Patent Application
20060137779
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method of producing a metallic shaped part, in particular a vehicle body part, from a semifinished product made of an unhardened hot-workable steel sheet.
2. Related Art of the Invention
Many parts, in particular body parts in vehicle construction, must satisfy stringent requirements with regard to rigidity and strength. At the same time, in the interests of weight reduction, the parts are to have as small a material thickness as possible. In order to meet these two requirements, high-strength and super-high-strength steel materials, which—depending on composition and heat treatment—have very high strength, are being increasingly used. The production of vehicle body parts from these super-high-strength steel sheets is preferably effected in a hot-forming process, in which—as described, for example, in DE 100 49 660 A1—a sheet blank is heated and then shaped in a special shaping tool and hardened. In this case, by the process parameters during the hot forming being suitably selected, the strength and toughness values of the part can be specifically set.
To produce such a part by means of hot forming, first of all a sheet blank is cut out of a coil, this sheet blank is then heated above the structural transformation temperature of the steel materials, above which the material structure is in the austenitic state, is inserted in the heated state into a forming tool and formed into the desired part shape and is cooled down while mechanically fixing the desired forming state, tempering or hardening of the part being effected.
However, in order to cut a part produced in this way in a dimensionally accurate manner, a large outlay in terms of equipment is required: in particular, very high cutting forces are required for the cold cutting of hardened materials, which leads to rapid tool wear and high maintenance costs. Furthermore, the cold trimming of such high-strength parts is problematical, since, for example, the part edges trimmed in the cold state have more or less large burrs, a factor which may lead to rapid crack formation in the part on account of the high notch sensitivity of the high-strength materials.
To avoid these difficulties which occur during the mechanical trimming of the hardened parts, alternative cutting methods are often used, such as, for example, laser cutting or water-jet cutting. High-quality trimming of the edge of the parts can certainly be achieved by means of these methods, but these cutting methods work comparatively slowly, since the cycle times here depend directly on the length of the cut edge and on the tolerances to be maintained. The final trimming process therefore produces a bottleneck during the production of hot-formed parts, which limits the number of parts to be produced per unit of time. The total cycle time of the part production can certainly be reduced if—depending on the length of the cut edge—a plurality of laser or water-jet cutting units working in parallel are provided; however, this involves high additional investment and logistics outlay and is therefore disadvantageous.
The object of the invention is therefore to improve the method sequence during the production of parts of hot-workable sheets to the effect that the cycle time—irrespective of the length of the part outer contour—can be reduced.
The object is achieved according to the invention by the features of claim 1.
The essence of the invention consists in the idea that the part production process should be configured in such a way that the costly final trimming, which is complicated in terms of the process, of the hardened part can be dispensed with. According to the invention, therefore, the marginal regions are already cut off in the unhardened state of the part, and not only after the heating and hardening process, as is conventional practice during the hot forming.
The production process according to the invention therefore makes provision for a sheet blank to first of all be cut out from a coil of hot-workable steel sheet. A part blank is then formed from this sheet blank by means of a conventional cold-forming method, e.g. deep drawing, and subsequent trimming of the marginal regions, this part blank having both (approximately) the desired three-dimensional shape and (approximately) the desired outer contour of the finished part. This part blank is then heated to a temperature above the forming temperature of the material and is transferred in the hot state into a hot-forming tool, in which the part is press-hardened. In this method step, the part blank is formed to a comparatively small extent and is at the same time subjected to a specific heat treatment, in the course of which hardening covering the entire part or local hardening is effected.
Since the part blank already has approximately the desired dimensions at the start of the hot forming, only comparatively slight adaptation or correction of the part contour is required during the hot forming. As a result, the part margins are changed only slightly, so that there is no need for final trimming of the part margins. Here, “part margins” refer to both outer margins and inner marginal regions (margins of apertures of the part).
In contrast to conventional hot-forming methods, the trimming of excess marginal regions in the production method according to the invention is therefore effected before the hot forming; at this moment, the part blank is in a soft (unhardened) state and can therefore be trimmed by means of conventional mechanical methods. The conventional laser or water-jet trimming of the finished pressed part can therefore be dispensed with, so that the processing times can be considerably reduced compared with the conventional process sequence. At the same time, a high-quality cut edge is achieved.
Furthermore, when using the method according to the invention, the part is now formed only slightly in the hot-forming tool; the tool wear of the hot-forming tool can therefore be considerably reduced.
Since the part geometry is produced (almost) completely by cold forming, the production of the part can be validated during the design phase by conventional forming simulations. This enables development costs for part and tool to be reduced.
Particular advantages can be achieved if the cold-forming method used for shaping the part geometry to near net shape is a (multistage) deep-drawing method (see claim 2). Since multistage formability of the part blank is possible in the soft state, complex part geometries can also be shaped. Cutting tools are advantageously provided in the last stage of the deep-drawing tool, so that the trimming of the part blank is effected directly in the cold-forming tool.
Mechanical cutting means are preferably used for trimming the part blank (see claim 3). These cutting means may be integrated in the cold-forming tool in the form of edging and/or punching tools, so that the trimming of the margins is not effected in a separate method step but as part of the cold forming (see claim 4).
In order to be able to further reduce the cycle time of the entire process, it is advantageous to design the process step of the press hardening of the trimmed part blank to be as brief as possible in order to ensure as high a throughput of parts as possible per hot-forming tool. To this end, the finish-shaped part should be cooled down as rapidly as possible. In an advantageous embodiment, the finish-shaped part is quenched in a tool which is cooled by means of a brine (at a temperature of <0° C.) as cooling medium (see claim 5); such a brine has especially high thermal conductivity and thermal capacity. In this way, especially rapid cooling of the part can be achieved.
An additional reduction in the cycle time of the entire process can be achieved if the part is cooled down over a plurality of stations (correspondingly a plurality of tool sets). Thus, in a first station, the part is cooled down until the temperature drops below the martensite boundary temperature. The part strength is then already sufficient for further transport to the next station (or the next tool). In this second station (or a sequence of further stations), the part is then cooled down to hand temperature.
In an advantageous configuration, a semifinished product made of an air-hardened steel is used for producing the part (see claim 6). An advantage of air-hardened steels consists in the fact that, in principle, no additional cooling (e.g. by the hot-forming tool) is necessary for the quenching of the part. In this case, the part blank is shaped to net shape in the hot-forming tool and then cooled in the hot-forming tool only until sufficient thermal stability, rigidity and associated dimensional accuracy of the part are achieved. The part can then be removed from the hot-forming tool and be finally cooled in the air; the hot-forming tool is thus available for receiving a further part blank. In this way, the cycle times during the production of hardened parts can be further reduced. If the air hardening is effected under an inert gas, this results in the further advantage, in addition to this gain in time, that no scale forms on the part and thus the complicated subsequent de-scaling is dispensed with (see claim 7).
During such heating and heat treatment under inert gas, the part remains free of surface contaminants and can therefore be advantageously subjected to a surface coating directly following the hot forming and quenching (i.e. after cooling down to a temperature below the martensite temperature) (see claim 8). In the course of this surface coating, in particular corrosion-inhibiting protective coatings (e.g. by galvanizing) can be applied to the surface of the part. In this case, the residual heat originating from the hot forming and remaining in the part can be directly utilized. Further heat treatment of the part by tempering can then be effected.
The heating of the trimmed part blank before the hot forming may be effected in a continuous furnace (see claim 9). Alternatively, the heating is carried out inductively (see claim 10). Such inductive heating is effected very quickly, for which reason an additional gain in the total process time can be achieved in this case. Furthermore, on account of the short heating duration, only negligible scaling of the surfaces of the part occurs during the heating, for which reason the use of inert gas can be dispensed with. The inductive heating has special advantages in those applications in which it is not the entire part but only selected regions of the part that are to be press-hardened: in this case, by suitable configuration of the inductors, only the regions to be hardened are selectively heated and then hardened in the hot-forming tool, whereas the remaining, unheated regions, although formed in the hot-forming tool, remain in the original ductility. Alternatively, or additionally, the induction heating enables the properties of the part to be set over the sheet thickness (“soft core—hard outer layer”). In this way, locally variable strength and rigidity properties can be achieved on the finished part.
For the inductive heating, a separate heating station—in a similar manner to the continuous furnace—may be provided between cutting device and hot-forming tool. In contrast to heating in the continuous furnace—in which a certain heating distance is necessary—the inductive heating requires less space, a factor which leads to cost savings. The shape and arrangement of the inductors is matched to the shape of the trimmed part blank or the regions to be heated. As an alternative to the heating in a separate heating station, the heating may also be effected in the cutting device (directly after the margin trimming) or in the hot-forming tool (directly before the hot forming). To this end, the cutting device or the forming tool is provided with internal inductors, or the part is heated by means of external, appropriately shaped inductors which are inserted after the margin trimming or before the hot forming into the opened cutting device or the opened hot-forming tool and are positioned there at the desired point of the part.
The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to an exemplary embodiment shown in the drawings, in which:
a: cutting the blank to size (step I)
b: cold forming (step II)
c: trimming the margins (step III)
d: hot forming (step IV)
e: dry cleaning (step V);
a: a semifinished product;
b: a part blank formed therefrom;
c: a trimmed part blank;
d: the finished part.
a to 1e schematically show the method according to the invention for producing a three-dimensionally shaped, press-hardened part 1 from a semifinished product 2. In the present exemplary embodiment, the semifinished product 2 used is a sheet blank 3 which is cut out of an unwound sheet coil. Alternatively, the semifinished product used may be a composite sheet which—as described, for example, in DE 100 49 660 A1—consists of a base sheet and at least one reinforcing sheet. Furthermore, the semifinished product used may be a tailored blank which consists of a plurality of welded-together sheets of different material thickness and/or different material constitution. Alternatively, the semifinished product may be a three-dimensionally shaped sheet-metal part which is produced by any desired forming method and which is to be subjected to further forming and a strength/rigidity increase by means of the method according to the invention.
The semifinished product 2 consists of a hot-workable steel. At this point, the air-hardened steel from Benteler sold under the trade designation BTR 155 may be cited as an example of such a material, this steel having the alloy composition listed below, in which case the contents of the alloy partners to be added in addition to the base metal are to be understood in percentage by weight:
In a first process step I, the sheet blank 3—as shown in
The cut-out sheet blanks 3 are deposited on a stack 7 and are fed in stacked form to a cold-forming station 8 (see
In the course of this cold-forming process (process step II), the part blank 10 is shaped to near net shape. In this case, “near net shape” refers to the fact that those portions of the geometry of the final part 1 which are accompanied by a macroscopic material flow are completely formed in the part blank 10 after completion of the cold-forming process. After completion of the cold-forming process (process step II), only slight adaptations of shape, which require minimum (local) material flow, are therefore necessary for producing the three-dimensional shape of the part 1; the part blank 10 is shown in
Depending on the complexity of the part geometry, the shaping to near net shape may be effected in a single deep-drawing step or it may be effected in a plurality of stages—for example in the two-stage deep-drawing press 9 shown in
Following the cold-forming process, the part blank 10 is inserted into a cutting device 15 and trimmed there (process step III,
A separate cutting device 15—as shown in
A near-net-shape trimmed part blank 17 is therefore produced from the sheet blank 3 by the cold-forming process and the trimming process (process steps II and III), this trimmed part blank 17, with regard to both its three-dimensional shape and its marginal contour 12′, deviating only slightly from the desired part shape. The cut-off marginal regions 11 are discharged in the cutting device 15; the part blank 17 (
In the following process step IV (
The heated trimmed part blank 17 is then inserted by means of a manipulator 22 into a hot-forming tool 23, in which the three-dimensional form and the marginal contour 12′ of the trimmed part blank 17 are given their final, desired size. Since the trimmed part blank 17 already has dimensions near net shape, only a slight adaptation of shape is necessary during the hot forming. In the hot-forming tool 23, the trimmed blank 17 is finish-shaped and rapidly cooled, as a result of which a fine-grained martensitic or bainitic material structure is set. This method step corresponds to hardening of the part 1 and permits specific setting of the material strength. Details and various configurations of this hardening process are described, for example, in DE 100 49 660 A1. In this case, hardening which covers the entire part 1 may be effected; alternatively, by a suitable form of the hot-forming tool (e.g. insulating inserts, air gaps, etc.), selected regions of the part 1 may be omitted from the hardening, so that the part 1 is only hardened locally.
If the desired hardening state of the part 1 has been reached, the part 1 is removed from the hot-forming tool 23. Due to the fact that the part blank 10 is trimmed to near net shape preceding the hot-forming process and on account of the adaptation of shape of the outer margin 12′ in the hot-forming tool 23, the part 1 already has the desired outer contour 24 after completion of the hot-forming process, so that no time-consuming trimming of the part margin is necessary after the hot forming.
In order to achieve rapid quenching of the part 1 in the course of the hot forming, the part 1 is quenched in a hot-forming tool 23 cooled by brine. Such brine has a high thermal conductivity and thermal capacity . . . flows around . . . Depending on the added salts, the brine can be cooled down to temperatures well below the freezing point of water.
As a rule, the hot forming of the part 1 is accompanied by scaling of the part surface, so that the part 1 has to be de-scaled in a further method step (process step V,
The method sequence shown in
In the method sequence according to the invention, the cooling of the finish-shaped part 1 in the hot-forming tool 23 now constitutes the bottleneck of the entire method: this is because, during hardening in the tool 23, the cooling time required overall, depending on sheet thickness, workpiece size and final temperature, is about 20 to 40 seconds in a good design of the cooling integrated in the tool, most of the cases being within a range of between 25 and 30 seconds. A reduction in the cycle time can be achieved here by using air-hardened steels as materials for the parts 1: in this case, the part 1 only needs to be cooled down in the hot-forming tool 23 until sufficient thermal stability, rigidity and associated dimensional accuracy of the part 1 are achieved; the part 1 can then be removed from the tool 23, so that the further heat-treatment process may be effected in the air outside the tool 23, and the hot-forming tool 23 is available for receiving a next part blank 17. In this way, the dwell time of the part 1 in the hot-forming tool 23 can be reduced to a few (<10) seconds, which leads to a further reduction in the total cycle time.
Additional savings or reductions in the cycle time can be achieved if not only the heating of the part blanks 17 but also the hot forming is effected in an inert-gas atmosphere; in this case, the forming tool 23, as indicated by broken lines in
As an alternative to the heating of the part blanks 17 in the continuous furnace 21, the heating may be effected inductively.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102 42 709.7 | Sep 2002 | DE | national |
| 102 54 695.9 | Nov 2002 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP03/09607 | 8/29/2003 | WO | 10/20/2005 |
