Patent Application
20170218622
This patent application generally relates to a precast hollow block, incorporation of the precast hollow block into a wall for a variety of applications, and forms for manufacturing the same.
During the construction of a wall, it is generally accepted that a leveling course of concrete is added to the wall prior to setting the precast elements, such as a hollow core block. Coping is commonly used to add a protective cap and to provide a smooth finish to the top of a wall. Coping can be cast-in-place or precast using various elements. A strip of a cast-in-place concrete “level up” is incorporated on the top of a wall to provide a smooth, level surface for the coping. Prior methods that have combined cast-in-place coping on the top of a wall formed by precast elements have been expensive, very time-consuming, and difficult to implement. In particular, some of these methods have resulted in face textures that are either mismatched or entirely absent from sloped portions of finished walls. As such, it is very difficult and time-consuming to install a block that has been cut down to height of only a few inches into a specific location on the wall.
Typically, wall designers refrain from frequently transitioning the slope from one course to another in a wall and, in particular, from transitioning the courses of the wall in a “stair-step” configuration. In addition to purely aesthetic reasons for not using a “stair-step” configuration, designers are often concerned with specific design limitations, such as matching a road grade or meeting stringent Department of Transportation regulations with regard to stepped elevation changes for surfaces located on top of walls. As a result, it is often necessary to ensure specially shaped coping along the top of these walls.
Therefore, it is apparent that there is a need for a better precast hollow block that, among other things, can provide a more efficient and cost-effective precast block coping system. Specifically, the precast block coping system should readily account for transitions in the slopes of a wall from one course to another, conform to state and federal Department of Transportation regulations, accommodate existing wall construction specifications, and be readily customizable for a variety of applications in the field.
What is provided is a precast hollow block, a precast wall system incorporating the precast hollow block, and forms for manufacturing a hollow block and a coping cap. In exemplary embodiments, the precast hollow block comprises a top; a bottom; a front side including a front surface, the front side opposed from a back side including a back surface, each of the front surface and the back surface having a textured surface for imparting a natural stone appearance; and a first connecting rib extending laterally from the front side to the back side and a second connecting rib parallel to the first connecting rib and extending laterally from the front side to the back side to form a hollow interior space configured for accepting a filling material, wherein the distance from the first connecting rib to the center of the hollow block is shorter than the distance from the second connecting rib to the center of the hollow block.
During the construction of walls, the precast hollow block may be precast at the correct slope or cut in the field and incorporated within a precast hollow block system. The precast hollow block system may be used for a variety of applications, including coping, flood prevention, and force protection.
In exemplary embodiments, a precast wall system comprises a precast wall system comprising a first set of a plurality of hollow blocks, each of the hollow blocks in the first set comprising a top; a bottom; a front side including a front surface, the front side opposed from a back side including a back surface, each of the front surface and the back surface having a textured surface; and a first connecting rib extending laterally from the front side to the back side and a second connecting rib parallel to the first connecting rib and extending laterally from the front side to the back side to form a hollow interior space configured for accepting a filling material, wherein the first connecting rib is positioned approximately at the center of the hollow block; a second set of a plurality of hollow blocks, wherein the first set of the plurality of hollow blocks is attached to the top of the second set of hollow blocks, each of the hollow blocks in the second set comprising: a top; a bottom; a front side including a front surface, the front side opposed from a back side including a back surface, each of the front surface and the back surface having a textured surface; and a first connecting rib extending laterally from the front side to the back side and a second connecting rib parallel to the first connecting rib and extending laterally from the front side to the back side to form a hollow interior space configured for accepting a filling material, wherein the first connecting rib is positioned approximately at the center of the hollow block; and a plurality of stacked rows of retaining blocks, wherein the second set of hollow blocks is attached to the top of the stacked rows of retaining blocks.
The precast hollow block may be produced in a form using the same dimensions as existing hollow blocks and from existing standard or custom face texture molds. In exemplary embodiments, a form for manufacturing the hollow block comprises a plurality of doors, wherein at least two of the plurality of doors clamp together to form a hollow interior space configured for accepting a filling material; and a base comprising a plurality of face molds configured for insertion of at least one core insert into the form, wherein the core insert is configured for imparting a shape to the hollow block. In some embodiments, a scoring feature may be precast in the hollow blocks at desired positions using a scoring insert. The scoring insert comprises magnets for positioning the scoring insert inside the form.
In exemplary embodiments, the form for manufacturing a coping cap comprises a plurality of doors, wherein each of the plurality of doors slide on rails attached to the coping cap form; and a base comprising a plurality of texture molds configured for insertion of at least one removable insert into the form, wherein the removable insert is configured for imparting a shape to the coping cap.
Accordingly, the precast hollow block and its incorporation into a precast wall system provide solutions to current “level up” block coping techniques, wall flood protection, wall force protection, and the like. Instead of having mismatched or missing face textures on sloped portions of the wall, the precast wall system allows for easier installation of face-textured blocks directly at the top of the wall. As a result, the precast wall system may readily account for slope transitions of a wall, conform to specific Department of Transportation project requirements, accommodate existing wall construction specifications, and be easily customizable for a variety of applications.
In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the examples as defined in the claimed subject matter, and as an example of how to make and use the examples described herein. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that claimed subject matter is not intended to be limited to such specific details, and may even be practiced without requiring such specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and ingredients have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention defined by the claimed subject matter.
Referring to
The sides 110 and 120 are connected together and spaced apart from one another by one or more lateral connecting ribs 140 and 150, to form at least one hollow interior space 130 in the center of the hollow block 100. The first connecting rib 140 and the second connecting rib 150 may be of different lengths, shape, size, and thickness, as well as being in different locations on the hollow block 100, depending on the particular requirements and specifications of the wall. Also, the first connecting rib 140 and the second connecting rib 150 may be made from a variety of materials, such as plastic, metal, and reinforcing steel.
The at least one hollow interior space 130 is adapted to receive and hold at least one filling material. In some embodiments, the filling material may be stone, concrete, or other functionally similar filling materials. The pouring of this filling material to match the grade of the wall provides a smooth, level surface for coping that can eliminate the expense and time commitment of on-site coping projects. In addition, the pouring of these filling materials results in the formation of solid walls for flood prevention, force protection, and other related applications. In addition, the pouring of these filling materials results in the formation of solid walls for flood prevention, force protection, and other related applications. In some embodiments, the solid walls can provide these benefits without the addition of a coping cap.
In the illustrated embodiment, the first connecting rib 140 and the second connecting rib 150 extend laterally parallel to one another along the hollow block 100. The first connecting rib 140 is positioned approximately at the center of the hollow block 100 and the second connecting rib 150 is positioned approximately at one end of the hollow block 100. As a result, two substantially parallel legs 181 and 182 are defined on a first end 180 of the hollow block 100. By positioning the first connecting rib 150 at approximately the center of the hollow block 100, the hollow interior space 130 of the hollow block 100 can better vertically align when the hollow block 100 is stacked with other hollow blocks on a running bond (i.e., a half-block offset). As a result, the hollow interior spaces 130 vertically align through the resulting wall formed from the hollow blocks 100.
In other embodiments, both connecting ribs 140 and 150 may be positioned towards the center of the hollow block 100 in order to define four substantially parallel legs on a second end 190 of the hollow block 100. At least one of the first end 180 and the second end 190 of the hollow block 100 may be cut in order to accommodate various wall construction requirements and allow for the formation of non-planar walls.
During the construction of a wall, some blocks may need to be cut shorter prior to their placement on the wall due to various design features or to accommodate a slope or angle on the wall. When a portion of the wall is placed at an angle to the rest of the wall or when the wall follows an arc or free-form curve, blocks are cut vertically to construct non-planar walls where one face of the wall is shorter than another. In some embodiments, the hollow block 100 may be cut in the field such that the top 160 is at a different angle relative to the bottom 170. The ability to cut the hollow block 100 in the field allows a coping cap to match any grade behind the wall. Instead of cutting the sides 110 and 120 in the field, in an alternative embodiment, the sides 110 and 120 may be poured at an angle to match the grade in the field.
The hollow block 100 may be securely connected to other blocks of different sizes, shapes, and orientations; wall components; wall panels; concrete footings; earthen anchorages, and the like. Each hollow block 100 may be configured to connect with other blocks when the blocks are stacked atop one another or arranged side-by-side to form a wall. This connection can increase wall stability by restricting the movement between adjacent blocks. The hollow block 100 may also be adapted to align with known locking and alignment elements, such as knobs and grooves, tabs, or nodes, to match existing wall batters.
Referring to
The hollow block 200 has a top 210, a bottom (not shown), and substantially planar, opposed sides 230 and 240 that include the front surface and back surface of the hollow block 200. The front surface and back surface of the sides 230 and 240 are textured such that they may imitate natural stone or other aesthetically pleasing materials.
The opposed sides 230 and 240 are connected together and spaced apart from one another by one or more lateral connecting members, such as connecting ribs 260 and 270, to form at least one hollow interior space (not shown) in the center of the hollow block 200. The connecting ribs 260 and 270 may be of different lengths, shape, size, and thickness, as well as being in different locations on the hollow block 200, depending on the particular requirements and specifications of the wall. Also, the connecting ribs 260 and 270 may be made from a variety of materials, such as plastic, metal, and reinforcing steel.
In an exemplary embodiment, the at least one hollow interior space may be adapted to receive and hold at least one filling material, such as stone and concrete, after the hollow block 200 is positioned on a wall. The pouring of these filling materials to match the grade of the wall provides a smooth, level surface for coping that can eliminate the expense and time commitment of on-site coping projects. In addition, the pouring of these filling materials results in the formation of solid walls for flood prevention, force protection, and other related applications. In some embodiments, the solid walls can provide these benefits without the addition of a coping cap.
In the illustrated embodiment, the connecting ribs 260 and 270 can extend parallel to one another and the first connecting rib 260 is positioned at approximately the center of the hollow block 200 and the second connecting rib 270 is positioned at approximately one end of the hollow block 200. As a result, two substantially parallel legs 281 and 282 form on a first end of the hollow block 200. By positioning the first connecting rib 260 at approximately the center of the hollow block 100, the hollow interior space 130 of the hollow block 200 can better vertically align when the hollow block 200 is stacked with other hollow blocks on a running bond (i.e., a half-block offset). As a result, the hollow interior spaces 130 vertically align through the resulting wall formed from the hollow blocks 200.
In other embodiments, both connecting ribs 260 and 270 may be set further towards the center of the hollow block 200 in order to form four substantially parallel legs on a second end 280 of the hollow block 200. At least one of the first end and the second end 280 of the hollow block 200 may be cut in order to accommodate various wall construction requirements and allow for the formation of non-planar walls.
During the construction of a wall, some blocks may need to be cut shorter prior to their placement on the wall due to various design features or to accommodate a curve or angle on the wall. When a portion of the wall is placed at an angle to the rest of the wall or when the wall follows an arc or free-form curve, blocks are cut vertically to construct non-planar walls where one face of the wall is shorter than another. In some embodiments, the hollow block 200 may be cut in the field such that the top 210 is at a different angle relative to the bottom. The ability to cut the hollow block 200 in the field allows a coping cap to match any grade behind the wall. Instead of cutting the sides 230 and 240 in the field, in an alternative embodiment, the sides 230 and 240 may be poured at an angle to match the grade in the field.
In some embodiments, a full 18-inch cut may be made through the hollow block 200 without having the hollow block 200 lose any of its support. Typically, transitioning the slope from one course to another results in the last block having a height that is only a fraction of the height (about 2-3 inches or less) of blocks having their full height. Consequently, the face textures are difficult to support or missing entirely from the finished wall. However, in the hollow block 200, the texture is integrated into the row of blocks located below it, which results in a well-supported texture and allows for a designer or installer to more easily and quickly accommodate the grade as it transitions from one row of blocks to another (as shown in
The hollow block 200 may be securely connected to other blocks of different sizes, shapes, and orientations; wall components; wall panels; concrete footings; earthen anchorages, and the like. Each hollow block 200 may be configured to connect with other blocks when the blocks are stacked atop one another or arranged side-by-side to form a wall. This connection can increase wall stability by restricting the movement between adjacent blocks. The hollow block 200 may also be adapted to align with known locking and alignment elements, such as knobs and grooves, tabs, or nodes, to match existing wall batters.
In order to make it easier and quicker for an operator to cut hollow blocks in the field, some embodiments involve the formation of hollow blocks that are precast with at least one scoring feature. Referring to
Referring to
Each scoring insert 410 can be positioned at any angle on the hollow block 200 relative to the position of hollow block 200 on a fully assembled wall. In some embodiments, the substantially triangular end point 430 on the scoring insert 410 may serve as a guide for cutting the precast hollow block 200 at specific locations since it provides an easier access point/guide. Since there is less concrete material at the substantially triangular end point 430 than at other locations on the hollow block 200, an operator will have an easier time cutting into or fracturing the hollow block 200 along the scoring feature 310 and removing more material from the hollow block 200. This is particularly the case if the operator does not have the appropriate tools (concrete saws) to cut hollow blocks that do not have a scoring feature.
Alternative embodiments of the hollow blocks 100 and 200, as shown in
A coping cap comprises at least one coping block attachable along the top of a wall. Referring to
At least one of the ends 540 and 550 of the coping block 500 may be cut in order to accommodate various wall construction requirements, ensure accurate joints, and allow for the formation of non-planar walls. During the construction of a wall, some blocks may need to be cut shorter prior to their placement on the wall due to various design features or to accommodate a curve or angle on the wall. When a portion of the wall is placed at an angle to the rest of the wall or when the wall follows an arc or free-form curve, blocks are cut vertically to construct non-planar walls where one face of the wall is shorter than another. In some embodiments, the coping block 500 may be configured to match any grade behind the wall by casting the ends 540 and 550 at an angle other than one that is perpendicular to the top 510 and the bottom. In other embodiments, the coping block 500 may be configured to match any grade behind the wall by cutting the ends 540 and 550 at an angle other than one that is perpendicular to the top 510 and the bottom.
The coping block 500 may be securely affixed and positioned along the top of a wall that includes precast hollow blocks, as depicted in
In exemplary embodiments, the traffic barrier may be precast into the coping block 500, as illustrated in
Referring to
In one embodiment, the front side 620 is about 12 inches taller than the back side 630 due to a void on the back side 630. As a result, fencing, railings, or other functionally equivalent barriers, such as a traffic barrier, may be installed in the void of the coping block 600. At least one of the ends 640 and 650 of the coping block 600 may be cut in order to accommodate various wall construction requirements, ensure accurate joints, and allow for the formation of non-planar walls. During the construction of a wall, some blocks may need to be cut shorter prior to their placement on the wall due to various design features or to accommodate a curve or angle on the wall. When a portion of the wall is placed at an angle to the rest of the wall or when the wall follows an arc or free-form curve, blocks are cut vertically to construct non-planar walls where one face of the wall is shorter than another. In some embodiments, the coping block 600 may be configured to match any grade behind the wall by casting the ends 640 and 650 at an angle other than one that is perpendicular to the top 610 and the bottom. In other embodiments, the coping block 600 may be configured to match any slope of the wall by cutting the ends 640 and 650 at an angle other than one that is perpendicular to the top 610 and the bottom.
The coping block 600 may be securely affixed and positioned along the top of a wall that includes precast hollow blocks, as depicted in
In exemplary embodiments, the traffic barrier may be integrated into the coping block 600 in a precast manner, as illustrated in
The pouring of filling materials into the hollow interior space 130 of the hollow block 100 and the coping block 600 increase the total height of any resulting wall. The result is that the coping block 600 becomes part of the formed retaining wall. This creates a more efficient wall system that requires fewer hollow blocks and much fewer concrete to create a wall having the same height. In some embodiments, landscaping, soil, concrete, asphalt, and functionally similar materials may be placed within close proximity of the front side 620 of the coping block 600 to provide additional support for the wall in order to limit overturning and sliding. Further, the coping block 600 may be configured to accommodate at least one vertical face panel that may extend above and/or below relative the horizontal portion(s) of the coping block 600. The vertical face panel may be supported by the other blocks surrounding the coping block 600.
Alternative embodiments of the coping blocks 500 and 600, as shown in
Referring to
The at least one coping block 720 is configured to allow for secure structural connections with the first set of hollow blocks 730, the retaining blocks 740, and the second set of hollow blocks 750. In addition, the at least one coping block 720, the first set of hollow blocks 730, the retaining blocks 740, and the second set of hollow blocks 750 are configured to securely connect with wall components; wall panels; concrete footings; earthen anchorages, and the like. The wall components; wall panels; concrete footings; and earthen anchorages may be added on top of or around the coping cap 710. These connections can increase wall stability by restricting the movement between adjacent blocks.
In some embodiments, the at least one coping block 720, the first set of hollow blocks 730, and the second set of hollow blocks 750 may be precast at the desired grade and labeled according to their orientation on the wall 700. In alternative embodiments, the at least one coping block 720, the first set of hollow blocks 730, and the second set of hollow blocks 750 may be cut to the desired grade at the construction site of the wall 700. In some embodiments, fencing, railings, or other functionally equivalent barriers, such as a traffic barrier, may be installed on top of the coping cap 710.
Referring to
The coping block 840 is configured to allow for secure structural connections with the first set of hollow blocks 850, the retaining blocks 860, and the second set of hollow blocks 870. In addition, the coping block 840, the first set of hollow blocks 850, the retaining blocks 860, and the second set of hollow blocks 870 are configured to securely connect with wall components; wall panels; concrete footings; earthen anchorages, and the like. These connections can increase wall stability by restricting the movement between adjacent blocks.
In some embodiments, the coping block 840, the first set of hollow blocks 850, and the second set of hollow blocks 870 may be precast at the desired grade and labeled according to their orientation on the wall 800. In alternative embodiments, the coping block 840, the first set of hollow blocks 850, and the second set of hollow blocks 870 may be cut to the desired grade at the construction site of the wall 800.
In some embodiments, fencing, railings, landscaping, soil, plants, or other functionally equivalent materials may be installed on top of the coping cap 810. Traffic barriers, moment slabs, sidewalks, or other functionally equivalent materials may be cast-in-place on top of the coping cap 810.
Alternative embodiments of the walls 700 and 800, respectively shown in
As disclosed above, the hollow block provides a smooth, level surface for coping that can eliminate the expense and time commitment of on-site coping project. Additionally, in alternative embodiments, the system disclosed herein may be used for other types of applications involving walls and non-wall structures. Specifically, the precast hollow block wall system disclosed herein may be used for flood management walls with a watertight cast-in-place center core, rail bed ballast retention, bridge abutments, barrier walls with a cast-in-place center core, parapet walls, sound attenuation walls, visual screen walls, force protection structures, blast mitigation structures, and the like.
In an exemplary embodiment, the precast wall provides a solid core across the entire wall for flood protection. The precast wall comprises the first set of hollow blocks 730 stacked on top of the second set of hollow blocks 750, which are stacked on top of the retaining blocks 740. In some examples, the precast wall does not include the retaining blocks 740. The precast wall also comprises reinforcing steel, such as rebar, and poured-in-place concrete, but no coping cap. The blocks used for this precast wall may be assembled and positioned in areas known to have potential for flooding. The reinforcing steel is placed in prescribed locations on the blocks while the wall is being constructed. Concrete is then poured into the core hollow interior spaces of the wall to create a solid core across the entire wall. The result is the creation of an effectively water-tight wall with greater structural stability. Thus, no separate framework or parts are needed to create the wall. As a result, there are great cost-savings on labor as compared with existing wall construction techniques. In addition, the hollow core block adds mass to the wall cross-section. The result is a more robust and stable wall that can be used as a formwork that can be integrated into the wall. Unlike cast-in-place techniques for wall construction, no post-processing is needed to the wall after concrete is poured.
In another exemplary embodiment, the precast wall provides a solid core across the entire wall for the formation of a barrier. The precast wall comprises the first set of hollow blocks 730 stacked on top of the second set of hollow blocks 750, which are stacked on top of the retaining blocks 740. In some examples, the precast wall does not include the retaining blocks 740. The precast wall also comprises reinforcing steel, such as rebar, and poured-in-place concrete, but no coping cap. The blocks used for this precast wall may be assembled and positioned in areas in need of a barrier. The reinforcing steel is placed in prescribed locations on the blocks while the wall is being constructed. Additional anchoring and/or reinforcement structures may be added to the wall at this time. Concrete is then poured into the core hollow interior spaces of the wall to create a solid core across the entire wall, effectively tying all the wall blocks into a single mass. As a result, any impact to the wall blocks would be distributed across the wall.
Referring to
At least two doors 950 clamp to each other to form at least one hollow interior space 930 in the center of the hollow block 910 into which the concrete is poured. The doors 950 swing or slide out of the way after the hollow block 910 is cured. In some embodiments, the doors 950 may open and close on a sliding rail system, hinges, or a combination of both.
The form 900 is configured to locate and support any necessary concrete reinforcement materials for the manufacturing of the hollow block 910. The form 900 is also configured to locate and support lateral connecting members, such as connecting ribs 940, located in the hollow block 910.
Referring to
At least two doors 1040 clamp to each other to form at least one hollow interior space 1030 in the center of the hollow block 1010 into which the concrete is poured. The doors 1040 swing or slide out of the way after the hollow block 1010 is cured. In some embodiments, the doors 1040 may open and close on a sliding rail system, hinges, or a combination of both.
The form 1000 is configured to locate and support any necessary concrete reinforcement materials for the manufacturing of the hollow block 1010. The form 1000 is also configured to locate and support lateral connecting members, such as connecting ribs (not shown), located in the hollow block 1010. In some embodiments, the form 1000 comprises doors or side walls that open and close on a sliding rail system, hinges, or a combination of both.
Referring to
In some embodiments, a coping cap including coping blocks 500 and 600, as shown in
The plurality of texture molds 1430 are configured for insertion of at least one removable insert 1440 that imparts a desired configuration to the coping blocks of the coping cap 1410. Each removable insert 1440 may be fabricated from a variety of materials, such rubber, steel, and plastic and may be fabricated into a variety of shapes and sizes. Thus, each removable insert 1440 can be readily interchanged to create different coping blocks. Each removable insert 1440 comprises an integrated lifting insert 1450 having a removable cover in order to allow for easier removal and replacement of the removable insert 1440. In the illustrated embodiment, the height of the coping cap 1410 manufactured by the coping form 1400 is about 12 inches. In other embodiments, the removable insert 1440 may be removed and replaced with a different removable insert to allow for the creation of a coping cap having a height of about 24 inches.
Each lifting insert 1450 is integrated within a removable insert 1440 and includes a removable cover. In some embodiments, the removable cover is made from molded rubber. As a result, concrete or other types of filling material can cover the lifting insert 1450 without creating problems with leaking or stripping.
The coping form 1400 further comprises a plurality of clamps 1460, each of the clamps 1460 is positioned at about a 45 degree angle on a plurality of doors 1420. In some embodiments, each of the clamps 1460 is positioned on two doors 1420 in the open orientation of the coping form 1400. Due to the angle of each of the clamps 1460 with respect to the doors 1420, each clamp 1460 may readily interlock with a door 1420 adjacent to the door 1420 where the clamp 1460 is positioned. This allows the clamp 1460 to pull two doors 1420 simultaneously shut, causing the coping form 1400 to enter a closed orientation, as illustrated in
Referring to
The coping cap form 1400 may be configured to locate and support any necessary concrete reinforcement materials and mounting structures for fences, railings, site lighting, utilities, and functionally equivalent structures on the top of the coping block. Also, the coping cap form 1400 may be configured to incorporate a traffic barrier into a coping block or wall and to incorporate voids for landscaping, soil, concrete, and other functionally equivalent materials. Further, the coping cap form 1400 may be configured to locate and support reinforcement for cast-in-place traffic barriers, cast-in-place moment slabs, and connectors to other wall components.
Referring to
It will, of course, be understood that, although particular examples have just been described, the claimed subject matter is not limited in scope to a particular example or limitation. Likewise, an example may be implemented in any combination of compositions of matter, apparatuses, methods or products made by a process, for example.
In the preceding description, various aspects of claimed subject matter have been described. For purposes of explanation, specific numbers, percentages, components, ingredients and/or configurations were set forth to provide a thorough understanding of claimed subject matter. However, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that claimed subject matter may be practiced without the specific details. In other instances, features that would be understood by one of ordinary skill were omitted or simplified so as not to obscure claimed subject matter. While certain features and examples have been illustrated or described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes or equivalents will now occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications or changes as fall within the true spirit of claimed subject matter.
This patent application is a Non-Provisional patent application and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/288,712, titled “PRECAST BLOCK COPING SYSTEM AND FORM FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME,” filed Jan. 29, 2016; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/431,934, titled “PRECAST BLOCK COPING SYSTEM AND FORM FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME,” filed Dec. 9, 2016. The entire disclosures of the aforementioned patent applications are incorporated by reference as if fully stated herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62288712 | Jan 2016 | US | |
| 62431934 | Dec 2016 | US |
