Patent Application
20070177610
This description relates generally to networks and more specifically to computerized home networks.
Networks may be used to couple AV equipment, and transmit signals to that AV equipment. AV signals are typically high bandwidth signals. Some types of AV signals may take more bandwidth than others causing further constraints on a network's finite bandwidth. Also as networks become more popular as a way of delivering AV signals further demands may be put on network bandwidth.
The following presents a simplified summary of the disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding to the reader. This summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure and it does not identify key/critical elements of the invention or delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts disclosed herein in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
The present example provides a way to maintain quality of service in a network. Traffic monitoring in conjunction with methods of detecting policy violators may be used to allow prioritized signals to be provided to designated AV equipment.
Many of the attendant features will be more readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.
The present description will be better understood from the following detailed description read in light of the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Like reference numerals are used to designate like parts in the accompanying drawings.
The detailed description provided below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of the present examples and is not intended to represent the only forms in which the present example may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the functions of the example and the sequence of steps for constructing and operating the example. However, the same or equivalent functions and sequences may be accomplished by different examples.
The examples below describe a local area network with support for quality of service 225 (of
In the local area network the users computer is typically part of the local area network 125 which may include a plurality conventional computers (not shown) and conventional peripheral equipment (not shown) coupled together utilizing topologies (token, star and the like) and switching equipment known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively such a local area network may be called a home network, wireless network or the like. Coupling may be achieved by wireless technology the may couple some or all of the network components together through various standards known to those skilled in the art. Those skilled in the art will realize that other processor equipped devices such as televisions and VCRs with electronic program guides, cellular telephones, appliances and the like may be coupled to the internet utilizing conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art. In the case of television or video signals being transferred over the local area network large portions of the available network bandwidth may be consumed by transferring these signals. Even with compression technologies transferring one or more of these signals may take up considerable network bandwidth. With the advent of high definition video signals even higher demands on network bandwidth may be made.
A typical local area network 125 may include a conventionally constructed link 117 to a media source 126, and a PC 120 that is part of the local area network. A PC that includes a link to media may be called a media center, multimedia capable PC or the like. Such a PC may be capable of receiving digital, or analog signals and may be capable of converting or passing them unchanged over the local area network.
A typical local area network 125 may include a conventionally constructed ISP network in which a number or plurality of subscribers utilize telephone dial up, ISDN, DSL, cellular telephone, cable modem, or the like connections 116 to couple their computer to one or more server computers 115 that provide a connection to the world wide web 135 via the internet 130.
Wide area network or world wide web 135 is conventionally constructed and may include the internet 130 or equivalent coupling methods for providing a wide area network. As shown a conventionally constructed first server computer 110 is coupled to conventionally constructed second server computer 115 through a conventionally constructed internet connection to the world wide web 130.
The local area (or home) network providing quality of service 225 typically includes a traffic monitoring service that may prevent certain types of policy abuse by different components that may be present in the home network.
Local area network providing quality of service 225 may include PC 120 coupled 329, 331 to one or more consumer electronics devices such as first television (“TV1”) 307, and second television (“TV2”) 309. The televisions are capable of receiving digital signals that may include high definition video signals. Network 227 is typically a wireless network that facilitates the transfer of signals 329, 331 between network components 120, 307, 309.
A home network may be overloaded by too many audio visual devices being coupled to it. Thus a user that hooks up a high definition TV to a home network may not receive a high definition picture due to network overload. Overload could be caused by too many TVs coupled to the network that are all calling for high definition signals that tend to use large amounts of bandwidth. By setting priorities for the audio visual devices coupled to the network, and providing a way of implementing those priorities network overload may be managed,
The present examples describe how audio visual devices coupled to a home network may share the network by implementing a policy that determines the quality of service that the various audio visual devices will be provided with. In the examples below a system of providing quality of service may be provided by a user interface to configure the home network and by the implementation of methods to disseminate the policy information via a communications protocol.
In a home networking environment, various audio visual (“AV”) devices can be coupled by the network. AV devices may include TVs, High Definition Televisions, Audio components and the like. These AV devices may share the network bandwidth (for example the case of shared network media such as WiFi and the like). When two or more AV devices are coupled to a network the quality of a signal provided to the AV device may be degraded. Degradation may occur because there is insufficient network bandwidth to transmit a good quality signal to each AV device. Also, overloading a network's bandwidth may not allow a high, or premium, quality signal to be transmitted because there is simply not enough bandwidth available to support the other devices and the AV device requesting the high quality signal. To ensure quality of the AV streams to the various AV devices, there may be a need for coordination between these devices to set priorities.
As an example of setting priorities where bandwidth may be shared, suppose an AV stream (such as live TV) is being streamed from one source device (such as a PC) to another sink device (such as a TV capable to receiving and displaying the AV stream). Now suppose that another member of the household wants to start another TV stream to another TV within the home. Also suppose that the home network can only sustain one bandwidth at a time, but not both.
To resolve situations like these, the home users may set certain policies which may be implemented as a method that regulates network behavior in the event of insufficient network bandwidth. An example of a policy might be that the, “Stream to TV1 is more important than TV2. So, if TV1 is already on and someone tries to start TV2, then don't start TV2. Or, if TV2 is already on and someone tries to start TV1, then ensure best quality AV stream for TV1, even if TV2's stream quality suffers.”
As may be seen from the discussion above policy violations may lead to poor user experience. Furthermore, policy violations can cause user confusion as to the source of the problem. The problem may arise from the network or the AV device, and thus the user may need help in figuring out the exact source of the problem.
In order to make this method of bandwidth sharing work well for home users, certain features are may be desirable. First, policies for an AV stream for some device should be settable from that device. The user should not be forced to go to every device and set that policy, or to have to go to a central device to set that policy. To do this a communication protocol to allow various devices to exchange policy information may be provided. Second, the policy setting mechanism should be secure so that no (malicious or malfunctioning) device attached to the home network can violate policy and get away with it.
Policy Violations
The examples described below typically prevent policy violations. Policy violations can take two forms. The first form of policy violations may especially be prevented by the examples provided. First, some (malicious or malfunctioning) device communicates the wrong policy to other devices. For example, the user may set a policy that this device is “less important” than some other device, but the device tells other devices that it is of “high importance”. Second, some (malicious or malfunctioning) device does not abide by policy settings when using the network's bandwidth. For example, policy may indicate that this device should send its AV stream at low network priority, but this device ignores that and sends its AV stream at high network priority. “Network priority” is typically a technology included in many new home networks, including WiFi networks. With network priority applied devices which send network traffic specify a priority value for each packet. Traffic with higher priority is able to get more bandwidth than traffic at lower priorities.
Distributing Policy Information
In the examples provided policy for an AV stream can only be set on either the source device or the sink device for a given stream. In practice, if policy is set on the sink device, it will usually convey policy to the source device which will then take the rest of the actions described in this section. In this initial stage a typical user interface (“UI”) may be provided to configure the network. Such a UI may be provided on the AV devices, or any PCs coupled to the network such as a media center PC or the like.
When a user sets a policy on a device, that device directly communicates this policy directly to all other devices on the home network. This particular implementation typically aids in the detection of policy violators. In this implementation the communication of policy may be done via a protocol such as TCP to prevent the sender from hiding its identity (i.e., prevent IP spoofing). A weak-security protocol such as UDP should not be used for communicating policies.
In an alternative example the AV device conveys the policy setting to some centralized policy holder device, which then forwards the information to all other devices.
Coordination Between AV Sources to Abide by Policy
As a result of the policy distribution scheme described above, each AV device coupled to the network is aware of all policy settings for all devices/streams. When there's enough network bandwidth to run all on-going streams, then policy settings may be ignored. Only when there's insufficient network bandwidth do policy settings tend to come into play. Using the example of TV1 and TV2 described previously, we describe two cases below in
Next, the source device for TV2 then consults the policy settings 407 and sees that the user has configured TV1 as more important than TV2408. The source device for TV2 typically needs some way to know that TV1 stream is currently on-going 409. This can be accomplished in various ways, such as, when a source device starts/stops an AV stream, it informs all other devices of this fact. We call this “information sharing.” As a result, source device for TV2 does not start the stream. Instead, it informs the user that stream for TV1 is on-going 413.
Next, the source device for TV1 then consults the policy settings 507 and sees that the user has configured TV1 as more important than TV2508. The source device for TV1 typically needs some way to know that TV2 stream is currently on-going 509. This can be accomplished by various means, such as, when a source device starts/stops an AV stream, it informs all other devices of this fact. We call this “information sharing.” As a result, source device for TV1 sends a message to the source device for TV2, asking the later to yield network bandwidth 513. The source device for TV2 can yield network bandwidth in several ways, e.g., it can stop the stream to TV2, or, it can send the TV2 stream at a lower network priority. The source device for TV2 complies and yields network bandwidth, and this allows the stream for TV1 to run at full quality.
In all of the above cases, “TV1” can be replaced with “a stream designated (via policy settings) as high-importance by the user” and “TV2” can be replaced with “one or more streams designated (via policy settings) as low-importance by the user”
It's possible that two streams may try to start and they've been designated as the same level of importance by the user. If network bandwidth is insufficient to start both streams, then the user can be prompted at this point to further finesse the policy setting, e.g., pick one of the streams as being more important than the other one.
Detecting Policy Violations with Network Diagnostics
In implementing the method previously described it may be easy to violate policy. Each device can tell other devices that its streams are the most important. This can lead to chaos if too many devices did this, rendering policy settings useless.
To address this, we realize that in the home environment (as opposed to a large corporate network environment), the home user can be relied upon to take some simple actions to resolve problems such as these. As long as the actions are clear and simple, the user can take those actions.
So, instead of trying to prevent policy violations thru some automatic means, we take the approach of being able to reliably identify policy violators and informing the home user of these violators. Then the home user can then take appropriate action (such as turn off the culprit device).
Policy violators can be detected via a traffic monitoring service. Networking hub/switch devices such as WiFi APs are well-suited for implementing such a service. This service simply tracks the number of bytes sent to/from each device connected to the hub/switch. Devices can be identified by their MAC addresses. The service maintains traffic statistics for each priority level supported by the switch/hub. For example, WMM WiFi APs support 4 priority levels, so such a service will maintain eight counters for each MAC address known to the AP, i.e., two counters per priority level: one for bytes sent and other for bytes received.
From these statistics, device A can check 605 three things. First if all other source devices are running their streams at the bandwidths advertised in their “information sharing” messages. Second, if all other source devices are running their streams at the network priority consistent with policy advertised by those devices. Third, from these checks, device A can detect if some device is not abiding by policy (i.e., policy violation type 2)
If all devices are abiding by policy, device A can check if, according to policy, there are other on-going streams of higher network priority 607. If so, device A can display to its user that such and such other streams are running, and these streams have been configured (by a home user) to have higher network priority that device A's stream 607.
If the user does not agree with these policy settings, the user now has exact information to take manual action 611 to remedy the situation. This way, (malicious or malfunctioning) devices indulging in policy violation type 1 listed above can be reliably identified to the user. The identification is reliable because each device communicates its policy information directly to all other devices (without going thru any intermediaries). So, if some (malicious or malfunctioning) device X advertises a fake policy to other devices (including device A), then because device A receives this policy directly from device X via TCP (i.e., device X cannot do IP spoofing), device A can reliably tell the home user that the source of this policy is device X. If the user agrees policy may be maintained 613.
Another approach to preventing policy violations of type 1 would be to use some authentication scheme. Under this approach, a user U configuring policy will also be required to enter some sort of password, which will then be used to encrypt the policy. Then, when the policy is conveyed to other devices, those devices can verify that indeed user U is the one who configured the policy. Note that this scheme typically requires a security infrastructure within the home network and has all home devices participate in that infrastructure,
For example the computing environment 700 can be implemented with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, may include, but are not limited to, personal computers, hand-held or laptop devices, microprocessor-based systems, multiprocessor systems, set top boxes, gaming consoles, consumer electronics, cellular telephones, PDAs, and the like.
The computer 700 includes a general-purpose computing system in the form of a computing device 701. The components of computing device 701 can include one or more processors (including CPUs, GPUs, microprocessors and the like) 707, a system memory 709, and a system bus 708 that couples the various system components. Processor 707 processes various computer executable instructions, including those to ** to control the operation of computing device 701 and to communicate with other electronic and computing devices (not shown). The system bus 708 represents any number of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures.
The system memory 709 includes computer-readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM), and/or non-volatile memory, such as read only memory (ROM). A basic input/output system (BIOS) is stored in ROM. RAM typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently operated on by one or more of the processors 707.
Mass storage devices 704 may be coupled to the computing device 701 or incorporated into the computing device by coupling to the buss. Such mass storage devices 704 may include a magnetic disk drive which reads from and writes to a removable, non volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”) 705, or an optical disk drive that reads from and/or writes to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD ROM or the like 706. Computer readable media 705, 706 typically embody computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and the like supplied on floppy disks, CDs, portable memory sticks and the like.
Any number of program modules can be stored on the hard disk 710, Mass storage device 704, ROM and/or RAM 709, including by way of example, an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of such operating system, application programs, other program modules and program data (or some combination thereof) may include an embodiment of the systems and methods described herein.
A display device 702 can be connected to the system bus 708 via an interface, such as a video adapter 711. A user can interface with computing device 702 via any number of different input devices 703 such as a keyboard, pointing device, joystick, game pad, serial port, and/or the like. These and other input devices are connected to the processors 707 via input/output interfaces 712 that are coupled to the system bus 708, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port, and/or a universal serial bus (USB).
Computing device 700 can operate in a networked environment using connections to one or more remote computers through one or more local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs) and the like. The computing device 701 is connected to a network 714 via a network adapter 713 or alternatively by a modem, DSL, ISDN interface or the like.
Those skilled in the art will realize that storage devices utilized to store program instructions can be distributed across a network. For example a remote computer may store an example of the process described as software. A local or terminal computer may access the remote computer and download a part or all of the software to run the program. Alternatively the local computer may download pieces of the software as needed, or distributively process by executing some software instructions at the local terminal and some at the remote computer (or computer network). Those skilled in the art will also realize that by utilizing conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art that all, or a portion of the software instructions may be carried out by a dedicated circuit, such as a DSP, programmable logic array, or the like.
