Preparation of higher antimony tricarboxylates in improved yields using an inert gas

Abstract

Antimony tricarboxylates of higher carboxylic acids can be prepared in high yields by(a) reacting antimony oxide with an anhydride of a lower organic acid,(b) reacting the product from (a) with at least one higher carboxylic acid at a temperature sufficient to vaporize volatile material and removing the vaporized volatile material,(c) simultaneously passing a stream of an inert gas through the reaction mixture, and(d) recovering the antimony tricarboxylate of said higher carboxylic acid.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Catalysts used in cracking hydrocarbons can become contaminated and poisoned by accumulation in the catalyst of metals such as nickel, vanadium, iron, copper and cobalt which are present in the hydrocarbon feedstocks. The detrimental effects of those metals can be mitigated and reversed by use of certain organo-antimony compounds as catalyst passivators. Among those organo-antimony compounds are antimony tricarboxylates. The present invention is an improved method of preparing antimony tricarboxylates in exceedingly high yields.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Certain antimony compounds are known to be used to treat those cracking catalysts conventionally employed in the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons for the production of gasoline, motor fuel, blending components and light distillates. These conventional cracking catalysts generally contain silica, or silica-alumina. Such materials are frequently associated with zeolitic materials. These zeolitic materials can be naturally occurring, or they can be produced by conventional ion exchange methods such as to provide metallic ions which improve the activity of the catalyst.

While the presence of certain metals can be beneficial, the presence of others in the catalyst is detrimental. It is well known that varying amounts of metals such as nickel, vanadium and iron cause deterioration of the cracking catalyst during the cracking process. In fact, some oils contain these metals in such a high concentration that they cannot be economically cracked into gasoline and other fuels. The metals accumulate on the cracking catalyst and cause increased hydrogen production and coke laydown on the cracking catalyst, thereby adversely affecting the yield of desired products.

It has heretofore been proposed that those deleterious metals can be passivated by treating the contaminated catalyst with compounds containing antimony, tin, indium or bismuth (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,257,919). Antimony compounds are particularly useful as passivating agents and use of a wide variety of both organic and inorganic antimony compounds have been proposed for that purpose (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,111,845 and 4,153,536). Among the organic antimony compounds proposed are antimony tricarboxylates such as antimony tridodecanoate and antimony trioctadecanoate.

Prior art processes for antimony tricarboxylate preparation involve a direct reaction between antimony oxide and a carboxylic acid anhydride. Nerdel et al (J.Chem.Ber., 90, 598 (1957)) teach that antimony triacetate or antimony tribenzoate can be prepared by reacting antimony oxide with acetic anhydride or benzoic anhydride, respectively.

Ventura et al (U.S. Pat. No. 3,803,193) disclose reacting antimony tricarboxylates with alcohols to produce antimony trialkoxides. Ventura indicates that the tricarboxylate can be prepared by reacting antimony oxide with an organic acid anhydride directly or in some instances with an acid directly. The acid by-product of the tricarboxylate-alcohol reaction is taught to be neutralized with ammonia and removed as ammonium acetate solid.

The direct production of antimony tricarboxylates by the prior art methods of direct reaction between antimony oxide and the desired acid anhydride is not satisfactory for producing higher tricarboxylates because the higher anhydrides are not readily available and are synthetically prepared only with great difficulty. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a process for preparation of higher tricarboxylates of antimony which uses readily available reactants and affords high yields of the desired tricarboxylates. It is another object of the invention to provide a synthetic method of preparation wherein the antimony tricarboxylate produced is substantially free of deletrious impurities without extensive purification and has a high level of thermal stability. These and other objects, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description of the invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a highly effective and efficient method of preparing higher antimony tricarboxylates in high yields comprising the steps of reacting antimony oxide with an anhydride of a lower organic acid, reacting that reaction product with at least one higher carboxylic acid at an elevated temperature sufficient to vaporize and remove volatile material, while simultaneously passing a stream of an inert gas through the reaction mixture, and recovering the antimony tricarboxylate of said higher carboxylic acid.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to the present invention, higher antimony tricarboxylates are produced from higher carboxylic acids by

(a) reacting antimony oxide with an anhydride of a lower organic acid according to the following equation:

Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3 +3R.sub.1 --O--R.sub.1 .fwdarw.2Sb(OR.sub.1).sub.3

(b) reacting the product from (a) with at least one higher carboxylic acid at temperatures sufficiently high to vaporize and expel volatile by-products of the reaction according to the equation ##STR1##

(c) while the reaction proceeds, passing a stream of inert gas through the reaction mixture, and

(d) recovering the antimony tricarboxylate of said higher carboxylic acid.

The anhydrides of lower organic acids employed in step (a) are those anhydrides which are commercially available or readily prepared. Thus R.sub.1 in the equation of step (a) has up to five carbon atoms. Preferably R.sub.1 is alkanoyl of up to five carbon atoms and the lower organic acid anhydrides include acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, butyric anhydride and pentanoic anhydride. Acetic anhydride is the especially preferred anhydride of a lower organic acid.

The reaction of step (a) can be conducted either with a solvent or without a solvent. When conducted with a solvent, the solvent must be inert to both reactants and the reaction product. A suitable solvent is a hydrocarbon having a boiling point of at least 120.degree. C. and includes xylene, toluene, cumene, kerosene, and so forth.

Although an elevated temperature is used to increase reaction speed, the temperature of the step (a) reaction is not critical. A suitable temperature range is from 100.degree. to 140.degree. C. A temperature of about 120.degree. C. results in a reaction time of about 3 to 4 hours between antimony oxide and acetic anhydride.

The reaction product from step (a) is reacted with one or more higher carboxylic acids. Higher carboxylic acids are those acids which have at least six carbon atoms. There is no criticality on the upper limit for the number of carbon atoms and is dictated only by practicality. Preferably, R.sub.2 in the equation of step (b) is alkyl having from five to about 24 carbon atoms. More preferably, R.sub.2 is cyclic, straight chain or branched chain alkyl having seven to eleven carbon atoms.

As illustrated above by the equation of the step (b) reaction, the reaction by-product of step (b) is the lower organic acid which corresponds to the lower acid anhydride employed in step (a). Thus when acetic anhydride is a reactant in step (a), acetic acid would be the by-product in step (b) when the higher carboxylic acid is reacted with the product of step (a). It is an important feature of this invention to remove the lower organic acid by-product from the reaction environment in order to have the reaction equilibrium favor formation of the antimony tricarboxylate of the higher carboxylic acids. Removal of the by-product lower organic acid is achieved by use of high temperatures, reduced pressure or a combination of those conditions.

It has now been surprisingly discovered that the yield of the desired antimony tricarboxylate of higher carboxylic acids can be dramatically increased by passing an inert gas through the reaction mixture while the product of step (a) is reacted with a higher carboxylic acid. One method of passing the inert gas through the reaction mixture is to bubble the gas through the reaction mixture by use of a subsurface sparge. Other means for passing the gas through the mixture will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and any means for gas-liquid contact is suitable.

The inert gas useful in increasing the yield of antimony tricarboxylates according to this invention is any gas which will not react with a component of the reaction mixture of step (b) and which will not leave a possibly deleterious residual substance in the antimony tricarboxylate product. Suitable inert gases include nitrogen, argon, helium, and neon. Nitrogen is preferred.

The flow rate of the inert gas is not critical and its magnitude is limited by practical considerations. For example, the volatile by-product of step (b) is generally removed by distillation, i.e., the vapors are condensed and removed. An excessive inert gas flow rate would promote overloading the distillation condenser and thereby impede by-product removal as condensate. Also, an excessive flow rate might cause excessive frothing of the reaction mixture which would not be desired. A suitable inert gas flow rate can easily be determined by those skilled in the art by balancing the gas flow rate against the physical effects to be avoided as a result of excessive flow. In general gas flow rates of about 1 ft..sup.3 /min. to about 20 ft..sup.3 /min. are expected to be effective. Of course, reactor size and volume of the reaction mixture would also be factors to be considered in determining an appropriate gas flow rate.

In conducting the reaction of step (b), the higher carboxylic acid is mixed with the product of step (a) and the temperature of the mixture is increased until the by-product lower organic acid is evolved as a vapor. When actic anhydride is a reactant in step (a), evolution of acetic acid vapor is observed in step (b) at a temperature of above about 150.degree. C. The temperature is continually increased until the reaction is substantially complete and the upper temperature can be about 300.degree. C. When the reaction of step (b) is substantially complete, it is advantageous to reduce the pressure of the reaction in order to produce as complete removal as possible of by-product lower organic acid and the attendant completeness of reaction. Of course, it is possible to conduct the entirety of reaction step (b) under a sub-atmospheric pressure along with an inert gas passing through the mixture. The degree of pressure reduction is not particularly critical and its choice depends in part on the physical properties (e.g., boiling point) of the particular by-product species being removed. Thus a convenient pressure reduction can be easily determined by those having ordinary skill in the art.

The high temperature used to drive the reaction of step (b) to completeness also serves to eliminate excess and unreacted higher carboxylic acid which is also vaporized. At the completion of the reaction of step (b), the product remaining in the reactor is antimony tricarboxylate essentially free of deleterious impurities and can be used as a hydrocarbon cracking catalyst passivator without further purification. Recovery of the product therefore involves merely removing the antimony tricarboxylate of the higher carboxylic acid from the reactor after completion of step (b).

The following examples further illustrate specific embodiments of this invention but are not to be considered as limiting the invention to the specifics involved.

EXAMPLE 1 (COMPARISON EXAMPLE)

A three neck reaction flask was equipped with a stirrer, a heating mantle and a reflux condenser attached to a Dean-Stark trap. The flask was charged with 175 grams of antimony oxide, 212 grams of acetic anhydride and 125 grams of xylene. With stirring, the reaction mixture was heated to 120.degree. C. and maintained at that temperature for 3 to 4 hours. Then, 663.9 grams of neodecanoic acid (technical grade) was added and the reaction mixture heated to 195.degree. C. During the heating, xylene was removed by distillation and at approximately 155.degree. C., the evolution of acetic acid was observed and was removed. Heating continued to 195.degree. C. and when 195.degree. C. was reached, the reaction mixture was cooled and the antimony trineodecanoate yield was determined to be 72.6%.

The technical grade neodecanoic acid used is a product of Exxon Chemicals and is a highly branched multi-isomer mixture combination with a typical hydrocarbon-type odor and melting point of less than -40.degree. C. The structure of these isomers is generically represented by ##STR2## The sum of the carbon atoms for R, R' and R" in each isomer is eight. The Exxon technical grade neodecanoic acid employed has a typical isomer distribution as follows:

______________________________________(i) R = CH.sub.3, R' = CH.sub.3, R" = C.sub.6 H.sub.13 31%(ii) R< C.sub.6 H.sub.13, R' = CH.sub.3, R"> CH.sub.3 67%(iii) R< C.sub.6 H.sub.13, R'> CH.sub.3, R"> CH.sub.3 2%______________________________________ Therefore, as the term is used herein, neodecanoic acid and neodecanoate esters include each of the several isomers of the technical grade material, either alone or in mixture.

EXAMPLE 2

The apparatus such as described in Example 1 was charged with 175 grams of antimony oxide, 212 grams of acetic anhydride and 125 grams of xylene. With stirring the reaction mixture was heated to 120.degree. C. and maintained at that temperature for 3 to 4 hours. Then, about 664 grams of neodecanoic acid (technical grade) was added and the reaction mixture heated to 200.degree. C. During the heating from 120.degree. C. to 200.degree. C., nitrogen was bubbled through the reaction mixture by use of a subsurface nitrogen sparge. While the reaction mixture was heated from 120.degree. C. to 200.degree. C., xylene was removed by distillation and evolution of acetic acid was observed at about 155.degree. C. and was removed. When the temperature of 200.degree. C. was reached, the reaction mixture was cooled and the antimony trineodecanoate yield was determined to be 90%.

EXAMPLE 3

The procedure of Example 2 was repeated with the exception that the reaction mixture was heated to 225.degree. C. after adding the neodecanoic acid reactant. After reaching 225.degree. C., the reaction mixture was cooled and the antimony trineodecanoate yield was determined to be 94.2%.

EXAMPLE 4

The procedure of Example 2 was repeated with the exception that the reaction mixture was heated to 240.degree. C. after adding the neodecanoic acid reactant. After reaching 240.degree. C., the reaction mixture was cooled and the antimony trineodecanoate yield was determined to be 96.38% based on antimony.

EXAMPLE 5

The procedure of Example 4 was repeated. After atmospheric pressure acetic acid distillation ceased, vacuum was applied for approximately one hour at 240.degree. C. Upon completion of the reaction, the yield was determined to be 99.33%, based on antimony. The theoretical antimony content of the desired produced was calculated to be 20.6%. Analysis of the product by digestion in aqueous ammonium hydroxide and titration to an end-point with KMnO.sub.4 gave results of 20.5%, 20.6% and 20.3%. Analysis of the product of this example employing a tube excited X-ray fluorecense analyzer (TEFA) gave results of 21.5% and 22.0%.+-.5% error. Finally, direct aspiration of the reaction product into an atomic absorption spectrophotometer employing an air/nitrous oxide flame gave results of 19.9% and 20.2%.

EXAMPLE 6

The apparatus such as described in Example 1 was charged with 118.75 grams of antimony oxide, 265 grams of acetic anhydride and 100 grams of xylene. With stirring the reaction mixture was heated to 120.degree. C. and maintained at that temperature for 3 to 4 hours. Then, a mixture of 274 grams of neodecanoic acid (technical grade) and 432 grams of 2-ethyl hexanoic acid was added and the reaction mixture heated to 240.degree. C. During the heating from 120.degree. C. to 240.degree. C., nitrogen was bubbled through the reaction mixture by use of a subsurface nitrogen sparge. While the reaction mixture was heated from 120.degree. C. to 240.degree. C., xylene was removed by distillation and evolution of acetic acid was observed at about 150.degree. to 155.degree. C. and was removed. When the temperature of 240.degree. C. was reached, the reaction mixture was cooled and the 264.41 grams of the antimony tricarboxylate was obtained with the yield calculated as 97.93%.

Claims

1. In a method of producing higher tricarboxylates of antimony comprising the steps of

(a) forming an antimony tricarboxylate by reacting antimony oxide with an anhydride of a lower organic acid at an elevated temperature,

(b) reacting the product from (a) with at least one higher carboxylic acid at a temperature sufficiently high to replace substantially all of the lower organic acid radicals with higher carboxylic acid radicals and remove the lower organic acid by-product and unreacted higher carboxylic acid from the reaction zone, and

(c) recovering the antimony tricarboxylate of said higher carboxylic acid, the improvement comprising passing an inert gas through the reaction mixture during step (b).

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the inert gas is passed through the reaction mixture by means of a subsurface sparge.

3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the inert gas is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, helium, neon and argon.

4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the anhydride of a lower organic acid has the formula R.sub.1 --O--R.sub.1 wherein R.sub.1 is alkanoyl of not more than five carbon atoms and the higher carboxylic acid has the formula R.sub.2 COOH wherein R.sub.2 is alkyl of at least six carbon atoms.

5. The method according to claim 4 wherein the higher carboxylic acid is a mixture of at least two acids.

6. The method according to claim 5 wherein the higher carboxylic acid comprises a mixture of two molar parts of 2-ethylhexanoic acid and on molar part of neodecanoic acid.

7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the reaction in step (b) is at about 150.degree. C. to 300.degree. C.

8. The method according to claim 1 wherein the anhydride of a lower organic acid is acetic anhydride.

9. The method according to claim 1 wherein the step (a) reaction of antimony oxide with an anhydride of a lower organic acid is in the presence of a solvent.

10. The method according to claim 9 wherein the solvent is a hydrocarbon having a boiling point of at least 120.degree. C.

11. The method according to claim 9 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of toluene, cumene, xylene and kerosene.

12. The method of claim 4 wherein the higher carboxylic acid is neodecanoic acid.

13. The method of claim 5 wherein one of the higher carboxylic acids is neodecanoic acid.

14. The method of claim 5 wherein the higher carboxylic acids are neodecanoic acid and 2-ethylhexanoic acid.