pathologies associated with metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, inflammatory diseases, etc. The inflammatory pathologies denote asthma in particular. Preferably it is a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or treating cardiovascular risk factors associated with disorders of lipid and/or carbohydrate metabolism (hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, obesity etc.) reducing the global risk, with PPAR activating compounds as described in the literature (Glide A J et al., 2006; Blaschke F et al., 2006).
Another object of the invention relates to a nutritional composition comprising at least one compound as described above.
Within the scope of the present invention and generally, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means substances such as excipients, vehicles, adjuvants, buffers that are used conventionally, in combination with the active principle(s), for preparing a medicinal product. The choice of said carriers depends essentially on the route of administration envisaged.
Another object of the invention is the use of at least one compound as described previously for preparing pharmaceutical compositions intended for the therapeutic and/or prophylactic treatment of various pathologies, notably associated with disorders of metabolism, among which we may mention diabetes (in particular, type 2 diabetes), dyslipidemias, insulin resistance, pathologies associated with metabolic syndrome X, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, inflammatory diseases.
As an example, the compounds according to the invention, like the insulin-secreting compounds and PPAR activating compounds currently marketed for the treatment of metabolic diseases, can advantageously be administered in combination with one or more other therapeutic and/or cosmetic agents, marketed or under development, such as:
The invention also relates to a method of therapeutic and/or prophylactic treatment of diabetes, dyslipidemias, insulin resistance, pathologies associated with metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases (notably those associated with disorders of lipid and/or carbohydrate metabolism), obesity, hypertension and/or inflammatory diseases, comprising the administration to a subject, notably human, of an effective amount of a compound or of a pharmaceutical composition as defined previously. In the sense of the invention the term “an effective amount” refers to an amount of the compound sufficient to produce the desired biological result, preferably nontoxic. In the sense of the invention the term “subject” means a mammal and more particularly a human.
The term “treatment” denotes therapeutic, symptomatic, and/or prophylactic treatment. The compounds of the invention can thus be used in subjects (in particular human) affected by a declared disease. The compounds of the invention can also be used for delaying or slowing the progression or preventing further progression of the disease, thus improving the condition of the subjects. The compounds of the invention can finally be administered to persons who are not ill, but who might normally develop the disease or who have a high risk of developing the disease.
According to another aspect of the invention, the compound of general formula (I), or one of its salts of addition to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or one of its solvates or hydrates and another therapeutic agent can be administered simultaneously (in one and the same pharmaceutical form), separately (with administration, at the same time, of both compounds but each comprised in a separate pharmaceutical form) or spread over time (with the administration, at different times, of the two compounds, generally during a time interval not exceeding 24 hours).
The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention advantageously comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or vehicles. We may mention for example saline, physiological, isotonic, buffered, etc. solutions, compatible with pharmaceutical use and known by a person skilled in the art. The compositions can contain one or more agents or vehicles selected from dispersants, solubilizers, stabilizers, preservatives, emulsifiers, antioxidants, emollients, hydrating agents, wetting agents, for improving the flavor, for regulating the hydration or pH, etc. Agents or vehicles usable in formulations (liquid and/or injectable and/or solid) are notably methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, polysorbate 80, mannitol, gelatin, lactose, certain vegetable or animal oils, acacia, dextrose, sucrose, gelatin, agar, stearic acid, liposomes, etc. The compositions can be formulated in the form of injectable suspensions, gels, oils, tablets, suppositories, powders, hard capsules, soft capsules, aerosols, etc., optionally by means of galenic forms or devices providing prolonged and/or delayed release. For this type of formulation, an agent, such as cellulose, carbonates or starches, is advantageously used. As an example, a unit dosage form of a compound according to the invention in the form of a tablet can comprise the following components: mannitol, croscarmellose sodium, maize starch, hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose, magnesium stearate.
The compounds or compositions according to the invention can be administered in various ways and in various forms. Thus, they can for example be administered systemically, by the oral, parenteral, topical, ocular, rectal, perlingual route, by inhalation or by injection, for example by the intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal, intraarterial route, etc. For injections, the compounds are generally packaged in the form of liquid suspensions, which can be injected by means of syringes or by perfusion. For the oral route, the composition can be in the form of tablets, capsules, coated tablets, syrups, suspensions, solutions, powders, granules, emulsions, suspensions of microspheres or nanospheres or of lipid or polymer vesicles for controlled release. For the parenteral route, the composition can be in the form of solutions or suspensions for perfusion or for injection.
Of course, a person skilled in the art will take care to select the possible compound or compounds to be added to these compositions in such a way that the advantageous properties intrinsically attaching to the present invention are not or substantially not altered by the addition envisaged, as is also explained in the literature, for example in the book “Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery” (2007; edited by Mahato R; published by CRC Press).
It is understood that the flow rate and/or the dose injected can be adapted by a person skilled in the art in relation to the patient's sex, age and weight, the pathology, the method of administration, or any concomitant treatments. Typically, the compounds are administered at doses that can vary between 1 μg and 2 g per administration, preferably from 0.1 mg to 1 g per administration. The administrations can be daily or even repeated several times per day, if necessary. Furthermore, the compositions according to the invention can additionally comprise other agents or active principles. The compounds are used at a concentration generally between 0.001% and 10 wt. %, preferably between 0.01% and 1 wt. %, relative to the weight of the composition.
The statistical analyses of the various pharmacological experiments consist of a Student t-test. The results are expressed relative to the control group according to the p-value: p<0.05 (marked *); p<0.01 (marked **); p<0.001 (marked ***).
FIG. 1—General Scheme for Synthesis of the Compounds According to the Invention
Except for specific compounds as stated in Examples 1 to 7, the intermediates generated in Example 2 (
FIG. 2—Intermediates of the 2-oxo-1.2-dihydropyridine Type
Reaction scheme for synthesis of the intermediates in Example 2: Ex. 2-1, 2-2 and 2-5 to 2-7 (
FIG. 3—Intermediates of the alkoxy, alkylthio-, alkylamino-, halo-pyridine Type
Reaction scheme for synthesis of the intermediates in Example 3: Ex. 3-1 to 3-4, 3-7, 3-9, 3-12, 3-13, 3-15, 3-16, 3-24 and 3-25 (
FIG. 4—Intermediates of the 3-hydroxymethyl-, 3-halomethyl- and 3-arylsulfonylmethyl-pyridine type
Reaction scheme for synthesis of the intermediates in Example 4: Ex. 4-1 to 4-10, 4-12, 4-13, 4.14, 4-17 to 4-23 (
FIG. 5—Intermediates of the Pyridine 3-carboxaldehyde and Ketone Type
Reaction scheme for synthesis of the intermediates in Example 5: Ex. 5-1, 5-3, 5-4, 5-6 to 5-18 (
FIG. 6—Intermediates of the Phenol, Thiophenol and Aniline Type
Reaction scheme for synthesis of the intermediates in Example 6: Ex. 6-1 to 6-6, 6-11 to 6-13, and 6-20 (
FIG. 7—Compounds According to the Invention
Reaction scheme for synthesis of the compounds according to the invention: Cpd 4, Cpd 8-12, Cpd 16, Cpd 19, Cpd 22, Cpd 23, Cpd 26-32, Cpd 35, Cpd 36, Cpd 38-51, and Cpd 54 (
FIG. 8—Antidiabetic Character of the Compounds According to the Invention
The effect of Cpd 24 was evaluated in vivo in the db/db mouse. The plasma levels of glucose (
The effect of Cpd 24 was also evaluated by measuring glucose tolerance. Glycemia was measured in the db/db mouse treated with Cpd 24, administered at 30 mpk for 9 days, after oral administration of a single dose of glucose (day 0), to obtain the kinetic curves of glycemia (
FIG. 9—Hypolipemic Properties and Stimulating Effect on the Synthesis of HDL-Cholesterol of the Compounds According to the Invention
The plasma levels of total cholesterol (
The effect of Cpd 2 and Cpd 4 was also evaluated in hepatic tissue of the ApoE2/E2 mouse by measuring the expression of genes involved in lipid and/or carbohydrate metabolism such as ACO (
FIG. 10—Hypolipemic Properties of the Compounds According to the Invention
The plasma levels of total cholesterol (
FIG. 11—PPARδ Activating Properties of the Compounds According to the Invention
The stimulating effects of the compounds according to the invention on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and on energy expenditure in skeletal muscle were evaluated by measuring the expression of PDK4 (
FIG. 12—PPARγ Activating Properties of the Compounds According to the Invention
The stimulating effects of Cpd 19, Cpd 24 and Cpd36 on adipogenesis were evaluated by measuring the accumulation of TG (
The compounds of the invention are prepared according to the general methods and general protocols of synthesis SA to SY given below. The compounds according to the invention and the corresponding reaction intermediates were characterized structurally by 1H NMR (300 MHz; CDCl3, CDCl3+D2O, or DMSO-d6, the last mentioned condition notably for the compounds according to the invention; δ in ppm).
Protocol SA:
The appropriate ketone (acetophenone for Ex. 2-1; 4-trifluoroacetophenone for Ex. 2-2; 2-phenylacetophenone for Ex. 2-3; 2-acetylfuran for Ex. 2-5; para-acetylbiphenyl for Example 2-6; 3-trifluoromethylacetophenone 2.7) is dissolved in dimethyl acetal of N,N-dimethylformamide (1.2 to 1.5 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred under reflux. The estimated reaction time varies between 24 and 48 hours. Satisfactory results were obtained in 24 hours.
Protocol SB:
Prop-2-en-1-one from the preceding stage (see Examples 2-1, 2-2, 2-5, 2-6, and 2-7) is dissolved in methanol (0.3 to 1.5 mol/L). The reaction mixture is stirred under reflux. The estimated reaction time varies between 18 and 48 hours. Satisfactory results were obtained in 18 hours.
Protocol SC:
The methyl ester from the preceding stage (see Examples 2-1, 2-2, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7) is dissolved in toluene (0.15 to 0.5 mol/L), then acetic acid (1 to 1.5 eq.) is added. The mixture is stirred under reflux. The estimated reaction time varies between 12 and 48 hours. Satisfactory results were obtained in 18 hours. After it reaches room temperature, the reaction mixture is cooled to 0° C. and the precipitate formed is filtered and then washed with acetone.
Protocol SD:
The aminopropenone from the preceding stage, cyanoacetamide (1.1 eq.) and methanol (2 eq.) are dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.3 mol/L). This solution is added to a suspension of NaH (2 eq.) in N,N-dimethylformamide (3 mol/L). The whole is stirred at 95° C. for 18 hours.
Protocol SE:
The pyridinone from the preceding stage (Ex. 3-9 for Ex. 3-10; Ex. 3-19 for Ex. 3-20) and N-bromosuccinimide (1 to 1.1 eq.) are dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.1 to 0.4 mol/L). The reaction mixture is stirred under reflux. For a yield of at least 30-80%, the estimated reaction time varies between 4 and 16 hours. Satisfactory results were obtained in 4 hours. After returning to room temperature, the precipitate formed is drained and washed with water and/or heptane.
Protocol SF:
2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine (Ex. 2-1 for Ex. 3-1 to 3-4, 3-24, 3-25; Ex. 2-2 for Ex. 3-7; Ex. 2-4 for Ex. 3-12; Ex. 2-5 for Ex. 3-13; Ex. 2-6 for Ex. 3-15; Ex. 2-7 for Ex. 3-16; 3-18; 2-hydroxynicotinic acid for Ex. 3-9) is dissolved in toluene (0.06 to 0.4 mol/L), then silver oxide (1 to 1.2 eq.) and the halogenated derivative (for example, 1 to 1.2 eq.; methyl iodide for Ex. 3-1, 3-7, 3-9, 3-12, 3-15, 3-16, 3-19, 5-5; ethyl iodide for Ex. 3-24; isopropyl iodide for Ex. 3-25; tert-butyl bromide for Ex. 3-2; 1-iodohexane for Ex. 3-3; iodocyclohexane for Ex. 3-4) are added successively. The reaction mixture is stirred under reflux at a temperature which varies between 50° C. and 70° C., and the salts are removed by filtration. For a yield of at least 40-80% after purification according to purification protocol PA, the estimated reaction time varies between 1 and 48 hours. Satisfactory results were obtained in 16 hours. The reaction can advantageously be carried out under reflux of acetonitrile to improve the solubility of the reaction mixture.
Protocol SG:
2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine (Ex. 2-1 for Ex. 3-5) is dissolved in phosphoryl trichloride (10 eq.) in the presence of a catalytic amount of N,N-dimethylformamide. The reaction mixture is stirred under reflux for 16 hours.
Protocol SH:
Halopyridine (Ex. 3-5 for Ex. 3-8, 3-14) is dissolved in acetonitrile (0.06 to 0.4 mol/L) and potassium carbonate (2 to 3 eq.) is added. The thiol (for example 1.2 to 3 eq.; thiophenol for Ex. 3-8; ethanethiol for Ex. 3-14) is added dropwise and the whole is stirred under reflux. For a yield of at least 80%, the estimated reaction time varies between 18 and 48 hours. Satisfactory results were obtained in 18 hours.
Protocol SI:
The intermediate (0.15 mol/L; Ex. 3-1 for Ex. 3-11; Ex. 3-10 for Ex. 3-17, Ex. 3-18, Ex. 3-22, Ex. 3-23; Ex. 3-20 for 3-21), potassium carbonate (3 eq.) and water (11 eq.) are dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide under inert atmosphere. Palladium acetate (0.1 eq.) is added, then the solution of boronic acid (phenylboronic acid for Ex. 3-11 and 3-21; 4-trifluoromethyllboronic acid for Ex. 3-17; 3-trifluoromethylphenylboronic acid for Ex. 3-18; 4-chlorophenylboronic acid for Ex. 3-22; naphthalen-2-ylboronic acid for Ex. 3-23) in N,N-dimethylformamide (1.5 eq., 1 mol/L) is added dropwise. The estimated reaction time varies between 16 and 48 hours. The reaction mixture is stirred under inert atmosphere at room temperature.
Protocol SJ:
The ester of 2-alkoxy-1,2-dihydropyridine (Ex. 3-1 for Ex. 4-1; Ex. 3-2 for Ex. 4-2; Ex. 3-3 for Ex. 4-3; Ex. 3-4 for Ex. 4-4; Ex. 3-6 for Ex. 4-5; Ex. 3-7 for Ex. 4-6; Ex. 3-8 for Ex. 4-7; Ex. 3-11 for Ex. 4-8; Ex. 3-12 for Ex. 4-9; Ex. 3-13 for Ex. 4-10; Ex. 3-14 for Ex. 4-12; Ex. 3- for Ex. 4-; Ex. 3-15 for Ex. 4-13; Ex. 3-16 for Ex. 4-14; Ex. 3-17 for Ex. 4-17; Ex. 3-18 for Ex. 4-18; Ex. 3-21 for Ex. 4-19; Ex. 3-22 for Ex. 4-20; Ex. 3-23 for Ex. 4-21; Ex. 3-24 for Ex. 4-22; Ex. 3-25 for Ex. 4-23) is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (0.05 to 1.1 mol/L) and the solution is cooled to 0° C. Aluminum lithium hydride (1 to 2 eq.) is added in portions and the whole is stirred at room temperature. The reaction mixture is treated with water (2.5 eq.), 15% soda (17 eq.), then diluted with water (7.5 eq.) and stirring is continued. The estimated reaction time varies between 1 and 24 hours.
Protocol SK:
Pyridine carboxaldehyde (Ex. 5-1 for Ex. 4-11) is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (0.45 mol/L) and the solution is cooled to −78° C. A solution of ethylmagnesium bromide (3.4 eq., 2M) is added dropwise. The whole is stirred for 18 hours at room temperature.
Protocol SL:
Hydroxymethylpyridine (Ex. 4-1 for Ex. 4-15) and triethylamine (1.5 eq.) are dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (1 mol/L), then paratoluene sulfonyl chloride (1.5 eq.) is added. The whole is stirred under reflux for 16 hours.
Protocol SM:
Hydroxymethylpyridine (Ex. 4-1 for Ex. 4-16) is dissolved in dichloromethane (0.2 mol/L), then the solution is cooled to 0° C. Phosphorus tribromide (1 eq.) is added. The whole is stirred at 0° C. After 0.2 hours, the reaction mixture is poured onto crushed ice and then extracted with dichloromethane.
Protocol SN:
Hydroxymethylpyridine (Ex. 4-1 for Ex. 5-1; Ex. 4-6 for Ex. 5-3; Ex. 4-8 for Ex. 5-4; Ex. 4-9 for Ex. 5-6; Ex. 4-10 for Ex. 5-7; Ex. 4-11 for Ex. 5-8; Ex. 4-12 for Ex. 5-9; Ex. 4-13 for Ex. 5-10; Ex. 4-14 for Ex. 5-11; Ex. 4.17 for Ex. 5-12; Ex. 4-18 for Ex. 5-13; Ex. 4-19 for Ex. 5-14; Ex. 4-20 for Ex. 5-15; Ex. 4-21 for Ex. 5-16; Ex. 4-22 for Ex. 5-17; Ex. 4-23 for Ex. 5-18) is dissolved in dichloromethane (0.06 to 0.5 mol/L), then pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC; 1.2 to 2 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature. The estimated reaction time varies between 2 and 48 hours.
Protocol SO:
Hydroxymethylpyridine (Ex. 4-2 for Ex. 5-2) is dissolved in dichloromethane (1.5 mol/L), then the solution is cooled to 0° C. Dess-Martin reagent (1.1 eq.) is added dropwise and the whole is stirred at 0° C.
Protocol SP:
1,2-Dihydropyridine-carbonitrile (Ex. 2-3 for Ex. 5-5) is dissolved in formic acid (1.1 mol/L) and Raney nickel (50 M.%) is added (1.5 eq.). The whole is stirred for 2 hours under reflux before returning to room temperature.
Protocol SQ:
Phenol (4-benzyloxyphenol for Ex. 6-1 to 6-5; 3-nitrophenol for Ex. 6-12, 6-13; 4-nitrophenol for Ex. 6-6, 6-11; 4-nitro-2,6-dimethylphenol for Ex. 6-20), thiophenol (4-aminothiophenol for Ex. 6-10, 6-14, 6-16 to 6-19), aniline (4-hydroxy-10-tertiobutoxycarbonylaniline for Ex. 6-7, 6-8, 6-9), or acid (2,6-dimethoxynicotinic acid for Ex. 3-19) is dissolved in the appropriate solvent (0.2 to 1.2 mol/L) then the halogenated derivative or the tosylate (1.2 to 3 eq.; bromodifluoroethyl acetate for Ex. 6-18; methyl iodide for Ex. 3-19; ethyl 2-bromopropanoate for Ex. 6-3.6-7; ethyl bromoisobutyrate for Ex. 6-1, 6-9, 6-10; tert-butyl bromoisobutyrate for Ex. 6-2, 6-5, 6-11, 6-12, 6-16; tert-butyl bromoacetate for Ex. 6-13, 6-14; bromoethyl acetate for Ex. 6-4, 6-8, 6-17, 6-20; tert-butyl bromoacetate for Ex. 6-6; 2-bromo-2-phenylethyl acetate for Ex. 6-19) and potassium carbonate (2.5 to 6 eq.) are added. The reaction mixture is stirred vigorously at a suitable temperature and, if necessary, under reflux of acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile of an acetonitrile/N,N-dimethylformamide mixture (6%), or in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.3 eq.). For the compounds according to the invention, the phenol, the thiophenol, the aniline, or the acid was prepared in Example 6, and the halogenated derivative or the tosylate was prepared in Example 4 or 5. The estimated reaction time varies between 0.1 and 48 hours and the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature.
Protocol SR:
The ester from the preceding stage is dissolved in the appropriate solvent (0.3 to 1.2 mol/L of methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, or methanol/dichloromethane mixture 1/1 or 2/1), then palladium on charcoal (10 wt. %) is added in catalytic amounts. The whole is stirred, under a hydrogen atmosphere at a suitable pressure. The estimated reaction time varies between 4 and 120 hours of stirring at room temperature. The catalyst is removed by filtration.
Protocol SS:
The protected amine (3-(4-aminophenyl)propanoic acid for Ex. 6-15) is dissolved in ethanol (0.3 to 0.6 mol/L), then an ethanolic solution of hydrochloric acid is added (2 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature. The estimated reaction time varies between 2 and 16 hours.
Protocol ST:
Triethylphosphonacetate (0.5 mol, L) is added dropwise to a suspension of sodium hydride (1 eq.) in tetrahydrofuran at 0° C. After stirring for 30 min at room temperature, the carbonylated derivative (1 eq.; 4-nitrobenzophenone for Ex. 6-21; 4-nitroacetophenone for Ex. 6-24; 3-methoxy-4-nitrobenzaldehyde for Ex. 6-23; 2-methoxy-4-nitrobenzaldehyde for Ex. 6-22) is added and the reaction mixture is refluxed for 16 hours.
Protocol SU:
The ester from the preceding stage is dissolved in ethanol (0.03 to 1 mol/L), then a 1N or 2N solution of soda (1 to 84 eq., preferably from 2 to 20 eq.) is added. The whole is stirred at room temperature. For a yield of at least 30-85% after purification according to one of the alternatives presented in example 2, the estimated reaction time varies between 1 and 96 hours. Satisfactory results were obtained in 16 hours. If necessary, tetrahydrofuran can advantageously be added to improve the solubility of the reaction mixture.
Protocol SV:
The phenol (0.1 to 0.9 mol/L) and triphenylphosphine (1.05 eq.) are dissolved in tetrahydrofuran under inert atmosphere. Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (1.05 eq.) and alcohol solution in tetrahydrofuran (1.05 eq., 0.1 to 0.9 mol/L) are added dropwise successively. The whole is stirred at room temperature. For a yield of at least 30-80%, the estimated reaction time varies between 16 and 72 hours. Satisfactory results were obtained in 16 hours. If necessary, dichloromethane can be used advantageously to improve the solubility of the reaction mixture; use of a microwave (for example 0.1 hour at 50° C.) can greatly improve the performance of the reaction.
Protocol SW:
The tert-butyl ester from the preceding stage is dissolved in dichloromethane (0.08 to 0.2 mol/L), and trifluoroacetic acid (10 to 72 eq., preferably 10 eq.) is added. Stirring is maintained at room temperature. The reaction is carried out at room temperature with stirring. The precipitate is filtered, taken up in water (0.2 L/mol) and treated with 2N soda solution (3 eq.) for 0.5 hours. The whole is acidified with a 1N solution of citric acid, stirring vigorously, and then filtered. For a yield of at least 30-80%, the estimated reaction time varies between 16 and 24 hours. Satisfactory results were obtained in 16 hours. The reaction mixture can be treated, while stirring vigorously, with a 10% solution of potassium carbonate for 0.5 hours (pH=8-9) before being acidified.
Protocol SX:
The aldehyde and the aniline (1 to 1.5 eq.) are dissolved in dichloromethane (0.1 to 0.4 mo/L), under inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.2 to 1.5 eq.) is added in portions, then the whole is stirred vigorously at room temperature. When the aniline required is available in its hydrochloride form, it is first salted-out by basic treatment. For a yield of at least 40-85% after purification according to one of the alternatives presented in example 2, the estimated reaction time varies between 2.5 and 72 hours. Satisfactory results were obtained in 16 hours. Working with an anhydrous solvent and/or in the presence of a molecular sieve 3A can greatly improve the performance of the reaction.
Protocol SY:
The ketone and the aniline (1.2 eq.) are dissolved in toluene (0.03 mo/L), in the presence of paratoluenesulfonic acid (1 eq.) and molecular sieve 3 Å, in a Dean-Stark apparatus. The reaction mixture is stirred at 110° C. for 16 hours. After cooling, the insoluble matter is filtered and the filtrate is concentrated under reduced pressure. The evaporation residue is taken up in dichloromethane. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.5 eq.) is added in portions, then the whole is stirred vigorously at room temperature in the presence of molecular sieve 3 Å for 48 hours. When the aniline required is available in its hydrochloride form, it is first salted-out by basic treatment.
The raw reaction products obtained can be purified following one or more of the general purification protocols PA to PE. For this purpose, conventional preliminary steps of hydrolysis (without dilution, or with dilution, for example, with ethyl acetate) or washing (neutral, acid or basic, for example with water, saturated solution of sodium chloride, 1N solution of citric acid, saturated solution of ammonium chloride, 10% solution of potassium carbonate, 1N solution of sodium hydroxide), then extraction of the reaction mixture with a suitable solvent (diethyl ether or dichloromethane, for example), drying of the organic phases (for example, over magnesium sulfate), concentration (notably of the reaction mixture, notably by evaporation under reduced pressure), and/or removal of insoluble matter can advantageously be carried out (the salts are removed by filtration, for example).
In the case of protocol PA, silica gel flash chromatography (40-63 μm) was performed with various conditions of elution (mobile phase), as summarized in Table 1-1.
In the case of protocol PB, silica gel chromatography is performed by preparative HPLC (lichrospher, Merck; RP18 12 μm 100A, column: 25*250 mm; Stg. 2 for Cpd 5, Cpd 13, Cpd 14, Cpd 17, Cpd 18, Cpd 20, Cpd 23, Cpd 52; Stg. 1 for Cpd 37).
In the case of protocol PC, precipitation is performed in a mixture of solvents which are selected from the usual solvents by a person skilled in the art such as notably dichloromethane, heptane, cyclohexane, toluene, for example dichloromethane/heptane 4/6 (Stg. 1 for Ex. 2-1, 2-2, 2-6; Stg. 2 for Cpd 12, Cpd 16, Cpd 19, Cpd 22, Cpd 27, Cpd 30, Cpd 31, Cpd 49; Stg. 3 for Cpd 46, Cpd 47, Cpd 48, Cpd 51, Cpd 53), dichloromethane/toluene 4/6 (Stg. 2 for Ex. 2-5), or dichloromethane/cyclohexane 4/6 (Stg. 3 for Cpd 45, Cpd 54).
In the case of protocol PD, (re)crystallization is performed in a solvent selected from the usual solvents by a person skilled in the art such as isopropanol (Stg. 2 for Cpd 9), ethanol (Stg. 2 for Ex. 2-1, Cpd 25), acetone (Stg. 2 for Ex. 2-2), methanol (Stg. 2 for Ex. 2-6, Cpd 3, Cpd 6, Cpd 7), petroleum ether (Stg. 1 for Ex. 6-2, 6-13), dichloromethane, heptane (Stg. 1 for Ex. 6-11, 6-20), cyclohexane (Stg. 1 for Ex. 6-6, 6-7, 6-9), or a mixture for example with dichloromethane/heptane (Cpd 15, Cpd 21, Cpd 24, Cpd 28, Cpd 29, Cpd 32, Cpd 42, Cpd 43, Cpd 44)
In the case of protocol PE, the product that precipitates is filtered at the end of the reaction. The estimated reaction time varies between 12 and 24 hours. After the reaction mixture has cooled to 0° C., hydrolysis or acid hydrolysis of the reaction mixture (Stg. 3 for Ex. 2-1, 2.2, 2-5 to 2-7, Stg. 3 for Ex. 2-3, 2-4; Cpd 2, Cpd 4, Cpd 26; Stg. 1 for Ex. 3-20) or a sequence of basic hydrolysis/filtration/trituration of the filter cake in acid aqueous medium (for example in ethanol; Stg. 2 for Ex. 6-7, 6-8, 6-9; Stg. 1 for Ex. 6-15) is performed.
The synthesis of these intermediates (
1H NMR: 2.93-3.14 (m, 6H); 5.73 (d, 1H,
1H NMR: 3.77 (s, 3H); 6.79 (d, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz);
1H NMR: 2.94 (s, 3H); 3.17 (s, 3H); 5.69 (d, 1H,
1H NMR: 4.02 (s, 3H); 7.35 (d, 1H, J = 8.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 2.72 (s, 6H); 7.09-7.46 (m, 11H).
1H NMR: 7.03-7.06 (m, 2H); 7.19-7.40 (m, 8H);
1H NMR: 3.79 (s, 3H); 7.50-7.57 (m, 5H); 8.23
1H NMR: 2.93 (s, 3H); 3.14 (s, 3H); 5.68 (d, 1H,
1H NMR: 3.98 (s, 3H); 6.59-6.60 (m, 1H); 7.15
1H NMR: 2.97-3.16 (m, 6H); 5.79 (d, 1H,
1H NMR: 4.00 (s, 3H); 7.17-7.24 (m, 1H); 7.38-
1H NMR: 2.88 (s, 3H); 3.10 (s, 3H); 5.64 (d, 1H,
1H NMR: 4.02 (s, 3H); 7.36 (d, 1H, J = 8.2 Hz);
Synthesis of the intermediates in
1H NMR: 3.94 (s, 3H); 4.19 (s, 3H); 7.42-7.54 (m, 4H);
1H NMR: 1.74 (s, 9H); 3.91 (s, 3H); 7.38 (d, 1H, J = 7.9
1H NMR: 0.93 (t, 3H, J = 6.7 Hz); 1.34-1.42 (m, 4H); 1.50-
1H NMR: 1.46-2.09 (m, 10H); 3.92 (s, 3H); 5.41-5.46
1H NMR: 3.94 (s, 3H); 4.18 (s, 3H); 7.46 (d, 1H,
1H NMR: 3.90 (s, 3H); 4.04 (s, 3H); 6.95 (dd, 1H,
1H NMR: 3.94 (s, 3H); 4.07 (s, 3H); 7.45-7.50 (m, 3H);
1H NMR: 3.91 (s, 3H); 4.11 (s, 3H); 6.55-6.57 (m, 1H);
1H NMR: 3.94 (s, 3H); 4.20 (s, 3H); 7.34-7.40 (m, 1H);
1H NMR: 3.93 (s, 3H); 4.17 (s, 3H); 7.43 (d, 1H,
1H NMR: 1.51 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 3.92 (s, 3H); 4.65 (q,
1H NMR: 1.47 (s, 3H); 1.49 (s, 3H); 3.91 (s, 3H); 5.58-
Introduction of groups in position 5, and notably of groups of the aryl or alkyl type, can be performed by coupling of the Suzuki type between the appropriately selected boronic acid precursor and the appropriate 5-halopyridine. The intermediates 3-11, 3-17, 3-18, 3-21 to 3-23 were prepared from 5-bromopyridines 3-10 and 3-20. The synthesis of these intermediates (
1H NMR: 3.81 (s, 3H); 3.91 (s, 3H); 8.24 (d, 1H,
1H NMR: 3.94 (s, 3H); 4.11 (s, 3H); 7.36-7.42 (m,
1H NMR: 3.96 (s, 3H); 4.12 (s, 3H); 7.67 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 3.92 (s, 3H); 4.12 (s, 3H); 7.57-7.67 (m,
1H NMR: 3.86 (s, 3H); 3.98 (s, 3H); 4.05 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 3.76 (s, 3H); 3.96 (s, 3H); 4.01 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 3.88 (s, 3H); 4.03 (s, 3H); 4.11 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 3.95 (s, 3H); 4.10 (s, 3H); 7.44 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 3.97 (s, 3H); 4.13 (s, 3H); 7.49-7.57 (m,
Intermediates substituted in position 2 with alkylthio, alkylamino groups are accessible starting from the corresponding 2-halopyridine. The intermediates 3-6, 3-8 and 3-14 were prepared from 2-chloropyridine 3-5 (
1H NMR: 3.99 (s, 3H); 7.48-7.53 (m, 3H); 7.75 (d, 1H,
1H NMR: 1.60-1.73 (m, 6H); 3.47-3.49 (m, 4H); 3.91
1H NMR: 4.01 (s, 3H); 7.25-7.35 (m, 3H); 7.46-7.53
1H NMR: 1.47 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 3.34 (q, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz);
Synthesis of the intermediates in
1H NMR: 4.12 (s, 3H); 4.71 (s, 2H); 7.36-7.50 (m, 4H);
1H NMR: 1.73 (s, 9H); 4.64 (s, 2H); 7.33 (d, 1H,
1H NMR: 0.92 (t, 3H, J = 6.7 Hz); 1.27-1.53 (m, 6H); 1.80-
1H NMR: 1.37-1.69 (m, 6H); 1.79-1.83 (m, 2H); 2.05 (m,
1H NMR: 1.62-1.83 (m, 6H); 3.18-3.22 (t, 4H, J = 5.4 Hz);
1H NMR: 4.12 (s, 3H); 4.72 (s, 2H); 7.41 (d, 1H,
1H NMR: 4.84 (s, 2H); 7.31-7.36 (m, 3H); 7.38-7.46 (m,
1H NMR: 4.05 (s, 3H); 4.73 (s, 2H); 7.34-7.39 (m, 1H);
1H NMR: 4.00 (s, 3H); 4.68 (s, 2H); 7.42-7.50 (m, 3H);
1H NMR: 2.25 (t, 1H, J = 6.3 Hz); 4.05 (s, 3H); 4.66 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.47 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 3.39 (q, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 2.29 (t, 1H, J = 6.6 Hz); 4.14 (s, 3H); 4.71 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 2.26 (t, 1H, J = 6.6 Hz); 4.12 (s, 3H); 4.72 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 4.02 (s, 3H); 4.72 (d, 2H, J = 5.3 Hz); 7.60 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 4.05 (s, 3H); 4.74 (s, 2H); 7.54-7.63 (m, 2H);
1H NMR: 3.98 (s, 3H); 4.04 (s, 3H); 4.65 (s, 2H); 7.30-
1H NMR: 4.04 (s, 3H); 4.72 (d, 2H, J = 6.5 Hz); 7.42 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 4.07 (s, 3H); 4.77 (s, 2H); 7.49-7.53 (m, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.47 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 4.59 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.43 (s, 3H); 1.45 (s, 3H); 4.67 (d, 2H,
Synthesis of the intermediates in
1H NMR: 0.99 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 1.86 (m, 2H); 4.10 (s,
1H NMR: 2.51 (s, 3H); 4.13 (s, 3H); 4.67 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 4.14 (s, 3H); 4.57 (s, 2H); 7.36 (d, 1H,
Synthesis of the intermediates in
1H NMR: 4.20 (s, 3H); 7.50 (m, 4H); 8.11 (m, 2H); 8.19 (d,
1H NMR: 4.16 (s, 3H); 7.48 (d, 1H, J = 7.9 Hz); 7.72 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 4.14 (s, 3H); 7.38-7.43 (m, 1H); 7.46-7.51 (m,
1H NMR: 4.10 (s, 3H); 7.48-7.51 (m, 3H); 7.77-7.82 (m,
1H NMR: 4.07 (s, 3H); 6.73-6.75 (m, 1H); 7.34 (d, 1H,
1H NMR: 1.21 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 3.09 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.49 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 3.42 (q, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 4.22 (s, 3H); 7.41-7.43 (m, 1H); 7.49-.756 (m,
1H NMR: 4.21 (s, 3H); 7.53 (d, 1H, J = 7.9 Hz); 7.64 (t, 1H,
1H NMR: 4.15 (s, 3H); 7.68 (d, 2H, J = 8.2 Hz); 7.73 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 4.15 (s, 3H); 7.55-7.68 (m, 2H); 7.74 (d, 1H,
1H NMR: 4.07 (s, 3H); 4.12 (s, 3H); 7.32-7.45 (m, 3H);
1H NMR: 4.14 (s, 3H); 7.45 (d, 2H, J = 8.8 Hz); 7.49 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 4.16 (s, 3H); 7.50-7.57 (m, 2H); 7.70 (dd, 1H,
1H NMR: 1.52 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 4.67 (q, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.48 (s, 3H); 1.50 (s, 3H); 5.64-5.72 (m, 1H);
Synthesis of the intermediates in
1H NMR: 1.76 (s, 9H); 7.42-7.53 (m, 4H); 8.07 (m,
1H NMR: 7.07-7.10 (m, 2H); 7.25-7.43 (m, 8H);
1H NMR: 4.18 (s, 3H); 7.14-7.20 (m, 2H);
Synthesis of the intermediates in
1H NMR: 1.3 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 1.56 (s, 6H); 4.26 (q,
1H NMR: 1.29 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 1.53 (s, 6H); 4.26 (q,
1H NMR: 1.5 (s, 9H); 4.48 (s, 2H); 5.03 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.48 (s, 9H); 4.47 (s, 2H); 6.75-6.83 (m, 4H).
1H NMR: 1.28 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 1.63 (d, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.26 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 1.59 (d, 3H, J = 6.7 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.32 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 4.28 (q, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.31 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 4.28 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.47 (s, 9H); 1.53 (s, 6H); 5.02 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.48 (s, 9H); 1.52 (s, 6H); 3.80 (s, 1H);
1H NMR: 1.5 (s, 9H); 4.63 (s, 2H); 6.96 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.49 (s, 9H); 3.35 (s (broad), 2H); 4.44 (s,
1H NMR: 1.26 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 1.52 (s, 9H); 1.62 (d,
1H NMR: 1.17 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 1.15 (d, 3H,
1H NMR: 1.29 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 1.51 (s, 9H); 4.27 (q,
1H NMR: 1.20 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 4.16 (q, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.28 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 1.52 (s, 9H); 1.56 (s,
1H NMR: 1.17 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 1.53 (s, 6H); 4.15 (q,
1H NMR: 1.43 (s, 9H); 1.65 (s, 6H); 6.86 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.46 (s, 9H); 1.5 (s, 6H); 4.33 (s (broad),
1H NMR: 1.47 (s, 9H); 1.62 (s, 6H); 7.17-7.20 (m, 1H);
1H NMR: 1.46 (s, 9H); 1.5 (s, 6H); 4.33 (s (broad),
1H NMR: 1.51 (s, 9H); 4.62 (s, 2H); 7.27 (dd, 1H,
1H NMR: 1.49 (s, 9H); 4.48 (s, 2H); 5.35 (s (broad),
1H NMR: 1.34 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 2.40 (s, 6H); 4.31 (q,
1H NMR: 1.33 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 2.22 (s, 6H); 4.30 (q,
1H NMR: 1.17 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 4.08 (q, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.12 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 2.99 (d, 2H, J = 8.2 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.36 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 4.01 (s, 3H); 4.30 (q,
1H NMR: 1.25 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 2.54 (t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.36 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 4.00 (s, 3H); 4.30 (q,
1H NMR: 1.25 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 2.58 (m, 2H); 2.87 (m,
1H NMR: 1.34 (s, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 2.59 (d, 3H,
1H NMR: 1.20 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 1.26 (d, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz);
Synthesis of the intermediates in
1H NMR: 1.13 (t, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz); 1.33 (s, 6H); 4.00 (q, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.40 (s, 9H); 3.37 (s, 2H); 3.77 (s(broad), 2H);
1H NMR: 1.12 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 2.60 (t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.39 (s, 6H); 1.43 (s, 9H); 3.81 (s(broad), 2H);
1H NMR: 1.21 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 3.45 (s, 2H); 3.75 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.29 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 4.26 (q, 2H, J = 7.0 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.18 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 3.75 (s (broad), 2H);
For Example 6-25 (5-(1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)but-2-ynyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione), synthesis of this compound requires 2 stages. In the first (preparation of 5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione), a solution of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in water (1 mol/L) is heated to 75° C. Meldrum's acid (1.05 eq.) is added in portions, then the reaction mixture is stirred at 75° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled and stirred for 2 hours at 0° C. The precipitate is drained, then washed with ice water and heptane (Yield: 90%; Appearance: yellow solid; 1H NMR: 1.80 (s, 6H); 6.94 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz); 8.19 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz); 8.39 (s, 1H)). In the second (obtaining 5-(1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)but-2-ynyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione), a solution of the preceding intermediate in tetrahydrofuran (0.5 mol/L) is added under inert atmosphere, dropwise (0.25 hours), to a solution of 1-propylmagnesium bromide in tetrahydrofuran (0.5 mol/L, 2 eq.). After stirring for 0.25 hours at room temperature, the reaction mixture is diluted with aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (0.6 N, 3 eq.), extracted with cyclohexane, and acidified (pH=2) with sodium bisulfate. The evaporation residue is used without other forms of purification (Yield: 98%; Appearance: yellow solid; 1H NMR: 1.64 (s, 3H); 1.82 (s, 3H); 1.83 (s, 3H); 4.46 (d, 1H, J=2.6 Hz); 4.73 (d, 1H, J=2.6 Hz); 6.76 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz); 7.39 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz); 8.24 (s, 1H)).
Synthesis of the compounds according to the invention in
1H NMR: 1.49 (s, 9H); 4.11 (s, 3H); 4.30 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 4.03 (s, 3H); 4.18 (s, 2H); 4.47 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.29 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 1.71 (s, 9H);
1H NMR: 1.67 (s, 9H); 4.12 (s, 2H); 4.43 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.28 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 1.52 (s, 6H); 1.71 (s,
1H NMR: 1.36 (s, 6H); 1.66 (s, 9H); 4.11 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.24 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 1.57 (d, 3H,
1H NMR: 1.4 (d, 3H, J = 6.7 Hz); 1.66 (s, 9 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.22 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 1.45 (s, 6H);
1H NMR: 1.29 (s, 6H); 4.04 (s, 3H); 4.24 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.44 (s, 9H); 1.49 (s, 6H); 4.09 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 1.36 (s, 6H); 4.03 (s, 3H); 4.17 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.40 (s, 9H); 3.38 (s, 2H); 4.12 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 3.49 (s, 2H); 4.11 (s, 3H); 4.34 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.24 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 2.56 (t, 2H,
1H NMR: 2.62 (t, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz); 2.85 (t, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.39 (s, 6H); 1.43 (s, 9H); 4.12 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 1.47 (s, 6H); 4.11 (s, 3H); 4.36 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.41 (s, 9H); 3.37 (s, 2H); 4.12 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 3.50 (s, 2H); 4.12 (s, 3H); 4.36 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.19 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 3.48 (s, 2H); 4.03 (s,
1H NMR: 3.44 (s, 2H); 3.97 (s, 3H); 4.24 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.26 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 4.11 (s, 3H); 4.24 (q,
1H NMR: 4.04 (s, 3H); 4.27 (s, 2H); 6.62 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.19 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 3.46 (s, 2H); 4.08 (s,
1H NMR: 3.38 (s, 2H); 4.00 (s, 3H); 4.26 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.23 (t, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz); 3.50 (s, 2H); 4.00 (s,
1H NMR: 3.46 (s, 2H); 3.93 (s, 3H); 4.22 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.21 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 3.49 (s, 2H); 4.02 (s,
1H NMR: 3.44 (s, 2H); 3.98 (s, 3H); 4.19 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.13 (t, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz); 2.46 (t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 2.41 (t, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz); 2.64 (t, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.16 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 4.05-4.20 (m, 5H);
1H NMR: 4.03 (s, 3H); 4.21 (d, 2H, J = 5.6 Hz); 4.71 (s,
1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3, d in ppm): 1.33 (t, 3H,
1H NMR: 2.08 (s, 6H); 4.03 (s, 3H); 4.15 (m, 4H);
1H NMR: 1.24 (t, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz); 2.56 (t, 2H, J = 7.5 Hz);
1H NMR: 2.39 (t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz); 2.63 (t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.24 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 1.50 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.40 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 2.41 (t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.25 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 2.57 (t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 2.41 (t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz); 2.64 (t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.24 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 2.56 (t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 2.63 (t, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz); 2.86 (t, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz);
1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3, d in ppm): 1.22 (t, 3H,
1H NMR: 2.39 (t, 2H, J = 7.9 Hz); 2.63 (t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.11 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 3.00 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 2.88 (dd, 2H, J = 7.9 Hz J = 9.4 Hz); 4.03 (s,
1H NMR: 1.24 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 2.55 (m, 2H);
1H NMR: 2.33 (m, 2H); 2.60 (m, 2H); 3.67 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 1.25 (t, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz); 2.58 (m, 2H);
1H NMR: 2.44 (t, 2H, J = 7.9 Hz); 2.67 (t, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.19 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 1.26 (d, 3H,
1H NMR: 1.12 (d, 3H, J = 6.7 Hz); 2.37 (m, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.22 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 2.55 (m, 2H);
1H NMR: 2.39 (t, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz); 2.63 (t, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.22 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 2.55 (m, 2H);
1H NMR: 2.39 (m, 2H); 2.63 (m, 2H); 3.98 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 1.23 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 2.56 (t, 2H,
1H NMR: 2.39 (t, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz); 2.62 (t, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.22 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 2.55 (m, 2H);
1H NMR: 2.62 (m, 2H); 2.85 (m, 2H); 4.05 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 1.20 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 2.56 (m, 2H); 2.84 (m,
1H NMR: 2.40 (m, 2H); 2.63 (m, 2H); 4.00 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 1.24 (t, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz); 1.47 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.41 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 2.41 (m, 2H); 2.64 (m,
1H NMR: 1.24 (t, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz); 1.44 (s, 3H); 1.46 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 1.39 (s, 3H); 1.41 (s, 3H); 2.41 (m, 2H);
Synthesis of the compounds according to the invention in
1H NMR: 1.45 (s, 9H); 1.55 (s, 6H); 4.11 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 1.42 (s, 6H); 4.17 (d, 2H, J = 5.5 Hz);
1H NMR: 1.49 (s, 9H); 4.12 (s, 3H); 4.33 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 4.12 (s, 3H); 4.34 (s, 2H); 4.61 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 0.94 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 1.65-1.78 (m, 2H);
Synthesis of the compounds according to the invention in
1H NMR: 1.47 (s, 9H); 4.11 (s, 3H); 4.59 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 4.03 (s, 3H); 4.60 (s, 2H); 5.03 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.29 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 1.57 (s, 6H); 1.71 (s,
1H NMR: 1.44 (s, 6H); 1.63 (s, 9H); 4.97 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.32 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 1.71 (s, 9H); 4.29 (q,
1H NMR: 1.64 (s, 9H); 4.59 (s, 2H); 4.97 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 0.91 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 1.26-1.55 (m, 6H);
1H NMR: 0.91 (t, 3H, J = 6.7 Hz); 1.34-1.49 (m, 6H);
1H NMR: 0.91 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 1.30-1.46 (m, 6H);
1H NMR: 0.91 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 1.26-1.56 (m, 12H);
1H NMR: 1.50 (s, 9H); 1.50-1.72 (m, 6H);
1H NMR: 1.26-2.03 (m, 10H); 4.64 (s, 2H); 5.07 (s,
1H NMR: 0.84 (m, 3H); 1.34-1.76 (m, 6H); 3.27 (m,
1H NMR: 1.59-1.67 (m, 6H); 3.17 (m, 4H); 4.49 (s,
1H NMR: 1.47 (s, 9H); 1.53 (s, 6H); 4.09 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 1.56 (s, 6H); 4.12 (s, 3H); 5.19 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.50 (s, 9H); 4.11 (s, 3H); 4.48 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 4.12 (s, 3H); 4.64 (s, 2H); 5.09 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.31 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz); 4.28 (q, 2H,
1H NMR: 4.65 (s, 2H); 5.15 (s, 2H); 6.91 (d, 2H,
1H NMR: 1.22 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 1.84 (d, 3H,
1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO d6, □ in ppm): 1.77 (s,
1H NMR: 1.23 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 1.84 (d, 3H,
1H NMR: 2.39 (d, 3H, J = 2.3 Hz); 3.21 (d, 2H,
Synthesis of the compounds according to the invention in
1H NMR: 1.30 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 1.57 (s, 6H);
1H NMR: 1.57 (s, 6H); 4.12 (s, 3H); 5.09 (s, 2H);
1H NMR: 1.27 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz); 1.62 (m, 3H);
1H NMR: 1.35 (d, 3H, J = 6.4 Hz); 4.02 (s, 3H);
1H NMR: 1.27 (t, 3H, J = 7.1 Hz); 1.59 (d, 3H,
1H NMR: 1.40 (d, 3H, J = 6.7 Hz); 3.36 (m, 1H);
1H NMR: 1.24 (t, 3H, J = 7.3 Hz); 2.58 (t, 2H,
1H NMR: 2.43 (t, 2H, J = 7.3 Hz); 2.67 (t, 2H,
1H NMR: 2.41 (t, 2H, J = 7.6 Hz); 2.64 (t, 2H,
Principle
Activation of PPARs is evaluated in vitro on a line of monkey kidney fibroblasts (COS-7) by measuring the transcriptional activity of chimeras consisting of the DNA binding domain of Gal4 transcription factor of yeast and of the ligand binding domain of the various PPARs of human origin (hPPAR). The compounds are tested at doses between 0.01 and 100 μM on chimeras Gal4-PPARα, γ, δ and EC50 is determined.
Protocol
a) Cell Culture
The COS-7 cells are from ATCC and are cultivated in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% (vol/vol) of fetal calf serum, 1% of penicillin/streptomycin (Biochrom, AG), 1% of amino acids (Gibco) and 1% of sodium pyruvate (Gibco). The cells are incubated at 37° C. in a humid atmosphere containing 5% CO2.
b) Description of the Plasmids Used in Transfection
The plasmids Gal4(RE)_TkpGL3, pGal4-hPPARα, pGal4-hPPARγ, pGal4-hPPARδ and pGal4-φ are described in the literature (Raspe E et al., 1999). The constructs pGal4-hPPARα, pGal4-hPPARγ and pGal4-hPPARδ were obtained by cloning, into the pGal4-φ vector, DNA fragments amplified by PCR corresponding to the DEF domains (structural elements of the promoter of the PPARs: D=hinge, EF=ligand fixation domain and AF2 fixation site) of the human nuclear receptors PPAα, PPARγ and PPARδ.
c) Transfection
The adherent COS-7 cells are transfected with 40 μg of DNA per 225 cm2 flask, with a pGal4-hPPAR/Gal4(RE)_TkpGL3 ratio of 1/10, in the presence of 10% of fetal calf serum. The cells are then detached and seeded in the absence of serum in 384-well plates (2×104 cells/well) then incubated for 4 hours at 37° C. The compounds are then diluted in a 96-well plate and then transferred to the 384-well plate. Activation with the test compounds is effected for a further 24 hours at 37° C. in the presence of 1% of synthetic serum Ultroser™ (Biosepra). These last 2 stages are automated by means of a Genesis Freedom 200™ station (Tecan). At the end of the experiment, the cells are lysed and the luciferase activity is determined using the Steady-Lite™ HTS (Perkin Elmer) according to the supplier's recommendations.
Results and Conclusion
The inventors thus demonstrated a significant, dose-dependent increase of luciferase activity in the cells transfected with the pGal4-hPPAR plasmids and treated with the compounds according to the invention. The test data are summarized in Table 8-1 below, which presents, for each compound, the values of maximum activation (TOP %) and the EC50 values measured for each isoform of PPAR. The values of maximum activation are expressed in percentages relative to the maximum activations obtained with reference agonists: fenofibric acid for PPARα, rosiglitazone for PPARγ and 2-methyl-4-((4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)-methylsulfanyl)phenoxyacetic acid (also called GW501516) for PPARδ.
The measured activities differ depending on the compound tested and the compounds according to the invention are also observed to have varying selectivity with respect to the various isoforms of hPPAR:
The results obtained show that, in general, the compounds according to the invention bind and activate the hPPARα, hPPARγ, and/or hPPARδ receptors significantly.
Principle
The aim of this study is to evaluate in vivo the antidiabetic character of the compounds according to the invention, in the db/db mouse (Berger J et al., 1996). The antidiabetic effect of the compounds is evaluated by measuring glycemia and insulinemia after 8 days of treatment. In diabetic animals (as in humans), administration of glucose leads to a significant increase in the plasma level of insulin. This induced hyperinsulinemia causes a lowering of glycemia, which is delayed in insulin-resistant animals, for example in the db/db mouse. The corrective action of the compounds on insulin resistance should notably be reflected in an improvement of glucose tolerance.
Protocol
a) Treatment of the Animals
Male db/db mice (CERJ—Le Genest St Isle-France) are used for this experiment. After acclimation for one week, the mice were weighed and put into groups of 8 animals, selected in such a way that the distribution of their bodyweight and of their fasting glycemia determined for the first time before the experiment are uniform. The compound tested was suspended in carboxymethylcellulose (Sigma C4888) and administered by stomach tube, at a rate of once a day for 9 days at the chosen dose. The animals had free access to water and food (standard diet) and were housed in ventilated cages with a rhythm of light and darkness of 12 hours/12 hours at a constant temperature of 20±3° C. The food intake and weight gain were recorded throughout the experiment. After administration of the compound for 8 days, a blood sample was taken by puncture in the retro-orbital sinus of the animals under volatile anesthesia with isoflurane in order to measure the plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin.
After 9 days, the animals were deprived of food for 16 hours before carrying out the glucose tolerance test. The latter consists of a single administration of glucose after fasting (administered orally at a dose of 1 g/kg). Blood samples were then taken from time to time to study the evolution of plasma glycemia.
b) Measurement of Plasma Insulinemia
Assay of murine insulin is carried out by the Elisa method (Insulin Elisa Kit-Crystal Chem. USA). A mouse anti-insulin antibody is fixed on a microplate. The serum to be assayed for insulin is then deposited on this plate. A guinea pig anti-insulin antibody will recognize the insulin/mouse monoclonal anti-insulin antibody complex and bind to it. Finally a peroxidase-labeled anti-guinea pig antibody is added, and attaches to the guinea pig anti-insulin antibody. The colorimetric reaction is performed by adding the substrate of the enzyme OPD (Ortho Phenyl Diamine). The intensity of coloration is proportional to the amount of insulin present in the sample.
c) Measurement of Plasma Glycemia
Glucose was determined by enzyme assays (bioMérieux-Lyons-France) according to the suppliers recommendations.
Results and Conclusion
The aim of this study is to evaluate in vivo the antidiabetic character of a compound according to the invention (Cpd 24) by measuring glycemia and insulinemia after 8 days of oral treatment with the compound according to the invention. Unexpectedly, the test data obtained show that Cpd 24, administered at 30 mpk for 8 days, gives an overall improvement in the glycemic and insulinemic profiles of the diabetic animals. These results are also reflected in a decrease in the HOMA index, calculated from these plasma parameters, reflecting an improvement in sensitivity to insulin (
In normal and diabetic animals (as in humans), the administration of glucose leads to a significant increase in the plasma level of insulin. This induced hyperinsulinemia causes a lowering of glycemia, which is delayed in insulin-resistant animals. The glucose tolerance test also shows a marked decrease in insulin resistance in the animals treated for 9 days with Cpd 24 (
The compounds according to the invention possess antidiabetic properties, lowering the plasma levels of glucose and insulin. The compounds according to the invention also permit improvement in sensitivity to insulin. These results in vivo provide evidence of the therapeutic potential of the compounds according to the invention with respect to major pathologies such as type 2 diabetes.
Principle
The hypolipemic properties of the compounds according to the invention were evaluated in vivo by determination of plasma lipids and by analysis of gene expression of targets genes of PPARs in the liver after oral treatment of a dyslipidemic mouse with the compounds according to the invention.
The murine model used is the mouse of type ApoE2/E2, a mouse transgenic for the E2 isoform of human apolipoprotein E (Sullivan P M et al., 1998). In humans, this apolipoprotein, a constituent of low and very low density lipoproteins (LDL-VLDL), occurs in three isoforms E2, E3 and E4. The E2 form has a mutation on an amino acid in position 158, so that the affinity of this protein for the LDL receptor is greatly reduced. Because of this, clearance of VLDLs is almost zero. This leads to accumulation of low-density lipoproteins and mixed, so-called type III hyperlipidemia (raised cholesterol and triglycerides).
PPARα regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid transport (apolipoproteins such as Apo AI, Apo AII and Apo CIII, membrane transporters such as FAT) or the catabolism of lipids (ACO, CPT-I or CPT-II, enzymes of β-oxidation of fatty acids). Treatment with PPARα activators is therefore reflected, both in humans and in rodents, in a decrease in levels of circulating triglycerides. Measurement of plasma lipids after treatment with the compounds according to the invention is therefore an indicator of the PPARα agonist character and therefore of the hypolipemic action of the compounds according to the invention.
The PPARα agonist properties previously measured in vitro should be translated at the hepatic level by a change in the level of expression of the target genes directly under the control of the PPARα receptor: the genes that were studied in these experiments are those coding for ACO (a key enzyme in the mechanism of β-oxidation of fatty acids), PDK-4 (an enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism) and Apo CIII (apolipoprotein involved in lipid metabolism). This change in gene expression after treatment with the compounds according to the invention is therefore also an indicator of their hypolipemic character.
Protocol
a) Treatment of the Animals
Apo E2/E2 transgenic mice were kept in a cycle of light and darkness of 12 hours/12 hours at a constant temperature of 20±3° C. After acclimation for one week, the mice were weighed and put into groups of 6 animals selected in such a way that the distribution of their bodyweight and of their plasma lipid values determined first before the experiment are uniform. The compounds tested were suspended in carboxymethylcellulose (Sigma C4888) and administered at the chosen dose by stomach tube, at a rate of once a day for 7 days at the chosen dose. The animals had free access to water and food. At the end of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized after fasting for 4 hours, a blood sample was taken on anticoagulant (EDTA), then the mice were weighed and euthanased. The plasma was separated by centrifugation at 3000 rev/min for 20 minutes, and the samples were stored at +4° C. for the biochemical assays. Samples of liver were taken and frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen and then stored at −80° C. for subsequent analyses.
b) Measurement of Plasma Lipids
The plasma concentrations of lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and free fatty acids) were measured by enzyme assays (bioMérieux-Lyons-France) according to the supplier's recommendations.
c) Analysis of Gene Expression by Quantitative RT-PCR
Total RNA was extracted from fragments of liver using the NucleoSpin® 96 RNA kit (Macherey Nagel, Hoerdt, France) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 1 μg of total RNA (quantified using the Ribogreen RNA quantification kit (Molecular Probes)) was then reverse transcribed to complementary DNA by a reaction of 1 hour at 37° C. in a total volume of 20 μl containing buffer 1× (Sigma), 1.5 mM of DTT, 0.18 mM of dNTPs (Promega), 200 ng of pdN6 (Amersham), 30U of RNase inhibitor (Sigma) and 1 μl of MMLV-RT (Sigma).
The quantitative PCR experiments were performed using the MyiQ Single-Color Real-Time PCR Detection System (Biorad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) and were carried out using the iQ SYBR Green Supermix kit according to the supplier's recommendations, in 96-well plates, on 5 μl of diluted reverse transcription reaction mixtures, with a hybridization temperature of 55° C. Specific primer pairs of the genes under investigation were used:
The amount of fluorescence emitted is directly proportional to the amount of complementary DNA present at the start of the reaction and amplified during PCR. For each target investigated, a range is prepared by successive dilutions of a pool consisting of a few μl of different reverse transcription reactions. The relative levels of expression of each target are thus determined using the curves of efficacy obtained with the scale points.
The levels of expression of the genes of interest were then normalized relative to the level of expression of the 36B4 reference gene (whose specific primers are:
The induction factor, i.e. the ratio of the relative signal (induced by the compound according to the invention) to the mean of the relative values of the control group, was then calculated for each sample. The higher this factor, the more the compound has a character of activation of gene expression. The final result is represented as the mean of the induction values in each experimental group.
Results and Conclusion
a) Measurement of Plasma Lipids
The levels of total cholesterol were decreased after 7 days of treatment with compounds 2 and 4 (administered at 10 and 100 mpk;
b) Analysis of Gene Expression by Quantitative RT-PCR
Cpd 2 and Cpd 4 induce hepatic overexpression of genes coding for ACO and PDK-4, and significant inhibition of hepatic expression of the gene coding for ApoCIII ((
The compounds according to the invention have hypolipemic properties, lowering the plasma levels of cholesterol and of free fatty acids. The compounds according to the invention also have the property of increasing the beneficial fraction of HDL-cholesterol. Moreover, the compounds according to the invention are regulators of expression of genes coding for enzymes strongly involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. These results, obtained in vivo, provide evidence of the therapeutic potential of the compounds according to the invention with respect to major pathologies such as dyslipidemias.
Principle
The PPARδ agonist properties previously measured in vitro were evaluated by measuring, in murine myocytes, the expression of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and energy expenditure (PDK4, CPT1b, UCP2). Regulation of expression of these genes, in this cell type, is a direct consequence of the activation of PPARδ by the compounds according to the invention. The greater the increase in expression of the genes, the more the compound according to the invention is a stimulator of metabolism in muscle cells (Dressel U et al., 2003).
Protocol
a) Differentiation of C2C12 Cells into Myocytes
The C2C12 murine cells (from ECACC) are cultivated in DMEM medium (Gibco; 41965-039) supplemented with 1% L-glutamine (Gibco; 25030), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (VWR; BWSTL0022/100) and 10% decomplemented fetal calf serum (FCS. Gibco; 10270-106).
The cells are seeded in 24-well plates at a density of 50×103 cells/well. At confluence, the medium is replaced with a differentiation medium (base culture medium supplemented with 2% of horse serum (Gibco; 26050-088)) then culture is continued at 37° C. and 5% CO2 for 7 days in order to permit differentiation of the myoblasts into myocytes.
b) Treatment
After 6 days of differentiation, the cells are put in a deprivation medium (base culture medium without serum) for 6 hours. The cells are then treated with the compounds according to the invention in the deprivation medium. The compounds according to the invention were tested at doses of 0.1, 1, 10 μM and 0.2, 2 and 20 μM respectively. The compounds according to the invention were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma; D5879). The cells are treated for 24 hours at 37° C., 5% CO2. The effects for the compounds tested were compared with the effect of DMSO alone at a concentration of 0.1%.
c) Extraction of RNA, Reverse Transcription and Quantitative PCR
These procedures were performed on the cells essentially as described in Example 10 (point c) of the Protocols.
The following primer pairs specific to the genes investigated were used:
Results and Conclusion
In murine myocytes in vitro, that the compounds of the invention such as Cpd 7 and Cpd 24 possess significant effects of stimulating expression of genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and in thermoregulation, and known to be regulated by agonists of PPARδ, such as PDK4, CPT1b and UCP2 (
The test data presented show that the compounds of the invention have a metabolic action in murine myocytes by activation of PPARδ.
Principle
The functional effect of activation of PPARγ is evaluated in vitro on a line of pre-adipocyte cells 3T3-L1 (Thompson G M et al., 2004) by measuring the concentration of intracellular triglycerides and the concentration of adiponectin secreted in the culture medium after 9 days of treatment with the compounds according to the invention. This effect, similar to that of PPARγ agonist compounds such as thiazolidinediones (Kallen C B and Lazar M A, 1996), demonstrated in vitro the functional properties of these compounds.
Protocol
The 3T3-L1 cells (Mus musculus embryo fibroblasts, ATCC; CL-173) are cultivated in DMEM medium (4.5 g/L glucose, Gibco 41965) supplemented with 10% of fetal calf serum (Gibco; 10270), 1% of L-glutamine (Gibco; 25030), 100 units/mL of penicillin+100 μg/mL streptomycin (VWR; BWSTL0022/100) up to confluence (37° C., 5% CO2). At confluence, the cells were then rinsed with PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline solution) and the culture medium was replaced with DMEM 4.5 g/L glucose (10% FCS, 1% L-glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin, 0.25 mM) containing a cocktail for initiation of adipocyte differentiation (IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine Sigma; 17018), 0.1 μM dexamethasone (Sigma; D1756) and 0.4 μM of insulin (Sigma; I2643). The cells were also treated with the compounds according to the invention (1 μL of solubilized compound/mL of medium, 200 μL per well).
After 2 days of incubation, the cells were washed with PBS and the differentiation medium was replaced with DMEM 4.5 g/L of glucose supplemented with 10% FCS, 1% L-glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin, 0.4 μM insulin, and the compounds according to the invention for the purpose of completing cellular differentiation and obtaining adipocytes. The medium was changed every 2 days until total differentiation. After culture for 9 days, the treatment was stopped by withdrawing the culture medium, which was stored for assaying secreted adiponectin. The cells were then washed twice with PBS and placed in isopropanol for membrane permeabilization. The content of intracellular triglycerides was evaluated immediately.
Quantification of intracellular triglycerides was performed with the “Triglyceride Enzymatic PAP1000” kit (bioMérieux; 61238) according to the supplier's recommendations. Secreted adiponectin was measured in the culture medium using the “Mouse Adiponectin/Acrp30 Elisa Kit” kit (R&D Systems; DY1119) according to the supplier's recommendations.
Results and Conclusion
The test data show that Cpd 19, Cpd 24 and Cpd 36 produce dose-dependent stimulation in vitro of accumulation of triglycerides in adipocytes, and secretion of adiponectin. These results therefore show a PPARγ activating capacity in vitro of the compounds according to the invention, which is reflected in stimulation of adipogenesis in the cellular model of 3T3-L1 murine pre-adipocytes.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 08 53415 | May 2008 | FR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2009/050980 | 5/26/2009 | WO | 00 | 11/26/2010 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009/153496 | 12/23/2009 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030212100 | Tsunoda et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
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