Patent Application
20080096842
The present invention relates to a preventive/remedy for obesity, diabetes, and the like.
Recently, incidence of lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity and diabetes is steadily on the rise among Japanese due to lack of exercise in addition to excessive energy intake (an increase in intake of fat and sucrose) resulted from westernized eating habit. Under such social circumstances, taking measures to prevent and remedy obesity and diabetes is of great importance.
For preventing and remedying obesity and diabetes, a typical method suggested by nutritionists is to ingest low-calorie diets or low-fat diets. In recent years, it was reported that each of water-insoluble dietary fibers such as wheat bran, water-soluble dietary fibers such as indigestible dextrin, and resistant starches such as high amylose starch has promoting action of fat excretion (for example, see non-patent document 1), inhibitory action of glucose absorption (for example, see non-patent document 2), reducing action of blood triglyceride (for example, see non-patent document 3), or remedial action of glucose resistance (for example, see non-patent documents 4, 5, and 6). It is believed that they are effective in prevention of and remedy for obesity as well as prevention of and remedy for diabetes.
It is also believed that a sudden increase in blood lipid levels after meals promotes fat accumulation. Hence, for preventing and remedying obesity, an approach to suppress hyperlipidemia (an increase in blood triglyceride) after meals is also of great importance. In recent years, as safe and effective fat absorption inhibitors, xanthan gum, propylene glycol alginate (for example, see patent document 1), and chitosan (for example, see patent document 2) were reported.
The above low-calorie diets or low-fat diets can be transiently effective to a small extent in weight loss. However, ingredients composing those diets have simple flavors, so that after a long while people who have been eating them start rejecting them, resulting in difficulty in ingesting such diets for a long period. Also, for ingredients such as the above conventional water-insoluble dietary fibers, water-soluble dietary fibers, and resistant starches to provide the above physiological effects, they should be ingested in high doses and over a long period. Also, even when such physiological effects were obtained, suppression of obesity was not confirmed. In addition, when foods and beverages were made by adding such ingredients, appearance and texture such as taste, crunchiness, and smoothness, which were expected originally from such foods and beverages, were compromised in many cases. Therefore, there were problems in that it was difficult to contain them in sufficient amounts in foods; application areas were limited; and further, it was difficult to keep ingesting such foods and beverages over a long period.
Waxy corn starch, which is derived from waxy corn varieties (waxy corn), is composed of 100% amylopectin. Waxy corn characteristically has great expandability, low gelatinizing temperature, freeze-thaw stability, high transparency, and the like, and is widely used in foods such as rice crackers, packaged rice cakes, rice powder, glutinous rice powder, sauce, and salad dressing. Waxy corn is also widely used in preparation and processing of noodles, frozen foods, snacks, paste foods for improving texture and for providing freezing resistance, transparency of gelatinized solutions, and spinnability (for example, see Non-Patent Document 7).
However, it has not been noted so far that waxy corn starch is effective in preventing and remedying lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
[Patent Document 1] JP-A-H05-186356
[Patent Document 2] JP-A-H03-290170
[Non-Patent Document 1] Am J Clin Nutr 1978 31 (10 Suppl): 521-529
[Non-Patent Document 2] Endocrine Journal 1992 68 (6): 623-35
[Non-Patent Document 3] Am J Clin Nutr 1989 49 (2): 337-44
[Non-Patent Document 4] Acta Paediatr Hung 1985 26 (1) 75-7
[Non-Patent Document 5] J Endocrinol 1995 144 (3): 533-8
[Non-Patent Document 6] Am J Clin Nutr 198949 (2): 337-44
[Non-Patent Document 7] Eiji Fuwa, Toshiaki Komaki, Susumu Hizukuri, Keiji Kainuma, “Denpun Kagaku No Jiten” (in Japanese) (Translation: “Starch Science Encyclopedia”), Asakura Publishing, 2003, p. 503-518
The present invention relates to a preventive/remedy for obesity, an agent for suppressing fat accumulation in internal organs, an agent for suppressing blood glucose level increase, an agent for suppressing blood insulin level increase, a preventive/remedy for diabetes, an agent for improving lipid metabolism, and an agent for promoting fatty acid oxidation, wherein waxy corn starch is an active ingredient.
The present invention also relates to use of waxy corn starch for preparing a preventive/remedy for obesity, an agent for suppressing fat accumulation in internal organs, an agent for suppressing blood glucose level increase, an agent for suppressing blood insulin level increase, a preventive/remedy for diabetes, an agent for improving lipid metabolism, and an agent for promoting fatty acid oxidation.
The present invention also relates to a method for preventing and remedying obesity, a method for suppressing fat accumulation in internal organs, a method for suppressing blood glucose level increase, a method for suppressing blood insulin level increase, a method for preventing and remedying diabetes, a method for improving lipid metabolism, and a method for promoting fatty acid oxidation, wherein waxy corn starch is administered or ingested.
The present invention further relates to a food for preventing and remedying obesity, a food for suppressing fat accumulation in internal organs, a food for suppressing blood glucose level increase, a food for suppressing blood insulin level increase, a food for preventing and remedying diabetes, a food for improving lipid metabolism, and a food for promoting fatty acid oxidation, wherein waxy corn starch is included.
The present invention relates to providing a raw material for pharmaceuticals and the like, wherein the raw material is effective in preventing and remedying various lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity and hyperlipidemia, safe, and applicable in wide areas.
The present inventors have explored for a raw material that has physical properties different from those of the conventional dietary fibers, such as resistant starches, cellulose, and indigestible dextrin and is also effective in suppressing progression of obesity and diabetes and remedying such diseases, and finally they have discovered that waxy corn starch, exhibiting in a small ingesting amount various physiological actions such as obesity-suppressing action, is useful as a raw material for pharmaceuticals that is effective in preventing and remedying lifestyle-related diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
Waxy corn starch is composed of 100% amylopectin, which is a branched polymer of glucose. Amylopectin is more digestible than amylose, which is a linear polymer of glucose, and, as a result, it is believed that blood glucose levels and blood insulin levels can increase more readily after the ingestion of amylopectin (written by G. H. Anderson, edited by Shuichi Kimura and Akira Adachi, “Glycemic Carbohydrate and Health,” Kenpakusha, 2003, p. 45). Therefore, it is surprising indeed that such waxy corn starch has various effects that are useful for preventing and remedying obesity or diabetes, as described above.
The agent for preventing and remedying obesity and the like of the present invention can be effective in prevention of and remedy for various lifestyle-related diseases, for example, in prevention of and remedy for obesity, prevention of and remedy for hyperlipidemia, prevention of cardiac diseases such as cardiac failure, prevention of thrombosis, prevention of colonic cancer or rectal cancer, and hence can be advantageously used mainly as pharmaceuticals and functional foods. In particular, waxy corn starch, which is an active ingredient thereof, is safe for humans, and is also easily gelatinized, so that when it is added to a specially designated food for promoting better health or the like, it will compromise the original texture thereof only at a minimal level.
Waxy corn starch in accordance with the present invention is starch derived from waxy corn varieties (waxy corn). In the present invention, waxy corn starch that is used as a thickener can be used.
As the waxy corn starch in accordance with the present invention, pregelatinized waxy corn starch wherein the above waxy corn starch is pregelatinized, for example, by heat treatment in water can be also used.
Moreover, as described in Examples in the later paragraphs, first, the waxy corn starch has the action of suppressing obesity, by which body weight and fat built up in internal organs are significantly reduced, and hence can be effective, for example, in prevention of hyperlipidemia, prevention of cardiac diseases such as cardiac failure, prevention of thrombosis, and prevention of hypertension, those aliments being caused by obesity. Second, the waxy corn starch has the action of suppressing hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia after meals, that is, a sudden increase in blood glucose level and in blood insulin level after meals, as well as the action of suppressing stationary blood glucose levels and blood insulin levels, and hence can be effective, for example, in prevention of diabetes and related various complications such as cataract, periodontitis, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Third, the waxy corn starch has the action of promoting the activity of oxidizing fatty acids by increasing expression of proteins related to lipid metabolism in the liver, and hence can be effective, for example, in prevention of hyperlipidemia and fatty liver.
Accordingly, the waxy corn starch in accordance with the present invention can be a raw material mainly for pharmaceuticals and functional foods for humans or animals, serving as a preventive/remedy for obesity, an agent for suppressing fat accumulation in internal organs, an agent for suppressing blood glucose level increase, an agent for suppressing blood insulin level increase, a preventive/remedy for diabetes, an agent for improving lipid metabolism, and an agent for promoting fatty acid oxidation (hereinafter referred to as the preventive/remedy for obesity and the like).
As for the preventive/remedy for obesity and the like in accordance with the present invention, one or more types of the waxy corn starch per se can be solely administered to a human or an animal, and also can be ingested by the addition thereof to various pharmaceuticals, functional foods, pet foods, and the like. Applicable functional foods include foods for promoting beauty, foods for sick people, and specially designated foods for promoting better health, wherein the conceptual targets thereof are physiological functions such as suppression of body fat accumulation and suppression of blood glucose level increase, and such conceptual target will be indicated, if necessary. Applicable pharmaceutical preparations include, for example, oral solid preparations such as tablets and granules, liquids for internal use, and oral liquid preparations such as syrup.
Furthermore, when an oral solid preparation is formed, an excipient, and optionally a binder, a disintegrator, a lubricant, a coloring agent, a flavoring agent, an odor modifier, etc., are added to the waxy corn starch in accordance with the present invention, and then tablets, coated tablets, granule, powder, capsules, or the like can be formed by the conventional method. Moreover, when an oral liquid preparation is formed, a flavoring agent, a buffer, a stabilizer, a flavoring agent, etc., are added, and then a preparation for internal use, syrup, elixir, or the like can be formed by the conventional method.
The amount of the waxy corn starch to be added in each of the above preparations is generally from 5 to 100% by weight, preferably from 20 to 100% by weight, and more preferably from 30 to 100% by weight.
The dosage (the effective ingesting amount) of the preventive/remedy for obesity and the like in accordance with the present invention is preferably 0.01 g/kg body weight per day or more, more preferably 0.1 g/kg body weight per day or more, and still more preferably 0.4 g/kg body weight per day or more.
A tapioca starch and a waxy corn starch were obtained from National Starch and Chemical Co. The above starch was suspended in distilled water at the final concentration of 50% by weight, which then was autoclaved at 120° C. for 15 min. (steam treatment) followed by freeze-drying to prepare the pregelatinized test starch. A commercial pregelatinized potato starch was obtained from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.
Mice were divided into groups, in which each group consisted of 10 mice (C57BL/6J, males, 6 weeks old). The animal diets were prepared by adding each of the pregelatinized starches according to the compositions shown in Table 1. The mice were fed with the above diets. After 24-week feeding, the mice were sacrificed after the blood samples were collected, and the blood glucose level, the blood insulin level, and the fat weight of the internal organs were measured. In Table 2, the body weight, the fat weight of the internal organs, the blood glucose level, and the blood insulin level after 24-week feeding are shown.
A statistically significant difference from tapioca starch:
**P < 0.05,
***P < 0.01, or
*****P < 0.0001
The results shown in Table 2 show that the body weight and the fat weight of the internal organs of the mice that ingested the high-fat diet wherein 5% of tapioca starch was added thereto were higher than those of the mice that ingested the low-fat diet so that the mice that ingested the high-fat diet became obese. However, the bodyweight and the fat weight of the internal organs of the mice that ingested the diet wherein 5% of waxy corn starch was added thereto were significantly lower than those of the mice that ingested the diet wherein tapioca starch was added thereto. It is thereby shown that waxy corn starch is effective in suppressing obesity.
In addition, the non-fasting blood glucose level and the non-fasting blood insulin level of the mice that ingested the high-fat diet wherein 5% of tapioca starch was added thereto were significantly higher than those of the mice that ingested the low-fat diet. However, the blood glucose level and the blood insulin level of the mice that ingested the diet wherein 5% of waxy corn starch was added thereto were lower than those of the mice that ingested the diet wherein tapioca starch was added thereto. It is thereby shown that waxy corn starch is effective in suppressing the blood glucose level increase as well as effective in remedying hyperinsulinemia.
Similarly to Test Example 1, each group consisted of 10 mice (C57BL/6J, males, 6 weeks old), and the mice were fed with the animal diets prepared according to the compositions shown in Table 3. After 4-week feeding, the mice were sacrificed and the livers were extirpated. In Table 4, the expression levels of the genes (mRNA) of the proteins related to lipid metabolism in the liver measured by quantitative RT-PCR are shown.
A statistically significant difference from tapioca starch:
**P < 0.05
The expression level of each gene was corrected by 36B4.
The results shown in Table 4 show that the expression levels of the genes of the proteins related to lipid metabolism in the liver (MCAD, L-FABP, and FAT) in the mice that ingested the diet wherein 10% of waxy corn starch was added thereto were significantly higher than those in the mice that ingested the diet wherein tapioca starch was added thereto.
Similarly to Test Example 2, mice were divided into groups, in which each group consisted of 20 mice (C57BL/6J, males, 6 weeks old), and the mice were fed with the animal diets prepared according to the compositions shown in Table 3. After 4-week feeding, the mice were sacrificed and the livers were extirpated. In Table 5, the activity of oxidizing fatty acids in the liver measured according to the method previously reported in the publication (Murase. T. et al. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 November; 26 (11): 1459-64.) is shown.
A statistically significant difference from tapioca starch:
***P < 0.01
The results shown in Table 5 show that the activity of oxidizing fatty acids in the liver in the mice that ingested the diet wherein 10% of waxy corn starch was added thereto were significantly higher than those in the mice that ingested the diet wherein tapioca starch was added thereto. It is thereby shown that lipid metabolism is increased.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004-262493 | Sep 2004 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP05/16400 | 9/7/2005 | WO | 3/8/2007 |
