Patent Grant
7875321
The present invention relates to a method for making flexographic printing plates.
More specifically the invention is related to provide a computer to plate system for flexography.
Flexographic printing plates are well known for use in letterpress printing, particularly on surfaces which are soft and easily deformable, such as packaging materials, e.g., cardboard, plastic films, aluminium foils etc. Flexographic printing plates can be prepared from photopolymerisable compositions, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,323,637 and 4,427,759. The photopolymerisable compositions generally comprise an elastomeric binder, at least one monomer and a photo-initiator. Photosensitive elements generally have a photopolymerisable layer interposed between a support and a coversheet or multi-layer cover element. Upon image-wise exposure to actinic radiation, polymerisation, and hence, insolubilisation of the photopolymerisable layer occurs in the exposed areas. Treatment with a suitable solvent removes the unexposed areas of the photopolymerisable layer leaving a printing relief which can be used for flexographic printing.
Flexographic printing plates used to be made photomechanically wherein the image on a mask film is exposed unto a printing plate but more recently systems were developed to obtain flexographic printing plates wherein the image is directly obtained from image date stored in a computer.
In EP-A-654 150 a flexographic printing element having a incorporated IR ablatable layer and process for making a flexographic printing plate is disclosed.
An opaque IR sensitive layer is image-wise removed by e.g. a semiconductor laser followed by exposure of the photosensitive layer using a back flash UV exposure and a top UV exposure using the image-wise ablated opaque layer as a mask. The plate is then developed to obtain the finished flexographic printing plate. The top layer (black mask), the barrier layer and unexposed parts of the photosensitive layer are removed.
The obtained printing plate can then be mounted onto a press or it is possible to mount it on a sleeve adapted to be quickly mounted onto a printing press. In other systems, such as those for continuous pattern printing, the plate itself has a cylindrical shape for printing the endless image.
Several drawbacks however exist in this working method
A possible cause for this is that the edges of a solid 2 tend to have a lower printing pressure and thus not squeeze the ink from between the flexographic plate 1 and the printed material as hard as in the middle of the solid areas.
Smaller dots 5 are less susceptible to this effect.
Another drawback is that the overall processing time is long. Especially the development and drying time can take a lot of time. In EP-A-654 150 drying times up to two hours are mentioned. Total time for making a plate can take up to 4 hours.
Elaborate steps are needed to get the final result.
The obtained printing plate has the same properties (hardness, roughness) over the entire area and depth. This can result in difficulties in adjusting the printing press settings in order to obtain a good final image without halo effect and with good reproduction of small dots.
Further drawbacks of the state of the art systems is that during fabrication of the plate brushing in presence of a solvent is performed to remove non-printing parts of the plate. During the brushing small size dots tend to wear to a non-printable height or will be removed totally due to the brushing. Although laser imagers are capable to print resolutions up to 10 dots/mm (250 dots per inch) these dots can not be printed due to the loss of small dots in the low density areas due to brushing.
When using digital plates having a carbon layer directly on top of the photopolymerisable layer small dots are even more vulnerable due to the effect of oxygen depletion during development of the plate. This causes exposed dots to be developed smaller than they are exposed and even an insufficient height is obtained to form a printable area.
It is momentarily also not possible to do these steps on a in press system.
In EP-A-641 648 a system is described which gives the possibility to make a flexographic printing plate using an inkjet system.
A photopolymeric ink is jetted onto a substrate to form a positive or negative image which is afterwards cured by UV radiation to form a positive or negative printing plate.
A printing plate is directly obtained without processing and there is no need to development or after processing etc . . .
It is possible to produce printing plates having a desired hardness and thickness.
A drawback of the system described in EP-A-641 648 is that there is no control of the finished product and thus the resulting quality is not ensured.
No control is provided over the overall topography of the produced plate neither the surface finish of the top layer.
Another problem is that during printing of the image the drops of the polymeric ink are not stable and a sharp image is difficult to form. It is impossible to obtain sharp edges as the drops are still mobile and tend to deform.
No attention is given to the problem of stability of reproducing small dots using the plate.
The produced printing plate has the same properties over the entire area of the plate.
The present invention provides a system capable of controlling the plate during production of it. Several properties of the generated flexographic printing plate can be controlled during fabrication. A plate having better properties can be produced.
The above-mentioned advantageous effects are realised by a method for flexographic printing plate using an inkjet printing system. The method includes the step of the ink jet printing system subsequently applying, on a substrate having at least one support, at least two image-wise layers of ink, wherein at least one layer of ink is applied using an ink containing an elastomer compound and each layer application step is combined with an immobilization step for immobilizing the applied layer before a subsequent layer is applied, thereby obtaining a relief on the substrate suitable for flexographic printing.
Further advantages and embodiments of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and drawings.
A possible apparatus using an X-Y table for making flexographic printing plates using a method according to the present invention is shown in
The apparatus comprises an X-Y table 6 which can be controlled in the directions X and Y. On the table 6 a printing plate 7, comprising a support and intermediate layers, is provided. Above the table 6 is mounted a frame 8 carrying an inkjet printhead 9 which can also be controlled in the Z direction.
By moving during printing the table 6 in the Y direction as a fast scan action and moving the table 6 slowly in the X direction as slow scan a image-wise layer can be recorded on the substrate, possibly carrying already recorded layer or additional layers already on the plate 7.
A light source 10 is mounted next to and after the printhead in the fast scan direction for generating curing radiation after jetting, and a laser profilometer 11. These elements will be described later on.
An alternative apparatus using a fast scan printhead 9 shuttling in the Y direction over a plate 7 on a slow scan table 6 moving in the X direction for making flexographic printing plates using a method according to the present invention is shown in
Movements in X and Y direction are performed by two separate translation systems 12. The printhead 9 can be controlled in the Z direction. A light source 10 and profilometer are also provided.
An apparatus using a drum principle for making flexographic printing plates using a method according to the present invention is shown in
Coupled to the printhead 9 is provided the light source 10 while here the profilometer 11 is mounted separately above the drum 13.
An extra light source 15 can be provided.
In
Printing is performed on a appropriate substrate comprising a support. For the drum system the support can be mounted onto the drum 13 or the support can be a sleeve fitting over the drum 13. This allows continuous printing with the finished printing cylinder afterwards.
The advantage of a drum system is that the flexographic printing plate 7 is prepared in the geometric form wherein it will be used. Plates made on a table have to be deformed to mount them on a printing press. Registering sleeves is less difficult because sleeves can be recorded versus a fixed reference and the strain which occurs during tensioning is more under control compared to flat flexoplates
Hereafter different components of the system are described in more detail:
Recording Head
Upon a substrate subsequent layers of a e.g. a curable ink composition preferably containing an elastomer component are jetted by an inkjet printhead 9.
The ink has a composition providing easy jetting and resulting in the desired elastic or viscoelastic properties resilience properties of the jetted layers afterwards.
A possible inkjet printhead 9 which can be used typically has a print resolution of 720 dpi and has a multilevel capability. This means that each drop printed by the printhead 9 can have a variable but controllable volume, e.g. each drop is produced by a number of small sub-drops with a constant volume of 3 pl(picoliter) which merge in flight and become one drop.
The current head 9 can produce 16 levels of volumes, 0, 3, 6, 9, . . . 45 pl. Another head of the same product family produces droplets of 7 pl and could be used for building op the rough base structure as described later on.
Even binary heads only capable of producing drops of 80 pl can be used to produce the base structure of the printing plate which carries no image information.
Support and Intermediate Layers
The printing plate 7 comprises usually a support which can be e.g.
Although other supports can be used, the main purpose of the support is to provide sufficient or desired rigidity to the plate, the composition is less important.
On the support preferably intermediate layers are provided to obtain a substrate appropriate for recording.
A possible type of layer functions is an elastic layer provided on the support which serves as the base of the flexographic printing plate.
The elastic layer may also be a visco-elastic layer and may be formed by a layer containing a elastomer, but also other types of elastic layers can be used.
Foam layers having a cell structure, preferably a open cell structure can provide a good base layer. Another possibility is the use of a thermoplastic elastomer. It is only important that the appropriate elasticity and resilience parameters are obtained.
This layer can provide control over the overall thickness and elasticity of the printing plate. This provides several advantages:
A further advantage is that due to the harder upper layer the small dots are more stable during printing and the number of prints which can be obtained with the plate is higher due to better wear resistance.
Some of the polyurethane open cell structures however pose problems regarding:
Chemical incompatibility may cause undesirable swelling of layers resulting is destruction of the plate structure or art least giving deteriorated printing results.
Therefore these base layers are preferably covered with a thin (e.g. 5 μm) intermediate impermeable visco-elastic layer having also desirable properties regarding chemical compatibility. This layer can be applied to the base layer by e.g. coating, laminating, glueing etc. Alternatively such a layer could also be jetted on top of the base layer.
The jetted curable ink compositions may typically comprise
The elastomer binder may comprise a single component or can contain a mixture of several components.
Depending upon the desired properties an appropriate component or mixture can be used.
The ink composition need not to be curable. The most important property is that drops of the ink can be immobilised before they tend to run out. This immobilisation provides the capability to form higher, more rigid structures to obtain a printing plate.
Forming of Layers
Depending on surface properties of the substrate or the preciously jetted and cured ink of the previous layers the jetted volume of the drop will cover a certain area of the substrate or underlying ink layer.
The ratio dot diameter/drop diameter is called the formfactor.
A 3 pl drop (level 1 in the multilevel system) becomes a dot with a diameter of about 30 μm and a height of less than 4 μm depending upon the type of curing, the viscosity (and temperature of substrate).
Preferably the drop volume has a range of 3 pl to 100 pl.
Also the dot placement is very important to achieve small, fine structures such as for example a 3% point on a 1501 pi printer.
A dot position accuracy of 3 μm can be achieved.
The print head can address every desired location on the substrate. The inkjet recording process is controlled from a computing device steering the print head and the actuators generating the droplets.
The drops are jetted according to the desired pattern to be generated on the printing plate, resulting in a layer formed by the drops. Upon this layer a second layer can later be added.
Immobilisation Step
Just after the deposition of the drops by the inkjet printhead they are e.g. exposed to curing radiation. This provides immobilisation and prevents runout of the drops which would result in an inferior image. Immobilisation is done before the next layer is added over the recorded layer.
This second step is done by a curing system which comprise at least one radiation source for exposing the freshly jetted drops to the curing radiation. The curing may be continuous but other possibilities are possible.
Following curing parameters can be controlled by the computing device resulting in differential characteristics of the resulting material:
The time between jetting and curing is especially important a the drop tend to spread after it has settled on the substrate. In order to provide a fast immobilisation, the e.g. the source of the curing radiation is provided immediately after the recording head. This can be done by mounting the radiation source at the side of the recording head. As drops are jetted they are immediately immobilised afterwards. This is called in-line curing. The combined jetting and immobilisation step are closely intertwined and are performed simultaneously.
Radiation Intensity
An other important consequence of the curing process is that drops jetted on the plate will have a different shape depending upon the intensity of the curing radiation. The radiation intensity influences the immobilisation time. This is illustrated in
Illustrated in
b illustrates the intensity profile from the UV spot. The intensity curve has the form of a gaussian curve.
Centre dots 17 receiving a high intensity radiation are rapidly immobilised and form high sharp dots while side dots 18 will be immobilised slower and exhibit more run-out, forming lower and broader dots.
Lamp power is preferably in the 10-200 W range.
Wavelength of the Curing Radiation.
Long wavelength radiation (e.g. UV-A, that is, 320 nm to 400 nm) tend to penetrate more deeply into the material and is better suited for final curing of a finished material while short wavelength radiation (e.g. UV-C) penetrates less deep and is suited for providing a droplet only with cured outer layer (skin curing).
By changing the curing parameters the resulting properties of the online cured material can be controlled.
The curing is preferably not complete in order to obtain a good cohesion between the jetted drops of the consecutive layers deposited by the inkjet print head.
Several types of UV curing lamps can be used. The basic mercury bulb, denoted by H, has a widespread distribution of energy, but with strong emission in the short wavelength region. This makes it especially useful in curing clear coatings and thin layers of inks. The D bulb has it's mass of output in the longer wavelength region making it more suited to curing thicker coatings and ink systems. It should also allow better transmission of UV light through plastic materials. The D bulb can be used to achieve a good cure depth. In general cure doses may be reduced somewhat as higher intensity is sources are used.
Additionally, superior cure may be obtained by use of combinations of UV sources. Longer wavelength sources (iron or gallium doped) will offer better through cure” due to the better penetration of the light through the pigmented ink layer. If this long wavelength exposure is combined with more broadband exposure from a typical medium pressure wavelength source (for superior surface cure) then overall doses may be reduced and line speeds increased. Specific trials will be necessary to ascertain optimum cure conditions. A typical dose required with an iron doped medium pressure mercury lamp (“D” bulb/spectrum) when curing an 8-15 μm thick layer is about 300-700 mJ/cm2.
By steering the curing parameters certain effects can be obtained.
The basic idea is that when only a partial depth curing is done, the number of cross linked monomers is lower and the elasticity becomes higher within a certain range. This is also important in order to provide sufficient cohesion between successive jetted layers
Another aspect to be taken into account is the orientation of the bundle of curing radiation. Jetted liquids or substrates can cause scattering of the curing radiation (UV, . . . ). If scattered radiation reaches the nozzle plate of the inkjet print head. Nozzles will tend to block easily. Therefore the bundle of curing radiation preferably is kept away from the print head and has an orientation pointing away from the printhead.
Temperature Management
Another important aspect is the working temperature of the system. Preferably the ink is heated above room temperature in order to improve the jettability of the ink. Especially when thermoplastic materials are included in the ink, it is advantageously to heat the ink to obtain a lower viscosity.
Another preferred feature of a method according to the present invention is that the substrate, i.e. support and intermediate layers, including previously jetted and immobilised layers, is cooled before and/or during recording. The lower temperature of the substrate on which the drops are jetted helps in temporarily immobilising the drops by cooling them down, preventing further runout before the immobilisation step fixes the drop by e.g. curing radiation. The substrate is preferable cooled to a temperature between 5 and 25° C.
In view of the temperature factor it is desirable that curing radiation, e.g. UV radiation, is generated using a cold UV source. This means that wavelengths outside of the UV spectrum, especially Infrared radiation (1R), generated by the UV source, usually a high temperature radiator, are filtered out to ensure that they do not reach the recording surface and provide no heating of the substrate.
The filtering can be done using appropriate optical filters in reflection or transmission mode absorbing IR radiation.
Building of a Layered Structure
Recording can be done layer after layer, gradually building the flexographic printing plate. The distance of the print head to the plate can also be controlled. The exact positioning of the drop may vary upon the distance between the inkjet nozzle plate and the receiver, therefor it is necessary to maintain the correct distance if a reliable positioning of the drops is required.
Inexact positioning may be caused by nozzles having a deviating firing direction.
Another important feature is that the positioning of a drop in a scanning inkjet system depends greatly on the time of flight a drop has before it hits the recording surface, this is the time between firing of the droplet and the moment the droplet hits the receiving surface.
This is due to the fact that the droplet not only has a movement towards the receiver but also a transversal speed over the receiver.
In order to ensure good registration of the layers subsequently recorded on a receiver several approaches can be used:
This can be done by moving the recording head up and down as illustrated in
When distance is not kept constant, time of flight of the droplets will become shorter, normal droplets will reach the receiver sooner.
This would lead to distortion of the image. Certain countermeasurements can be taken to avoid this:
When building a base layer on top of the support by ink jet recording the distance of the print head to the receiver can be kept to a fixed distance providing a lower accuracy.
A normal recording distance is about 1 mm.
Normally the printing plate structure is gradually built layer by layer. First the bottom layers of the plate are recorded, the distance of the print head is corrected for taking into account the thickness of the preciously recorded layers and subsequent layers are added on top of the others.
However in order to obtain different plate structures it is possible to record a partial bottom layer using a first type of ink whereafter a continuous layer is recorded over the first one. The distance of the print head has to be dynamically controlled during recording of the continuous layer over the image-wise layer to maintain a correct distance above the areas having layers of the first ink recorded and the areas without a first ink coverage.
Measurement and Correction Circuit
A further aspect of the present invention relates to control of the topography of the printed layers. This can be the overall topography regarding image content or to micro-topography elements such as the surface finish of the printed layers or the finished product. The printed image can be checked by e.g. a laser profilometer in order to control the correctness of the obtained product.
The measurements can be done only at the final stage or regular checks can be made to detect defects in the printing plate being built by the subsequent layers.
The micro-topography can be measured using commercial available measurement systems.
This information can be obtained by measuring directly the height of the build layers or by measuring the layer thickness. A possible measurement system is described in : “Koaxiale interferometrische Schichtendickenmessung” Photonik 9/2000 by Dr. Gerd Jakob JURCA Optoelektronik GmbH. The system has shown measurement ranges of up to 300 μm with a resolution of 10 nm and even details within an area of 0.1 mm×0.1 mm can be imaged.
Other systems show a measurement range of 500 μm with a resolution better than 0.01% having a light spot diameter of 1 μm. Measurement systems are normally based upon a contactless measuring process wherein thickness or distance is calculated based upon detected reflections of (laser) light upon layer boundaries. Known system can be adapted or new system can be designed to provide fast and reliable assessment of the height of the jetted layers over the whole surface of the plate with the needed resolution and speed. The profilometer 11 can be mounted with the printhead on the same shuttling carriage as indicated in
The measured data is fed back to the recorder where the plate profile is compared to the desired profile for the printing plate. Out of the difference for each location of the printing plate it can be determined how many additional layers need to be jetted on that location.
The measurements can be performed during the jetting of the plate or measurements can be done in between the several recording steps. The frequency of measurements steps can be set at any desired level. Preferably more measurements will needed during the final steps of recording the plate in order to obtain the desired profile.
This system allows several additional feature not possible using prior art systems
When surface roughness is measured and is not in the desired range, this can be corrected by an additional jetting of small drops on the top layer correcting the deviating roughness.
This is also illustrated in
Because the printing system has multilevel capabilities it is possible to use large drops to obtain quickly a profile close to the desired final profile whereafter small drops are used for fine tuning the height and roughness of the plate elements and the surface roughness.
It is also possible to use a binary print head jetting drops of 80 pl to quickly obtain a profile close to the desired profile and later on switch to an other print head to record the desired details.
Using the inkjet printing method and the laser profilometer it is also possible to exactly control the angle α of the slopes forming the edges around the printing regions. As can be seen in
Every angle α of each dot or solid 24 can be controlled by the recording software. Even opposite sides of a dot or solid 24 can be given a different angle α.
In
In contrast
Differential Properties
In order to obtain a better flexographic printing plate it is preferable to use regions or layers having a differential elasticity. This gives the opportunity to obtain several advantageous features. Possible features of which some are illustrated in
This differential elasticity can be obtained in several ways: Using photopolymeric inks having different properties, e.g. using different binders, the final wear resistance and elasticity of certain regions or layers can be controlled.
Using differential curing of several layers can also provide different properties of these layers. As mentioned earlier this can be done by changing curing wavelength (UV spectrum), curing time, intensity of the radiation, time interval between applying the layer and curing, . . .
The elasticity or hardness characteristics can also be influenced by changing the internal structure of recorded layers.
Certain characteristics can be obtained by building a layer only using small droplets on top of each other while using only large drops or a mixture of small and large drops will result in clearly different characteristics. Even methods for drop deposition using certain patterns and drop sizes can be constructed resulting in structure having a certain porosity.
The obtained structure is a result of the recording method, drop placement, types of inks used and curing parameters.
It is clearly an advantage that differential characteristics may not only differ in layers above each other, but also in parts of the plate next to each other, eventually depending upon image content.
Sacrificial Layers
A special type of structure is making use of at least one ink for finally forming the plate, and at least one ink as temporary filler whereon other plate-forming layers can be jetted. The temporary filler forms a sacrificial layer 21 enabling forming of structures which could not be possible using a single ink.
An example of a possible combination is shown in
Top Layers and Coatings
In other embodiments it is also possible to control other characteristics. In order to improve ink acceptance of the top layer a jetted composition giving oleophilic properties to the top layer can be used.
Other layers having desirable characteristics can be applied.
An extra layer on top of the image areas or even over the whole plate can of course be applied by any coating method.
By using other methods such as Chemical vapour deposition, overall spraying, etc . . . , many more coatings types and characteristics are possible than when using only jettable coatings.
Another possibility is the application of an overall oleophobic layer over the entire printing plate. Afterwards the oleophobic layer is grazed away from the top layer to reveal the original jetted layers. This results in a ink repellent printing plate having ink accepting image-wise top layer. Such a structure is less vulnerable to smearing i.e. the spreading of ink over areas of the plate and/or substrate where it is not wanted.
Final Curing
When the printing plate is finished, normally a final curing step is performed to ensure that the properties of the plate will remain constant. When partial curing is used the plate characteristics will normally change in time due to the curing process which will gradually proceed. This is usually avoided by the final curing process. Preferably curing radiation with a long wavelength, (e.g. UVA, that is, 320 nm to 400 nm) is used as this provides better penetration of the jetted plate. This can be done by a separate final curing radiation source 22 illustrated in
However it can be desirable not to perform a final curing step. This can depend on e.g. the degree of curing in between the application steps.
A PET layer of 200 μm is coated with a 1,2 mm thick layer of Santoprene™ B100 to form a elastic, resilient base layer.
Upon the Santoprene™ layer ink layers were jetted using an ink-jet printhead 9 with a resolution of 720 dpi and using drops having a volume of 3 pl.
The ink used was an UV curable ink Crystal UFE 7577™ ink of Sun chemicals having an enhanced elasticity.
Subsequent layers are jetted upon each other while preliminary curing is performed in between the jetting of subsequent layers using a “D” bulb radiation.
The resulting relief upon the base layer was gradually recorded obtaining a relief difference of a least 0,15 mm to avoid fogging of large non-printing areas during printing using the obtained plate.
The obtained relief was measured using a Jurca CHR 150 N™ 3-axis measurement system and final correction were made to the plate by jetting extra layers to areas where the measured topography did not yet match the desired relief.
Final curing was performed using “D” Bulb radiation exceeding 300 mJ/cm2
A 175 μm thick support of Polycarbonate is coated with a 1.5 mm layer of Poron™ to obtain a elastic base layer.
Upon the base layer layers are jetted using a multilevel inkjet recording head having a resolution of 720 dpi with variable drop volume of 3 to 50 pl. A printing relief is created by jetting subsequent layers of an UV curable ink Crystal UFE 7577™ ink of Sun chemicals forming a layer of about 0.2 mm having a relief of at least 0.15 mm. After jetting the relief a supplementary layer of 0.5 mm is jetted of the top of the printing portions using an ink Crystal UGE 7537 of Sun chemicals. In between the jetting of the layers the jetted drops are preliminary cured using “D” bulb radiation. After finishing the recording printing plate having a relief of more than 0.2 mm was obtained. A final curing step was performed using a radiation dose of more than 700 mJ/cm2.
Alternative Embodiments
Another known problem is that small dots next to a solid area or in between two solids tend to disappear in the printed product because, due to lateral cohesion of the printing plate, the compression of the plate at the location of the solids also caused a certain compression of the plate under the nearby dots rendering them less stable during printing.
Shown in
This can be done by a calandering process. The foam or elastomeric layer 23 provided on a substrate can be easily cut into small islands using a special calander roll.
A drawback in this method could be that the top side of the base layer now has a fine mesh of cuts wherein the ink infiltrate of be drawn by e.g. capillary forces. This can be avoided by calandering a separate foam or base layer and laminating or gluing the base layer to the substrate with the cuts oriented to the substrate to the top side of the base layer has no voids due to the calandering process.
When recording solids over these islands lateral cohesion is restored. When small dots are recorded on a single or a small number of islands they are no longer influenced by the compression of nearby solids situated on other grouped islands.
Other embodiments can be constructed depending upon the materials used.
Curing of certain photosensitive compositions can be done by using electron beam curing, IR curing. In another possible embodiment the droplets can be immobilised in another way until final curing is done.
Above mentioned methods can be used off-line and printing plates can be produced in advance before printing. Obtained printing plates can be mounted on special sleeves allowing easy and quick mounting on the press without much trouble regarding to register problems.
In a possible embodiment the process can be executed on press which provides even a better register control.
Cleaning system should be provided on press in order to re-prepare the substrate for recording.
It is possible to provide using the on press system a method for rejuvenating flexographic printing plates. When the operator or a measurement system detect that the quality of the printed result deteriorates, due to wear of the plate, a rejuvenation procedure can be started.
Printing can be resumed afterwards with the restored flexographic plate.
In another embodiment re-recording can be controlled by measuring the printed product.
Having described in detail preferred embodiments of the current invention, it will now be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appending claims.
Reference Numbers:
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 02102717 | Dec 2002 | EP | regional |
The application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/436837 filed Dec. 27, 2002.
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