Patent Grant
8259332
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a printing apparatus and printing system. Particularly, the present invention relates to a printing apparatus that is connected to a network and performs communication using a multicast packet according to, for example, the WSD protocol, and a printing system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Today, an increasing number of network-compatible devices promote standardizing the specifications of communication protocols between devices on a network, device discovery mechanisms, device installation mechanisms, and various services such as printing and scanning. Such standardization is also extended to communication protocols for more versatilely exploiting network devices from client PCs, and services for more easily using devices. Examples of such protocols and services are WSD (Web Service for Devices) and UPnP (Universal Plug & Play)®.
WSD is a standard specification defined to respond to requests for various kinds of services using devices. WSD provides standard communication protocols, printing services, and scanning services basically using the Web service architecture. WSD uses standard network communication protocols based on Web services so that devices can be interconnected. As Web service components for devices, WSD defines specifications including device “DISCOVERY”, device “DESCRIPTION”, device “CONTROL”, and device “EVENTING”.
A device driver can be easily installed into a PnP-X client PC using PnP-X (Plug and Play eXtensions) available from Microsoft, Inc. for devices connected via a network. Conventional PnP (Plug and Play) is a function that acts when respective devices and client PCs are connected to various local I/O ports directly via cables or connectors. In PnP, a device transmits a device name (device ID), vendor name (vendor ID), serial number, and the like to a host PC. By referring to these received pieces of information, the host PC can automatically install, in the client, a device driver for using the device.
Similar to WSD, UPnP is also a standard specification defined to respond to requests for a variety of services using devices. UPnP provides standardized communication protocols, printing services, scanning services, AV device control services, and the like. UPnP defines specifications such as device “DISCOVERY”, device “DESCRIPTION”, device “CONTROL”, and device “EVENTING”.
Organizations such as the DLNA are studying compatibility to ensure interconnection between devices using UPnP. UPnP is now employed in many AV devices, home electrical appliances, and network devices in addition to PCs.
Relationship between WSD Communication Protocol and Printing Service
The WSD printing service is provided using a “SendDocument” command for transmitting print data, and “GetPrinterElements” for acquiring printer status information. Printing can be executed using a combination of these commands. These command processes are “CONTROL”. “EVENTING” is a mechanism for notifying the host of an even that has occurred in a device. The host issues a “SUBSCRIBE” command for an event to be acquired, and registers an access destination in the host for the event. If the registered event occurs, the device notifies the registered host of the event. Commands and events are transmitted/received using HTTP on TCP/IP, and SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) on HTTP. Various commands are executed by transmitting/receiving the commands of a service described in XML on SOAP. Messages used in “DISCOVERY” are transmitted/received using SOAP on UDP which is one of the standard communication protocols. Messages are exchanged by transmitting/receiving messages described in XML on SOAP. This is called SOAP-Over-UDP communication.
Relationship between UPnP Communication Protocol and Printing Service
The UPnP printing service is executed by transmitting a command defined in the printing service to a target address. “EVENTING” is a mechanism to notify the host of an event that has occurred in a device. More specifically, the host issues a “SUBSCRIBE” command for an event to be acquired, and registers an access destination in the host for the event. If the registered event occurs, the device notifies the registered host of the event. Commands and events are transmitted/received using HTTP on the TCP/IP, and SOAP on HTTP. Various commands are executed by transmitting/receiving the commands of a service described in XML on SOAP. UPnP differs from WSD in that UPnP has a function of periodically notifying the device status using SSDP. In UPnP, the latest device connection state can be obtained by receiving the SSDP message.
As the mechanism of notifying another device of the status of a given device, these protocols standardize a mechanism of notifying the device status in response to transmission of event data or a status inquiry, as described above. An apparatus using this mechanism is, for example, a printer that complies with the WSD protocol and notifies a host PC of information such as a paper out error by eventing. Another example is a printer that complies with the WSD protocol and sends a status such as a paper out error in response to a status inquiry.
In contrast, there is a technique of notifying not a specific host but many network-connected hosts of the device status, unlike the foregoing eventing mechanism and status response mechanism. For example, techniques described in the following three patent publications are known. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-202210 describes an arrangement in which when an expansion device is added to newly add a function to a device compliant with the UPnP protocol, the device adds service information about the added function to its basic service information and discloses it on the network. In Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2007-066092, temporary identification information is set in advance in a client and device for the purpose of automatic installation of only an intended network device. The device adds the identification information to a “Hello” message which is a network connection message defined by the WSD protocol. Then, the device transmits the resultant “Hello” message. The client recognizes only the “Hello” message containing the identification information. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2007-122376 discloses an arrangement in which when a client receives, from a printer, a “Bye” message defined by the WSD protocol, it determines the cause (for example, sleep, malfunction, or offline) of the “Bye” message and changes the type of printer icon.
However, the mechanism of notifying the device status in response to eventing or a status inquiry, which is standardized in the WSD and UPnP protocols, is not suitable for notifying many unspecified network-connected hosts of the device status.
More specifically, according to the eventing method, the client needs to know, from pre-registration or the like, a host device to which the client is to transmit an event. The client cannot notify unspecified hosts of the device status. The eventing method is premised on one-to-one communication. Thus, when notifying many hosts of the device status, the client needs to repeat eventing by the number of hosts to communicate with. This increases the network traffic and complicates processing.
The status response method is a mechanism of inquiring the status of a specific device from a peripheral. To know a change of the device status, as needed, polling for a status inquiry needs to be done. This method therefore complicates processing and increases the network traffic when there are many peripherals.
To solve the problems when notifying many unspecified hosts of the device status using the WSD or UPnP protocol, a network connection message in WSD or UPnP may be applied. According to this method, when the device status changes, the network connection message is reissued, and a status to be notified is described in device information which is sent back after “DISCOVERY”. This example is a technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-202210. In this method, however, to notify a peripheral of the status of a given device, the peripheral needs to issue an inquiry to the device upon receiving a network connection message. After issuing the network connection message, inquiries are concentrated, increasing the network traffic.
As a technique of notifying many unspecified hosts of the device status while solving these problems, methods disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 2007-066092 and 2007-122376 are also proposed. According to these methods, a standardized network connection or disconnect message is proprietarily extended. The device status is saved in the extended message and transmitted. These methods can notify many unspecified devices of the status using one packet because the status is notified using the network connection or disconnect message which is a multicast packet. In other words, these methods can prevent an increase in network traffic. However, these methods require verification of connection to confirm that no malfunction occurs in an apparatus incompliant with a proprietarily extended packet.
Accordingly, the present invention is conceived as a response to the above-described disadvantages of the conventional art.
For example, a printing apparatus and printing system according to this invention are capable of confirming the statuses of many unspecified apparatuses without increasing the network traffic.
According to one aspect of the present invention, preferably, there is provided a printing apparatus capable of communicating with another printing apparatus and a host computer via a network in accordance with a predetermined protocol, the printing apparatus comprising: a decision unit configured to decide, in accordance with an instruction from a user or autonomously, that the printing apparatus itself is a master printer among a plurality of printing apparatuses, connected to the network, including the printing apparatus itself and; a notifying unit configured to, when the decision unit decides that the printing apparatus itself is a master printer, generate an identifier indicating that the printing apparatus itself is the master printer, and notify the other printing apparatus and the host computer, by using a multicast packet containing the identifier, that the printing apparatus itself is the master printer; a transmission unit configured to transmit, in response to a request from the other printing apparatus or the host computer, meta data to the other printing apparatus or the host computer that has issued the request; a configuration unit configured to, when the decision unit decides that the printing apparatus it self is not a master printer, configure the printing apparatus itself to receive a multicast packet from the other printing apparatus operating as a master printer; a determination unit configured to determine whether or not the identifier contained in the received multicast packet matches an identifier, which is held in the printing apparatus itself and indicates the master printer; a request unit configured to, when the determination unit determines that the received identifier matches the identifier indicating the master printer, request meta data of the other printing apparatus operating as the master printer; and a reception unit configured to receive the meta data transmitted in response to the request from the request unit.
According to another aspect of the present invention, preferably, there is provided a printing system in which a first printing apparatus and a first host computer are connected via a network in accordance with a predetermined protocol, wherein the first printing apparatus includes: a decision unit configured to decide, in accordance with an instruction from a user or autonomously, that the first printing apparatus is a master printer among a plurality of printing apparatuses, connected to the network, including the first printing apparatus and; a notifying unit configured to, when the decision unit decides that the first printing apparatus is a master printer, generate an identifier indicating that the first printing apparatus is the master printer, and notify a second printing apparatus and the first host computer, by using a multicast packet containing the identifier, that the first printing apparatus is the master printer; a transmission unit configured to transmit, in response to a request from the second printing apparatus or the first host computer, meta data to the second printing apparatus or the first host computer that has issued the request; a configuration unit configured to, when the decision unit decides that the first printing apparatus is not a master printer, configure the first printing apparatus to receive a multicast packet from the second printing apparatuses operating as a master printer; a determination unit configured to determine whether or not the identifier contained in the received multicast packet matches an identifier, which is held in the first printing apparatus and indicates the master printer; a request unit configured to, when the determination unit determines that the received identifier matches the identifier indicating the master printer, request meta data of the second printing apparatus operating as the master printer; and a reception unit configured to receive the meta data transmitted in response to the request from the request unit, and the first host computer includes: a request unit configured to request metadata of a printing apparatus operating as the master printer in accordance with the multicast packet notified by the notifying unit; and a display unit configured to receive the meta data transmitted in response to the request from the request unit, and displaying, based on the received meta data, an icon representing a status of the printing apparatus which has transmitted the meta data.
According to still another aspect of the present invention, preferably, there is provided a computer readable medium which stores a computer program to be executed in a computer, the computer program executing a function in each unit recited in the above-identified printing apparatus.
The invention is particularly advantageous since many unspecified apparatuses can be notified of the status of each network-connected apparatus using one packet without increasing the network traffic. The status is notified in accordance with a predetermined protocol, so connection to an apparatus need not be verified.
In addition, a receiving apparatus which receives a multicast packet requests meta data and acquires it in response to the request. Only if necessary, meta data is acquired without creating unwanted network traffic.
Further features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments (with reference to the attached drawings).
An exemplary embodiment of the present invention will now be described in detail in accordance with the accompanying drawings.
The middleware 202 is divided into several layers. On the lowest layer, a LAN driver 204 runs to control the network controller 106. On a layer higher than the LAN driver 204, a TCP/IP communication module 205, UDP communication module 206, and HTTP communication module 207 run to control the basic communication protocols of the network. On a layer higher than them, a UPnP module 208 and WSD module 209 run to control the UPnP protocol and WSD protocol using the communication protocols of the modules 205, 206, and 207.
The application program (to be referred to as a program) 203 includes a printing application module 211 which prints using the UPnP protocol and WSD protocol. In the embodiment, a printing apparatus management application module 210 runs to manage various behaviors of the printing apparatus 101 on the network.
When the printing apparatus 101 is decided as a master printer according to a predetermined method, the printing apparatus management application module 210 manages the statuses of the network-connected printing apparatuses 101a and 101b having similar configurations. The predetermined method is, for example, an instruction input by a user operation via the operation unit 105, an autonomous decision algorithm, or a decision method based on negotiations with a peripheral using a network protocol.
For example, when the printing apparatus 101 is decided as a master printer by the predetermined method, it notifies the connected network that the printing apparatus 101 becomes a master printer. When the network-connected printing apparatuses 101a and 101b having similar configurations detect which apparatus serves as a master printer on the network, they properly transmit their status information to the master printer by some means. The master printer collects received pieces of status information, and presents the analysis result to the user for each apparatus or at once using a Web page or some other means. The printing apparatus management application module 210 manages processing of the master printer and processing of the client which transmits status information.
In the embodiment, the arrangement of the present invention is applied to processing of notifying or detecting the status of the master printer on the network.
The master printer processing unit 303 includes a master printer processing unit 306, master printer meta data generation/response control unit 307, UUID replacement instructing unit 308, network connection packet control unit 309, and multicast packet response control unit 310. The client processing unit 304 includes a client processing unit 311, master printer meta data analysis unit 312, reception UUID instructing unit 313, master printer meta data acquisition instructing unit 314, and network connection packet reception control unit 315. The master printer processing unit 303 and client processing unit 304 share a UUID generation unit 305.
In step S401, the master printer decision unit 302 decides, based on an instruction accepted from the user, whether or not the printing apparatus 101 is a master printer. If the master printer decision unit 302 decides that the printing apparatus 101 is a master printer, the process advances to step S402, and the network connection packet control unit 309 in the master printer processing unit 303 sends a “Bye” multicast packet onto the network. By this processing, a printing apparatus which has performed conventional processing is disconnected from the network.
In step S403, the UUID generation unit 305 generates, according to a predetermined procedure, a UUID indicating that the printing apparatus 101 is a master printer. The UUID stands for a “Universally Unique IDentifier” which does not overlap another one. The Universally Unique IDentifier will be referred to as a UUID. In step S404, the master printer meta data generation/response control unit 307 generates in advance master printer meta data to be sent back in response to a meta data inquiry. The UUID replacement instructing unit 308 generates a “Hello” multicast packet which is a network connection message containing the UUID generated in step S403. The multicast packet is a communication scheme of simultaneously transmitting the same IP packet from one computer to a plurality of computers. In step S405, the network connection packet control unit 309 sends the generated “Hello” multicast packet onto the network. By this processing, the printing apparatus having the master printer UUID is connected to the network.
In step S406, the master printer meta data generation/response control unit 307 waits for a meta data acquisition request in preparation for a meta data inquiry from each network-connected apparatus. If the master printer meta data generation/response control unit 307 receives a meta data acquisition request, the process advances to step S407 to send back the master printer meta data generated in step S404.
As described above, when the printing apparatus in the embodiment operates as a master printer, it uses only a multicast packet defined in a standardized protocol to notify that the printing apparatus operates as a master printer. In this embodiment, it is decided based on a user instruction that the printing apparatus operates as a master printer. Instead, the printing apparatus itself may autonomously decide, in accordance with another algorithm or the like, that it operates as a master printer.
If the master printer decision unit 302 decides in step S401 that the printing apparatus 101 is not a master printer, the process advances to step S408, and processing in the client processing unit 304 is executed. In the client processing unit 304, the UUID generation unit 305 generates, according to a predetermined method, a UUID indicating a master printer. The UUID generated here is identical to that generated in step S403. In step S409, the reception UUID instructing unit 313 instructs the network connection packet reception control unit 315 to receive a “Hello” waiting cast packet which is a network connection message containing the generated UUID.
In step S410, the network connection packet reception control unit 315 receives the “Hello” packet, and the process advances to step S413 to determine whether or not the UUID contained in the packet matches one indicating the designated master printer. If the UUID contained in the “Hello” packet matches one indicating the master printer, the process advances to step S414, and the master printer meta data acquisition instructing unit 314 transmits a meta data acquisition request to the master printer. Then, meta data of the master printer is acquired and analyzed by the master printer meta data analysis unit 312, and the process prepares for subsequent status data transmission processing (not shown). If no “Hello” packet is received in step S410, the process advances to step S411, and the network connection packet reception control unit 315 periodically sends a “Probe” packet which is a network probe packet, without putting a load on the network. In step S412, it is determined whether or not the network connection packet reception control unit 315 has received a “ProbeMatches” UDP packet which is a response to the “Probe” packet. If the “ProbeMatches” UDP packet has been received, the process advances to step S413 to perform the same processing as that upon receiving the “Hello” packet. If no “ProbeMatches” UDP packet has been received, the process returns to step S410 to determine whether or not the “Hello” packet has been received.
As described above, when the printing apparatus according to the embodiment operates as a client, it can detect the presence of a master printer by using only a response UDP packet with respect to transmission of a multicast packet. Only if necessary, the printing apparatus transmits and receives meta data to and from the master printer. In this way, when the printing apparatus operates as a client, it acquires meta data only upon acquiring the “Hello” packet from the master printer.
Transmission and reception of data on the network when two printing apparatuses and one PC are connected to the network and one printing apparatus operates as a master printer will be explained.
In
Upon receiving the “Hello” multicast packet, the PC transmits a meta data acquisition request to printing apparatus A according to a standardized procedure, regardless of whether or not the “Hello” multicast packet contains the master printer UUID, as represented by 505. In step S407, printing apparatus A responds to the meta data acquisition request from the PC, and sends back master printer meta data generated in step S404, as represented by 506. In this fashion, the PC can automatically acquire meta data of the master printer in accordance with a standardized procedure.
If printing apparatus B has failed to receive the “Hello” packet, it periodically sends a “Probe” multicast packet in step S411, as represented by 507. Printing apparatus A responds to the received “Probe” multicast packet, and sends back a “ProbeMatches” UDP packet containing the UUID generated in step S403, as represented by 508. Upon receiving the “ProbeMatches” UDP packet containing the master printer UUID in step S412, printing apparatus B transmits a meta data acquisition request to printing apparatus A in step S414, as represented by 509. In step S407, printing apparatus A responds to the meta data acquisition request from printing apparatus B, and sends back master printer meta data generated in step S404, as represented by 510.
The PC sometimes sends a “Probe” multicast packet in a refresh operation or the like. In this case, printing apparatus A sends back a “ProbeMatches” UDP packet containing the master printer UUID. The PC transmits a meta data acquisition request to printing apparatus A according to a standardized procedure. Hence, the PC can automatically acquire meta data of the master printer in accordance with a standardized procedure even in a refresh operation or the like.
A method of generating a multicast packet containing the master printer UUID will be described with reference to
The character string “000085000001” indicating a master printer is generated by the UUID generation unit 305, and recognized commonly by a printing apparatus serving as a master printer and that serving as a client. In this example, a predetermined character string is generated. However, the character string may be generated dynamically in accordance with another algorithm or the like as long as the character string can be shared between a printing apparatus serving as a master printer and that serving as a client.
When a printing apparatus operating as a client receives a “Hello” packet shown in
When a printing apparatus operating as a client receives a “ProbeMatches” packet shown in
As shown in
As shown in
When a printing apparatus operating as a client receives a meta data response shown in
When the PC receives meta data shown in
While the printing apparatus operates as a client, an icon on the left side of
If a meta data inquiry complying with the UPnP protocol (not shown) is received, icon data indicating a master printer (not shown) may be added to the response meta data in accordance with a method defined by the standard specifications of the UPnP protocol. In this case, the display on the PC changes from a default icon to an icon corresponding to the added icon data, like an icon on the right side of
According to the above-described embodiment, the printing apparatus can notify each network-connected apparatus that the printing apparatus has changed to become a master printer, without extending a multicast packet defined in standard specifications. Even when the printing apparatus operates as a client, it can detect the presence of a master printer by using only a response UDP packet defined in standard specifications with respect to transmission of a multicast packet. Only if necessary, the printing apparatus transmits and receives meta data to and from the master printer. Thus, no unwanted network traffic is generated.
In step S601, the PC 401 decides, based on a user instruction, whether or not it is a primary server. If the PC 401 decides that it is a primary server, the process advances to step S602 to send a “Bye” multicast packet to the network. By this processing, a PC which has performed conventional processing is disconnected from the network. In step S603, the PC 401 generates, according to a predetermined procedure, a UUID indicating that the PC 401 is a primary server.
To the contrary, if the PC itself is not a primary server, the process advances to step S608 to decide whether or not the PC itself is a secondary server. If the PC decides that it is a secondary server, the process advances to step S609 to send a “Bye” multicast packet to the network, similar to step S602. In step S610, the PC 401 generates, according to a predetermined procedure, a UUID indicating that the PC 401 is a secondary server.
After generating the UUID in step S603 or S610, the PC 401 generates meta data of the server in advance as a response to a meta data inquiry in step S604. Then, the PC 401 generates a “Hello” multicast packet which is a network connection message containing the UUID generated in step S603 or S610. The PC sends the “Hello” multicast packet generated in step S605 to the network.
By this processing, the PC having the UUID of the primary server or secondary server is connected to the network.
After sending the “Hello” packet to the network, the process advances to step S606 to wait for a meta data acquisition request in preparation for a meta data inquiry from each network-connected apparatus. If the PC 401 receives a meta data acquisition request, the process advances to step S607 to send back the server meta data generated in step S604.
As described above, when the PC according to the embodiment operates as a primary server or secondary server, it uses only a multicast packet to notify that the PC operates as a server. In this embodiment, it is decided based on a user instruction that the PC operates as a primary server or secondary server. Alternatively, the PC itself may autonomously decide, in accordance with another algorithm or the like, that it operates as a primary server or secondary server.
If the PC 401 decides in the processes of steps S601 and S608 that it is neither a primary server nor secondary server (that is, the PC is a client), the process advances to step S611. In steps S611 and S612, the PC 401 generates a UUID indicating a primary server and one indicating a secondary server according to a predetermined method. In step S613, the PC 401 sets to the protocol to receive a “Hello” waiting cast packet which is a network connection message containing the generated UUIDs.
In step S614, the PC 401 examines whether or not it has received the “Hello” packet. If the PC 401 has received the “Hello” packet, the process advances to step S617 to determine whether or not the UUID contained in the packet matches one indicating the primary server. If the UUID contained in the “Hello” packet matches one indicating the primary server, the process advances to step S618 to transmit a meta data acquisition request to the master server. Then, the PC acquires meta data of the master server, analyzes it, and prepares for subsequent processing (not shown) of transmitting and receiving data to and from the server.
If the UUID contained in the “Hello” packet does not match one indicating the primary server, the process advances to step S619 to determine whether or not it matches the UUID indicating the secondary server. If the UUID contained in the “Hello” packet matches one indicating the secondary server, the process advances to step S620 to transmit a meta data acquisition request to the secondary server, thereby acquiring meta data of the secondary server. If the UUID contained in the “Hello” packet does not match one indicating the secondary server, the process returns to step S614 to wait for reception of the “Hello” packet.
In this manner, the PC according to the embodiment accesses the primary server when the primary server exists, and accesses the secondary server when no primary server exists.
If the PC 401 determines in step S614 that it has not received the “Hello” packet, the process advances to step S615 to periodically send a “Probe” packet. In step S616, the PC 401 examines whether or not it has received a “ProbeMatches” packet which is a response to the sent “Probe” packet. If the PC 401 has received the “ProbeMatches” packet, the process advances to step S617 to perform the same processing as that upon receiving the “Hello” packet.
As described above, when the PC according to the embodiment operates as a client, it can detect the presence of servers and discriminate them by using only a response UDP packet with respect to reception of a multicast packet or a multicast packet inquiry.
A method of generating a multicast packet containing the UUID of the primary server or secondary server by the PC will be explained with reference to
In the embodiment, the character strings “000085000001” and “000085000002” are generated as predetermined character strings. However, these character strings may be generated dynamically in accordance with another algorithm as long as the character strings can be shared between a PC serving as either a primary server or secondary server and that serving as a client.
According to the above-described embodiment, when the PC operates as a server, it can notify its operation status without extending a multicast packet defined in standard specifications. Even when the PC operates as a client, it can discriminate the operation statuses of servers by using only a response UDP packet defined in standard specifications with respect to transmission of a multicast packet.
Aspects of the present invention can also be realized by a computer of a system or apparatus (or devices such as a CPU or MPU) that reads out and executes a program recorded on a memory device to perform the functions of the above-described embodiment(s), and by a method, the steps of which are performed by a computer of a system or apparatus by, for example, reading out and executing a program recorded on a memory device to perform the functions of the above-described embodiment(s). For this purpose, the program is provided to the computer for example via a network or from a recording medium of various types serving as the memory device (for example, computer-readable medium).
While the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions.
This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-143666, filed Jun. 16, 2009, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009-143666 | Jun 2009 | JP | national |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20070067413 | Nishio | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070124513 | Kikuchi | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070153323 | Shimazaki | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2006-202210 | Aug 2006 | JP |
| 2007-066092 | Mar 2007 | JP |
| 2007-122376 | May 2007 | JP |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100315671 A1 | Dec 2010 | US |
