Preparation of nanosized cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate fast ion conductor via facile polymer-chelate combustion route

Abstract

Nanosized cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate is synthesized by forming a solution including an organic compound and compounds of lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium; drying the solution to yield a solid; and heating the solid in the presence of oxygen to pyrolyze the organic compound to yield a product comprising nanosized cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate.

Description

BACKGROUND

Lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO) may have a cubic or tetragonal crystal structure. The cubic phase has high lithium-ion (Li-ion) conductivity, but is only thermodynamically favorable at high temperatures (>600° C.). The tetragonal phase is stable at room temperature, but has poor ionic conductivity. Currently, most LLZO is synthesized through solid state reactions, typically requiring high temperatures, repeated heat treatments, ball milling or other mixing methods, as well as carefully controlled addition of extrinsic dopants to stabilize the cubic phase at room temperature. Dopants used in these processes, however, often form impurity phases, particularly at interfaces and grain boundaries, resulting in reduced overall conductivity.

SUMMARY

Lithium lanthanum zirconate (Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂, LLZO) is a fast ion conductor for Li-ions, suitable for enhancing the energy density and safety of Li-ion batteries. Reducing the crystallite size of LLZO below a certain threshold (e.g., to nanometric dimensions) can stabilize the cubic phase at low temperatures without the use of extrinsic dopants. In addition to stabilization of the cubic crystalline phase, nanosized ceramics have some particular advantages. For example, the onset temperature of sintering is substantially lower for nanosized ceramic particles due to the relatively higher surface energy of nanoparticles compared to bulk particles. Further, smaller grain size in dense LLZO ceramics yields higher overall conductivity since Li-ion conduction is higher along grain boundaries.

In a general aspect, synthesizing nanosized cubic LLZO includes forming a solution including an organic compound and compounds of lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium. The solution is dried to yield a solid, and the solid is heated in the presence of oxygen to pyrolyze the organic compound to yield a product including nanosized cubic LLZO.

Implementations of the general aspect may include one or more of the following features.

The solution may be aqueous or non-aqueous. In some cases, the solution includes an organic solvent, such as propionic acid or dichloromethane. The organic compound includes, consists of, or consists essentially of a carbon-containing polymer, such as poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol), or both. In some cases, the organic compound includes tannic acid. The solution typically includes lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium in a molar ratio of about 10:3:2 or about 10.5:3:2. In some cases, lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium are present in a molar ratio of about 7:3:2 to about 11:3:2 or 14:3:2. The compounds of lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium may be salts, such as nitrate salts. In certain cases, the compounds of lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium include organic moieties, such as acetylacetonate.

Heating the solid typically includes forming a carbonaceous foam including the organic compound or a degradation product thereof. Heating the solid typically includes distributing lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium throughout the carbonaceous foam. In some cases, heating the solid includes calcining the solid.

The product is typically at least 90 wt % nanosized cubic LLZO. In some cases, the product includes a total amount of lanthanum zirconate, lanthanum oxide, and lithium zirconate of less than 5 wt %. In certain cases, the product includes less than 5 wt % of tetragonal LLZO.

Other advantages include enhanced densification and sintering properties and lower temperature preparation methods. In some implementations, the polymer-mediated synthesis described herein uses inorganic salts of lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium and commercially available non-toxic polymers to mediate the formation of nanocrystals, with water as a solvent. The synthesis is easily implemented and able to yield large amounts of LLZO from inexpensive precursors in one low-temperature drying step and one high-temperature heating step. The reaction temperature is typically several hundreds of degrees lower than solid state reactions, thereby reducing lithium volatilization and requiring less energy. Additionally, the nanosized LLZO has the advantage of easier processing due at least in part to lower sintering temperature. With respect to device fabrication, lower temperature processing may enable simpler and less costly methods, such as roll-to-roll processing.

The details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1F shows representative transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of partially carbonized (at elevated temperature) organic material with small nanocrystals dispersed throughout.

FIG. 2 shows an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the LLZO of Example 1.

FIGS. 3A-3C show scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the as-synthesized LLZO of Example 1.

FIG. 4 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern of the LLZO of Example 2.

FIG. 5 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern of the LLZTO of Example 2.

FIGS. 6A-6C show X-ray diffraction patterns comparing undoped LLZO and Ta-doped LLZTO pellets sintered under various conditions of Example 2.

FIGS. 7A-7D show TEM images of the as-synthesized LLZO of Example 2.

FIG. 8 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern of the LLZO of Example 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO) is a fast ion conducting solid electrolyte with a high conductivity (σ˜10⁻⁴ S/cm). LLZO is chemically stable with respect to elemental lithium and is suitable as a solid electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), allowing pure lithium anodes and increasing the energy capacity of a lithium ion battery.

Undoped cubic LLZO (Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂) nanocrystals are synthesized in large quantities via a polymer chelate mediated route to control the final morphology of LLZO formed during combustion and calcination. In this process, a carbonaceous foam formed during pyrolysis of the polymer distributes and entraps metal containing precursors, pre-ceramic oxidic particles, or both, inhibiting contact between metal oxide particles during crystallization (particle growth during calcination), thus restricting particle growth beyond a certain size. The foam is transient, and fully decomposes at temperatures above 500° C. Representative transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the carbonized but not fully calcined material are shown in FIGS. 1A-1F, in which nanocrystalline material is dispersed throughout transient carbonaceous material. FIG. 1A shows an overview image of a small piece of carbonized but not fully calcined material. FIG. 1B shows a high magnification image of the amorphous carbon comprising the particle from FIG. 1A. FIG. 1C shows small particles of unknown composition dispersed in carbon. FIG. 1D shows a higher magnification image of the particles from FIG. 1C. FIG. 1E shows a high-resolution TEM image of the particles in FIGS. 1C and 1D, with the appearance of lattice fringes indicating crystallinity. In FIG. 1F, a diffractogram of the image in FIG. 1E is shown, where spots indicate crystallinity, and diffuse rings indicate amorphous material, attributed to the carbon matrix in which the nanocrystals are dispersed.

In some embodiments, a synthetic procedure for LLZO utilizes a polymer with functional groups suitable for chelation to metal cations (e.g., amide, lactam, carboxylic acid, alcohol) to form a gel-like precursor upon removal of solvent. In some embodiments, an aqueous solution of metal nitrates is prepared, followed by addition of a polymer with functional groups having free electron pairs available for chelation. An example of a suitable polymer is poly(vinylpyrrolidone). The solution is dried to yield a solid. Upon drying (i.e., removing the solvent, such as water), the metal salts do not precipitate, but rather are bound to the polymer backbone. Drying is typically achieved by heating at a temperature between room temperature and 250° C. for a length of time from 1 to 24 hours. The dried polymer is a somewhat rigid gel-like material, with no visual indication of precipitated metal species.

The polymeric precursor may be heat treated through one or several stages to pyrolyze, and substantially remove, all organic species through thermal oxidation. Pyrolization (or calcination) is typically achieved by heating at temperatures with a maximum temperature between 650° C. and 800° C. The total heating time may vary, but a length of time at the maximum temperature is typically in a range of 0.5 h to 4 h. As the polymer is pyrolyzed, the functional groups are consumed or destroyed, and thus no longer bind the metal cations. The heat treatment, conducted in air, is thought to initiate metal oxide formation. While a range of heating schedules result in the desired cubic LLZO phase, deviation from this range can result in impurity phases such as lanthanum zirconate (La₂Zr₂O₇, LZO), lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃), one of several types of lithium zirconate (Li_xZr_yO_z), and tetragonal LLZO. In some cases, deviation from this range results in lack of formation of any cubic LLZO at all. The resulting pyrolyzed carbonaceous material, while no longer binding metal cations, is still present and has the effect of sequestering the growth of metal oxides, as seen in FIGS. 1A-1F. The final product of this method is a pure metal oxide composed of nanometric crystallites (at least 90 wt % cubic LLZO), with some degree of sintering depending on reaction time, rather than a bulk or polydisperse powder. Any amorphous material present is believed to be a surface layer of lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃), formed on the surface when exposed to air for an extended length of time. The final product typically contains less than 5 wt % of lanthanum zirconate, lanthanum oxide, and lithium zirconate (combined) and less than 5 wt % tetragonal LLZO.

In a typical synthesis of cubic LLZO particles, lithium nitrate, lanthanum nitrate, and zirconium oxynitrate are dissolved in water in a molar ratio of 10.5:3:2, respectively. A small amount of acetic acid may be added to aid in dissolution of zirconium oxynitrate. Once the metal salts are dissolved to yield a metal salt solution, an amount of polymer is dissolved in the metal salt solution to yield a precursor solution. An example of a suitable polymer is poly(vinylpyrrolidone). The amount of polymer is selected such that there is at least one functional group on the polymer backbone per metal cation in solution. However, the amount of polymer may be varied to control the final morphology of nanocrystals. The precursor solution is stirred for several hours and then dried at an elevated temperature (e.g., above 150° C.). The resultant dried material, partially oxidized, may be calcined (e.g., at 800° C. for a few hours) to yield cubic LLZO nanocrystals. While alumina crucibles are frequently used, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) confirms that no appreciable amount of aluminum diffuses from the crucible to the LLZO ceramic such that doping could stabilize the cubic phase. Further, extending the calcination time typically results in the formation of tetragonal LLZO, which occurs in undoped LLZO once the particle size grows beyond a certain critical threshold. In this process, 50 to 100 milliliters of precursor solution typically yields several hundred milligrams of cubic LLZO.

In some embodiments, an extrinsic dopant is added to the precursor solution to yield nanosized doped LLZO. Suitable dopants include salts or other precursors of alkalis (e.g., barium), metals (e.g., aluminum), or transition metals (e.g., tantalum).

In methods described herein, gelation is not required or desired to yield the nanosized cubic LLZO, at least because gelation involves the formation of metal-oxide-metal bonds between the precursor species, which may promote the formation of linked oxide particles rather than discrete particles that are entrapped in the carbonaceous foam matrix. Rather than forming a gel network in solution, the polymer acts as a material in which to homogeneously disperse the metal-containing precursors (either by chelation to metal cations or simply physical entrapment into the polymer network) after the solvent is removed through drying. This drying can occur under ambient conditions or at elevated temperature, under reduced pressure, under an inert atmosphere, or any combination of these.

Example 1

Synthesis of Cubic LLZO Nanocrystals in an Aqueous-Based Polymer Method Using Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) or Poly(Vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)

LiNO₃, La(NO₃)₃, and ZrO(NO₃)₂ were dissolved in 120 mL of de-ionized water (e.g., 120 mL) in a molar ratio of 10.5:3:2. In this molar ratio, there was a 50% molar excess of lithium based on the nominal composition of LLZO (Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂). Acetic acid (e.g., 1 mL) was added to promote dissolution. To the aforementioned acidic metal nitrate solution, the desired amount of PVA or PVP (e.g. 6 grams) was added. The solution was stirred to dissolve the metal salts and polymer, optionally at elevated temperature, yielding a viscous, pale yellow, transparent solution. The solution may be stored at least one week before use.

The viscous solution was dried at elevated temperature (e.g., 130° C.), resulting in a brittle, yellow-orange transparent solid. No evidence of precipitation of the metal salts was seen in this solid or at any time during drying from solution, indicating that the metal cations were chelated by or at least physically entrapped by the polymer. This dried solution may either be directly subjected to calcination, or optionally crushed (e.g., by a mortar and pestle) before calcination. The as-dried solids were calcined at high temperature in air or another suitable oxidizing atmosphere composition to simultaneously induce crystallization of the pre-ceramic oxidic material and thermally oxidize the polymer into a carbonaceous foam, followed by complete oxidation to CO₂ and possibly other gases. Various temperatures and calcination schemes (including ramping and holding at various temperatures for various times) may be used. In one example, the brittle dried polymer solid was subjected to calcination in an alumina or other ceramic crucible with a ramp from room temperature to 800° C. over the course of one hour, followed by holding at 800° C. for 2 hours, and subsequent cooling under ambient conditions to room temperature. The product is a fluffy white or slightly off-white powder that crushes easily with a mortar and pestle and exhibits an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern matching that of cubic LLZO. FIG. 2 shows an XRD pattern of nanosized cubic LLZO synthesized according to this example with PVA, along with an XRD pattern of pure cubic LLZO for reference (extending from the x axis at Intensity=0). FIGS. 3A-3C show representative scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the material formed according to Example 1. The scale bars in FIGS. 3A-3C are 10 μm, 5 μm, and 2 μm, respectively. Other ramp rates and hold times yield similar results.

Example 2

Synthesis of Cubic LLZO Nanocrystals in a Non-Aqueous-Based Polymer Method using Metal Acetylacetonate Precursors and Excess Carboxylic Acid

1.0875 g Li(acac) (acac=acetylacetonate or 2,4-pentanedionate), 1.3063 g La(acac)₃, and 0.9848 g Zr(acac)₄ were added in a molar ratio of Li:La:Zr 10.5:3:2 to 50 mL of propionic acid under stirring. This mixture was brought to a boil (propionic acid boiling point=141.2° C.) and subsequently removed from heat and cooled once boiling started, resulting in a yellow-orange transparent solution. This solution was subsequently diluted with 50 mL dichloromethane (DCM), though other suitable solvents may also be used. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (e.g., 3 g) was added and dissolved at slightly elevated temperature. Similar to the aqueous method, this solution may be stored for at least one week before use. Once a solution is obtained and cooled, it may be dried or directly subjected to a calcination procedure in an alumina or other ceramic crucible. In one example, the following heating schedule is used to produce phase-pure cubic LLZO:

Ramp to 130° C. in 10 min

Hold at 130° C. for 1 h

Ramp to 800° C. in 0.5 h

Hold at 800° C. for 0.5 h

Cool under ambient conditions to room temperature

The material obtained from this method was a fluffy white or slightly off-white powder that crushed easily with a mortar and pestle and exhibited an XRD pattern matching that of cubic LLZO. FIG. 4 shows an XRD pattern of nanosized cubic LLZO synthesized according to this example, along with a pattern of pure cubic LLZO for reference (extending from the x axis at Intensity=0). Other ramp rates and hold times yield similar results. Optionally, an aliovalent dopant such as tantalum may be added in the form of a metal organic precursor such as tantalum (V) ethoxide along with metal acetylacetonates. In this case, Ta-doped LLZO (LLZTO) results. FIG. 5 shows an XRD pattern of nanosized cubic LLZTO, along with a pattern of pure cubic LLZO for reference (extending from the x axis at Intensity=0). FIG. 6A shows XRD spectra of sintered pellets of undoped LLZO processed at 600° C. and 1100° C., and LLZTO processed at 1100° C., along with patterns of cubic LLZO and tetragonal LLZO for reference. FIGS. 6B and 6C show enlarged portions of FIG. 6A. If undoped LLZO synthesized according to Example 2 is heated at high enough temperatures such that particles coarsen, it converts to tetragonal LLZO, indicating a size-stabilization effect of the as-synthesized powder. Conversely, LLZTO maintains the cubic phase after an identical heat treatment. FIGS. 7A-7D show representative TEM images of as-synthesized LLZO according to Example 2. FIG. 7A shows a particle agglomeration and a plate-like particle. FIG. 7B shows a higher magnification image of the plate-like particle, with FIG. 7D showing a yet higher magnification image and a diffractogram in the inset indicating several crystal planes of LLZO. A roughly 2 nm thick layer of amorphous material (most likely Li₂CO₃) can be seen as well. FIG. 7C shows a different particle consisting of several crystal nuclei that are partially fused together. The scale bars in FIGS. 7A-7D are 0.5 μm, 100 nm, 0.5 μm, and 10 nm, respectively.

Example 3

Synthesis of Cubic LLZO Nanocrystals in an Aqueous-Based Tannic Acid Method

0.657 g LiNO₃, 1.17 g La(NO₃)₃, and 0.576 g ZrO(NO₃)₂ in a molar ratio of Li:La:Zr 10.5:3:2 were dissolved in de-ionized water, resulting in a solution with 0.3 M total dissolved metal salts. Subsequently, 12 mL of 0.05 M tannic acid (aqueous) was added under stirring, resulting in a tan colored milky suspension. This suspension was directly added to an alumina crucible, and subjected to the following heating schedule:

Ramp to 130° C. in 10 min

Hold at 130° C. for 4 h

Ramp to 700° C. in 1 h

Hold at 700° C. for 1.5 h

Cool under ambient conditions to room temperature

The material obtained from this method was a fluffy white or slightly off-white powder that crushed easily with a mortar and pestle and exhibited an XRD pattern matching that of cubic LLZO. FIG. 8 shows an XRD pattern of nanosized cubic LLZO synthesized according to this example, along with a pattern of pure cubic LLZO for reference (extending from the x axis at Intensity=0). Other ramp rates and hold times yield similar results.

In the synthetic methods described herein, dopants may be added to yield nanometric doped cubic LLZO, with substantially similar size distribution and morphology as the undoped cubic LLZO. For example, in Example 2, tantalum (V) ethoxide may be added in a mole ratio such that the nominal composition of the doped LLZTO is Li_(7-x)La₃Zr_(2-x)Ta_xO₁₂, where the value of ‘x’ is great enough that the cubic phase of LLZO is stabilized (generally ‘x’ between 0.25-0.6 or preferably between 0.4-0.6).

Only a few implementations are described and illustrated. Variations, enhancements and improvements of the described implementations and other implementations can be made based on what is described and illustrated in this document.

Claims

1. A method of synthesizing undoped cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate nanoparticles, the method comprising: forming a solution comprising tannic acid and compounds of lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium;drying the solution to yield a solid; andheating the solid in the presence of oxygen to pyrolyze the tannic acid, thereby yielding a product comprising cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate nanoparticles.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the solid comprises calcining the solid.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution comprises lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium in a molar ratio of about 10:3:2.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution comprises lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium in a molar ratio of about 10.5:3:2.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the compounds of lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium are nitrate salts.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the compounds of lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium include organic moieties.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the compounds of lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium include acetylacetonate.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution is aqueous.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution is non-aqueous.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution comprises an organic solvent.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the solution comprises propionic acid.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the solution comprises dichloromethane.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the product comprises at least 90 wt % cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate nanoparticles.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the product comprises a total amount of lanthanum zirconate, lanthanum oxide, and lithium zirconate of less than 5 wt %.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the product comprises less than 5 wt % of tetragonal lithium lanthanum zirconate.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein heating the solid comprises forming a carbonaceous foam comprising the tannic acid or a degradation product thereof, thereby restricting growth of the cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate nanoparticles.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate nanoparticles are undoped.