The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of German Patent Application No. 102015211718, filed Jun. 24, 2015, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process and an apparatus for producing forged components of TiAl alloys, in particular for turbomachines such as stationary gas turbines or aircraft engines.
2. Discussion of Background Information
Components of TiAl materials, i.e. which comprise titanium and aluminum as main constituents, are of great interest for applications in which components have to be moved at high speed, for example as blades of turbo machines, since they have a high strength combined with a low specific gravity. However, such materials are difficult to process since the materials have to have a defined structure with a specific microstructure in order to achieve the desired property profile of the components.
However, phase separations and aluminum segregations can occur during casting of TiAl materials, so that an inhomogeneous microstructure can be established. In addition, coarse microstructures which have an adverse effect on the mechanical properties can be formed.
In view of the foregoing, it would be advantageous to have available a process for producing TiAl components, which process allows efficient production of components composed of TiAl alloys having a defined property profile and a desired microstructure, and, in particular, forged to TiAl components for use in turbomachines. It also would be advantageous to have available a suitable apparatus for carrying out the process.
The present invention provides a process for producing a forged component of a TiAl alloy.
The process comprises casting a melt of the TiAl alloy by horizontal centrifugal casting to produce at least one semifinished TiAl cast part and forging the semifinished TiAl cast part into a forged TiAl part.
In one aspect of the process, the semifinished TiAl cast part may be in the form of a cylinder, a cone or a ring.
In another aspect, the semifinished TiAl cast part may be produced by parting. For example, the semifinished TiAl cast part may be produced by dividing or machining of a cast piece.
In yet another aspect, the TiAl alloy may be cast in a permanent mold to afford a plurality of separated semifinished TiAl cast parts.
In a still further aspect of the process, the TiAl alloy may be cast to afford a semifinished TiAl cast part in the form of a ring or tube having a length of from 5 to 300 cm and/or a wall thickness of from 4 to 30 cm and/or an internal diameter of from 10 to 100 cm.
In another aspect, the TiAl alloy may be a TNM alloy comprising niobium and molybdenum constituents. For example, the TiAl alloy may comprise, based on the total weight of the alloy, from 40 to 50% by weight aluminum (e.g., from 42 to 45% by weight of aluminum), from 2 to 6% by weight niobium, from 0.5 to 2% by weight molybdenum, from 0.05% by weight to 0.15% by weight boron, balance Ti and unavoidable impurities and/or alloy constituents in proportions of in each case less than 0.5% by weight up to a total proportion of not more than 5% by weight (e.g., not more than 2% by weight).
In another aspect, the semifinished TiAl cast part may have a microstructure formed by (particularly elongated) colonies of α-Ti and γ-TiAl which are embedded in β-Ti. Lens shaped precipitates of γ-TiAl may be formed in the β-Ti.
In another aspect of the process, the phase composition of the semifinished TiAl cast part may deviate from the equilibrium phase composition at room temperature by up to 10% by volume, e.g., by up to 8% by volume.
In another aspect, the semifinished TiAl cast part may be subjected to a plurality of forming steps by forging and/or at least one heat treatment.
In another aspect, the semifinished TiAl cast part in the form of a ring may be forged into an annular disk from which rotor blades for a turbomachine may be cut.
The present invention also provides an apparatus for the horizontal centrifugal casting of a semifinished TiAl part (e.g., by the process set forth above, including the various aspects thereof). The apparatus comprises at least one permanent mold which can be rotated about a horizontal axis of rotation and at least one feeder which can project into the permanent mold to introduce a melt into the at least one permanent mold. The feeder is inductively heatable.
In one aspect of the apparatus, the feeder may comprise a channel which is open at its top. Further, the feeder may be cooled by a fluid and/or the feeder may be made of copper materials and/or niobium materials and/or molybdenum materials.
In another aspect of the apparatus, the feeder may be surrounded by at least one coil and/or the permanent mold may be made of steel and/or copper materials and/or niobium materials.
As set forth above, the invention proposes producing TiAl components composed of TiAl materials by forging, using a semifinished TiAl cast part which has been produced by horizontal centrifugal casting as semifinished part for the forging. It has unexpectedly been found that semifinished TiAl cast parts produced by horizontal centrifugal casting can advantageously be used for further processing by forging in order to provide TiAl components having a particularly advantageous property profile in a simple and efficient way for use in turbo machines.
In horizontal centrifugal casting, which is to be used according to the present invention for producing semifinished TiAl cast parts for subsequent forging, a permanent mold into which the melt of the material to be cast is introduced and which provides the appropriate shapes for the semifinished parts is rotated about a horizontal axis. Here, horizontal means that the axis is aligned transverse, in particular perpendicular, to the direction of gravity with deviations by a few degrees being permissible in terms of industrial implementation accuracy, i.e., for example, deviations of up to +/−10°, preferably +/−50. Horizontal centrifugal casting allows high cooling rates to be achieved at high rotational speeds of the permanent mold, so that demixing phenomena in the TiAl alloy can be avoided and a fine microstructure can be produced. In addition, semifinished parts having large wall thicknesses or semifinished parts in the form of cylinders and cones can be produced in a materials-saving manner.
For the purposes of the present invention, a TiAl alloy is a material which comprises titanium and aluminum as main constituents, so that these form the largest alloy constituents. They are in particular materials which have intermetallic phases such as α2-Ti3Al and γ-TiAl, preferably likewise as constituents which make up the largest proportion by volume of a component made of such a material.
In particular, the TiAl alloy can be a TNM alloy which has niobium and molybdenum as further constituents, since such alloys have particularly good mechanical properties for use in turbo machines. In particular, this alloy may be a TNM alloy having the composition about 43.5% by weight of aluminum, about 4% by weight of niobium, about 1% by weight of molybdenum and about 0.1% by weight of boron with the balance being titanium and unavoidable impurities and/or alloy constituents having proportions of in each case <0.5% by weight up to a total proportion of ≦5% by weight, in particular ≦2% by weight. The proportion of aluminum in such an alloy may range from 40 to 50% by weight, in particular from 42 to 45% by weight, while the proportion of niobium may range from 2 to 6% by weight and in particular from 3 to 5% by weight. The proportion of molybdenum may in turn range from 0.5 to 2% by weight, while boron may be present in a range from 0.05% by weight to 0.15% by weight.
The semifinished TiAl cast part which can be produced by the horizontal centrifugal casting process may have a shape selected from cylinders, cones and rings, since these shapes represent advantageous blanks for the subsequent forging process.
The semifinished TiAl cast part may be cast in the centrifugal casting process in such a way that the appropriate shapes such as cylinders, cones or rings are formed as separate semifinished cast parts. In addition, it is also possible to produce the desired semifinished TiAl cast parts by parting, in particular dividing or machining, from a single cast piece or a plurality of cast pieces. For example, it is possible to produce a cylindrical tube by horizontal centrifugal casting and subsequently divide or part this by mechanical parting processes such as cutting, sawing, milling or the like to give appropriate rings and use these rings as semifinished TiAl cast parts for subsequent forging.
In the horizontal centrifugal casting process, semifinished TiAl cast parts in the form of rings or tubes having a length of from 5 to 300 cm and/or wall thicknesses of from 4 to 30 cm and/or internal diameters of from 10 to 100 cm may be cast as individual cast pieces.
As a result of the rapid cooling which is possible by the centrifugal casting process, it is possible to produce the semifinished cast part with a microstructure having colonies of α-titanium and γ-TiAl in a β-titanium matrix, with γ-TiAl precipitates being able to be additionally present in the β-titanium matrix. The γ-TiAl precipitates in the β-titanium matrix may be lens-shaped and/or the colonies of α-titanium and γ-TiAl may have an elongated shape. Furthermore, the γ-TiAl in the colonies may be provided in the form of fine lamellae.
The phase composition of the semifinished TiAl cast part may be close to the equilibrium phase composition at room temperature and deviate by only up to 10% by volume and in particular up to 8% by volume from the equilibrium composition at room temperature. This means that the semifinished cast part has other phases only in amounts in the order of up to 10% by volume or up to 8% by volume compared to the equilibrium composition at room temperature.
After production of the semifinished TiAl cast part, this can be converted in one or more forming steps by forging and/or with at least one heat treatment into a TiAl component or semifinished TiAl part which can be made into the desired TiAl component merely by minor further working, which further working may comprise, in particular, appropriate surface working or removal of flash or edges.
In particular, a semifinished TiAl cast part in the form of a ring may be forged to give an annular disk from which appropriate blades for turbomachines can be cut.
To ensure that the TiAl melt can be introduced with a sufficiently high temperature, i.e. in a superheated state, into the permanent mold, it is also proposed that an inductively heatable feeder by means of which the melt is introduced into the permanent mold be provided in the apparatus for horizontal centrifugal casting. To effect inductive heating, the feeder can be surrounded by at least one coil.
The feeder can be configured as a channel which is open at the top and can be coolable by means of a fluid such as water and can preferably be made of copper materials, niobium materials or molybdenum materials. For the purposes of the present invention, copper materials, niobium materials or molybdenum materials are materials which have copper, niobium or molybdenum as main constituent.
The permanent mold can be made of a steel material and/or copper material and/or niobium material in order to allow heat to be conducted away rapidly. Once again, copper materials and niobium materials are materials which have copper or niobium as main constituent.
To improve the conduction of heat away from the permanent mold, the permanent mold can also have cooling channels for fluids such as water and the like.
The accompanying drawings show, in a purely schematic way,
The particulars shown herein are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the embodiments of the present invention only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the present invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show details of the present invention in more detail than is necessary for the fundamental understanding of the present invention, the description in combination with the drawings making apparent to those of skill in the art how the several forms of the present invention may be embodied in practice.
The apparatus comprises a permanent mold 1 which has a plurality of molds 3, 3′ into which the material to be cast is introduced. In the permanent mold 1 of the embodiment depicted in
During centrifugal molding by means of which the molds 3, 3′ of the permanent mold 1 are filled with the appropriate melt, the permanent mold 1 is rotated about the permanent mold longitudinal axis 2 so that the material to be cast, e.g. in the form of a TiAl alloy, which is introduced in molten form into the permanent mold 1 is pushed by centrifugal force into the molds 3, 3′.
The molten TiAl alloy 9 is provided from a melting crucible 6 which can be heated by a heating device 7, with the molten TiAl alloy being introduced via a feeder 5 into the permanent mold 1.
As can be seen from
To ensure very rapid solidification of the TiAl alloy in the permanent mold 1 or in the molds 3, 3′, cooling channels 4 through which cooling liquid, for example water, can flow are provided in the permanent mold 1.
To ensure that the molten TiAl alloy 9 can be introduced in a molten, superheated state into the permanent mold 1 and the molds 3, 3′, the feeder 5 is provided with induction heating 8, with a coil arranged around a channel of the feeder 5, said channel being open in the upward direction, being provided for induction heating 8. The coil 8 enables the molten TiAl alloy 9 to be inductively maintained at temperature during its passage through the feeder 5 to the molds 3, 3′.
The subfigures a) to d) correspond to the depictions in
Subfigure e) of
The semifinished TiAl cast parts produced by horizontal centrifugal casting are highly suitable for further processing to give forged TiAl components, as is shown in
Although the present invention has been described in detail for the working examples, it will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that the invention is not restricted to these working examples, but that modifications arrived at by leaving out individual features or by means of other combinations of features can be realized, as long as these do not go outside the scope of protection of the accompanying claims. The present disclosure encompasses all combinations of the present individual features.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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102015211718.9 | Jun 2015 | DE | national |