Patent Grant
9316319
The present invention pertains to rotary equipment that seals differential pressure. While applicable to many types of rotary equipment, it is believed to be particularly well suited for underbalanced oilfield drilling equipment of the type that is used for pressure control of wells while drilling. Such drilling equipment is called by various names such as rotary blowout preventer, rotary head, rotary diverter, and rotating control device.
The invention solves the type of problem that is described in conjunction with the laterally translatable seal housings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,195,754, entitled “Laterally Translating Seal Housing for a Drilling Mud Motor Sealed Bearing Assembly,” and U.S. Pat. No. 6,227,547, entitled “High Pressure Rotary Shaft Sealing Mechanism.” Unlike the prior art, the present invention does not require a stepped diameter shaft. It is therefore compatible with the reciprocating shafts found in rotating annular blowout preventers of the type shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,588,491 and 5,662,171, which are titled “Rotating Blowout Preventer and Method.” It also eliminates the need for two different seal diameters when pressure staging.
A high pressure rotary seal requires a small seal-to-housing extrusion gap clearance to avoid extrusion damage, yet the clearance must be large enough to avoid shaft-to-housing contact. If shaft-to-housing contact occurs at the extrusion gap, the housing assumes the load intended for the bearings. The resulting friction and heat can destroy the seal, and may damage the seal housing and the shaft sealing surface in ways that are highly detrimental to the effective life of the rotary seal.
Some of the optimum conditions for high pressure extrusion resistance are:
The implications of excessive shaft-to-housing clearance are:
A number of factors prohibit a small extrusion gap clearance and precise shaft guidance in large machinery. Manufacturing tolerances are large, which directly affects the size of the shaft-to-housing clearance, and also increases bearing mounting and internal clearances, which all permit shaft runout and misalignment. Large components are often subject to significant elastic deformation when exposed to high pressure and large mechanical loads, and are often subject to significant dimensional variability from differential thermal expansion and contraction caused by seal and bearing heat. Such dimensional variability can have a dramatic affect on assembly clearances and bearing internal clearances, and must be taken into account to prevent seizing.
Surface speeds can be significant in large diameter equipment, which adds to seal-generated heat. This softens the seal material, and reduces seal extrusion resistance.
For annular blowout preventers having non-floating seal housings, it is necessary that stack alignment be essentially perfect. However, as can be seen, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,588,491 and 5,662,171, there is often much potential in the prior art for misalignment between the lower shaft and the seal housing. In the above-referenced patents, the shaft for the lower rotary seal is an extension of a large reciprocating piston that actuates the packer element. This large piston is necessarily mounted with enough clearance for sliding, which adds to its potential for misalignment. The piston is a two-piece assembly, which also adds to the potential for misalignment of the sealing surface. The piston is hydraulically thrust against the packer element to actuate the packer element. The packer element deforms in uneven fashion against a drillstring. The drillstring is in all likelihood misaligned with the blowout preventer, and not running true. This imposes severe cocking loads on the reciprocating piston, causing misalignment and runout that can cause heavily loaded contact at the extrusion gap that is likely to cause rotary seal, shaft, and seal housing damage.
As a general conclusion concerning large equipment such as rotary blowout preventers, if clearance is in a useful range for extrusion resistance, it is virtually impossible to guide the shaft so precisely that it will not rub on the bore of a conventional non-floating seal housing. This rubbing creates seal-damaging heat, and may also damage the seal housing and shaft in ways that significantly accelerate rotary seal extrusion damage.
In addition, in rotary blowout preventers, internal fluid within the unit is often pressurized for various reasons. One reason for internal fluid pressure is to actuate the packer element. Another reason for fluid pressure is to orient the rotary seal that partitions the internal fluid from the drilling fluid.
There are various methods of producing and controlling the pressure of a fluid within a machine. One form of pressure supply circulates the fluid through a computer-controlled valve that creates back-pressure. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,554,016 teaches controlling the pressure of a circulating fluid by creating back-pressure with pinch valves, in order to control a packing element of a blowout preventer and to orient the rotary seal that partitions the fluid from the drilling fluid. The wellbore pressure is sensed with a pressure transducer, and a computer controls the orifice size of the pinch valve to maintain a fluid pressure that is a desired amount greater than the pressure of the wellbore. In such systems, the circulation can be produced with fixed displacement pumps. The computer-controlled pressurization system described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,178,215 and 5,224,557, for example, sense the pressure of the drilling fluid, and then control the pressure of the circulating fluid with a variable speed pump.
A pressure supply can sometimes also take the form of a simple differential area piston. The use of a differential area piston to supply a fluid pressure that is greater than the drilling fluid pressure is shown, for example, in FIG. 3 of commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,105, entitled “Swivel Seal Assembly.” Pressure is amplified by a piston area ratio. The same type of differential area piston-type pressure amplification arrangement is shown by
The preferred embodiment of the invention is a seal housing arrangement for high differential pressure rotary seals that uses applied pressure to provide hydraulic force balance in the axial direction, which frees the seal housing to translate laterally to follow shaft deflection and runout. Unlike the prior art, the seal housing of the present invention does not require a step in shaft diameter, and is therefore compatible with reciprocating shafts. If desired, a simple piston type pressurization system can be used to produce the applied pressure.
One embodiment of the present invention is a dynamic sealing mechanism for a machine assembly that includes a seal housing of generally cylindrical form having opposed ends. The seal housing may be axially positioned between a pressure housing and a retaining member, and may be laterally translatable relative to the pressure housing. The dynamic sealing mechanism may preferably further include a shaft located at least partially within the seal housing, where the shaft has a sealing surface of generally cylindrical form and is relatively movable with respect to the seal housing, as well as at least one radial bearing positioned radially by the shaft and locating the radial position of the seal housing. At least one dynamic seal may establish a sealed relationship between the seal housing and the sealing surface of the shaft, and at least three fluid pressure-generated forces may act axially on the seal housing to produce a net fluid pressure-generated axial force. Preferably, the at least three fluid pressure-generated forces may include first and second fluid pressure-generated forces acting axially on the seal housing, the second fluid pressure-generated force acting in opposition to the first fluid pressure-generated force, and a fluid pressure-generated balancing force acting axially on the seal housing. The fluid pressure-generated balancing force preferably has a magnitude and direction causing the net fluid pressure-generated axial force to be negligible.
Another embodiment of the present invention includes a method of balancing a floating seal housing assembly in a rotary machine, where the seal housing is exposed at a first end to a first fluid and at a second end to a second fluid. The method includes the step of applying to a portion of the seal housing a balancing fluid designed and configured to neutralize the net axial force acting on the seal housing as a result of exposure to the first and second fluids.
So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present invention are attained and can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings only illustrate preferred embodiments of this invention, and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments that vary only in specific detail.
In the drawings:
Features throughout this specification that are represented by like numbers have the same basic function.
The machine assembly 2 may contain or be exposed to a first fluid 6 at pressure Pw. For purposes of this specification, the term fluid has its broadest possible meaning and encompasses both liquids and gases. In a rotating blowout preventer, the first fluid 6 may typically be drilling fluid. A pressure housing 4 may contain a second fluid 10, such as a hydraulic fluid, for the lubrication and actuation of relatively movable components of the machine assembly 2.
The pressure housing 4 may be comprised of upper and lower housings, as shown, that each have mating flanges for threaded fasteners, as shown. A static seal 5 may provide sealing between the upper and lower housings 4. Oppositely facing pressure housing ends may provide surfaces for engaging and sealing with respect to other connecting oilfield equipment. Each of those ends may preferably incorporate a groove for a ring gasket. Each end surface may preferably also include a circle of tapped holes (not shown) for connecting with the other oilfield equipment. It is understood that additional non-illustrated pressure passages can be used, if desired, to move the reciprocatable piston 37 in a downward direction to open the packer element 31.
The second fluid 10 may be supplied to the machine assembly 2 through a hole 66, and may preferably be controlled relative to the pressure Pw of the first fluid 6. The pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 may preferably be maintained at a value in the range of about 200 to 500 psi greater than that of the pressure Pw of the first fluid 6. The pressure Pw of the first fluid 6 may, if desired, be measured via hole 90.
The pressure housing 4 establishes a theoretical centerline 9 which is generally coaxial with the axis of a tubular passing through the machine assembly 2. The housing may 4 define a through bore 7 that establishes the maximum tubular size that may be used in conjunction with the machine assembly 2.
In the illustrated embodiment of
A packer assembly may be incorporated within the rotatable inner housing 11 that incorporates a number of circumferentially distributed metal elements 29 and also an annular elastomeric packer element 31 that includes an outer sealing element 35. Each of the several metal elements 29 may have a curving outer surface 33 for sliding with respect to the curving surface 25. The inner portion of the packer element 31 may establish sealing engagement with the tubular (not shown), while the outer sealing element 35 may establish a sealed relationship with respect to the rotatable inner housing 11. The packer element 31 may also be in sealing engagement with the metal elements 29.
Upper and lower shafts 8, seal housings 12, and dynamic seals 26 may preferably be provided. The dynamic seals may seal with respect to the shafts 8 and the seal housings 12. The seal housings 12 may be sealed with respect to the housing 4.
The machine assembly 2 incorporates a riciprocatable piston 37 which may comprise an outer skirt 39 and the lowermost shaft 8. The components may be connected to each other via cap screws 41 and may be sealed with respect to each other by a static seal 43 (alternately, the piston could be made as a once piece component). The riciprocatable piston 37 may be mounted within the adapter ring 53 that is rotatably mounted with respect to the housing by upper and lower bearings 55. The upper surface of the riciprocatable piston 37 may preferably be configured for engaging the packer element 31. Upward movement of the riciprocatable piston 37 closes the bore of the packer element 31, while downward movement of the riciprocatable piston 37 opens the bore of the packer element 31. The pressure Pw of the second fluid 10 may be used to move the reciprocatable piston 37 toward the rotatable inner housing 11 and close the packer element around the tubular (the tubular is not shown). The reciprocatable piston 37 is illustrated at a location that is near the end of its upward stroke. When the packer element 31 is rotating because it is in sealed engagement with a tubular, the riciprocatable piston 37 and the adapter ring 53 may also rotate. A sliding seal 49 may prevent the pressure Pw of the second fluid 10 from escaping through the clearance between the riciprocatable piston 37 and the adapter ring 53. The lowermost dynamic seal 26 may prevent the pressure Pw of the second fluid from escaping through the clearance between the lower seal housing 12 and the lower shaft 8.
The machine assembly 2 includes a pressure housing 4 that contains or is exposed to a first fluid 6. In a rotating blowout preventer, the first fluid 6 is typically drilling fluid. The first fluid 6 is at pressure Pw.
A portion of a shaft 8 is located within the pressure housing 4, and is capable of rotation relative to the pressure housing 4. In a rotating annular blowout preventer of the general type shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,588,491 and 5,662,171, the shaft 8 is also capable of axial movement relative to the pressure housing 4.
The pressure housing 4 contains a second fluid 10, such as a lubricant for the lubrication and/or actuation of relatively movable components of the machine assembly 2. The second fluid 10 is at pressure Pc. In equipment such as a rotating annular blowout preventer, the pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 may also be used as a hydraulic control pressure. For example, in an active-type rotating blowout preventer, the pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 is used to actuate a packer element around a drill string. For a more specific example, in the general type of blowout preventer that is shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,588,491 and 5,662,171, the pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 is used to create axially acting hydraulic force that causes the shaft/piston to move back and forth in order to close an annular blowout preventer packer element around a drill string. For another example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,365, hydraulic pressure causes an outer packer to urge an elastomeric inner packer radially inward against the drillstring, without requiring an axially moving piston. The teachings of
At least one seal housing 12 is provided that has a radial bearing-type relationship with the shaft 8. In
The seal housing 12 has a first housing end 15 that faces generally toward the first fluid 6, and has a second housing end 17 that faces generally toward the second fluid 10.
A housing retaining member 18 of any suitable configuration is provided to capture the seal housing 12. More specifically, the seal housing 12 is located axially by a first retaining surface 20 and a second retaining surface 22. As shown, the first retaining surface 20 can be defined by the pressure housing 4, and the second retaining surface 22 can be defined by the housing retaining member 18. The housing retaining member 18 and the pressure housing 4 preferably define an annular recess 24 within which the seal housing 12 is situated. The housing retaining member 18 is retained to the pressure housing 4 by one or more retention feature 21, such as a spatially arranged plurality of threaded fasteners.
The seal housing 12 incorporates a dynamic seal 26. It is preferred that dynamic seal 26 in
Examples of such seals are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,610,319; 5,195,754; 5,230,520; 5,678,829; 5,738,358; 5,823,541; 5,873,576; 6,007,105; 6,036,192; 6,109,618; 6,120,036; 6,227,547; 6,315,302; 6,334,619; 6,382,634; 6,494,462; 6,561,520; 6,685,194; 6,767,016; 7,052,020; and 7,562,878. Among these, the seals disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 7,562,878, entitled “Low Torque Hydrodynamic Lip Geometry for Bi-Directional Rotation Seals,” are preferred because of their low running torque and heat generation characteristics, and the ability to handle high differential pressure with thin viscosity lubricants.
The dynamic seal 26 is preferably located and held in compressed relation with the relatively movable surface 16 of the shaft 8 by a seal groove 30. Adjacent to the dynamic seal 26 (and the seal groove 30), seal housing 12 includes clearance surface 34A defining a clearance with the relatively movable surface 16. This clearance is identified as extrusion gap 34. The clearance at the extrusion gap 34 is slightly larger than the clearance of the bearing arrangement, and therefore the clearance surface 34A cannot contact the relatively movable surface 16. This prevents the seal-damaging heat near the dynamic seal 26 that might otherwise result if contact were permitted between the clearance surface 34A and the relatively movable surface 16. It also protects the clearance surface 34A, and the relatively movable surface 16 from contact-related damage.
The first fluid 6 is contained by the dynamic seal 26 and by an inner sliding seal 42. The second fluid 10 is retained by the dynamic seal 26 and by an outer sliding seal 46. The sliding seals 42 and 46 are preferably face sealing arrangements (as shown), where a sealing element is located by a groove and compressed axially into sealing engagement with a mating surface. The grooves that mount the sliding seals can be cut into the pressure housing 4 (as shown) or into the seal housing 12. The inner sliding seal 42 and outer sliding seal 46 are preferably treated or coated to minimize breakout friction. It is preferred that the magnitude of pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 be greater than the magnitude of pressure Pw of the first fluid 6, to prevent skew-induced wear of the dynamic seal 26. Skew-induced wear is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,315,302.
The pressure Pw of the first fluid 6 acts over the effective area 40 that is established by dynamic seal 26 and inner sliding seal 42, and imparts an axially acting hydraulic thrust on the seal housing 12, acting in direction U. The pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 acts over the effective area 44 that is established by dynamic seal 26 and outer sliding seal 46, and imparts an axially acting hydraulic thrust on the seal housing 12, acting in direction D. The pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 also acts over the area 48 on both ends of the seal housing 12, and imparts equal and opposed axially acting hydraulic thrusts on the seal housing 12; being equal and opposite the hydraulic forces effectively cancel each other.
A sealed balancing area 52 is defined by inner sliding seal 42 and outer sliding seal 46. A balancing fluid 56 at pressure Pb is communicated to the sealed balancing area 52, and exerts a hydraulic force on the seal housing 12 in direction U. The pressure Pb is preferably maintained at a magnitude that is greater than or equal to the magnitude of pressure Pc and pressure Pw.
The balancing fluid 56 is preferably distributed circumferentially around the first end of the seal housing 12 by a distribution channel 58. The distribution channel 58, which is preferably circular, can be formed into pressure housing 4 and/or the seal housing 12. The purpose of the distribution channel 58 is to facilitate the rapid application of pressure Pb to the sealed balancing area 52.
The sliding seals throughout this specification can be compression-type elastomer seals if desired. With compression-type elastomer seals the pressure acts throughout the elastomer as if the elastomer were a fluid. This means that the effective pressure boundary is established at the seal groove wall that is closest to the lowest fluid pressure. With other types of seals, such as flexing lip-type seals, the effective pressure boundary can be determined, but is not necessarily located at a gland wall.
It is preferred that the hydraulic forces acting in direction U from pressure Pw and pressure Pb be substantially equal, or at least roughly equal, to the hydraulic forces acting in direction D from pressure Pc. Because of this axial hydraulic force balance situation, the seal housing 12 is relatively free to slide laterally to accommodate lateral misalignment of the shaft 8.
In addition to the above-described axial force balance condition, the seal housing 12 is substantially pressure-balanced in the radial direction. This makes it relatively immune from pressure breathing (i.e., differential pressure-induced expansion). As shown in
Any suitable anti-rotation means can be used to keep the seal housing 12 from rotating with the shaft 8. For example, an anti-rotation projection 60 could project into a mating anti-rotation recess 62. Although the anti-rotation projection 60 is illustrated in
The pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 can be provided by any suitable Pc pressure supply 100, such as, but not limited to, the types of pressure supplies described in conjunction with the prior art. One form of a suitable Pc pressure supply 100 would be one of the computer-controlled pressure supplies described herein in conjunction with the prior art, where a hydraulic fluid is circulated through an orifice. Either the orifice size or the flow rate is varied to appropriately vary the pressure Pc. Another example of a suitable Pc pressure supply 100 would be the differential area piston arrangement described herein in conjunction with the prior art.
The pressure Pc can be transmitted from the Pc pressure supply 100 by any suitable means, such as the pressure communication path 64. In
To maintain the pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 at its preferred value, it is preferred that the operation of the Pc pressure supply 100 be controlled in relation to the pressure Pw of the first fluid 6. If the Pc pressure supply 100 is a computer-controlled pressurization system, the pressure Pw can be sensed with a pressure transducer that conveys the pressure information to the Pc pressure supply 100 via an electrical path. If the Pc pressure supply 100 is a hydraulically-controlled pressurization system, the pressure Pw is conveyed to the Pc pressure supply 100 hydraulically via a fluid path. In
If the first fluid 6 is drilling fluid, it is preferable to protect the pressure transducer or hydraulic path from the drilling fluid using a fluid separator 400 that separates the first fluid 6 from a clean fluid 86 while imparting pressure Pw to the clean fluid 86. The fluid separator 400 can take any suitable form including a piston-type separator, but the preferred form uses a bladder or diaphragm because that type of separator has less hysteresis. The fluid separator 400 is exposed to the first fluid 6 through a pressure communication path 88 of any suitable form. The length of the pressure communication path 88 should preferably be as short as possible. In
The pressure Pb of the balancing fluid 56 can be provided by any suitable Pb pressure supply 200. One example of a suitable Pb pressure supply 200 would be a differential area piston arrangement. In the preferred embodiment shown in
To maintain pressure Pb at its preferred value, it is preferred that the operation of the Pb pressure supply 200 be partly controlled by pressure Pc of the second fluid 10. If the Pb pressure supply 200 is a hydraulically-controlled pressurization system as shown in
To maintain pressure Pb at its preferred value, it is preferred that the operation of the Pb pressure supply 200 also be partly controlled by pressure Pw of the first fluid 6. If the Pb pressure supply 200 is a hydraulically-controlled pressurization system as shown, the pressure Pw is communicated to the Pb pressure supply 200 hydraulically.
In an alternative embodiment, the Pb pressure supply 200 may be a computer-controlled pressure supply that generates pressure by circulating fluid through an orifice, with the orifice and/or circulation rate being a computer-controlled variable. If the Pb pressure supply is a computer-controlled pressurization system, the pressure Pc can be sensed with a pressure transducer that conveys the pressure information to the pressure supply via an electrical path. The pressure Pw can be sensed with a pressure transducer that conveys the pressure information to the pressure supply via an electrical control path.
If the first fluid 6 is drilling fluid or other difficult fluid, it is preferable to protect the piston arrangement (discussed below) from the first fluid 6 using a fluid separator 400A that separates the first fluid 6 from a clean fluid 86A while imparting pressure Pw to the clean fluid 86A. The fluid separator 400A can take any suitable form including a piston-type separator, but the preferred form uses a bladder or diaphragm. The fluid separator 400A is exposed to the first fluid 6 through a pressure communication path 68 of any suitable form.
In the machine assembly 2 of
To facilitate laterally sliding movement of the seal housing 12 in response to the radial motion of the shaft 8, the aforementioned forces acting in direction U and direction D should be substantially equal. In some cases these forces may include not only the aforementioned hydraulic forces, but the weight of the seal housing 12 and the compressive force of the sliding seals 42 and 46, but these latter forces are typically negligible and only the hydraulic forces typically need to be taken into account. Whether one is only balancing the hydraulic forces, or also balancing other forces such as, but not limited to, seal housing weight and seal compressive force, it can be accomplished in the present invention by proper sizing of the magnitude of the balancing pressure Pb.
In
In the Pb pressure supply 200 of
The stepped piston 202 establishes a second hydraulic area 344 by virtue of a third reciprocating seal 220, here shown as a piston-type seal having a sealed relationship with a mating bore 210. The mating bore 210 can be defined integrally with the pressure housing 4 of the machine assembly 2 as shown, or it can be defined by a separate housing arrangement that is separable from the pressure housing 4 of the machine assembly 2, or even located remotely from the pressure housing 4.
The hydraulic area 352 is the difference between the second hydraulic area 344 and the first hydraulic area 340. In other words, hydraulic area 352 is equal to hydraulic area 344 minus hydraulic area 340. Thus, the Pb pressure supply 200 establishes hydraulic areas 340, 344, and 352. In
The pressure Pw and pressure Pc impart axially acting force to the stepped piston 202 that produces the desired pressure Pb. The pressure Pb is conducted by pressure supply 200 to balancing area 52 via the pressure communication path 70.
Preferably, the hydraulic area 340, hydraulic area 344, and hydraulic area 352 of the Pb pressure supply 200 have certain proportions with respect to each other. The defined effective area 40, effective area 44, and balancing area 52 of the seal housing 12 also have certain proportions with respect to each other. If the area proportions of the Pb pressure supply 200 are substantially the same as the area proportions of the seal housing 12, the pressure Pb that is generated by the Pb pressure supply 200 will be substantially correct to balance the axially acting hydraulic forces on the seal housing 12.
In other words, hydraulic area 340 divided by hydraulic area 352 is preferably substantially equal to effective area 40 divided by balancing area 52, and hydraulic area 344/(hydraulic area 340+hydraulic area 352) is substantially equal to effective area 44/(effective area 40+balancing area 52).
Yet another way of saying this is that pressure Pw and pressure Pc push on the stepped piston 202 in the same proportions that pressure Pw and pressure Pc push on the seal housing 12. Because the stepped piston 202 can slide, the pressure Pb is raised to a level that balances the forces acting on the stepped piston 202. The level of pressure Pb that is produced by the Pb pressure supply 200 is equal to (pressure Pc×hydraulic area 344−pressure Pw×hydraulic area 340)/hydraulic area 352. The amount of pressure Pb required to axially force balance the seal housing 12 is equal to (pressure Pc×effective area 44−pressure Pw×effective area 40)/balancing area 52.
If the hydraulic area proportions of the Pb pressure supply 200 are equal to the hydraulic area proportions of the seal housing 12, and if Newtonian fluids are used, the only deviation from generating the theoretically perfect pressure Pb will primarily be due to friction of the first reciprocating seal 212 and the third reciprocating seal 220. To minimize the friction of the first reciprocating seal 212 and the third reciprocating seal 220, they can be treated or coated with a friction reducing substance.
As shown in
If desired, the areas in the Pb pressure supply 200 of
In
Any suitable anti-rotation means can be used to keep the seal housing 12 from rotating with the shaft 8. As shown, an anti-rotation projection 60 projects radially from the seal housing 12 into a mating anti-rotation recess 62.
The Pb pressure supply 200 is a differential area piston arrangement that includes a hydraulic cylinder 206. The Pb pressure supply 200 is secured to the pressure housing 4 with a securing device 222, such as the retaining ring that is shown. In
If the first fluid 6 is drilling fluid or other difficult fluid, it is preferable to protect the piston arrangement from the first fluid 6 using a fluid separator 400A that separates the first fluid 6 from a clean fluid 86A while imparting pressure Pw to the clean fluid 86A. The fluid separator 400A can take any suitable form including a piston-type separator, but the preferred form uses a bladder or diaphragm as shown. The fluid separator 400A is exposed to the first fluid 6 through a pressure communication path 68 of any suitable form.
In the Pb pressure supply 200 of
The Pb pressure supply 200 establishes hydraulic areas that function in the same manner described previously in conjunction with
It can be appreciated that any number of pressures acting on a seal housing can be accommodated with a suitable piston area arrangement. It can also be appreciated that the piston can be mounted exterior to the pressure housing if desired.
The machine assembly 2 includes a pressure housing 4 that contains or is exposed to a first fluid 6 at pressure Pw and surrounds a portion of a shaft 8 which is capable of rotation and axial reciprocation relative to the pressure housing 4.
The pressure housing 4 contains or is exposed to a second fluid 10, such as a lubricant for the lubrication of relatively movable components of the machine assembly 2. The second fluid 10 is at pressure Pc, and may be used for hydraulic control. For example, in an active-type rotating blowout preventer, the pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 is used to actuate a packer element around a drill string.
At least one seal housing 12 is provided that has a radial bearing-type relationship with the shaft 8. In
A housing retaining member 18 captures the seal housing 12. More specifically, the seal housing 12 is located axially by a first retaining surface 20 and a second retaining surface 22. The housing retaining member 18 and the pressure housing 4 define an annular recess 24 within which the seal housing 12 is situated. The housing retaining member 18 is retained by at least one retention feature 21, and has a sealed relationship with pressure housing 4 by virtue of seal element 19 and seal element 57.
The seal housing 12 incorporates a first dynamic seal 26 and a second dynamic seal 28. It is preferred that dynamic seals 26 and 28 be hydrodynamic seals such as those described above in connection with
In the example shown in
The first fluid 6 is retained by dynamic seal 26 and by a sliding seal 42. The second fluid 10 is retained by seal element 19, dynamic seal 28, seal element 57, and a sliding seal 47. The third fluid 38 is retained by dynamic seals 26 and 28, seal element 19, and sliding seals 42 and 54. The sliding seal implementations are preferably face sealing arrangements (as shown), where a sealing element is located by a groove and compressed axially into sealing engagement with a mating surface. The grooves that mount the sliding seals can be cut into the seal housing, or into the mating surface of the pressure housing 4 and/or housing retaining member 18. For example, the grooves for sliding seals 47 and 54 are illustrated as being cut into the seal housing 12, but alternatively could have been cut into the housing retaining member 18. The sliding seals 42, 47, and 54 are preferably treated or coated to minimize breakout friction.
The third fluid 38 is maintained at pressure Po. It is preferred that the magnitude of pressure Po always be greater than the magnitude of pressure Pw, to prevent skew-induced wear of dynamic seal 26.
The pressure Pw of the first fluid 6 acts over the effective area 40 that is established by dynamic seal 26 and sliding seal 42, and imparts an axially acting hydraulic thrust on the seal housing 12, acting in direction U. The pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 acts over the effective area 45 that is established by dynamic seal 28 and sliding seal 47, and imparts an axially acting hydraulic thrust on seal housing 12, acting in direction D.
The pressure Po of the third fluid 38 acts over the effective area 51 that is established by sliding seals 42 and 54, and imparts an axially acting hydraulic thrust on the seal housing 12, acting in direction U. The pressure Po of the third fluid 38 also acts over the area 48 on both ends of the seal housing 12, and imparts equal and opposed axially acting hydraulic thrusts on the seal housing 12, which cancel each other.
A sealed balancing area 52 is defined by sliding seal 47 and sliding seal 54. A balancing fluid 56 at pressure Pb is communicated to balancing area 52, and exerts a hydraulic force on the seal housing 12 in direction D. For purpose of clarity with respect to
It is preferred that the hydraulic forces acting in direction D from pressure Pc and pressure Pb be substantially equal, or at least roughly equal, to the hydraulic forces acting in direction U from pressure Pw and pressure Po. It is to be understood that the force acting in direction U from pressure Po is the net force in direction U from pressure Po. Because of this axial hydraulic force balance situation, the seal housing 12 is relatively free to slide laterally to accommodate lateral misalignment of the shaft 8.
Any suitable anti-rotation means can be used to keep the seal housing 12 from rotating with the shaft 8. For example, an anti-rotation projection 60 could project into a mating anti-rotation recess 62.
The pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 can be provided by any suitable Pc pressure supply 100, such as, but not limited to, a conventional computer-controlled pressure supply. The pressure Pc can be transmitted from the Pc pressure supply 100 by any suitable means, such as the pressure communication path 64 that is shown. Part of that path is illustrated as a cross-drilled hole 66.
The pressure Pb of the balancing fluid 56 can be provided by any suitable Pb pressure supply 200. One form of a suitable Pb pressure supply 200 would be a conventional computer-controlled pressure supply. Another example of a suitable Pb pressure supply 200 would be a differential area piston such as shown in
The pressure Po of the third fluid 38 can be provided by any suitable Po pressure supply 300. One form of a suitable Po pressure supply 300 would be a conventional computer-controlled pressure supply. Another example would be one of the differential area piston arrangements described in conjunction with the prior art. Pressure Po can be transmitted from the Po pressure supply 300 by any suitable means, such as the pressure communication path 72 that is shown. In
The pressure Po of the third fluid 38 can be transmitted to the interior of the seal housing 12 by any suitable means, such as the fluid path 76 that is illustrated as a radial drilled hole. In the embodiment of
To maintain the pressure Po of the third fluid 38 at its preferred value, it is preferred that the operation of the Po pressure supply 300 be controlled by the pressure Pw of the first fluid 6. If the Po pressure supply 300 is a computer-controlled pressurization system, the pressure Pw can be sensed with a pressure transducer that conveys the pressure information to the Po pressure supply 300 via an electrical path. If the Po pressure supply 300 is a hydraulically-controlled pressurization system, the pressure Pw is communicated through a pressure path. In
To maintain pressure Pb of the balancing fluid 56 at its preferred value, it is preferred that the operation of the Pb pressure supply 200 be partly controlled by pressure Pw. If the Pb pressure supply 200 is a computer-controlled pressurization system, the pressure Pw can be sensed with a pressure transducer that conveys the pressure information to the Pb pressure supply 200 via an electrical path. If the Pb pressure supply 200 is a hydraulically-controlled pressurization system, the pressure Pw is communicated to the Pb pressure supply 200 through a pressure path. In
To maintain pressure Pb of the balancing fluid 56 at its preferred value, it is preferred that the operation of the Pb pressure supply 200 be partly controlled by pressure Po of the third fluid 38. If the Pb pressure supply 200 is a computer-controlled pressurization system, the pressure Po can be sensed with a pressure transducer that conveys the pressure information to the Pb pressure supply 200 via an electrical path. If the Pb pressure supply 200 is a hydraulically-controlled pressurization system, the pressure Po is communicated to the Pb pressure supply 200 through a pressure path. In
To maintain pressure Pb at its preferred value, it is preferred that the operation of the Pb pressure supply 200 be partly controlled by pressure Pc. If the Pb pressure supply 200 is a computer-controlled pressurization system, the pressure Pc can be sensed with a pressure transducer that conveys the pressure information to the pressure supply via an electrical path. If the Pb pressure supply 200 is a hydraulically-controlled pressurization system, the pressure Pc is communicated to the Pb pressure supply 200 through a pressure path. In
If the first fluid 6 is drilling fluid or other difficult fluid, it is preferable to protect the pressure transducer(s) or hydraulic path(s) of control path 78 and control path 80 from the drilling fluid using a fluid separator 400 that separates the first fluid 6 from a clean fluid 86 while imparting pressure Pw to the clean fluid 86. The fluid separator 400 can take any suitable form including a piston-type separator, but the preferred form uses a bladder or diaphragm. The fluid separator 400 is exposed to the first fluid 6 through a pressure communication path 88 of any suitable form. The length of the pressure communication path 88 is preferably as short as possible, and preferably would be integrated directly into the pressure housing 4.
In the machine assembly 2 of
Pressure Po acts on the seal housing 12 over effective area 51 in direction U, and acts on the seal housing 12 over area 48 in direction D and direction U. Since pressure Po acts on both ends of the seal housing, when calculating pressure Po-related hydraulic force, area 48 can be ignored. In other words, the net axially acting force (Po) (acting in direction U) from pressure Po equals pressure Po times effective area 51.
Pressure Pb acts over balancing area 52 and produces an axially acting force (Pb) on the seal housing 12 that is equal to pressure Pb times balancing area 52. This force acts in direction D.
To make it easy for the seal housing 12 to move laterally to follow the radial motion of the shaft 8, the hydraulic forces acting in directions U and D should be substantially equal unless it is desired to balance out other axially acting forces. Whether one is only balancing the hydraulic forces, or also balancing other forces, the balancing can be accomplished by controlling the magnitude of the balancing pressure Pb.
The stepped piston 202 has a sealed relationship with a bore 210 of the pressure housing assembly 204 by virtue of third reciprocating seal 220. The stepped piston 202 has a first piston rod 216 and a second piston rod 214. The stepped piston 202 has a sealed relationship with respect to the pressure housing assembly 204 by virtue of first reciprocating seal 212 and second reciprocating seal 218. Thus, the Pb pressure supply 200 establishes pressure chambers 240, 245, 251, and 252 defining, respectively, hydraulic areas 340, 345, 351, and 352. Hydraulic area 351 is the area between bore 210 and first piston rod 216. Hydraulic area 352 is the area between bore 210 and second piston rod 214.
Pressure communication is established through the structure of the pressure housing assembly 204 to the pressure chambers 240, 245, 251, and 252 by passages 440, 445, 451, and 452, respectively. Pressure Pc is conducted from the Pc pressure supply 100 to pressure chamber 245 by control path 84 (which includes passage 445) and is conducted to the machine assembly by pressure communication path 64. Pressure Po is conducted from the Po pressure supply 300 to the pressure chamber 251 by control path 82 (which includes passage 451) and is conducted to the machine assembly 2 by pressure communication path 72. Pressure Pw is conducted from the machine assembly 2 to the pressure chamber 240 by a pressure path that may include control path 80, pressure communication path 88, fluid separator 400, and passage 440. The fluid separator 400 is schematically illustrated, identifying first fluid 6 and clean fluid 86. Control path 78 is illustrated for the sake of completeness.
Pressure Pw, pressure Pc, and pressure Po impart axially acting force to the stepped piston 202. These forces produce the desired pressure Pb within the pressure chamber 252. Pressure Pb is conducted from pressure chamber 252 to machine assembly 2 by pressure communication path 70 (which includes passage 452).
If the hydraulic area 340, hydraulic area 345, hydraulic area 351, and hydraulic area 352 of the Pb pressure supply 200 of
If Newtonian fluids are used, the only deviation from generating the theoretically perfect pressure Pb will be due to friction of the first reciprocating seal 212, second reciprocating seal 218, and third reciprocating seal 220 of
At least one seal housing 12 is provided that has a radial bearing-type relationship with the shaft 8. In
A housing retaining member 18 of any suitable configuration is provided. The seal housing 12 is located axially by a first retaining surface 20 and a second retaining surface 22. The housing retaining member 18 and the pressure housing 4 define an annular recess 24 within which part of the seal housing 12 is situated. The housing retaining member 18 is retained to the pressure housing 4 by one or more retention features 21, such as the threads that are shown.
The seal housing 12 incorporates a dynamic seal 26 which is preferably a hydrodynamic seal and is located and held in compressed relation with the relatively movable surface 16 by a seal groove 30. Adjacent to the dynamic seal 26, seal housing 12 defines an extrusion gap 34.
The first fluid 6 is contained by the first dynamic seal 26 and by a sliding seal 42. The second fluid 10 is retained by the first dynamic seal 26 and by a sliding seal 46. The pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 is maintained at a value that is a percentage greater than the pressure Pw of the first fluid 6. For this example, pressure Pc is assumed to be 1.5 times greater than pressure Pw.
The pressure Pw of the first fluid 6 acts over the effective area 40 that is established by dynamic seal 26 and sliding seal 42, and imparts an axially acting hydraulic thrust on the seal housing 12, acting in direction U. The pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 acts over the effective area 44 that is established by dynamic seal 26 and sliding seal 46, and imparts an axially acting hydraulic thrust on the seal housing 12, acting in direction D. The pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 also acts over the area 48 and imparts equal and opposed axially acting hydraulic thrusts on the seal housing 12.
A sealed balancing area 52 is defined by sliding seal 42 and sliding seal 46. A balancing fluid 56 at pressure Pb is communicated to the sealed balancing area 52, and exerts a hydraulic force on the seal housing 12 in direction U. The pressure Pb is preferably maintained at a magnitude that is greater than or equal to the magnitude of pressure Pc and pressure Pw.
It is preferred that the hydraulic forces acting in direction D from pressure Pc can be substantially equal, or at least roughly equal, to the hydraulic forces acting in direction U from pressure Pw and pressure Pb. Because of this axial hydraulic force balance situation, the seal housing 12 is relatively free to slide laterally to accommodate lateral misalignment of the shaft 8. In addition to the above-described axial force balance condition, the seal housing 12 is substantially pressure-balanced in the radial direction. Any suitable anti-rotation means (not shown) can be used to keep the seal housing 12 from rotating with the shaft 8.
The pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 can be provided by any suitable Pc pressure supply 100, such as, but not limited to, the differential area piston arrangement that is described herein in conjunction with the prior art.
The pressure Pc can be transmitted from the Pc pressure supply 100 by any suitable means, such as the pressure communication path 64. In
To maintain the pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 at its preferred value, it is preferred that the operation of the Pc pressure supply 100 be controlled in relation to the pressure Pw of the first fluid 6. If the Pc pressure supply 100 is a computer-controlled pressurization system, the pressure Pw can be sensed with a pressure transducer that conveys the pressure information to the pressure supply via an electrical path. If the Pc pressure supply 100 is a hydraulically-controlled pressurization system, the pressure Pw is conveyed to the Pc pressure supply 100 hydraulically via a fluid path. In
It is preferable to protect the pressure transducer or hydraulic path from the first fluid 6 using a fluid separator 400 that separates the first fluid 6 from a clean fluid 86 while imparting pressure Pw to the clean fluid 86. The fluid separator 400 can take any suitable form including a piston-type separator, but the preferred form uses a bladder or diaphragm because it has less hysteresis. The fluid separator 400 is exposed to the first fluid 6 through a pressure communication path 88 of any suitable form. In
The pressure Pb of the balancing fluid 56 can be provided by a Pb pressure supply 200 that is a differential area piston arrangement mounted within the seal housing 12. The pressure Pb of the balancing fluid 56 is transmitted from the Pb pressure supply 200 via the pressure communication path 70. The Pb pressure supply 200 of
Because the pressure of the second fluid 10 is a fixed ratio to the pressure Pw of the first fluid 6, it is not necessary to communicate the pressure Pw of the first fluid 6 to the Pb pressure supply 200.
In the machine assembly 2 of
To facilitate laterally sliding movement of the seal housing 12 in response to the radial motion of the shaft 8, the aforementioned forces acting in direction U and direction D should be substantially equal. In
A stepped piston 202 establishes hydraulic area 352 by virtue of a first reciprocating seal 212 that establishes sealing between the stepped piston 202 and the surrounding structure. In
Pressure Pc imparts axially acting force to the stepped piston 202 that produces the desired pressure Pb. Pressure Pb is conducted from Pb pressure supply 200 to balancing area 52 the via the pressure communication path 70.
The hydraulic area 344 and hydraulic area 352 of the Pb pressure supply 200 have certain proportions with respect to each other. The effective area 44 and balancing area 52 of the seal housing 12 also have certain proportions with respect to each other. The area proportions of the pressure supply 200 are configured so that the pressure Pb that is generated by the Pb pressure supply 200 will be substantially correct to balance the axially acting hydraulic forces on the seal housing 12. An internal shoulder 92 is provided to limit piston movement, and is illustrated as a retaining ring.
The Pb pressure supply 200 of
In this particular arrangement, because the pressure Pc is known relative to Pw, there is no need to communicate pressure Pw to any area of the piston. Were it necessary, a small local face sealing O-ring could be used to communicate that pressure to the correct location on a correctly sized piston. In
At least a portion of a shaft 8 is located within, and relatively rotatable to, the pressure housing 4. The pressure housing 4 contains or is exposed to a second fluid 10 at pressure Pc. The arrangement of
The seal housing 12 has a first housing end 15 and a second housing end 17, and has a radial bearing-type relationship with the shaft 8. In
A housing retaining member 18 captures the seal housing 12. More specifically, the seal housing 12 is located axially by a first retaining surface 20 and a second retaining surface 22. The housing retaining member 18 is retained to the pressure housing 4 by one or more retention features 21, such as the retaining ring that is illustrated.
The seal housing 12 incorporates a dynamic seal 26 that is preferably a hydrodynamic seal that establishes a sealing footprint against the relatively movable surface 16 that has a wavy footprint edge 27 that faces the second fluid 10. The dynamic seal 26 is preferably located and held in compressed relation with the relatively movable surface 16 by a seal groove 30. On the side of the dynamic seal 26 that is exposed to the first fluid 6, the seal housing 12 defines a clearance fit with the relatively movable surface 16, identified as extrusion gap 34.
The first fluid 6 is contained by the first dynamic seal 26 and sliding seal 42. The second fluid 10 is retained by the first dynamic seal 26 and sliding seal 46.
The pressure Pw of the first fluid 6 acts over the effective area 40 that is established by dynamic seal 26 and sliding seal 42, and imparts an axially acting hydraulic thrust on the seal housing 12, acting in direction U. The pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 acts over the effective area 44 that is established by dynamic seal 26 and sliding seal 46, and imparts an axially acting hydraulic thrust on the seal housing 12, acting in direction D. The pressure Pc of the second fluid 10 also acts over the area 48 on both ends of the seal housing, and imparts equal and opposed axially acting hydraulic thrusts on the seal housing 12.
A sealed balancing area 52 is defined by sliding seal 42 and sliding seal 46. A balancing fluid 56 at pressure Pb is communicated to the sealed balancing area 52, and exerts a hydraulic force on the seal housing 12 in direction U. The pressure Pb is preferably maintained at a magnitude that is greater than or equal to the magnitude of pressure Pc and pressure Pw. The balancing fluid 56 is preferably distributed circumferentially around the end of the seal housing 12 by a distribution channel 58.
It is preferred that the hydraulic forces acting in direction D from pressure Pc are substantially equal to the hydraulic forces acting in direction U from pressure Pw and pressure Pb. Because of this axial hydraulic force balance situation, the seal housing 12 is relatively free to slide laterally to accommodate lateral misalignment of the shaft 8. In addition to the above-described axial force balance condition, the seal housing 12 is pressure-balanced in the radial direction along most of its length, making it relatively immune from pressure breathing; i.e. differential pressure-induced expansion. An anti-rotation projection 60 projects into a mating anti-rotation recess 62 to prevent the seal housing 12 from rotating with the shaft 8.
In
To facilitate laterally sliding movement of the seal housing 12 in response to the radial motion of the shaft 8, the aforementioned forces acting in direction U and direction D should be substantially equal. In
In the Pb pressure supply 200 of
Pressure Pw and pressure Pc impart axially acting force to the stepped piston 202 that produces the desired pressure Pb. Pressure Pb is conducted from the Pb pressure supply 200 to balancing area 52 via the pressure communication path 70.
The hydraulic area 340, hydraulic area 344, and hydraulic area 352 of the Pb pressure supply 200 have certain proportions with respect to each other. The effective area 40, effective area 44, and balancing area 52 of the seal housing 12 also have certain proportions with respect to each other. If the area proportions of the Pb pressure supply 200 are substantially the same as the area proportions of the seal housing 12, the pressure Pb that is generated by the Pb pressure supply 200 will be substantially correct to balance the axially acting hydraulic forces on the seal housing 12. A fill port 94 is provided to facilitate filling of the balancing fluid 56.
At least a portion of a shaft 8 is located within the pressure housing 4, and is relatively rotatable with respect to the pressure housing 4. The pressure housing 4 contains a second fluid at pressure Pc. The arrangement of
A first seal housing 12 and a second seal housing 12′ are provided that each have a radial bearing-type relationship with the shaft 8, and are positioned laterally by the shaft 8.
The first seal housing 12 and second seal housing 12′ are captured axially by housing retaining member 18 and housing retaining member 18′, respectively. The housing retaining member 18 and housing retaining member 18′ are each retained by one or more retention feature 21, such as the threaded fasteners that are illustrated.
The first seal housing 12 and second seal housing 12′ mount first dynamic seal 26 and second dynamic seal 26′, respectively. The first seal housing 12 has a sealed relationship with sliding seal 42 and sliding seal 46, such that the sliding seals establish balancing area 52. The second seal housing 12′ has a sealed relationship with sliding seal 42′ and sliding seal 46′, such that the sliding seals establish balancing area 52′.
A third fluid is introduced into the region between rotary seal 26 and 26′ at a pressure Pc′ that is less than pressure Pc. For example, if Pc′ is equal to Pc divided by two, then the pressure differential acting across rotary seals 26 and 26′ is one half of the value of pressure Pc. A balancing pressure Pb is introduced to balancing area 52, which creates a hydraulic force acting on seal carrier 12 acting in direction U. A balancing pressure Pb′ is introduced to balancing area 52′, which creates a hydraulic force acting on seal carrier 12′ acting in direction U.
It is preferred that the hydraulic forces acting on seal housing 12 in direction D are substantially equal to the hydraulic forces acting in direction U, so that the seal housing 12 is relatively free to slide laterally to accommodate lateral misalignment of the shaft 8. Likewise, it is preferred that the hydraulic forces acting on seal housing 12′ in direction D are substantially equal to the hydraulic forces acting in direction U, so that the seal housing 12′ is relatively free to slide laterally. The balancing pressures can be generated with a simple piston arrangement, or any suitable means, including computer control of pressure. It is possible to size the various hydraulic areas and pressures so that balancing pressure Pb and balancing pressure Pb′ are equal.
The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention are illustrative and explanatory thereof, and various changes in the size, shape, and materials, as well as in the details of the illustrated construction shown and described, may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered as merely illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the claims rather than the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalence of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Appln. No. 61/283,227 filed Nov. 30, 2009, entitled “Seal Carrier,” and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Appln. No. 61/284,179 filed Dec. 14, 2009, entitled “Pressure-Balanced Floating Seal Carrier.” U.S. Provisional Appln. Nos. 61/283,227 and 61/284,179 are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3544118 | Klein | Dec 1970 | A |
| 3575424 | Taschenberg | Apr 1971 | A |
| 3887198 | McClure et al. | Jun 1975 | A |
| 4484753 | Kalsi | Nov 1984 | A |
| 4610319 | Kalsi | Sep 1986 | A |
| 4848774 | Nyilas et al. | Jul 1989 | A |
| 5046906 | Bucknell | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5172921 | Stenlund | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5178215 | Yenulis | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5195754 | Dietle | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5199514 | Titus | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5224557 | Yenulis et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5230520 | Dietle et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5279365 | Yenulis et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5527045 | Pondelick | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5588491 | Brugman et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5647444 | Williams | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5662171 | Brugman et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5662181 | Williams | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5662335 | Larsen | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5678829 | Kalsi et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5738358 | Kalsi et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5823541 | Dietle et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5873576 | Dietle et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 6007105 | Dietle et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6016880 | Hall et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6036192 | Dietle et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6109618 | Dietle | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6120036 | Kalsi et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6227547 | Dietle et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6315302 | Conroy et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6334619 | Dietle et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6382634 | Dietle et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6416225 | Cioceanu et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6467774 | Amaral et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6494462 | Dietle | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6554016 | Kinder | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6561520 | Kalsi et al. | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6685194 | Dietle et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6749172 | Kinder | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6767016 | Gobeli et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 7004444 | Kinder | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7007913 | Kinder | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7052020 | Gobeli et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7562878 | Dietle et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7770898 | Dietle et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7798496 | Dietle et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7934545 | Bailey et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 20030205864 | Dietle et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20060214379 | James et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20090001671 | Dietle et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20100259015 | Dietle | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100264603 | Schroeder | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| Entry |
|---|
| PCT Written Opinion and Search Report of corresponding counterpart international application No. PCT/US2010/58437 dated Feb. 8, 2011. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20110127725 A1 | Jun 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61283227 | Nov 2009 | US | |
| 61284179 | Dec 2009 | US |
