Patent Application
20160323315
Embodiments of the invention generally relate to systems and methods for managing a network environment, and more specifically to a central monitoring console used to manage feedback from virtual appliances and view the feedback alongside other activity occurring on the network environment.
Secure networked environments may be subject to a myriad of attempts to authenticate to, access, and use their resources and assets without proper credentials. Such networked environments are difficult to monitor and unauthorized attempts to access are difficult to detect. Further, even if an unauthorized access attempt is detected, it may only be classified as a “failed” attempt, which provides little information concerning, e.g., the source of the attempt, whether the attempt originates with an authorized or an unauthorized user, etc.
One practical problem is that security professionals must review activity logs and perform additional analysis to determine if unauthorized authentication attempts were made on an asset. Such techniques may rely, for example, on a denied parties list, domain information for known “bad” actors, or repeated attempts to authenticate without the proper credentials.
With regard to tracing, for networks having multiple assets there may be different accounts active on each asset. Further, assets from different networks can be communicably linked to assets in other networks, each asset having different active accounts. Some of these different accounts may in fact be associated with each other, such as when they are associated with the same user. A user may authenticate using account “X” on a first network asset and then through machine-to-machine authentication authenticate using account “Y” on a second network asset. Machine-to-machine authentication may purposefully or incidentally obfuscate the identity of the account or the user through account switching.
Activity at a network asset may be monitored at an account level using various techniques, including event logs. The logged information may include the identity of the asset and the information for the account associated with the logged event. Presently, the typical process for reviewing event information is for a security professional to manually gather information from various event logs, after the fact, and piece together authentication attempts and correlate accounts. This is a time consuming process and prone to error. Further, these techniques do not leverage the information gathered about the accounts to improve or update network or asset policies, nor enable active network monitoring.
Activity on a network may be monitored at a device level using “honeypot” virtual appliances. The virtual appliances may be installed on network assets, and are used, for example, on corporate servers. Honeypot devices may act as decoys—attracting access attempts or other activity by unauthorized users. However, existing “honeypot” tools require set up and configuration. The tool configuration settings, such as open ports, whitelists, and health status, are typically managed in isolation and require access to the individual honeypots for changing their settings. This process can be cumbersome and time consuming if an administrator desires to deploy a large number of honeypots across one or more monitored networks.
Accordingly, there is a need for robust systems and methods that detect security threats, unauthorized activity, and trace account usage by tracking and correlating machine-to-machine authentication and mapping accounts across network assets, including across multiple assets, in such a way as to describe how a user or account utilizes various assets on a network. There is also a need for systems and methods that will facilitate improvements and updates to policy enforcement for account usage at a network and an asset level, as part of a security and management ecosystem. Finally, there is a need for a honeypot virtual appliance that is easily deployable, configurable, and manageable from a remote central console.
In general, various aspects of the systems, methods, and apparatus described herein are directed toward a security and management ecosystem for the detection of security threats, unauthorized activity, mapping accounts across network assets, tracking the way a user utilizes multiple accounts to access various assets on a network, and monitoring a network environment using a central monitoring console to manage the feedback from these preconfigured virtual appliances and view it alongside other activity on the network environment. In addition, the system and methods described herein are directed to enforcing network policies based on the account mapping described above.
According to one aspect of the present invention a system for monitoring a secure network is provided. The system includes a control module and one or more virtual appliances, each configured to, upon deployment in the network, automatically communicably link to the control module and report state information about the virtual appliance.
In one embodiment, the state information comprises one or more of access attempts, authentication attempts, port scans, operating status, and state changes.
In another embodiment, the one or more virtual appliances are further configured to receive instructions from the control module. The instructions may comprise one or more of tasks to perform, software updates, and configuration changes.
In another embodiment, the state information is reported periodically.
In another embodiment, the state information is reported to the control module in real-time.
In another embodiment, the control module is operable to receive instructions from a user via a user interface.
In another embodiment, each of the one or more virtual appliances have stored thereon at least one of an associated list of permitted users, a list of access attempts, and a list of port scans.
In another embodiment, the virtual appliances run on servers within a secure network. In another embodiment, the control module includes a list of permitted users associated with at least one of the virtual appliances.
According to another aspect of the present invention a virtual appliance for deployment in a network is provided. The system includes configuration instructions; a first processing module configured to execute based on the configuration instructions upon deployment of the virtual appliance in the network; a second processing module configured to monitor the state of the virtual appliance when it is deployed in the network and generate state information about the virtual appliance; and a communications module configured to report the state information about the virtual appliance to a control station.
In one embodiment, the state information comprises one or more of access attempts, authentication attempts, port scans, operating status, and state changes.
In another embodiment, the virtual appliance further comprises a third processing module for executing instructions from the control station.
In another embodiment, the virtual appliance further comprises a list of permitted users.
In another embodiment, the state information is reported to the control station periodically.
In another embodiment, the state information is reported to the control station in real-time.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a control station for managing one or more virtual appliances deployed in a network is provided. The control station includes a first interface module configured for a user to input instructions for the one or more virtual appliances; a first communication module configured to transmit the user input instructions to the one or more virtual appliances; a second communication module configured to receive state information from the one or more virtual appliances; and a second interface module for presenting the received state information to a user.
In one embodiment, the instructions comprise one or more of tasks to perform, software updates, and configuration changes. The configuration changes may include changes to permitted users of a virtual appliance.
In another embodiment, the state information comprises one or more of authentication attempts, port scans, operating status, and state changes.
In another embodiment, the first and second interfaces are operable to present a user interface.
In another embodiment, the control station further includes a second database associating at least one device label with user information. A user may be identified based on an authentication record and the second database. The authentication record may be an active directory log. Further, the device label may be a domain name or an Internet protocol address. The second database may be updated upon a dynamic host configuration protocol lease renewal, a virtual private network internet protocol address assignment, or both.
The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present invention will be made more apparent from the descriptions, drawings, and claims that follow. One of ordinary skill in the art, based on this disclosure, would understand that other aspects and advantages of the present invention exist.
In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different views. In the following description, various embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the following drawings, in which:
Described herein are various embodiments of methods and systems consistent with the present invention. These embodiments are exemplary and should not be interpreted to limit the scope that one of ordinary skill in the art would give to the invention. In some instances, well-known operations are not described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention.
An exemplary system for utilizing account lateral movement mapping data to manage a network is illustrated in
Network 110 and Network 120 each are comprised of network assets. In the exemplary embodiments described herein, the network assets are identified as falling into the category of Origination Asset 111 or Destination Asset 121 in the context of an authentication process. However, network assets may be anything that is part of, relates to, or supports information-related activities. Network assets may include hardware devices (e.g., servers, switches, and general purpose computers), software, databases, and combinations thereof. A particular pair of network assets designated as Origination Asset 111 and Destination Asset 121 could exchange roles as the asset originating an authentication request and the asset receiving an authentication request.
Correlation Engine 130 has access to a Database 131. The Correlation Engine 130 is operable to correlate account information in order to generate the account lateral movement mapping data that is used in embodiments of the present invention. The Database 131 may be used to store the account lateral movement mapping data as well as other data used in the correlation process.
Correlation Engine 130 is in communication with Origination Asset 111, Destination Asset 121, and Policy Engine 140 via Communication Network 150. Event logs for Origination Asset 111 and Destination Asset 121 are transferred to Correlation Engine 130 over Communication Network 150. Correlation Engine 130 transfers account lateral movement mapping data to the Policy Engine 140.
Collection of the event logs maybe accomplished using any technique that preserves the information that would assist with generating account lateral movement mapping data. In one exemplary embodiment the System 1 collects the event logs by authenticating to management protocols of the network assets using administrative credentials. One example of a management protocol is Windows™ Management Instrumentation. Other implementations of the Web-Based Enterprise Management (WBEM) and Common Information Model (CIM) standards from the Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) may also be used, such as, Web-Based Enterprise Management Solutions, Web-Based Enterprise Management Services, OpenPegasus, and Open Web-Based Enterprise Management.
In one exemplary embodiment the Correlation Engine 130 includes the functionality to collect the event logs using the techniques described herein. In another embodiment, one or more third-party administrative tools collect the event logs, and the Correlation Engine 130 interfaces with the third-party administrative tools.
The event logs may include any information that would assist with generating account lateral movement mapping data. In an exemplary machine-to-machine authentication process, the event data logged in an event log for the asset originating the authentication request (e.g., Origination Asset 111) includes the local account used and identifying information for the destination asset (e.g., Destination Asset 121). Similarly, the event data logged in an event log for the destination asset (e.g., Destination Asset 121) includes the local account used and identifying information for the asset originating the authentication request (e.g., Origination Asset 121). Accordingly, based on such event logs the Correlation Engine 130 may determine that the account on the originating asset—e.g., account ‘X’—is correlated to the account authenticated to at the destination asset—e.g., account ‘Y’.
Correlation Engine 130 and Policy Engine 140 may be special purpose hardware, special purpose software running on a general purpose hardware, or some combination thereof, that operates on or communicates with the Networks 110 and 120 and Origination Asset 111 and Destination Asset 121 in the manners described herein including, in the case of Policy Engine 140, to regulate account activity, including machine-to-machine authentication.
Policy Engine 140 includes an interface (not shown) that allows users, typically system administrators, to specify and modify the policies enforced by Policy Engine 140. Policy Engine 140 also uses the account lateral movement mapping data to specify and modify its policies and to enable management of the System 1. Policy Engine 140 is linked to a Database 141 that stores the policy rules and other relevant information for the Policy Engine 140.
Each of Database 131 and Database 141 may be a searchable database and may comprise, include or interface to a relational database or noSQL database (such as Cassandra NoSQL). Other databases, such as a query format database, a Structured Query Language (SQL) database, a storage area network (SAN), or another similar data storage device, query format, platform or resource may be used. Database 131 and Database 141 may each comprise a single database or a collection of databases, dedicated or otherwise. In one embodiment, Database 131 and Database 141 may store or cooperate with other databases to store the various data and information described herein. In some embodiments, Database 131 and Database 141 may comprise a file management system, program or application for storing and maintaining data and information used or generated by the various features and functions of the systems and methods described herein.
As noted above, Communication Network 150 may communicably link the various modules and devices noted in System 1. The Communication Network 150 may be comprised of, or may interface to, any one or more of the Internet, an intranet, a Personal Area Network (PAN), a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wide Area Network (WAN), a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), a storage area network (SAN), a frame relay connection, an Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) connection, a synchronous optical network (SONET) connection, a digital T1, T3, E1 or E3 line, a Digital Data Service (DDS) connection, a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connection, an Ethernet connection, an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) line, a dial-up port such as a V.90, a V.34 or a V.34bis analog modem connection, a cable modem, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) connection, a Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) connection, a Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) connection, or an optical/DWDM network.
Communication Network 150 may also comprise, include or interface to any one or more of a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) link, a Wi-Fi link, a microwave link, a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) link, a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) link, a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) link or a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) link such as a cellular phone channel, a Global Positioning System (GPS) link, a cellular digital packet data (CDPD) link, a Research in Motion, Limited (RIM) duplex paging type device, a Bluetooth radio link, or an IEEE 802.11-based radio frequency link.
In some embodiments, Communication Network 150 may comprise a satellite communications network; such as a direct broadcast communication system (DBS) having the requisite number of dishes, satellites and transmitter/receiver boxes, for example. Network 300 may also comprise a telephone communications network, such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). In another embodiment, Communication Network 150 may comprise a Personal Branch Exchange (PBX), which may further connect to the PSTN.
It should also be noted that embodiments of the present invention may be provided as one or more computer-readable programs embodied on or in one or more articles of manufacture. The article of manufacture may be any suitable hardware apparatus, such as, for example, a floppy disk, a hard disk, a CD ROM, a CD-RW, a CD-R, a DVD ROM, a DVD-RW, a DVD-R, a flash memory card, a PROM, a RAM, a ROM, or a magnetic tape. In general, the computer-readable programs may be implemented in any programming language. Some examples of languages that may be used include C, C++, or JAVA. The software programs may be further translated into machine language or virtual machine instructions and stored in a program file in that form. The program file may then be stored on or in one or more of the articles of manufacture.
Associated with each event is event data. Exemplary event data is displayed in Element 3. In this example, ‘ngregory’ authenticated to ‘bos-t243-4694’ from a VPN controller. Further, ‘ganderson’ authenticated to ‘bos-t243-4694’ from the login screen and keyboard (i.e. interactive). Finally, ‘ganderson’ authenticated to ‘was-t777-6987’ as a different account, ‘ganderson@razor.com,’ and the type of authentication was unknown.
Upon selecting an asset, the event information displayed 3 transitions to the event information associated with the selected asset. Accordingly, an operator following interconnected network assets by moving a cursor laterally, following the directional arrows, can observe a user accessing multiple assets through multiple accounts, with multiple “account switches” being observed, stored, and used to enforce policies for the assets and the networks of which they are a part.
An exemplary operation of the System 1 will now be described with reference to
Steps S104 and S105 are called out with a dashed box in
If the indication from the operator is that the authentication was not permitted, the operator may be prompted for additional policy making information. For example, the operator may indicate that the reason that the authentication is not permitted is related to one or more of the identity of the Origination Asset 111, the account used on the Origination Asset 111, the identity of the Destination Asset 111, the account used on the Destination Asset 111, the identity of the Network 110 or the Network 120. Further, the reason may be related to specific classes that the accounts, assets, or networks belong to, including user groups or security level classes.
Based on the operator responses to the confirmatory prompts, the Policy Engine 140 may update its policies as they relate to the affected networks, assets, accounts, etc., and combinations thereof (S105). In one exemplary embodiment the Correlation Engine 130 may prompt the operator and send the operator's responses, possibly after processing or formatting, to the Policy Engine 140. In another exemplary embodiment the Policy Engine 140 may itself prompt the operator for information used by the Policy Engine 140 to formulate policy.
An exemplary Policy Enforcement Process S200 is described in
The User Attribution Engine 200 has access to a Database (not shown) that is an identity store with information associating accounts with Internet protocol (IP) addresses and host names. In one exemplary embodiment the identity store is compatible with the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP).
Several sources may be used to associate accounts with IP addresses and host names. When a device joins a local network, it may be assigned an IP address. For example, the device may be authenticated using dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) to determine if it is eligible to be assigned an IP address. For each DHCP lease, the User Attribution Engine 200 logs the host name and leased IP address. Each time a DHCP lease is renewed or reassigned the host name and the IP address associated with the lease is updated in the system. In this manner, DHCP leases are tracked in real-time for host name and IP addresses associated with account information.
A device may join a private network over a public network and send data as if connected to the private network by way of a virtual private network (VPN). When a device authenticates to a VPN, the VPN assigns the device an IP address. The User Attribution Engine 200 tracks VPN sessions as they are created and ended. The IP address assigned to a device during a VPN session may be stored as well as the account used to connect to the VPN and other event data.
In one embodiment, the User Attribution Engine 200 may also track internal authentications. For Active Directory and similar authentication tools and domain authentication tools, the IP address and/or host name associated with the authentication is tracked. Using the IP address and account information stored by the User Attribution Engine 200, the account information may be associated with authentication operations at the system level.
Accordingly, event information including IP addresses may be tracked back to a specific account even in the event of multiple “account switches”—as illustrated in Assets 161, 162, and 163—based on the User Attribution System 5 and the account lateral movement mapping data generated and stored by the Correlation Engine 140.
For purposes of the present invention, one or more of Accounts 302 through 305 are pseudo-accounts. Pseudo-accounts are accounts for which authentication should never occur. Pseudo-accounts may be created with credentials that are not and will not be assigned to any user and deployed into the Honey System 300. In one exemplary embodiment a Pseudo-account is an account that has been marked for deletion. In another exemplary embodiment, a Pseudo-account is an account that has been inactive for some determined threshold period of time.
Authentication Attempts 340 associated with the Accounts 302 through 305 may be logged. The event logs may be transferred to the Database 330 for access by the Management Console 310. The event logs may be transferred on a periodic basis on predetermined intervals, upon request, or using similar techniques. In one exemplary embodiment the logs are active directory logs. The logs may be stored in the Database 330 or information about the logs may be stored in the Database 330.
The Management Console 310 may be within the same network or domain as the Monitored Environment 301, or it may be remote. Accordingly, at any given moment the Management Console 310 may receive event logs associated with accounts and pseudo-accounts located in the same or distinct networked environments, domains, or virtual machines. The Management Console 310 may be a computer, a server, a virtual machine, or the like. The Management Console 310 is operable to present one or more user interfaces by which the Management Console 310 may present information and receive instructions. In one exemplary embodiment the user interfaces may include a dashboard.
The Management Console 310 includes processes for searching the Database 330 for activity information related to one or more pseudo-accounts. The processes may be initiated upon receipt of logs, periodically, or by a user. Upon detection of activity associated with a pseudo-account a report may be generated. This report may be stored and made available for further review, may trigger a flag for a user, or it may trigger automatic remediation.
If activity is detected in connection with a pseudo-account, then remediation may be triggered. If the activity logs include details about identity information related to the entity responsible for the activity, then techniques described herein, such as the Lateral Account Mapping or User Attribution, may be used to determine more information about the responsible entity and trigger security policy updates and/or security policy enforcement.
The Communication Network 320 may have the same elements, structures and architectures described above with regard to Communication Network 150. The Communication Network 320 communicably links the Monitored Environment 301 to the Management Console 310.
The operation of the Honey User System 300 according to exemplary embodiments will now be described with reference to
Turning to
An exemplary operation of the Management Console 310 will now be described with reference to Process S400 in
In one exemplary embodiment the user interfaces may include a Dashboard 400, which is illustrated in
A Honey Net System 8 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, including an exemplary operation thereof, will now be described with reference to
The Monitored Environment 410 may be a network, domain, intranet, or similar environments. In one exemplary embodiment the Monitored Environment 410 is a corporate network. The Monitored Environment 410 may include one or more preconfigured “honeypot” virtual appliances, which are illustrated as Virtual Appliance 411 and Virtual Appliance 412 in
Communications Network 420 may have the same elements, structures and architectures described with regard to Communication Network 150, above.
The Management Console 430 may be a computer, a server, a virtual machine, or the like, and is operable to present one or more user interfaces by which the Management Console 430 may present information and receive instructions. In one exemplary embodiment the user interfaces may include a dashboard.
The Management Console 430 is operable to send instructions to the virtual appliances connected to it, including updates, tasks to perform at the Monitored Environment 410, and configuration changes. The Management Console 430 may also display information about the virtual appliances communicably linked to it—including Virtual Appliance 411 and Virtual Appliance 412—and the Monitored Environment 410, generally.
An exemplary operation of the Honey Net System 8 for deployment of pre-configured virtual appliances will now be described with reference to
An exemplary operation of the Honey Net System 8 for monitoring the Monitored Environment 410 will now be described with reference to
In the embodiment where state information is collected about access attempts and authentication attempts, the virtual appliances may have access to a database of permitted users, permitted accounts, or other authentication credentials.
An exemplary operation of the Honey Net System 8 for monitoring of the Monitored Environment 410 will now be described with reference to
The Honey Net System 8 may be part of a security ecosystem or suite that includes other features and processes described herein. For example, the Honey Net System 8 may be linked to a User Attribution Engine 200 (
The Network 520 may have the same elements, structures and architectures described with regard to Communication Network 150, above.
The Correlation Engine(s) 540 may operate similar to, and may have the same elements, structures and architectures associated with the Correlation Engine 130, described above, to correlate account information in order to generate account lateral movement mapping data. The Database 541 may be used to store the account lateral movement mapping data as well as other data relating to the correlation process.
The User Attribution Engine(s) 550 may operate similar to, and may have the same elements, structures and architectures associated with the User Attribution Engine 200, described above, to associate events with specific users. The Database 551 may include an identity store with information associating accounts with device level information.
The Management Console 530 may operate similar to, and may have the same elements, structures, functionality, and architectures associated with the Management Console 310 and Management Console 430, described above. In this manner, the Management Console 530 may be used to display, manage and collect information as part of a Honey Net, such as Honey System 8, and a Honey User System 6; as well as tap into the functionality of the User Attribution Engine 550 and Correlation Engine 540.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inventions described herein may be practiced with various computer system configurations, including hand-held wireless devices such as mobile phones or PDAs, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
The System 1, System 5, System 300, System 8, and System 9 may include a plurality of software processing modules stored in a memory as described above and executed on a processor in the manner described herein. The program modules may be in the form of any suitable programming language, which is converted to machine language or object code to allow the processor or processors to read the instructions.
The computer system may include a general-purpose computing device in the form of a computer including a processing unit, a system memory, and a system bus that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit.
The processing unit that executes commands and instructions may be a general purpose computer, but may utilize any of a wide variety of other technologies including a special purpose computer, a microcomputer, mini-computer, mainframe computer, programmed micro-processor, micro-controller, peripheral integrated circuit element, a CSIC (Customer Specific Integrated Circuit), ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), a logic circuit, a digital signal processor, a programmable logic device such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), PLD (Programmable Logic Device), PLA (Programmable Logic Array), RFID integrated circuits, smart chip, or any other device or arrangement of devices that is capable of implementing the steps of the processes of the invention.
It should be appreciated that the processors and/or memories of the computer system need not be physically in the same location. Each of the processors and each of the memories used by the computer system may be in geographically distinct locations and be connected so as to communicate with each other in any suitable manner. Additionally, it is appreciated that each of the processor and/or memory may be composed of different physical pieces of equipment.
The computing environment may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media.
Certain embodiments of the present inventions were described above. It is, however, expressly noted that the present invention is not limited to those embodiments, but rather the intention is that additions and modifications to what was expressly described herein are also included within the scope of the invention. Moreover, it is to be understood that the features of the various embodiments described herein were not mutually exclusive and can exist in various combinations and permutations, even if such combinations or permutations were not made express herein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In fact, variations, modifications, and other implementations of what was described herein will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention. As such, the invention is not to be defined only by the preceding illustrative description.
