Patent Application
20070238382
Namely, the invention relates to the following (1) to (28).
(1) A pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet, which comprises:
a support; and
a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer disposed on one side of the support,
wherein the support comprises a first substrate and a second substrate disposed on at least one side of the first substrate and is treated with a filling agent,
said first substrate including a melt blow nonwoven fabric,
said second substrate including a span bond nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of from 0.05 to 0.3 g/cm3, and
wherein the second substrate is arranged as the outermost layer on the support side.
(2) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (1), wherein the first substrate and second substrate are independently constituted of polyolefin, polyester, or polyamide.
(3) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (1), wherein the filling agent is in a form of emulsion.
(4) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (1), wherein the surface of the outermost layer on the support side is subjected to a release treatment.
(5) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (1), which is wound in a roll form.
(6) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (1), which is for medical use.
(7) A pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet, which comprises:
a laminate of a plurality of substrates; and
a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer disposed on at least one side of the laminate,
said plurality of substrates being treated with a filling agent, and
said pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet having a loop hardness of from 15 to 60 mN.
(8) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (7), wherein the laminate comprises at least two substrates constituted of nonwoven fabrics having different bulk densities.
(9) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (7), wherein at least one of said substrates is constituted of a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.25 g/cm3 or less, and another one is constituted of a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.30 g/cm3 or more.
(10) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (7), wherein the substrates are applied with from 10 to 50 g/m2 of a filling agent by the filling treatment.
(11) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (7), wherein the filling agent is in a form of emulsion.
(12) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (7), wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is an emulsion adhesive.
(13) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (8), wherein at least one of the nonwoven fabrics different in bulk density is a nonwoven fabric prepared by a melt blowing method.
(14) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (7), wherein the substrate is constituted of polyester.
(15) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (7), which is wound in a roll form.
(16) The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet according to (7), which is for medical use.
(17) A process for producing a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet in which a plurality of substrates constituted of paper and/or napkin are laminated and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is disposed on at least one side of said laminated substrates, said process comprising:
applying a filling agent on the plurality of substrates to conduct a filling treatment, and
then coating an adhesive solution by a direct application method, followed by drying.
(18) The process according to (17), wherein said laminate includes at least two substrates constituted of paper and/or napkin different in bulk density.
(19) The process according to (18), wherein at least one of the substrates to be laminated is constituted of paper and/or napkin having a bulk density of 0.30 g/cm3 or more.
(20) The process according to (17), wherein the substrate to be laminated includes a nonwoven fabric.
(21) The process according to (20), wherein the nonwoven fabric is constituted of polyester.
(22) The process according to (17), wherein the filling treatment is conducted so that the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet has a loop hardness of from 15 to 60 mN.
(23) The process according to (17), wherein the filling agent is applied in an amount of from 10 to 50 g/m2.
(24) The process according to (17), wherein the filling agent is in a form of emulsion.
(25) The process according to (17), wherein the adhesive solution has a viscosity of from 50 to 150 Pa·s.
(26) The process according to (17), wherein the adhesive solution is an emulsion adhesive solution.
(27) The process according to (17), wherein the adhesive solution is applied on the substrate by a comma reverse method.
(28) The process according to (17), wherein the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet is a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet for medical use.
In the invention, by using a laminate including a combination of first and second substrates having different properties as the support, and arranging that an outermost layer is composed of the second substrate, penetration of an adhesive into the spaces of the substrate can be prevented in a filling treatment of the support, and further the reduction of a void ratio can be prevented, so that a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet causing stuffiness and eruption of skin with difficulty and having a good touch can be provided. Accordingly, the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet in the invention is especially useful for medical use such as a sticking plaster and a dressing member.
Additionally, according to the invention, a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet for medical use difficult to be stuffy and good to the touch of the surface of a substrate opposite to the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer can be provided. Further, the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet for medical use according to the invention is manufactured by direct application of an emulsion adhesive, so that it is gentle to the environment, economical and excellent in quality.
The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet for medical use according to the invention can be used as a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet for medical use that is gentle to the skin for being provided with the above properties.
The process for producing the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet for medical use according to the invention makes it possible to coat an adhesive solution on a substrate by direct application by performing a filling treatment of the substrate including a laminate of paper and/or napkin. By the direct application of an adhesive solution, peeling paper required in transfer is not necessary, so that the manufacturing costs can be reduced, and it can be said to be a manufacturing method gentle to the environment. Further, the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet obtained according to the process of the invention is difficult to be stuffy and has a good touch to the skin. Therefore, it can be used in medical use as a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet gentle to the skin. Specifically, the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet can be used as a first aid sticking plaster, a wrapping type sticking plaster, a large sticking plaster with a pad, and a dressing member.
The first embodiment of the invention that is one of the preferred embodiments will be described in detail below with reference to suitable examples. In the explanation of the figures, the same mark is affixed to the same element and duplicating explanation is omitted. Further, the dimensional ratios in the figures do not necessarily coincide with those in explanation for the convenience of illustration.
The first substrate includes a nonwoven fabric manufactured by a melt blowing method. By adopting a melt blow nonwoven fabric, stuffiness can be prevented due to the good air permeability, and the filling treatment becomes easy due to the high density of the melt blow nonwoven fabric. The kinds of materials of the first substrate are not particularly restricted so long as the materials are thermoplastic resins, and examples thereof include polyolefin (such as polyethylene and polypropylene), polyester, polyamide, polyacryl, and polyurethane, and polyolefin, polyester and polyamide are especially preferred.
The diameter of the fiber of the melt blow nonwoven fabric is not particularly restricted and a superfine fiber of 10 μm or less is generally used, and it is more preferred to use a fiber having a diameter of from 0.05 to 5 μm.
The thickness of the first substrate is preferably 50 μm or less, and more preferably 30 μm or less. When the thickness is more than 50 μm, the entire support becomes hard by the filling treatment, and the touch tends to be lowered. For the sufficient filling treatment, the thickness of the first substrate is preferably 5 μm or more.
The second substrate includes a nonwoven fabric manufactured by a span bond method. By adopting a span bond nonwoven fabric, the good touch can be obtained due to the high void ratio. The materials of the second substrate are not especially restricted so long as they are thermoplastic resins, and similarly to the first substrate, examples thereof include polyolefin (such as polyethylene and polypropylene), polyester, polyamide, polyacryl, and polyurethane, and polyolefin, polyester and polyamide are especially preferred. The material of the second substrate and the material of the first substrate may be the same or different.
The bulk density of the second substrate is from 0.05 to 0.3 g/cm3, preferably from 0.08 to 0.28 g/cm3, and more preferably from 0.1 to 0.25 g/cm3. When the bulk density is more than 0.3 g/cm3, the support becomes hard and the touch tends to be lowered, while when it is less than 0.05 g/cm3, the substrate becomes too soft and difficult to handle. “Bulk density” used in the present specification means a value computed according to the following expression.
Bulk density (g/cm3)=the weight of the second substrate (g/cm2)/the thickness of the second substrate (cm)
The thickness of the second substrate is preferably 150 μm or less, and more preferably 100 μm or less. When the thickness is more than 150 μm, the substrate has a tendency to be difficult to handle in manufacturing a support and a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet, while when the thickness is less than 20 μm, the substrate is liable to be difficult to handle and at the same time feeling tends to be lowered. Accordingly, the thickness of the second substrate is preferably 20 μm or more.
The diameter of the fiber of a span bond nonwoven fabric is not especially restricted, and it is generally 10 μm or more, and more preferably from 10 to 25 μm.
A support includes a first substrate and a second substrate laminated thereon, and ordinary methods can be used for the junction of both substrates, e.g., heat fusion and adhesion with an adhesive, can be used, and not especially restricted.
The support is treated with a filling agent, and the application amount of a filling agent is preferably from 3 to 60 g/m2, more preferably from 5 to 50 g/m2, and still more preferably from 8 to 30 g/m2. When the application amount is less than 3 g/m2, sufficient filling treatment cannot be done, and in the case of forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer by directly applying an adhesive solution on the support face followed by drying, the adhesive easily soaks into the support, and there are cases where strike through of an adhesive to the rear face of the support occurs. When the application amount is more than 60 g/m2, the entire support becomes hard and the touch tends to be deteriorated. Incidentally, when the filling agent is applied on the support, the filling agent tends to be present mainly on the first substrate that is manufactured by a melt blowing method and is close, so that the adhesive can be prevented from leaking out without impairing air permeability and feeling of the second substrate.
The air permeability of the support after the filling treatment is preferably from 0.1 to 100 sec/100 cc, more preferably from 0.1 to 70 sec/100 cc, and still more preferably from 0.1 to 30 sec/100 cc. When the air permeability is less than 0.1 sec/100 cc, the filling treatment is insufficient, and the adhesive easily soaks into the support similarly to the above. When it is more than 100 sec/100 cc, the support becomes hard and the touch tends to be lowered. Here, “air permeability” in the present specification means a value of an hour required for 100 cc of air to pass through a support after the filling treatment measured by Gurley densometer according to JIS L 1096.
A pressure-sensitive adhesive tape can be manufactured by, for example, forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer by applying an emulsion type adhesive on a support (on the side of a first substrate) and subsequent drying; or by applying an emulsion type adhesive on a substrate such as peeling paper and subsequent drying, followed by sticking the manufactured pressure-sensitive adhesive layer on the support (on the side of the first substrate). The shape of the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape may be not only plane (sheet-like) but also in a roll state, and the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape in a roll state can be manufactured by, for example, after forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer on a support (on the side of the first substrate), laying the surface of the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer on the support (on the side of the second substrate), and winding up in a roll state.
An emulsion type adhesive can be applied on a support with any of ordinarily used coaters, such as a gravure roll coater, a reverse roll coater, a kiss roll coater, a dip roll coater, a bar coater, a knife coater, and a spray coater. In this case, the emulsion type adhesive is applied so that the thickness of the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer after drying becomes generally from about 5 to 100 μm, preferably from about 10 to 60 μm, and more preferably from about 15 to 40 μm.
The surface of the outermost layer on the support side of the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape, that is, the opposite surface to the surface of the support on which the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is formed (the second substrate side), may be subjected to a release treatment with a back surface treatment agent.
Thus, according to the invention, the adhesive can be prevented from soaking into the support and void ratio can be inhibited from lowering in the case of subjecting the support to a filling treatment, by using a laminate having a two-layer structure including a combination of the first substrate and the second substrate different in properties, and arranging that the outermost layer on the support side is composed of the second substrate. Accordingly, problems of stuffiness and eruption of skin can be get rid of, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape having a good touch can be manufactured, which is useful for medical use such as a first aid sticking plaster, a lengthy wrapping type sticking plaster, a large sticking plaster with a pad, and a dressing member.
Since the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape in the second example is composed of a laminate of three-layer structure, soaking of an adhesive and the reduction of the void ratio of the support after a filling treatment is still surely prevented. By this constitution, excellent feeling in use can be realized and a useful pressure-sensitive adhesive tape for medical use can be provided.
The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape in the invention has been described in detail above with reference to the examples, but the invention is not restricted to the above examples. Various changes and modifications can be made in the invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. For example, for the purpose of protection of a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer, a release liner may be laminated on the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer, and release liners known in the field of the technique can be used. In the above examples, pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes for medical use such as a sticking plaster and the like are described as the use of the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape, and it is also possible to make a skin absorption type formulation of the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape by putting drugs into the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer.
In the next place, the second embodiment of the invention that is one of the preferred embodiments will be described in detail below.
The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet in the second embodiment of the invention has a laminate of a plurality of substrates and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer disposed on at least one side of the laminate, in which the laminated substrates have different bulk densities, the laminated substrates are subjected to a filling treatment, and the loop hardness of the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet is from 15 to 60 mN.
In the invention, an adhesive is laminated on at least one side of the laminate of a plurality of substrates by direct application.
The loop hardness of the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet in the invention is preferably from 15 to 60 mN, more preferably from 15 to 50 mN, and still more preferably from 15 to 40 mN. When the loop hardness is harder than 60 mN, a feeling of displeasure during the time of application occurs, while when the hardness is less than 15 mN, the filling treatment is insufficient and an adhesive cannot be laminated by direct application.
In the invention, the hardness of a loop can be measured according to JIS L 1069 by a loop compression method.
In the invention, at least two layers of substrates are laminated. When only one layer is used, a large amount of a filling agent is required in applying the later-described filling treatment, so that drawbacks arise such that the touch of the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet for medical use is deteriorated and stuffiness tends to occur. Further, if only the substrates having a high bulk density are used for the easiness of the filling treatment, the touch of the substrate opposite to the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer becomes deteriorated. The above-mentioned at least two substrates including are members different in bulk density, preferably nonwoven fabrics different in bulk density. Filling treatment can be performed easily with a substrate having a high bulk density, and a substrate having a low bulk density can provide a good touch.
As such substrates, at least one of the laminated substrates may be a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.25 g/cm3 or less, and another one may be a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.30 g/cm3 or more. More preferably, at least one substrate may be a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.23 g/cm3 or less, and another one may be a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.37 g/cm3 or more. When the bulk density is 0.30 g/cm3 or more, although the filling treatment can be performed easily, there is a problem in the point of the touch. When the bulk density is 0.25 g/cm3 or less, although the touch is excellent, it is difficult to perform a sufficient filling treatment.
In the invention, bulk density can be computed by measuring the weight and the thickness of a substrate of 1 cm2, and according to the following expression.
Bulk density (g/cm3)=the weight of a substrate (g/cm2)/the thickness of the substrate (cm)
In the invention, “at least two layers of substrates are laminated” means that it is sufficient that two or more layers are laminated, but for making the hardness of the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet for medical use from 15 to 60 mN, from 2 to 4 layers are laminated, and preferably 2 or 3 layers are laminated. The laminating method of substrates is not especially restricted, and ordinary methods such as heat fusion and a method with an adhesive can be used. By these methods, a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.25 g/cm3 or less and a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.30 g/cm3 or more can be laminated, or nonwoven fabrics having a bulk density of 0.25 g/cm3 or less can be laminated on both sides of a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.30 g/cm3 or more.
In the invention, as the members constituting the substrates, materials having a high melting point can be used. As such materials, polyesters are preferably used. As polyesters, specifically those excellent in heat resistance such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) are more preferably used.
In the invention, a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.30 g/cm3 or more can be manufactured by a melt blowing method. Further, a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.25 g/cm3 or less can be manufactured by ordinary manufacturing methods of nonwoven fabrics. For example, as dry methods, adhesive type methods such as an immersion method, a print method, a spray method, a powder method and a thermal bond method, and mechanical bond type methods such as a felt method, a stitching method and a needle punch method, water jet slip type methods such as span lace method, spinning type methods such as a span bond method, a network method, a melt blowing method and a film method are exemplified, and as wet methods, water jet slip type methods such as a span lace method, spinning type methods such as a span bond method and a flash method, paper-making methods such as a heat fusion fiber method, a thermocompression method, and an adhesive method can be used.
In the invention, filling treatment can be performed by applying from 10 to 50 g/m2 of a filling agent on a substrate. When the application amount is less than 10 g/m2, strike through of an adhesive cannot be prevented. On the other hand, when the application amount is more than 50 g/m2, the substrate has a rough touch and easily becomes stuffy, and there may be cases where eruption of skin due to physical stimulation by the edge part of the substrate occurs. Accordingly, the application amount is preferably from 10 to 35 g/m2, and more preferably from 10 to 20 g/m2.
When a filling treatment is not performed, there are cases where an adhesive penetrates into a substrate in direct lamination of an emulsion adhesive on a substrate by direct application, or the function as the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet for medical use is lost by strike through of an emulsion adhesive and the like.
In the invention, the application amount of a filling agent can be computed by measuring the weight of 1 m2 of the substrate applied with the filling agent and according to the following expression.
Application amount of a filling agent (g/m2)=the weight of the substrate applied with the filling agent (g/m2)−the weight of the substrate (g/m2)
The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet in the invention has a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer at least on one side of the laminated substrates. The pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is preferably laminated on the side of the substrate having been subjected to a filling treatment by direct application. Since the substrate is subjected to a filling treatment, penetration and strike through of an adhesive can be prevented.
The form of the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet is not especially restricted and, for example, a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape in a roll state without employing a release paper, such as an adhesive member taking the roll form, is preferred. This is because a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet in a roll state does not require a release paper, so that the reducing effect of manufacturing costs by the laminating method of an adhesive by direct application is great. In the case of a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet in a roll state, the surface of the substrate on the side opposite to the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is necessary to be subjected to back surface treatment.
Furthermore, the third embodiment of the invention that is the other preferred embodiment will be described in detail below.
The pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet formed by the manufacturing method in the third embodiment of the invention comprises a laminate of a plurality of substrates and a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer disposed on at least one side thereof.
In the process of the invention, for effectively performing a filling treatment, it is necessary that at least two layers of substrates composed of paper and/or napkin should be laminated. When the substrate is composed of one layer, a large amount of a filling agent is required in applying the later-described filling treatment, so that drawbacks arise such that the touch of the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet for medical use becomes deteriorated and stuffiness tends to occur. Further, if only the substrates having a high bulk density are used for the easiness of the filling treatment, the touch of the substrate opposite to the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer becomes deteriorated. The above substrates including at least two layers are members different in bulk density, preferably nonwoven fabrics different in bulk density. Filling treatment can be performed easily with a substrate having a high bulk density, and a substrate having a low bulk density can provide a good touch.
In the invention, the substrates including paper and/or napkin are not restricted and, for example, substrates including nonwoven fabrics are preferably used. The members constituting these substrates are not especially restricted and materials having a high melting point can be used. As such materials, polyesters are preferably used. As polyesters, specifically those excellent in heat resistance such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) are more preferably used.
The loop hardness of the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet prepared according to the process of the invention is preferably 60 mN or less, more preferably 50 mN or less, and still more preferably 40 mN or less. This is because, when the loop hardness is harder than 60 mN, a feeling of displeasure during the time of application occurs. On the other hand, it is essential in the process of the invention that an adhesive solution be applied on a substrate by a direct application method, and the hardness of a loop is necessary to be 15 mN or more for that sake. When the hardness of a loop is 15 mN or less, an adhesive solution cannot be applied by direct application.
In the invention, the hardness of a loop can be measured according to JIS L 1069 by a loop compression method.
In the invention, “at least two layers of substrates are laminated” means it is sufficient that two or more layers are laminated, but for making the hardness of the obtained pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet for medical use from 15 to 60 mN, from 2 to 4 layers are laminated, and preferably 2 or 3 layers are laminated. The substrates to be laminated, which include paper and/or napkin are preferably different in bulk density.
In the invention, bulk density can be computed by measuring the weight and the thickness of a substrate of 1 cm2, and according to the following expression.
Bulk density (g/cm3)=the weight of a substrate (g/cm2)/the thickness of the substrate (cm)
As such substrates, at least one of the laminated substrates may be a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.25 g/cm3 or less, and another one may be a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.30 g/cm3 or more. More preferably, at least one substrate may be a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.23 g/cm3 or less, and another one may be a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.37 g/cm3 or more. When the bulk density is 0.30 g/cm3 or more, although the filling treatment can be performed easily, there is a problem in the point of the touch. When the bulk density is 0.25 g/cm3 or less, although the touch is excellent, it is difficult to perform a sufficient filling treatment.
In the invention, a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.30 g/cm3 or more can be manufactured by a melt blowing method. Further, a nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.25 g/cm3 or less can be manufactured by ordinary manufacturing methods of nonwoven fabrics. For example, as dry methods, adhesive type methods such as an immersion method, a print method, a spray method, a powder method and a thermal bond method, and mechanical bond type methods such as a felt method, a stitching method and a needle punch method, water jet slip type methods such as span lace method, spinning type methods such as a span bond method, a network method, a melt blowing method and a film method are exemplified, and as wet methods, water jet slip type methods such as a span lace method, spinning type methods such as a span bond method and a flash method, paper-making methods such as a heat fusion fiber method, a thermocompression method, and an adhesive method can be used.
The laminating method of substrates is not especially restricted, and ordinarily used methods, e.g., heat fusion, lamination by a melt blowing method, and a method with an adhesive can be used. For example, a layer of a nonwoven fabric having a low bulk density is formed by a span bond method, and a layer of a polyester nonwoven fabric having a high bulk density can be laminated thereon by spraying polyester by a melt blowing method. According to the necessity, a polyester nonwoven fabric layer manufactured by a span bond method can further be laminated thereon.
In the process of the invention, filling treatment by applying a filling agent on a substrate including paper and/or napkin is necessary. If a substrate is not subjected to a filling treatment, there are cases where an adhesive solution penetrates into the substrate in direct application of the adhesive solution, or the function as the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet for medical use is lost by leaking of an emulsion adhesive solution to the rear face and the like.
In the invention, the application amount of a filling agent can be computed by measuring the weight of 1 m2 of the substrate applied with the filling agent and according to the following expression.
Application amount of a filling agent (g/m2)=the weight of the substrate applied with the filling agent (g/m2)−the weight of the substrate (g/m2)
In the invention, filling treatment can be performed by applying from 10 to 50 g/m2 of a filling agent on a substrate according to the above computation. When the application amount is less than 10 g/m2, strike through of an adhesive solution to the rear surface cannot be prevented. On the other hand, when the application amount is more than 50 g/m2, the substrate prepared by the process of the invention has a rough touch and easily becomes stuffy, and there may be cases where eruption of skin due to physical stimulation by the edge part of the substrate occurs. Accordingly, the application amount is preferably from 10 to 35 g/m2, and more preferably from 10 to 20 g/m2.
Application of a filling agent can be performed at a speed of from 5 to 30 m/minute, and in view of productivity, from 15 to 25 m/minute is preferred.
Drying after the application of a filling agent can be performed at the temperature in the range of from 120 to 170° C. Since expediting treating process is advantageous to productivity, the temperature of 140° C. or more is preferred, and considering heat history to the substrate, the range of from 140 to 160° C. is preferred.
In the process of the invention, the substrate subjected to a filling treatment is applied with an adhesive solution by direct application method.
Application of an adhesive solution by direct application method according to the process of the invention can be performed by a comma reverse method.
The viscosity of the adhesive solution that can be used in the invention is 50 Pa·s or higher. Taking uniform application of the adhesive solution into consideration, the viscosity in the range of from 50 to 150 Pa·s is preferred, and it is more preferably 50 to 130 Pa·s. The adhesive solution can be applied in a thickness of from 30 to 80 μm.
Application of the adhesive solution can be performed at a speed of from 5 to 30 m/minute, and it is more preferably in the range of from 15 to 25 m/minute from the viewpoint of productivity.
Drying after the application of the adhesive solution can be performed at a temperature in the range of from 120 to 180° C. Since expediting treating process is advantageous to productivity, the temperature of from 160 to 180° C. is preferred for obtaining sufficient drying.
The form of the pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet prepared by the process of the invention is not especially restricted and, for example, a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape in a roll state without employing a release paper, such as an adhesive member taking the roll form, is preferred. This is because a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet in a roll state does not require a release paper, so that the reducing effect of manufacturing costs by the laminating method of an adhesive by direct application method is great. In the case of a pressure-sensitive adhesive tape or sheet in a roll state, the surface of the substrate on the side opposite to the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is necessary to be subjected to back surface treatment.
In the invention, filling agents are not especially restricted, and vinyl acetate series resins, acrylic series resins, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) series, rosin series resins, and the like can be used. Solvent type filling agents may be used, but in view of the environmental protection, aqueous filling agents in an emulsion state are preferred. As the methods of filling treatment, ordinary methods can be used, for example, a method including adjusting a filling agent to an appropriate concentration, and impregnating a substrate with the filling agent, followed by drying, and the like.
Adhesives (adhesive solutions) to form a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer are not especially restricted so long as they show adhesion after coating and drying, and have good adhesion strength and retention. From the environmental protection, emulsion type adhesives (adhesive solutions) are preferably used. As emulsion type adhesives, for example, aqueous dispersions of acrylic polymers and urethane-acrylic polymers, and aqueous dispersions of rubber polymers such as synthetic rubbers, e.g., styrene-butadiene copolymers, and natural rubbers are exemplified. Further, according to the necessity, adhesives may be blended with additives generally used in this technical field such as crosslinking agents, tackifier resins, fillers, oils, and pigments.
Incidentally, as the above-described back surface treatment agents, fluorine type release agents, long chain alkyl type release agents, silicone type release agents, or mixtures thereof can be used. As the method of release treatment, ordinarily methods used in this technical field can be used.
The invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples, but the invention is not restricted thereto, and various changes and modifications can be made in the invention without departing from the technical thought of the invention.
In the examples, “parts” means “weight parts” unless otherwise indicated.
The examples concerning the first embodiment of the invention are described below.
In the examples, the preparation of an adhesive and the manufacture of a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer were carried out according to the following methods.
Preparation of an Emulsion Adhesive
To a monomer mixture containing 95 weight parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 5 weight parts of acrylic acid were added 2 weight parts of sodium lauryl sulfate (an emulsifier), and 0.2 weight parts of potassium persulfate (a polymerization initiator), and the mixture was emulsion polymerized according to a conventional method to obtain an emulsion adhesive containing an acrylic polymer (the weight average molecular weight of the solvent-soluble polymer: 800,000) uniformly emulsion dispersed in water. The obtained adhesive had solids content concentration of 50 wt %, and the content of gel (crosslinking content) of 46 wt %.
Manufacture of a Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Layer
The above-obtained emulsion adhesive was applied on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate having been subjected to release treatment, and dried at 120° C. for 3 minutes to obtain a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer having a thickness of 40 μm.
After laminating nonwoven fabrics manufactured by a span bond method and having a bulk density of 0.21 g/cm3 (made of polyester, a thickness: 80 μm, a fiber diameter: 14 μm) on both sides of a nonwoven fabric manufactured by a melt blowing method (made of polyester, a thickness: 25 μm, a fiber diameter: 1.8 μm), 25 g/m2 of a filling agent was applied for a filling treatment, thus a filling-treated support was obtained. Voncort R3360 (trade name, manufactured by Dainippon Ink and Chemicals Inc.) was used as the filling agent. The air permeability of the obtained support was 12 sec/100 cc. Subsequently, the above-obtained pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was transferred to the filling-treated support to obtain a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet.
After laminating nonwoven fabrics manufactured by a span bond method and having a bulk density of 0.12 g/cm3 (made of polyester, a thickness: 45 μm, a fiber diameter: 14 μm) on both sides of a nonwoven fabric manufactured by a melt blowing method (made of polyester, a thickness: 25 μm, a fiber diameter: 1.8 μm), 30 g/m2 of the same filling agent as used in Example 1 was coated, and a filling-treated support was obtained. The air permeability of the obtained support was 30 sec/100 cc. Subsequently, the above-obtained pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was transferred to the filling-treated support to obtain a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet.
The same filling agent as used in Example 1 was coated on a nonwoven fabric manufactured by a span bond method and having a bulk density of 0.21 g/cm3 (made of polyester, a thickness: 120 μm, a fiber diameter: 13 μm), and a support including a single layer was obtained. The air permeability of the obtained support was 1 sec/100 cc. Subsequently, the above-obtained pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was transferred to the filling-treated support, but the adhesive penetrated into the support, so that a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet could not be obtained.
Nonwoven fabrics manufactured by a span bond method and having a bulk density of 0.21 g/cm3 (made of polyester, a thickness: 45 μm, a fiber diameter: 13 μm) was laminated on both sides of a nonwoven fabric manufactured by a melt blowing method (made of polyester, a thickness: 25 μm, a fiber diameter: 1.8 μm) to obtain a support. The air permeability of the obtained support not subjected to filling treatment was 0.08 sec/100 cc. Subsequently, the above-obtained pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was transferred to the support, but the adhesive penetrated into the support, so that a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet could not be obtained.
The same filling agent (30 g/m2) as used in Example 1 was applied on a nonwoven fabric manufactured by a melt blowing method and having a bulk density of 0.12 g/cm3 (made of polyester, a thickness: 70 μm, a fiber diameter: 1.8 μm) to obtain a filling-treated support. The air permeability of the obtained support was 30 sec/100 cc. Subsequently, the above-obtained pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was transferred to the filling-treated support to obtain a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet.
Evaluation Tests
Air Permeability:
In connection with the air permeability of the supports used in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, the hour required for 100 ml of air to pass through each support was measured by Gurley densometer according to JIS L 1069. The results of measurement are shown in Table 1 below.
Bulk Density:
The bulk density of each of the second substrates used in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 was computed according to the following expression. The results obtained are shown in Table 1 below.
Bulk density (g/cm3)=the weight of the second substrate (g/cm2)/the thickness of the second substrate (cm)
Penetration of Adhesive:
Pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets obtained in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were subjected to aging at 60° C. for 3 days, and the sticking property of each adhesive sheet was evaluated according to the following criteria. The results obtained are shown in Table 1.
A: Sticky and sticking on the skin is possible.
B: Free of stickiness and sticking on the skin is impossible.
Touch:
Each outermost layer of the support of the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets obtained in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 was touched with a hand, and the touch was evaluated according to the following criteria. The results of evaluation are shown in Table 1.
A: Good to the touch.
B: The touch is a little inferior.
C: Hard and rough to the touch.
It has been confirmed that the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets obtained in Examples 1 and 2 do not cause strike through of the adhesive and the touch is good, since each of the supports has specific lamination structure and the outermost layer is composed of a span bond nonwoven fabric.
Contrary to this, the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet in Comparative Example 1 causes penetration of the adhesive, since the support does not have a specific lamination structure. The pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet in Comparative Example 2 causes penetration of the adhesive and cannot function as the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet, since it is not subjected to a filling treatment, although the support has a specific lamination structure. Further, the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet in Comparative Example 3 does not cause striking through of the adhesive, since the support is composed of a melt blow nonwoven fabric, but the touch is not good, since the support is arranged as the outermost layer.
Subsequently, the examples concerning the second embodiment of the invention are described below.
1. Process for Producing a Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Sheet
1) Preparation of a Polymer for Forming a Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Layer
By emulsion polymerizing a monomer mixture containing 95 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 5 parts of acrylic acid by using 2 parts of sodium lauryl sulfate (an emulsifier) and 0.2 parts of potassium persulfate (a polymerization initiator) according to a conventional method, an emulsion adhesive having a solid content concentration of 50 wt %, in which an acrylic polymer containing 46 wt % of gel content in particles (crosslinking content) and having a weight average molecular weight of the solvent-soluble polymer of 800,000 is uniformly emulsion dispersed in water, was obtained. The obtained emulsion adhesive was employed as a polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer.
2) Filling Treatment
An acryl ester copolymer emulsion (Tg: −30° C.) was used as the filling agent. A substrate was impregnated with the filling agent and dried at 120° C. for 2 minutes.
3) Formation of a Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Layer
Forming method of a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer by direct application:
The above-prepared polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was applied on one side of the substrate in a coating thickness of 40 μm, followed by drying at 130° C. for 3 minutes to obtain an adhesive sheet.
Forming Method of a Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Layer by Transfer:
The above-prepared polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was applied on a release paper in a coating thickness of 40 μm, followed by drying at 130° C. for 3 minutes to thereby form a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer in advance. The adhesive on the release paper was transferred to a substrate to obtain a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet.
2. Test Method
Pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets for sticking on the skin obtained in each example and comparative example were tested as follows.
1) Application Amount of the Filling Agent
The application amount of the filling agent was computed by measuring the weight of 1 m2 of the substrate coated with the filling agent and according to the following expression.
Application amount of the filling agent (g/m2)=the weight of the substrate applied with the filling agent (g/m2)−the weight of the substrate (g/m2)
2) Bulk Density
Bulk density was computed by measuring the weight and the thickness of the substrate of 1 cm2 and according to the following expression.
Bulk density (g/cm3)=the weight of the substrate (g/cm2)/the thickness of the substrate (cm)
3. Evaluating Methods
Pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets for sticking on the skin obtained in each example and comparative example were evaluated as follows.
1) Formation of a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet
2) Sticking through of the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer
After forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer on one side of the substrate, whether the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer soaked on the opposite side to the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer or not was functionally evaluated.
A: Free from soaking
B: Soaked and wet.
C: Soaked and sticky.
3) Hardness of Loop
The loop hardness was measured according to JIS L 1069 by a loop compression method.
4) Observation at the Time of Sticking
A pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet having a size of 25 mm×50 mm was stuck on the forearm and stuffiness and eruption of skin were functionally observed.
A: Free from stuffiness and free from eruption of skin.
B: Accompanied by stuffiness and eruption of skin.
A substrate was prepared by laminating polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabrics having a bulk density of 0.23 g/cm3 and manufactured by a span bond method on both sides of a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.37 g/cm3 and manufactured by a melt blowing method. Then the substrate was applied with 15 g/m2 of the filling agent, and the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was directly applied on one side of the substrate in a thickness of 40 μm according to the forming method of a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer by direct application, thus a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet having the hardness of loop of 26 mN was obtained. Strike through of the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was not confirmed at this time. There was also no problem on stuffiness when the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet was stuck on the skin, and also stimulation to the skin was not confirmed.
A substrate was prepared by laminating polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabrics having a bulk density of 0.23 g/cm3 and manufactured by a span bond method on both sides of a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.37 g/cm3 and manufactured by a melt blowing method. The substrate was applied with 25 g/m2 of the filling agent, and the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was directly applied on one side of the substrate in a thickness of 40 μm according to the forming method of a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer by direct application, thus a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet having the hardness of loop of 30 mN was obtained. Strike through of the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was not confirmed at this time. There was also no problem on stuffiness when the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet was stuck on the skin, and also stimulation to the skin was not confirmed.
A substrate was prepared by laminating a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.16 g/cm3 and manufactured by a span bond method on one side of a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.30 g/cm3 and manufactured by a melt blowing method. The substrate was applied with 40 g/m2 of the filling agent, and the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was directly applied on the side of the polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.30 g/cm3 manufactured by a melt blowing method in a thickness of 40 μm according to the forming method of a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer by direct application, thus a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet having the hardness of loop of 15 mN was obtained. Strike through of the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was not confirmed at this time. There was also no problem on stuffiness when the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet was stuck on the skin, and also stimulation to the skin was not confirmed.
A substrate was prepared by laminating polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabrics having a bulk density of 0.23 g/cm3 and manufactured by a span bond method a on both sides of a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.37 g/cm3 and manufactured by a melt blowing method. The substrate was applied with 30 g/m2 of the filling agent, and the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was directly applied on one side of the substrate in a thickness of 40 μm according to the forming method of a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer by direct application, thus a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet having the hardness of loop of 72 mN was obtained. Strike through of the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was not confirmed at this time. Stuffiness was confirmed when the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet was stuck on the skin, and stimulation to the skin was confirmed at the edge part of the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet.
A substrate was prepared by laminating polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabrics having a bulk density of 0.23 g/cm3 and manufactured by a span bond method on both sides of a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.37 g/cm3 and manufactured by a melt blowing method. The substrate was applied with 10 g/m2 of the filling agent, and the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was directly applied on one side of the substrate in a thickness of 40 μm according to the forming method of a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer by direct application to try to manufacture a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet having the hardness of loop of 22 mN. However, strike through of the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was confirmed on this condition, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet could not be obtained.
When the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was directly applied in a thickness of 40 μm on one side of a substrate including a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.37 g/cm3 and manufactured by a melt blowing method having laminated on both sides thereof polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabrics having a bulk density of 0.23 g/cm3 and manufactured by a span bond method according to the forming method of a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer by direct application. Strike through of the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was confirmed, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet could not be obtained.
A substrate was prepared by laminating a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.16 g/cm3 and manufactured by a span bond method on one side of a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.30 g/cm3 and manufactured by a melt blowing method. The substrate was applied with 20 g/m2 of the filling agent, and the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was directly applied on the side of the polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.30 g/cm3 and manufactured by a melt blowing method in a thickness of 40 μm according to the forming method of a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer by direct application. Strike through of the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was confirmed, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet could not be obtained.
On the side of a polyethylene film of a substrate including a laminate of a polyethylene film having a thickness of 8 μm and a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.23 g/cm3 and manufactured by a span bond method was transferred the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer formed in advance in a thickness of 40 μm according to the forming method of a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer by transfer to thereby obtain a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet. Strike through of the polymer for forming a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer was not confirmed at this time. Stimulation to the skin was not confirmed when the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet was stuck on the skin, but stuffiness occurred.
The pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets obtained in Examples 3 to 5 and Comparative Examples 4 to 8 are summarized in Table 2 below.
The results of evaluations of the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets obtained in Examples 3 to 5 and Comparative Examples 4 to 8 are shown in Table 3 below.
Further, the examples concerning the third embodiment of the invention are described below.
1. Process for Producing a Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Sheet
1) Preparation of an Emulsion Adhesive Solution
By emulsion polymerizing a monomer mixture containing 95 parts of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 5 parts of acrylic acid by using 2 parts of sodium lauryl sulfate (an emulsifier) and 0.2 parts of potassium persulfate (a polymerization initiator) according to a conventional method, an emulsion adhesive solution having a solid content concentration of 50 wt %, in which an acrylic polymer containing a gel content in particles (crosslinking content) of 46 wt % and having a weight average molecular weight of the solvent-soluble polymer of 800,000 is uniformly emulsion dispersed in water, was obtained.
2) Filling Treatment
An acryl ester copolymer emulsion (Tg: −30° C.) was used as the filling agent. A substrate was impregnated with the filling agent and dried at 120° C. for 2 minutes.
3) Application of an Adhesive Solution by Direct Application
The prepared emulsion adhesive solution was applied by a comma reverse method on a substrate in a thickness of 40 μm, and dried at 130° C. for 3 minutes to obtain a pressure-sensitive adhesive sheet.
2. Test Methods
Pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets for sticking on the skin obtained in each example and comparative example were tested as follows.
1) Application Amount of the Filling Agent
The application amount of the filling agent was computed by measuring the weight of 1 m2 of the substrate applied with the filling agent and according to the following expression.
Application amount of the filling agent (g/m2)=the weight of the substrate applied with the filling agent (g/m2)−the weight of the substrate (g/m2)
2) Coefficient of Viscosity of the Adhesive Solution
Coefficient of viscosity was measured with a BH type viscometer (manufactured by TOKI SANGYO CO., LTD.).
3. Evaluating Methods
Pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets for medical use obtained in each example and comparative example were evaluated as follows.
1) Leaking to the Rear Face of the Substrate
After coating the adhesive solution on the substrate and before performing drying process, whether the adhesive solution leaked to the rear face of the substrate or not was confirmed by feeling with fingers.
2) Possibility of Adhesive Solution Coating
Whether the adhesive solution can be uniformly applied on the substrate or not was visually observed.
3) Hardness of Loop
The loop hardness was measured according to JIS L 1069 by a loop compression method.
After applying 15 g/m2 of the filling agent in the solution concentration of 23% on a substrate including a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.37 g/cm3 and manufactured by a melt blowing method having laminated on both sides thereof polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabrics having a bulk density of 0.23 g/cm3 and manufactured by a span bond method (
After applying 20 g/m2 of the filling agent in the solution concentration of 45% on the substrate manufactured in the same manner as in Example 6 (
After applying 15 g/m2 of the filling agent in the solution concentration of 23% on the substrate manufactured in the same manner as in Example 6 (
After applying 40 g/m2 of the filling agent in the solution concentration of 45% on a substrate including a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.30 g/cm3 and manufactured by a melt blowing method having laminated on one side thereof a polyethylene terephthalate nonwoven fabric having a bulk density of 0.16 g/cm3 manufactured by a span bond method (
After applying 20 g/m2 of the filling agent in the solution concentration of 45% on the substrate manufactured in the same manner as in Example 6 (
After applying 20 g/m2 of the filling agent in the solution concentration of 45% on the substrate manufactured in the same manner as in Example 6 (
The results of evaluations of the pressure-sensitive adhesive sheets obtained in Examples 6 to 9 and Comparative Examples 9 and 10 are shown in Table 4 below.
As described in detail above, the pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes or sheets for medical use in the invention, and the pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes or sheets for medical use obtained by the process of the invention are manufactured by a direct application method of an adhesive solution, so that the pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes or sheets are gentle to the environment, reduced in manufacturing costs and economical. Further, the pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes or sheets for medical use are hardly stuffy, and the surface of the substrate opposite to the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer has a good touch. Accordingly, the pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes or sheets for medical use can be used as pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes or sheets for medical use gentle to the skin. Specifically, the pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes or sheets in the invention can be used as a first aid sticking plaster, a wrapping type sticking plaster, a large sticking plaster with a pad, and a dressing member.
While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope thereof.
This application is based on Japanese patent application No. 2006-107114 filed Apr. 10, 2006, Japanese patent application No. 2006-170163 filed Jun. 20, 2006, and Japanese patent application No. 2006-220499 filed Aug. 11, 2006, the entire contents thereof being hereby incorporated by reference.
Further, all references cited herein are incorporated in their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006-107114 | Apr 2006 | JP | national |
| 2006-170163 | Jun 2006 | JP | national |
| 2006-220499 | Aug 2006 | JP | national |
