Patent Application
20130018768
Futures Exchanges, referred to herein also as an “Exchange”, such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. (CME), provide a marketplace where futures and options on futures are traded. Futures is a term used to designate all contracts covering the purchase and sale of financial instruments or physical commodities for future delivery or cash settlement on a commodity futures exchange. A futures contract is a legally binding agreement to buy or sell a commodity at a specified price at a predetermined future time. An option is the right, but not the obligation, to sell or buy the underlying instrument (in this case, a futures contract) at a specified price within a specified time. Each futures contract is standardized and specifies commodity, quality, quantity, delivery date and settlement. Cash Settlement is a method of settling a futures contracts by cash rather than by physical delivery of the underlying asset whereby the parties settle by paying/receiving the loss/gain related to the contract in cash when the contract expires based on a reference rate such an interest rate, exchange rate or index rate or value which is substantially out of the control of the parties.
Typically, the Exchange provides a “clearing house” which is a division of the Exchange through which all trades made must be confirmed, matched and settled each day until offset or delivered. The clearing house is an adjunct to the Exchange responsible for settling trading accounts, clearing trades, collecting and maintaining performance bond funds, regulating delivery and reporting trading data. Essentially mitigating credit. Clearing is the procedure through which the Clearing House becomes buyer to each seller of a futures contract, and seller to each buyer, also referred to as a “novation,” and assumes responsibility for protecting buyers and sellers from financial loss by assuring performance on each contract. This is effected through the clearing process, whereby transactions are matched. A clearing member is a firm qualified to clear trades through the Clearing House. In the case of the CME's clearing house, all clearing members not specifically designated as Class B members are considered Class A clearing members. In the CME there are three categories of clearing members: 1) CME clearing members, qualified to clear transactions for all commodities; 2) IMM clearing members, qualified to clear trades for only IMM and TOM commodities; and 3) IMM Class B clearing members, solely limited to conducting proprietary arbitrage in foreign currencies between a single Exchange-approved bank and the IMM and who must be guaranteed by one or more Class A non-bank CME or IMM clearing member(s). Note that a “member” is a broker/trader registered with the Exchange.
With respect to cash settled contracts, at settlement or otherwise upon expiration of the contract, the Exchange further facilitates the requisite exchange of value by computing value of the positions held by the parties with respect to the market value of underlying asset.
Accordingly, to create a new product, such as a new type of futures contract for a particular underlying asset, the Exchange needs to determine how to value the underlying asset for the purpose of settlement, when to list the new contract, or otherwise offer it for trading and how long it should trade for before expiring and settling. For contracts requiring physical delivery of the underlying asset, creation, trading and settlement of such contracts is not difficult assuming there is an adequate supply of the underlying asset to facilitate physical delivery thereof when required. Alternatively, if the underlying asset is relatively easy to value but difficult to physically deliver, such as where the underlying asset is an index or portion thereof, the delivery may be specified as cash settlement.
A system is disclosed for determining a listing date, an expiration date and the cash settlement price of a futures contract, i.e. a Treasury Futures, for the delivery of the most recently issued, referred to as an on-the-run US treasury Note of a particular maturity by reference to the U.S. Treasury Auction cycle and the difference between a resultant industry surveyed swap rate and a resultant industry surveyed swap spread of the respective tenors (time remaining until maturity) of the OTR treasury futures.
As discussed above, to create a new product, such as a new type of futures contract for a particular underlying asset, the Exchange needs to determine how to value the underlying asset, when to list the new contract, or otherwise offer it for trading and how long it should trade for before expiring. For contracts requiring physical delivery of the underlying asset, creation, trading, and settlement of such contracts is not difficult assuming there is an adequate supply of the underlying asset to facilitate physical delivery thereof when required. Alternatively, if the underlying asset is relatively easy to value but difficult to physically deliver, such as where the underlying asset is an index or portion thereof, the delivery may be specified as cash settlement.
However, when the underlying asset is difficult to value and difficult to deliver, creation of a futures contract based thereon is more complicated. For example, it may be desirable to trade futures contracts where the underlying asset is a U.S. Treasury, such as an the “on-the-run” issue of a U.S. Treasury Note for a particular tenor, necessitating a method of either delivering or valuing such notes. While there exists a certain demand for derivative exposure to the respective and singular, “on-the-run” (most recently auctioned Treasury securities) point at each benchmark tenor of the Treasury yield curve (2-year, 5-year, 10-year, and 30-year maturities), any such futures contracts that call for physical delivery of a single security at expiration, the on-the-run security for instance, would present challenges, as well as garner regulatory scrutiny, relating to potential restriction of physical supply. Physical supply of Treasury securities is a result of fiscal and monetary policy of the United States, something which is completely out of the control, and irrespective of the Exchange's desire to provide robust, risk-management solutions to the marketplace. These factors make expiration by physical delivery of a single-issue futures deliverable undesirable.
Existing Treasury futures contracts, therefore, may utilize a basket of physical delivery securities, conversion factors, and a “cheapest to deliver” valuation model to approximate cash-market Treasury exposure. This method, however robust, generally either represents price dynamics of a Treasury sector or that of one or several Treasury securities, without certainty to the respective benchmark security at a specific tenor on the Treasury yield curve.
Secondary fixed income markets, including those for U.S. Treasury securities, are fragmented across multiple execution venues, including phone brokerage and multiple electronic trading platforms. Secondary fixed income markets such as these do not enjoy any such “consolidated tape,” i.e. a unifying mechanism among markets providing price transparency therebetween, that exists in the U.S. equity markets. As such, although secondary markets for U.S. Treasury securities are considered very liquid, price differentials exist among secondary markets at any given time. Accordingly, there exists no current methodology for ascertaining a consensus on-the-run U.S. Treasury yields or prices for the 2-year, 5-year, 7-year, 10-year, and 30-year points on the U.S. Treasury yield curve.
One method of valuing the underlying asset may be based on over the counter (“OTC”) Total return swaps on a basket of representative Treasury securities to produce a rate of return that is equal to the basket, minus any commissions and other administration fees. However, the prices utilized are generally that of the liquidity provider only, not necessarily representative of market consensus yields or prices, which, as mentioned above, may be significantly divergent of the market consensus.
The disclosed embodiments relate to valuing the OTR treasury based on an industry consensus which avoids skewing the value based on any one market participant or sector thereby creating a contract value for which the market may have confidence in.
The disclosed embodiments may have potential application in the interest rate derivatives area (futures, options on futures, and OTC cleared or un-cleared swaps) where it may be utilized as an accurate and effective exposure or hedging vehicle for most recently auctioned, U.S. Treasury securities, referred to as “on-the-run”. A suite of products may be offered on the CME Globex electronic trading platform and the CBOT Trading Floor and cleared by CME Clearing House, such as the CBOT 2-Year, 5-Year, and 10-Year On-The-Run U.S. Treasury futures.
The disclosed embodiments may also have potential applications in other areas of interest rate derivatives, such as options on futures or OTC swaps (over-the-counter cleared or un-cleared swaps) where they may be utilized as an accurate and effective exposure or hedging vehicle for most recently auctioned (“on-the-run”) U.S. Treasury securities. However, it has the added advantage of potentially being offered in the form of a futures contract transacted on a widely-distributed electronic trading platform and subject to the financial sureties commonly associated with futures contracts.
Generally, the disclosed embodiments generate a “final settlement futures price” utilized for final cash-settlement at expiration. The final settlement price utilizes a process that calculates a market consensus yield for each product's tenor, e.g. a U.S. Treasury Note of 2 year, 5 year or 10 year tenor, and transforms that consensus yield into a “final settlement futures price” that serves as that contract expiration month's final mark-to-market at expiration, i.e. the price or value reflecting its current market value at the time of settlement.
In one embodiment, a combination of two robust industry surveys is utilized to ascertain a consensus on-the-run Treasury yield for 2-year, 5-year, and 10-year Treasury securities. In one embodiment, consensus results are determined by subtracting the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA®) surveyed resulting swap spread from the ISDA® surveyed resulting swap rate of the respective tenors in order to arrive at the consensus benchmark on-the-run Treasury yield on a contract's given expiration date. Ascertainment of consensus on-the-run yields by utilizing ISDA survey results in this way incorporates multiple inputs from multiple secondary market sources.
Once the respective consensus on-the-run yield is determined, the yield is utilized in a bond pricing formula, shown below, rounded to the nearest ¼ of 1/32nd price point utilizing a rounding formula, described below in MS Excel® terminology, resulting in a present value of the underlying U.S. Treasury Note which is then utilized as the final settlement price of the futures contracts for the delivery thereof. Moreover, the final settlement price is utilized to expire the contracts by cash-settlement utilizing a final mark-to-market.
As opposed to basing the computation of the yield on the yield to maturity (“YTM”) of the underlying U.S. Treasury, i.e. the rate of return if held until maturity based on the current market price, par value, coupon rate and remaining time to maturity, the disclosed embodiments utilize the (SY−SP) which is distinctly different. YTM is one measure of a fixed income security's value while (SY−SP) are rates from the Interest Rate Swap market that are published daily by Intercapital Broker (“ICAP”) on behalf of ISDA. YTM is an observed market statistic that can be observed/calculated in real time anytime the particular fixed income security is open for trading on any number of different trading platforms, while (SY−SP) are ISDA survey results which are surveyed and tallied from the ISDA panel members once per day at 11:00 a.m. NY time (some rates are collected twice per day (4 pm NY), but not all of them). (SY−SP) has one source, the ISDA/ICAP surveyed results of the panel members, whereas 10 different market participants could potentially have 10 different opinions of a security's YTM at any given time due to the fragmentation of the U.S. fixed income markets. Using the ISDA (SY−SP) removes ambiguity from the final figure, as there exists no argument as to what the ISDA swap rate and swap spread is for a particular tenor for any give business day. Furthermore, (SY−SP) is somewhat constrained in the fact that it allows you to determine a price only once per day based on 11:00 am NY time, which accommodates the determination of the final settlement price of a cash-settled futures contract.
Accordingly, the disclosed embodiments provide a robust process that will always result in a consensus, on-the-run benchmark yield that is fully representative of the secondary markets at expiration. Further, the resulting on-the-run yield may then be used to calculate and determine a final settlement price in order to cash-settle the contracts at expiration. Cash-settlement at expiration ensures cash-futures price convergence. Also, expiry by cash-settlement is not impacted by the constraints of deliverable supply that is present in any existing physical delivery contract.
In one embodiment, final settlement value at expiration, in price points, may be computed as
100*[C/(SY−SP)m+(1−C/(SY−SP)m)*(1+(SY−SP)m/200)−2m]
Where:
Example: If m ISDA Benchmark is 3.966% and m ISDA Swap Spread is 0.315%, then (SY−SP)m equals 3.651%. The final settlement price is the final settlement value rounded to nearest one quarter of one thirty-second of one point.
Alternate sources of the consensus survey results may be used to determine the benchmark swap rates and swap spreads. In the examples above, ISDA/ICAP is used as the surveying agency. Other entities may be substituted to obtain such information, such as IDC, Bloomberg, and internal polling of dealers, data vendors, or traders.
Final settlement price is the final settlement value rounded to nearest one quarter of one thirty-second of one point, as illustrated in Microsoft Excel® terminology below:
A=SYm
B=SPm
C=(SY−SP)m
D=100000*((4/(100*(SY−SP)m))+((1−(4/(100*(SY−SP)m)))*((1+((100*(SY−SP)m)/200))̂−20)))
E=CEILING(D,1000/128)
F=ABS(E−D)
G=E/1000
H=FLOOR(D,1000/128)
I=ABS(H−D)
J=H/1000
K=IF(F>I,H,IF(F=I,E,E))
L=K/1000
FINAL CASH-SETTLEMENT PRICE=TRUNC(L)&” “&((L−TRUNC(L))*32)&”/32”
m=term to maturity(2,5, or 10 years) of m ISDA® Benchmark Swap Rate and m ISDA® Swap Spread.
Accordingly, OTR Treasury futures may trade in price terms and expire by cash settlement, with reference to on-the-run Treasury yields as reflected in ISDAFIX Benchmark Swap Rates and Swap Spreads on the last day of trading. The final settlement price formula converts the underlying on-the-run Treasury yield into a price index, whose dynamics resemble those of a hypothetical $100,000 face-value Treasury note paying a semi-annual coupon rate of 4 percent per annum. In one implementation, OTR Treasury futures may trade both in open outcry and on CME Globex, as well as executed via ex-pit transactions.
The disclosed embodiments further relate to determining, or otherwise computing, the listing date and expiry/expiration date of an on-the-run (OTR) treasury futures contract by reference to the auction cycle dates for the underlying on-the-run Treasury notes. The listing date is the first date that the contract can be traded whereas the expiration date is final day of settlement, which may or may not coincide with the last trading day).
In particular, existing Treasury futures utilize listing and expiration schedules that are “standard” with respect to a specific number of days within a calendar month. For example, CME Group Treasury futures' last trading dates are defined as the last business day of the contract month (2-Year, 3-Year, and 5-Year Treasury futures) or the 8th to last business day of the contract month (10-Year, Bond, and Long-Term Treasury Note and Bond futures).
Expiring contracts in this manner may not adequately take into consideration the underlying Treasury securities market's timing of Treasury auctions, which determines the identity of each benchmark, on-the-run (most recently auctioned) Treasury security at each U.S. Treasury issue's tenor.
Furthermore, existing derivative solutions do not incorporate the period for which a Treasury security has been announced, but not yet auctioned, otherwise known as the “when-issued” or “WI” trading period. When Issued trading allows market participants to trade a Treasury security that has yet to be auctioned. Trade settlement for all When Issued trading typically occurs after the Treasury auction occurs, on the auction settlement date. When Issued U.S. Treasury securities are an actively traded cash market, yet there exists no derivatives for these securities during these periods. The lack of this feature reduces the risk management utility of existing solutions for market participants that plan to participate in upcoming U.S. Treasury securities auctions.
The disclosed embodiments determine a contract's particular listing date and a contract's particular final expiration date by aligning the futures contract month listing schedule and expiration schedule with that of the U.S. Treasury's Tentative Auction Schedule.
In one embodiment, the 2-Year and 5-Year OTR Treasury futures contract month listings are enabled for trading on the exact Trade Date that corresponds to the Treasury's Auction Announcement Date, also known as the beginning of when-issued trading. In one embodiment, the 10-Year OTR Treasury futures are enabled for trading on the exact Trade Date that corresponds to the business day following the U.S. Treasury's Auction Announcement Date, also typically known as the day after the beginning of when-issued trading. As the U.S. Treasury's Tentative Auction Schedule is published on the Treasury's Auction Announcement Date and only looks forward 3 months, it will not list the date of the next quarterly 10 year Note auction. Therefore as the 10 year Note Auction Announcement date can presently only be known on that date, and this data must be suitably programmed into the Exchange's record keeping systems, the listing date is set as the next business day. It will be appreciated that this is implementation dependent and that, in other embodiments where the next quarterly 10 year Note auction is announced in advance and/or the Exchange's record keeping systems can be updated on the same day as the announcement, the listing date of the 10 year OTR Treasury Futures may be enabled on the exact Trade Date that corresponds to the Treasury's Auction Announcement Date as with the 2 year and 5 year OTR Treasury Futures.
All OTR Treasury futures contracts expire on the morning of the date of the new U.S. Treasury note auction for its tenor within the named month of expiration. The expiration date is selected based on the date of the next new auction listed in the U.S. Treasury's Tentative Auction Schedule on the futures contract's listing date.
This preciseness of the listing and expiration schedules may ensure that market participants will have the ability to trade the derivative product during the underlying Treasury security's “when-issued” period. Furthermore, it enables direct and accurate exposure to each new benchmark Treasury security, as the contract listings correspond with the auction timing and frequencies. To explain further, the 2-Year and 5-Year OTR Treasury futures have monthly expiration schedules because the underlying new securities are auctioned on a monthly basis, while the 10-Year OTR Treasury futures have quarterly expirations because the underlying new securities are auctioned on a quarterly basis. The disclosed embodiments remove any inefficient overlap period. On the morning of the next new auction, the current OTR Treasury futures contract month may expire literally two hours before the new auction that afternoon.
2-Year, 5-Year, and 10-Year OTR Treasury futures listing cycles will correspond to the auction cycles for 2-year, 5-year, and 10-year U.S. Treasury notes, respectively. The lifecycle of each futures contract will match the underlying Treasury note's lifecycle as the “on-the-run” issue.
Each OTR Treasury futures contract will be listed around the beginning of WI trading. That is, each 2-Year or 5-Year OTR Treasury futures contract will be listed for trading on the Auction Announcement Date for the corresponding underlying reference (2-year or 5-year) Treasury note, whereas each 10-Year OTR Treasury futures contract will be listed for trading on the business day following the Auction Announcement Date for the contract's underlying reference 10-year Treasury note. The futures contract will continue to trade throughout this Treasury note's tenure as the “on-the-run” issue. Trading in the contract will terminate on the morning of the auction of a new Treasury note, approximately two hours before the contract's underlying reference Treasury note ceases to be the “on-the-run” issue and becomes the “old” Issue, also known generically as “off-the-run”.
Initially, one futures expiry will be listed for each of the three contract grade terms to maturity (2-year, 5-year, and 10-year). Subsequently, and in alignment with the Treasury Department's Auction Announcement schedule, a new futures expiry will be listed approximately three to five business days prior to expiration of the nearby futures. The expiration/last trading day for a specific futures contract is the date of the auction of a new Treasury note (corresponding to the contract's term to maturity) in that futures contract's named delivery month. Typically, this date will be as indicated in the latest “Tentative Auction Schedule of U.S. Treasury Securities” as published by the U.S. Treasury Department. Once this date is set as the contract's last trading day, it is fixed. It will remain the last trading/expiration day for that futures contract, regardless of any changes that the U.S. Treasury Department might subsequently make to its auction schedule.
2-Year and 5-Year OTR Treasury futures will have monthly expiries. The first trade date for each 2-Year or 5-Year OTR Treasury futures contract is the auction announcement date for, and the beginning of WI trading in, that futures contract's underlying reference 2-year or 5-year Treasury note. The futures contract's last trading day, and its final settlement, takes place on the day of the next scheduled auction of a 2-year or a 5-year Treasury note, respectively, in the following month.
10-Year OTR Treasury futures will have quarterly expiries in February, May, August, and November. While the U.S. Treasury conducts auctions of 10-year Treasury notes every month, it auctions new 10-year issues only four times a year, in February, May, August, and November. An auction in any other month is a “re-opening” that adds to the amount outstanding of whatever 10-year note happens to be on-the-run at the time. Since these re-opening auctions do not change the status of the on-the-run Treasury issue, 10-Year OTR Treasury futures likewise adhere to a quarterly listing and expiration cycle.
Given the limited publication schedule for the Tentative Auction Schedule for U.S. Treasury Securities, the first trade date for any 10-Year OTR Treasury futures contract is the business day following the Auction Announcement Date for the contract's underlying reference 10-year Treasury note, i.e., the day after the beginning of WI trading in that note. The last trading day for the futures contract, and its final settlement, is on the date given by the Tentative Auction Schedule for the auction of a new 10-year Treasury note three months later.
As shown in Table 1, in one embodiment, trading in an expiring contract ceases at 10:01 a.m. Chicago time on its last trading day. The Exchange may then determine the contract final settlement price, as described above, on the basis of the pertinent on-the-run U.S. Treasury note yield, defined by the ISDA® Benchmark Swap Rate minus the ISDA Swap Spread, as determined in that morning's ISDAFIX survey. Note that, for any given term to maturity, the Swap Spread may simply be the difference between the on-the-run Treasury yield and the par swap rate. The ISDAFIX survey is conducted at approximately 10:00 a.m., and the resultant ISDA Benchmark Swap Rates and Swap Spreads are generally published at 10:30 a.m. ISDAFIX is described in more detail below
Final Settlement Values for OTR Treasury Futures=
2-Year:100*[4/(SY−SP)2+(1−4/(SY−SP)2)*(1+(SY−SP)2/200)−4]
5-Year:100*[4/(SY−SP)5+(1−4/(SY−SP)5)*(1+(SY−SP)5/200)−10]
10-Year:100*[4/(SY−SP)10+(1−4/(SY−SP)10)*(1+(SY−SP)10/200)−20]
Example: 10-Year OTR Treasury Futures:
Assume that on expiration day for a 10-Year OTR Treasury futures contract, the Morning ISDAFIX 10-Year Swap Rate is 2.601 percent and the ISDAFIX 10-Year Swap Spread is 0.043 percent (i.e., 4.3 bps). The Exchange computes the on-the-run 10-year Treasury yield (SY−SP)10 as 2.558 (equal to 2.601 minus 0.043). Accordingly, the contract's final settlement value would be:
The final settlement price is 112 21/32nds, i.e., the final settlement value rounded to the nearest ¼ of 1/32nd.
For the US dollar swap market, the ISDAFIX survey occurs each business day at 11:00 a.m. New York time. It covers 13 terms to maturity: 1 year through 10 years, inclusive, plus 15, 20, and 30 years. For Treasury-swap spreads, the survey's scope is 6 terms to maturity: 2 years through 5 years, inclusive, plus 7 and 10 years.
An ICAP or Reuters representative canvasses a panel of contributing dealers for their par swap rate quotes and swap spread quotes. The dealers in the canvass are selected and impaneled by ISDA, ICAP, and Reuters on the basis of each contributor's reputation among dealers, perceived expertise, credit standing, and scale of activity in the US dollar swap market. The US dollar contributor panel currently comprises 15 institutions:
For any given term to maturity, each contributing dealer provides to the ICAP or Reuters surveyor the midpoint of its own bid/offer spread, i.e., the average of the rate levels (or spread levels) at which that dealer would itself offer and bid a swap (or swap spread), for a notional amount of $50 million. Importantly, the dealer's submission should be a function of its own bid/offer spread, not where it sees mid-market rates or swap spreads being quoted away from itself. Polling takes place by electronic interface (or, in some instances, by email or telephone). During the polling interval, a contributing dealer may update or amend the mid-market quotes it has submitted.
At the conclusion of the polling interval, ISDAFIX Benchmarks are determined as trimmed means. For US dollar swap rates and swap spreads, the Benchmark value at each term to maturity is calculated by:
If every contributing dealer has reported, then the resultant Benchmark Swap Rate or Swap Spread will be an average of seven midmarket quotes. A US dollar Benchmark will be computed and posted, however, as long as at least 10 contributing dealers have participated. Although contributing dealers may submit their mid-market quotes up to five decimal places of precision, the ISDAFIX Benchmarks are computed to just three decimal places. The ISDAFIX Benchmark values, and the mid-market quotes submitted by each contributing dealer, are published on Reuters and Bloomberg screens at around 11:30 a.m. New York time. To learn more, visit www.isda.org.
The disclosed embodiments facilitate:
The disclosed embodiments may be applied to:
Listing Example: December 2010 2-Year OTR Treasury Futures:
Treasury note that is auctioned in November 2010. December 2010 futures are listed for trading on the Auction Announcement Date for this Treasury note.
Listing Example: February 2011 10-Year OTR Treasury Futures:
Referring now to
Herein, the phrase “coupled with” is defined to mean directly connected to or indirectly connected through one or more intermediate components. Such intermediate components may include both hardware and software based components. Further, to clarify the use in the pending claims and to hereby provide notice to the public, the phrases “at least one of <A>, <B>, . . . and <N>” or “at least one of <A>, <B>, . . . <N>, or combinations thereof” are defined by the Applicant in the broadest sense, superseding any other implied definitions herebefore or hereinafter unless expressly asserted by the Applicant to the contrary, to mean one or more elements selected from the group comprising A, B, . . . and N, that is to say, any combination of one or more of the elements A, B, . . . or N including any one element alone or in combination with one or more of the other elements which may also include, in combination, additional elements not listed.
The exchange 108 implements the functions of matching 110 buy/sell transactions, clearing 112 those transactions, settling 114 those transactions and managing risk 116 among the market participants 104106 and between the market participants and the exchange 108, as well as OTR Treasury futures scheduling and valuation functionality 122 for administering OTR Treasury futures as will be described. The exchange 108 may be include or be coupled with one or more database(s) 120 or other record keeping system which stores data related to open, i.e. un-matched, orders, matched orders which have not yet been delivered, as well as payments made or owing, or combinations thereof.
Typically, the exchange 108 provides a “clearing house” (not shown) which is a division of the Exchange 108 through which all trades made must be confirmed, matched and settled each day until offset or delivered. The clearing house is an adjunct to the Exchange 108 responsible for settling trading accounts, clearing trades, collecting and maintaining performance bond funds, regulating delivery and reporting trading data. Essentially mitigating credit. Clearing is the procedure through which the Clearing House becomes buyer to each seller of a futures contract, and seller to each buyer, also referred to as a “novation,” and assumes responsibility for protecting buyers and sellers from financial loss by assuring performance on each contract. This is effected through the clearing process, whereby transactions are matched. A clearing member is a firm qualified to clear trades through the Clearing House.
As used herein, the term “Exchange” 108 will refer to the centralized clearing and settlement mechanisms, risk management systems, etc., as described below, used for OTR Treasury futures trading, including the described enhancements to facilitate determination of listing date, expiration date and settlement price.
Referring to
In one embodiment, the swap spread value determination processor 202 and the swap rate value determination processor 204 are coupled with, such as via the network 102, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (not shown), such as a database provided thereby, the swap spread value and swap rate value being determined based on a surveyed resulting swap spread and surveyed resulting swap rate for the underlying most recently issued US treasury note of the selected tenor provided thereby.
In one embodiment, the contributing dealers are selected based on one of reputation among dealers, perceived expertise, credit ratings, scale of US dollar swap market activity, or combinations thereof.
In one embodiment, the quote comprises midpoint of the contributing dealer's actual bid/offer spread for a notional amount of $50 million.
In one embodiment, the determination of the surveyed resulting swap spread and surveyed resulting swap rate occurs during a polling interval.
In one embodiment, the determination of swap spread value further comprises determination of a trimmed means of the plurality of swap spread quotes and/or the determination of the swap rate value further comprises determination of a trimmed means of the plurality of swap rate quotes
In one embodiment, the deriving is not based on a yield to maturity of the underlying most recently issued U.S. Treasury note of the selected tenor.
In one embodiment, the derivation of the settlement price further comprises computation the final settlement price as: 100*[C/(SY−SP)+(1−C/(SY−SP))*(1+(SY−SP)/200)−2*m]; where m comprises the selected tenor, C comprises the notional semi-annual coupon rate and (SY−SP) comprises the difference between the determined swap rate value and the determined swap spread value of the underlying most recently issued U.S. Treasury note for the selected tenor.
In one embodiment, the settlement price is rounded to the nearest ¼ of 1/32 of one point.
As shown in
Referring back to
In one embodiment, the listing date, which may comprises a monthly date, is computed as the date which corresponds to the U.S. Treasury's Auction Announcement Date when the selected tenor is one of 2 year or 5 year and/or the listing date, which may comprise a quarterly date, is computed as the date which corresponds to the business day following the U.S. Treasury's Auction Announcement Date when the selected tenor is 10 year. In one embodiment, the expiration date is computed as the date which corresponds to the date of the subsequent U.S. Treasury Auction for the selected tenor. The expiration date and the listing date may be contemporaneously computed.
In one embodiment, the expiration date is computed based on the date of the next new auction listed in the U.S. Treasury's Tentative Auction Schedule on the listing date.
In one embodiment, the listing and expiration dates are computed to so as to match the lifecycle of the cash settled futures contract with the life cycle of the most recently issued U.S. Treasury note of the selected tenor.
In one embodiment, the scheduling processor 212 is further coupled with an exchange 108, or a processor thereof, and operative to enable a market participant to trade the cash settled futures contract during the “when issued” period of the underlying most recently issued U.S. Treasury note of the selected tenor.
In one embodiment, the expiration date of the cash settled futures contract for the delivery of the most recently issued U.S. Treasury note for the selected tenor always precedes a listing date of a cash settled futures contract for delivery of a subsequently issued U.S. Treasury note for the selected tenor.
Referring back to
In one embodiment, the underlying most recently issued U.S. Treasury note is characterized by a notional face value of $100,000 and the plurality of tenors comprises 2, 5 and 10 year term to maturity.
In one embodiment, the determining of the swap spread value and swap rate value further comprises obtaining a surveyed resulting swap spread and surveyed resulting swap rate for the underlying most recently issued US treasury note of the selected tenor from the International Swaps and Derivatives Association.
In one embodiment, the contributing dealers being selected based on one of reputation among dealers, perceived expertise, credit ratings, scale of US dollar swap market activity, or combinations thereof.
In one embodiment, the quote comprises midpoint of the contributing dealer's actual bid/offer spread for a notional amount of $50 million.
In one embodiment, the determining occurs during a polling interval.
In one embodiment, the determining further comprising determining the swap spread value as a trimmed means of the plurality of swap spread quotes
In one embodiment, determining further comprising determining the swap rate value as a trimmed means of the plurality of swap rate quotes
In one embodiment, the deriving is not based on a yield to maturity of the underlying most recently issued U.S. Treasury note of the selected tenor.
In one embodiment, the deriving further comprises computing the final
settlement price as: 100*[C/(SY−SP)+(1−C/(SY−SP))*(1+(SY−SP)/200)−2*m]; where m comprises the selected tenor, C comprises the notional semi-annual coupon rate and (SY−SP) comprises the difference between the determined swap rate value and the determined swap spread value of the underlying most recently issued U.S. Treasury note for the selected tenor. In one embodiment, the settlement price is rounded to the nearest ¼ of 1/32 of one point.
In one embodiment, the listing date is computed as the date which corresponds to the U.S. Treasury's Auction Announcement Date when the selected tenor is one of 2 year or 5 year.
In one embodiment, the listing date is computed as the date which corresponds to the business day following the U.S. Treasury's Auction Announcement Date when the selected tenor is 10 year.
In one embodiment, the expiration date is computed as the date which corresponds to the date of the subsequent U.S. Treasury Auction for the selected tenor.
In one embodiment, the computed expiration date comprises a monthly date when the selected tenor is one of 2 year or 5 year.
In one embodiment, the computed expiration date comprises a quarterly date when the selected tenor is 10 year.
In one embodiment, the expiration date is computed at the same time as the listing date.
In one embodiment, the expiration date is computed based on the date of the next new auction listed in the U.S. Treasury's Tentative Auction Schedule on the listing date.
In one embodiment, the listing and expiration dates are computed to so as to match the lifecycle of the cash settled futures contract with the life cycle of the most recently issued U.S. Treasury note of the selected tenor.
In one embodiment, the operation further includes enabling a market participant to trade the cash settled futures contract during the “when issued” period of the underlying most recently issued U.S. Treasury note of the selected tenor.
In one embodiment, the expiration date of the cash settled futures contract for the delivery of the most recently issued U.S. Treasury note for the selected tenor always precedes a listing date of a cash settled futures contract for delivery of a subsequently issued U.S. Treasury note for the selected tenor.
Referring to
In a networked deployment, the computer system 400 may operate in the capacity of a server or as a client user computer in a client-server user network environment, or as a peer computer system in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The computer system 400 can also be implemented as or incorporated into various devices, such as a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile device, a palmtop computer, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a communications device, a wireless telephone, a land-line telephone, a control system, a camera, a scanner, a facsimile machine, a printer, a pager, a personal trusted device, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any other machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. In a particular embodiment, the computer system 400 can be implemented using electronic devices that provide voice, video or data communication. Further, while a single computer system 400 is illustrated, the term “system” shall also be taken to include any collection of systems or sub-systems that individually or jointly execute a set, or multiple sets, of instructions to perform one or more computer functions.
As illustrated in
The computer system 400 may include a memory 404 that can communicate via a bus 408. The memory 404 may be a main memory, a static memory, or a dynamic memory. The memory 404 may include, but is not limited to computer readable storage media such as various types of volatile and non-volatile storage media, including but not limited to random access memory, read-only memory, programmable read-only memory, electrically programmable read-only memory, electrically erasable read-only memory, flash memory, magnetic tape or disk, optical media and the like. In one embodiment, the memory 404 includes a cache or random access memory for the processor 402. In alternative embodiments, the memory 404 is separate from the processor 402, such as a cache memory of a processor, the system memory, or other memory. The memory 404 may be an external storage device or database for storing data. Examples include a hard drive, compact disc (“CD”), digital video disc (“DVD”), memory card, memory stick, floppy disc, universal serial bus (“USB”) memory device, or any other device operative to store data. The memory 404 is operable to store instructions executable by the processor 402. The functions, acts or tasks illustrated in the figures or described herein may be performed by the programmed processor 402 executing the instructions 412 stored in the memory 404. The functions, acts or tasks are independent of the particular type of instructions set, storage media, processor or processing strategy and may be performed by software, hardware, integrated circuits, firm-ware, micro-code and the like, operating alone or in combination. Likewise, processing strategies may include multiprocessing, multitasking, parallel processing and the like.
As shown, the computer system 400 may further include a display unit 414, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a flat panel display, a solid state display, a cathode ray tube (CRT), a projector, a printer or other now known or later developed display device for outputting determined information. The display 414 may act as an interface for the user to see the functioning of the processor 402, or specifically as an interface with the software stored in the memory 404 or in the drive unit 406.
Additionally, the computer system 400 may include an input device 416 configured to allow a user to interact with any of the components of system 400. The input device 416 may be a number pad, a keyboard, or a cursor control device, such as a mouse, or a joystick, touch screen display, remote control or any other device operative to interact with the system 400.
In a particular embodiment, as depicted in
The present disclosure contemplates a computer-readable medium that includes instructions 412 or receives and executes instructions 412 responsive to a propagated signal, so that a device connected to a network 420 can communicate voice, video, audio, images or any other data over the network 420. Further, the instructions 412 may be transmitted or received over the network 420 via a communication interface 418. The communication interface 418 may be a part of the processor 402 or may be a separate component. The communication interface 418 may be created in software or may be a physical connection in hardware. The communication interface 418 is configured to connect with a network 420, external media, the display 414, or any other components in system 400, or combinations thereof. The connection with the network 420 may be a physical connection, such as a wired Ethernet connection or may be established wirelessly as discussed below. Likewise, the additional connections with other components of the system 400 may be physical connections or may be established wirelessly.
The network 420 may include wired networks, wireless networks, or combinations thereof. The wireless network may be a cellular telephone network, an 802.11, 802.16, 802.20, or WiMax network. Further, the network 420 may be a public network, such as the Internet, a private network, such as an intranet, or combinations thereof, and may utilize a variety of networking protocols now available or later developed including, but not limited to TCP/IP based networking protocols.
While the computer-readable medium is shown to be a single medium, the term “computer-readable medium” includes a single medium or multiple media, such as a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers that store one or more sets of instructions. The term “computer-readable medium” shall also include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by a processor or that cause a computer system to perform any one or more of the methods or operations disclosed herein.
In a particular non-limiting, exemplary embodiment, the computer-readable medium can include a solid-state memory such as a memory card or other package that houses one or more non-volatile read-only memories. Further, the computer-readable medium can be a random access memory or other volatile re-writable memory. Additionally, the computer-readable medium can include a magneto-optical or optical medium, such as a disk or tapes or other storage device to capture carrier wave signals such as a signal communicated over a transmission medium. A digital file attachment to an e-mail or other self-contained information archive or set of archives may be considered a distribution medium that is a tangible storage medium. Accordingly, the disclosure is considered to include any one or more of a computer-readable medium or a distribution medium and other equivalents and successor media, in which data or instructions may be stored.
In an alternative embodiment, dedicated hardware implementations, such as application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic arrays and other hardware devices, can be constructed to implement one or more of the methods described herein. Applications that may include the apparatus and systems of various embodiments can broadly include a variety of electronic and computer systems. One or more embodiments described herein may implement functions using two or more specific interconnected hardware modules or devices with related control and data signals that can be communicated between and through the modules, or as portions of an application-specific integrated circuit. Accordingly, the present system encompasses software, firmware, and hardware implementations.
In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the methods described herein may be implemented by software programs executable by a computer system. Further, in an exemplary, non-limited embodiment, implementations can include distributed processing, component/object distributed processing, and parallel processing. Alternatively, virtual computer system processing can be constructed to implement one or more of the methods or functionality as described herein.
Although the present specification describes components and functions that may be implemented in particular embodiments with reference to particular standards and protocols, the invention is not limited to such standards and protocols. For example, standards for Internet and other packet switched network transmission (e.g., TCP/IP, UDP/IP, HTML, HTTP, HTTPS) represent examples of the state of the art. Such standards are periodically superseded by faster or more efficient equivalents having essentially the same functions. Accordingly, replacement standards and protocols having the same or similar functions as those disclosed herein are considered equivalents thereof.
The illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. The illustrations are not intended to serve as a complete description of all of the elements and features of apparatus and systems that utilize the structures or methods described herein. Many other embodiments may be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the disclosure. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived from the disclosure, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, the illustrations are merely representational and may not be drawn to scale. Certain proportions within the illustrations may be exaggerated, while other proportions may be minimized. Accordingly, the disclosure and the figures are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.
One or more embodiments of the disclosure may be referred to herein, individually and/or collectively, by the term “invention” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any particular invention or inventive concept. Moreover, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any subsequent arrangement designed to achieve the same or similar purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all subsequent adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the description.
The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b) and is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together or described in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter may be directed to less than all of the features of any of the disclosed embodiments. Thus, the following claims are incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as defining separately claimed subject matter.
It is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the spirit and scope of this invention.
