Patent Grant
9676684
The present invention relates to the recovery of solvent from solvent diluted tailings derived from a bitumen froth treatment operation.
In bitumen froth treatment processes, solvent or diluent is added to a bitumen froth to separate a diluted bitumen stream for further processing. In a paraffinic bitumen froth treatment process, for example, bitumen froth derived from oil sands is combined with paraffinic solvent and then supplied to a settling vessel in which a bitumen rich fraction is separated from a bottoms fraction rich in asphaltenes, water, solvent and solids as well as residual amounts of bitumen. This bottoms fraction is often referred to as solvent diluted tailings or froth treatment tailings.
Solvent diluted tailings are preferably treated to recuperate the paraffinic solvent, which is subject to environmental discharge regulations and a valuable commodity, prior to disposal of the resulting solvent recovered tailings containing primarily water and solids. Solvent diluted tailings may be treated in tailings solvent recovery units that include flash vessels.
Flash vessels conventionally used to recover diluent from froth treatment tailings are specified for a feed flow and feed temperature so that, at the stage column pressure with optional stripping, steam vaporizes the diluent for recovery in the overhead condensing system.
However, variations in feed flow and feed temperature result in several challenges that affect recovery and unit reliability. High feed flows can increase liquid loading on flash column internals which directionally increases the time required for diluent to separate. In addition, low feed flows can cause “short circuiting” in the flash column when feed does not adequately cover internals and tends to promote depositions of froth treatment tailings minerals, bitumen and asphaltenes on the surfaces of internals. Furthermore, high feed temperatures can increase the column pressure when water that flashes with diluent exceeds the condensing capacity of the overhead system. Also, high velocities in the column can encourage unwanted entrainment of particulates that foul the overhead system. Low feed temperatures may also reduce the flashing of diluent from froth treatment tailings. These problems and challenges may owe to a number of factors, including feed properties of the bitumen froth, operating conditions of the froth treatment settling vessels and other parameters of the froth treatment plant.
A conventional approach currently practiced includes the addition of water to froth treatment tailings to ensure minimum line velocities are maintained to suspend solids in froth treatment tailings and avoid line plugging. This water may comprise waste water from various sources without control on temperature. Variations in froth treatment tailings both from flow and temperature perspectives have been observed. However, the implications of adding water on performance of flash separation may include several drawbacks.
As more general background on paraffinic froth treatment (PFT), for which solvent diluted tailings are derived, extraction processes are used to liberate and separate bitumen from oil sand so the bitumen can be further processed. Numerous oil sand extraction processes have been developed and commercialized using water as a processing medium. One such water extraction process is the Clarke hot water extraction process, which recovers the bitumen product in the form of a bitumen froth stream. The bitumen froth stream produced by the Clarke hot water process contains water in the range of 20 to 45%, more typically 30% by weight and minerals from 5 to 25%, more typically 10% by weight which must be reduced to levels acceptable for downstream processes. At Clarke hot water process temperatures ranging from 40 to 80° C., bitumen in bitumen froth is both viscous and has a density similar to water. To permit separation by gravitational separation processes, commercial froth treatment processes involve the addition of a diluent to facilitate the separation of the diluted hydrocarbon phase from the water and minerals. Initial commercial froth treatment processes utilized a hydrocarbon diluent in the boiling range of 76-230° C. commonly referred to as a naphtha diluent in a two stage centrifuging separation process. Limited unit capacity, capital and operational costs associated with centrifuges promoted applying alternate separation equipment for processing diluted bitumen froth. In these processes, the diluent naphtha was blended with the bitumen froth at a weight ratio of diluent to bitumen (D/B) in the range of 0.3 to 1.0 and produced a diluted bitumen product with typically less than 4 weight percent water and 1 weight percent mineral which was suitable for dedicated bitumen upgrading processes. Generally, operating temperatures for these processes were specified such that diluted froth separation vessels were low pressure vessels with pressure ratings less than 105 kPag. Other froth separation processes using naphtha diluent involve operating temperatures that require froth separation vessels rated for pressures up to 5000 kPag. Using conventional vessel sizing methods, the cost of pressure vessels and associated systems designed for and operated at this high pressure limits the commercial viability of these processes.
Heavy oils such as bitumen are sometimes described in terms of relative solubility as comprising a pentane soluble fraction which, except for higher molecular weight and boiling point, resembles a distillate oil; a less soluble resin fraction; and a paraffinic insoluble asphaltene fraction characterized as high molecular weight organic compounds with sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen and metals that are often poisonous to catalysts used in heavy oil upgrading processes. Paraffinic hydrocarbons can precipitate asphaltenes from heavy oils to produce deasphalted heavy oil with contaminate levels acceptable for subsequent downstream upgrading processes. Contaminants tend to follow the asphaltenes when the asphaltenes are precipitated by paraffinic solvents having compositions from C3 to C10 when the heavy oil is diluted with 1 to 10 times the volume of solvent.
High water and mineral content distinguish bitumen froth from the heavy oil deasphalted in the above processes. Some early attempts to adapt deasphalting operations to processing bitumen from oil sands effected precipitation of essentially a mineral free, deasphalted product, the ability to vary the amount of asphaltene precipitated, and the enhancement of asphaltene precipitation by addition of water and chemical agents.
Recent investigations and developed techniques in treating bitumen froth with paraffinic use froth settling vessels (FSV) arranged in a counter-current flow configuration. In process configurations, counter-current flow refers to a processing scheme where a process medium is added to a stage in the process to extract a component in the feed to that stage, and the medium with the extracted component is blended into the feed of the preceding stage. Counter-current flow configurations are widely applied in process operations to achieve both product quality specifications and optimal recovery of a component with the number of stages dependent on the interaction between the desired component in the feed stream and the selected medium, and the efficiency of stage separations. In deasphalting operations processing heavy oil with low mineral solids, separation using counter-current flow can be achieved within a single separation vessel. However, rapidly setting mineral particles in bitumen froth preclude using a single separation vessel as this material tends to foul the internals of conventional deasphalting vessels.
A two stage paraffinic froth treatment process is disclosed in Canadian Patent No. 2,454,942. In a froth separation plant, bitumen froth is mixed with overflow product from the second stage settler such that the solvent to bitumen ratio in the diluted froth stream is above the threshold to precipitate asphaltenes from the bitumen froth. For paraffinic froth treatment processes with pentane as the paraffinic solvent, the threshold solvent to bitumen ratio as known in the art is about 1.2 which significantly increases the feed volume to the settler. The first stage settler separates the diluted froth into a high dilute bitumen stream comprising a partially to fully deasphalted diluted bitumen with a low water and mineral content, and an underflow stream containing the rejected asphaltenes, water, and minerals together with residual maltenes from the bitumen feed and solvent due to the stage efficiency. The first stage underflow stream is mixed with hot recycled solvent to form a diluted feed for the second stage settler. The second stage settler recovers residual maltenes and solvent to the overflow stream returned to the first stage vessel and froth separation tailings. It is important to recognize the different process functions of stages in a counter-current process configuration. In this case, the operation of first stage settler focuses on product quality and the second stage settler focuses on recovery of residual hydrocarbon from the underflow of the first stage settler.
The process may be operated at temperatures that require controlling the pressure in either settler stage to limit solvent vaporization. The concentration of solvent in diluted bitumen and temperature for a specific paraffinic solvent such as pentane determine the solubility and hence the rejection of asphaltenes. While low asphaltene rejection maximizes bitumen recovery, the asphaltene content may limit processing options in upgrading operations particularity those based on hydrogen addition.
Furthermore, froth treatment tailings from either naphthenic or paraffinic froth treatment process contain diluent associated with unrecovered bitumen and the cost and environmental impact preclude directly discharging froth treatment tailings to tailings ponds.
Various treatment and recovery schemes are disclosed in literature. In one process, froth treatment tailings from the froth treatment plant are introduced to a flash vessel with internal shed decks maintained at sub-atmospheric pressures. Steam is introduced below the internals and the major portion of the diluent vaporizes together with water. The flashed vapours are removed and cooled to condense diluent and water which separate by gravity settling. Non-condensed vent gases are withdrawn from the condenser to maintain the sub-atmospheric pressure. The flashed tailings are pumped from the flash vessel to tailings disposal.
While diluent recovery for this process, which is disclosed in Canadian Patent No. 1,027,501 (Simmer), has been identified at 86%, actual practise as disclosed in Canadian Patent No. 2,272,045 (Brown et al.) achieve recoveries of only 60 to 65% of the diluent. This lower recover has been attributed to flashing at the feed inlet inducing feed to bypass the shed decks negating addition of steam below the shed decks. A proposed solution identified by Brown et al. was to operate the flash vessel at near atmospheric pressure which permitted feed distribution over the shed decks and increasing the steam addition to maintain vessel temperature to about 100° C. which could increase naphtha diluent recovery to 80% and the process could be applied to paraffinic diluent operations.
Recent investigations into attaining diluent recoveries as disclosed in Brown et al. identified variations in froth treatment operations, processing froth treatment slops, addition of process water for flushing equipment and maintenance of minimum velocities in slurry lines, which result in feed to the tailings treatment flash column varying by about +/−25% with respect to flow and about +/−10% with respect to temperature. The variation in feed flows and temperatures translates to varying the enthalpy of the feed stream to the column.
The diluent recovery process disclosed by Simmer flashes feed to a flash temperature such that the enthalpy of vaporized flash components matches enthalpy released from the flash liquid and the flash temperature governs vapour pressures of vaporizing components. Given the relative volatility of diluent hydrocarbons, one can expect a direct relation between feed temperature, flash temperature and diluent recovery. However, the investigation identified that increased feed temperatures for the same feed flow did not proportionately translate to increased diluent recovery due to increased vaporization of water. Stable operation of the column in terms of flash temperature and pressure was found marginally below the boiling point of water for the operating pressure and with small increases in feed enthalpy resulting in upsets as the water can essentially boil.
The upsets affect the flash column in various ways, two of which are the following. Firstly, boiling on shed decks results in equipment damage to the extent that the shed decks experience frequent structural failure. Secondly, the vapour velocity in the column increases, for instance by an order of magnitude, exceeding design guidelines such a set out in “Design Two-Phase Separators within the Right Limits” W. Svrcek, et al. Chemical Engineering Progress, October 1993, which leads to problems related to entraining solids and bitumen into the overhead system.
In the overhead system, bitumen acts a binder for the solids to adhere on surfaces in the overhead system. The adherence of solids to components of the overhead system restricts vapour flow to the separator. The adherence of solids on condenser heat transfer surfaces reduces cooling and condensing of vapours which increases the non-condensed gases to be vented. Directionally, solids adhering on surfaces in the overhead system increases column pressure which reduces feed flashing and actual diluent recoveries, for instance to 60 to 65% over the operational cycle. The contribution of increased steam of Brown et al. to improve diluent recoveries due to the reduced partial pressure created by the superheated steam is largely offset by the increased water vapour reporting to an overhead system restricted by the adherence of solids. Solids adherence to surfaces increases the pressure drop between flash vessel and condensate drum; this, in turn, increases the flash pressure, which lowers the extent to which diluent flashes at higher pressure. Over the operating cycle, the deposits of solids cause column performance to deteriorate and regaining performance is achieved by shutting down the column and associated systems for repair and cleaning.
It is clear that the known techniques and methods of treating froth treatment tailings have several drawbacks and shortcomings.
The present invention responds to the above-mentioned need by providing a process and unit for tailings solvent recovery in connection with a froth treatment operation.
In one embodiment, there is provided a tailings solvent recovery unit (TSRU) for recovering a solvent from a solvent diluted tailings derived from a bitumen froth treatment process, the TSRU comprising a separation apparatus for receiving the solvent diluted tailings and producing a solvent component and a solvent recovered tailings component, the separation apparatus comprising a vessel comprising a solvent removal section for accommodation removal of the solvent from the solvent diluted tailings and a bottom section for accumulation of the solvent recovered tailings component; a tailings outlet for releasing the solvent recovered tailings component from the vessel; a solvent outlet for releasing the solvent component from the vessel as a vaporized solvent; a tailings inlet for supplying a variable flow of the solvent diluted tailings to the vessel; a tailings recycle line in fluid connection with the tailings inlet for recycling a portion of the solvent recovered tailings component as a recycled tailings component into the variable flow of the solvent diluted tailings to produce a flow rate controlled feed for introduction into the vessel.
In one optional aspect, the separation apparatus is a stripping apparatus, the vessel is a stripping vessel and the solvent removal section is a stripping section, the separation apparatus comprising a stripping fluid inlet for providing a stripping fluid to the stripping vessel to facilitate separation of the solvent component from the solvent recovered tailings component.
In one optional aspect, the TSRU also has a feed heat exchanger associated with the tailings inlet for heating the flow rate controlled feed to a controlled inlet temperature.
In one optional aspect, the feed heat exchanger is configured to heat the flow rate controlled feed sufficiently to promote a constant feed temperature into the stripping vessel.
In one optional aspect, the TSRU also has a recycle heat exchanger associated with the tailings recycle line for heating the recycled tailings component prior to introduction into the solvent diluted tailings.
In one optional aspect, the recycle heat exchanger is configured to heat the recycled tailings component sufficiently to promote a constant feed temperature into the stripping vessel.
In one optional aspect, the TSRU also has a condenser for receiving and condensing the vaporized solvent to produce a condensed solvent.
In one optional aspect, the TSRU also has a separator for receiving the condensed solvent and producing vapour, purified recovered solvent and produced water.
In one optional aspect, the TSRU also has at least one water recycle line for recycling at least a portion of the produced water back into the stripping vessel.
In one optional aspect, the at least one water recycle line is fluidly connected to the stripping vessel below a liquid level of a pool of the solvent recovered tailings component in the stripping vessel.
In one optional aspect, the tailings recycle line is configured and sized such that the ratio of the recycled tailings component to the solvent recovered tailings component is between about 50% and about 200% in standard operating mode.
In one optional aspect, the tailings recycle line is configured and sized such that the ratio of the recycled tailings component to the solvent recovered tailings component is between about 80% and about 120% in standby operating mode.
In one optional aspect, the stripping vessel is a first stripping vessel and the stripping apparatus further comprises a second stripping vessel arranged in series with the first stripping vessel, the first stripping vessel producing a first solvent recovered tailings component comprising residual solvent, the second stripping vessel receiving the first solvent recovered tailings and producing a second solvent recovered tailings component and a second vaporized solvent.
In another optional aspect, the TSRU includes a second tailings heat exchanger for heating the first solvent recovered tailings component prior to introduction into the second stripping vessel.
In one optional aspect, the second stripping vessel comprises a second tailings recycle line for recycling a portion of the second solvent recovered tailings as a second recycled tailings component into the first solvent recovered tailings to produce a flow rate controlled second feed for introduction into the second stripping vessel.
In another optional aspect, the TSRU includes a second feed heat exchanger for heating the flow rate controlled second feed to a controlled inlet temperature.
In one optional aspect, the second feed heat exchanger is configured to heat the flow rate controlled second feed sufficiently to promote a constant second feed temperature into the second stripping vessel.
In another optional aspect, the TSRU includes a second recycle heat exchanger for heating the second recycled tailings component prior to introduction into the first solvent recovered tailings.
In another optional aspect, the TSRU includes a second separator for separating the second condensed solvent into a separated solvent component containing residual water and a vapour component.
In one optional aspect, the second separator is a knock-out drum.
In another optional aspect, the TSRU includes a vapour recycle line for recycling the vapour component back into the paraffinic solvent component released from the first stripping vessel.
In one optional aspect, the vapour recycle line is associated with a vacuum package.
In another optional aspect, the TSRU includes a separated solvent recycle line for recycling at least a portion of the separated solvent component back into the first separator.
In one optional aspect, the separated solvent recycle line is configured to recycle all of the separated solvent component back into the first separator.
In one optional aspect, the solvent is a paraffin derived from a paraffinic bitumen froth treatment process.
In one optional aspect, the solvent is naphtha derived from a naphthenic bitumen froth treatment process.
The invention also provides a tailings solvent recovery process for recovering a solvent from a variable flow of a solvent diluted tailings derived from a bitumen froth treatment operation, the process comprising separating the solvent diluted tailings to produce a recovered solvent component and a solvent recovered tailings component; discharging the solvent recovered tailings component as a discharged solvent recovered tailings component; and recycling a portion of the solvent recovered tailings component as a recycled tailings component back into the variable flow of the solvent diluted tailings to produce a flow rate controlled feed for the separating.
In one optional aspect, the separating of the solvent diluted tailings comprises stripping.
In another optional aspect, the process includes feed heating the flow rate controlled feed to a controlled inlet temperature for the separating.
In one optional aspect, the feed heating is performed to promote a constant feed temperature for the separating.
In another optional aspect, the process includes recycle heating the recycled tailings component prior to introduction into the solvent diluted tailings.
In one optional aspect, the recycle heating is performed to promote a constant feed temperature for the separating.
In yet another optional aspect, the process includes condensing the vaporized solvent to produce a condensed solvent.
In another optional aspect, the process includes separating the condensed solvent into vapour, purified recovered solvent and produced water.
In another optional aspect, the process includes recycling at least a portion of the produced water back into the separating of the solvent diluted tailings.
In one optional aspect, the recycling of the produced water is performed below a liquid level of a pool of the solvent recovered tailings component.
In one optional aspect, recycling of the recycled tailings component is performed at a ratio of the recycled tailings component to the solvent recovered tailings component of between about 50% and about 200% in standard operating mode.
In one optional aspect, recycling of the recycled tailings component is performed at a ratio of the recycled tailings component to the solvent recovered tailings component of between about 80% and about 120% in standby operating mode.
In one optional aspect, the separating comprises stripping which comprises a first stripping stage and a second stripping stage arranged in series, the first stripping stage producing a first solvent recovered tailings component comprising residual solvent, the second stripping stage receiving the first solvent recovered tailings and producing a second solvent recovered tailings component and a second vaporized solvent.
In another optional aspect, the process includes heating the first solvent recovered tailings component prior to introduction into the second stripping stage.
In another optional aspect, the process includes recycling a portion of the second solvent recovered tailings as a second recycled tailings component into the first solvent recovered tailings to produce a flow rate controlled second feed for introduction into the second stripping stage.
In another optional aspect, the process includes heating the flow rate controlled second feed to a controlled inlet temperature for the second stripping stage.
In one optional aspect, the heating of the flow rate controlled second feed is performed to promote a constant second feed temperature into the second stripping stage.
In another optional aspect, the process includes heating the second recycled tailings component prior to introduction into the first solvent recovered tailings.
In another optional aspect, the process includes separating the second condensed solvent into a separated solvent component containing residual water and a vapour component.
In one optional aspect, the separating of the he second condensed solvent is performed in a knock-out drum.
In another optional aspect, the process includes recycling the vapour component back into the paraffinic solvent component released from the first stripping stage.
In one optional aspect, the recycling of the vapour component is aided by a vacuum package.
In another optional aspect, the process includes recycling at least a portion of the separated solvent component back for separation with the condensed solvent.
In another optional aspect, the process includes recycling all of the separated solvent component back for separation with the condensed solvent.
In one optional aspect, the solvent is a paraffin derived from a paraffinic bitumen froth treatment process.
In one optional aspect, the solvent is naphtha derived from a naphthenic bitumen froth treatment process.
The invention also provides a method of controlling feed flow rate to a tailings solvent recovery vessel for recovering a solvent from a solvent diluted tailings derived from a bitumen froth treatment process, the method comprising recycling an amount of underflow tailings from the tailings solvent recovery vessel back into the solvent diluted tailings to produce a flow rate controlled tailings feed and to allow sufficient pressure on the flow rate controlled tailings feed to avoid vapour flashing prior to the tailings solvent recovery vessel; and introducing the flow rate controlled tailings feed into the tailings solvent recovery vessel.
In one optional aspect, the method includes moderating the temperature of the flow rate controlled tailings feed to produce a flow rate and temperature controlled tailings feed.
In another optional aspect, the tailings solvent recovery vessel comprises a stripping column.
In another optional aspect, the tailings solvent recovery vessel comprises a plurality of stripping columns arranged in series.
In another optional aspect, the method includes applying the pressure on the flow rate controlled tailings feed via a valve device.
In another optional aspect, the method includes applying the pressure on the flow rate controlled tailings feed via a flow restriction.
In another optional aspect, the method includes pre-heating the amount of the underflow tailings stream prior to introduction into the solvent diluted tailings.
In another optional aspect, the method includes pre-heating the flow rate controlled tailings feed using a heat exchanger.
In another optional aspect, the method includes releasing solvent vapour from the tailings solvent recovery vessel; recovering produced water from the solvent vapour; and returning the produced water back into the tailings solvent recovery vessel.
In another optional aspect, the produced water is returned into a pool of accumulated solvent recovered tailings in the tailings solvent recovery vessel.
In another optional aspect, the solvent is a paraffinic solvent and the solvent diluted tailings are derived from a paraffinic bitumen froth treatment process.
In another optional aspect, the tailings solvent recovery vessel comprises a first stage column fed at a temperature of between about 70° C. and about 90° C.
In another optional aspect, the first stage column is fed at a temperature above a highest froth treatment process temperature.
In another optional aspect, the tailings solvent recovery vessel comprises a second stage column operated between about 20 kPaa and about 100 kPaa.
In another optional aspect, the paraffin comprises preferentially retained paraffins that are preferentially retained within asphaltene-bitumen matrices with respect other paraffins of the solvent due to lower diffusivity, and the process comprises providing a residence time of the solvent diluted tailings in the solvent recovery vessel to promote recovery of the preferentially retained paraffins.
In another optional aspect, the preferentially retained paraffins comprise iso-paraffins.
In another optional aspect, the solvent is naphtha and the solvent diluted tailings are derived from a naphthenic bitumen froth treatment process.
In another optional aspect, the method includes operating the solvent recovery vessel at a temperature between about 65° C. and about 85° C.
In another optional aspect, the method includes operating the solvent recovery vessel at a temperature between about 20 kPaa to about 50 kPaa.
In another optional aspect, the method includes providing the tailings solvent recovery vessel with a downward solvent recovered tailings fluid velocity between about 0.07 m/s and about 0.2 m/s.
In another optional aspect, the method includes providing the tailings solvent recovery vessel with a retention time between about 5 minutes and about 1 minute.
In another optional aspect, the method includes providing the tailings solvent recovery vessel with a retention time between about 2 minutes and about 1 minute.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the process and unit allow improved control of feed flow and temperature that set the enthalpy input to the flash column, thereby achieving high solvent recoveries.
Referring to
Further upstream, froth treatment tailings 30 are provided to the tailings solvent recovery unit 10 via a froth treatment tailings line 32. The froth treatment tailings 30 are combined with the recycled solvent recovered tailings 28, which are supplied from the bottom of the stripping column by a recycle pump 34, to form a flow controlled froth treatment tailings feed 36. Depending on the relative flow rates of the froth treatment tailings 30 and the recycled solvent recovered tailings 28, the flow controlled froth treatment tailings feed 36 may be given a constant flow or a tailored flow for the stripping column for a given situation. In one aspect, the flow controlled froth treatment tailings feed 36 is supplied to a feed heat exchanger 38 which heats the tailings and provides the tailings feed 16 as a flow and temperature controlled tailings feed.
In one aspect, the tailings solvent recovery unit 10 preferably comprises a column bottoms pump-around system, which preferably comprises any lines, pumps, heat exchangers, mixing devices, and the like, to effect the bottoms recycle in controlling the flow and temperature of the tailings feed 16.
It should be noted that the recycled solvent recovered tailings may be added to froth treatment tailings using any number of fluid mixers or pipe intersections, including but not limited to T-junctions, angled-junctions, co-annular addition, in-line mixing equipment and the like, and may also include a mixing device, such as a static mixer, a flow restriction creating turbulence and the like, to enhance mixing of the streams to form a substantially homogeneous feed.
Flow rate control of the feed 16 is desirable for a number of reasons. Constant flow rate allows maintenance of pressure in the inlet line to accomplish a one-phase liquid feed, which is particularly desirable since in-line vapour flashing of solvent diluted tailings can cause the abrasive particulate solids within the tailings to be accelerated with the flashed vapour to high velocities resulting in intense wear and potentially severe damage to equipment. Maintaining the tailings feed in liquid phase can be done is several ways. Water may be added to the feed, but water addition is inefficient since water is a costly commodity and also must be heated prior to addition. The backpressure exerted on the feed could also be modified in response to fluctuations in feed flow rate to maintain adequate pressure to inhibit vapour flashing. However, the relationship between pressure drop (ΔP) and flow rate (Q) is not linear but rather exponential (ΔP α Q2) and, consequently, pressure regulation in response to variations in flow rate can require large pressure drop changes in response to even small changes in flow rate. The recirculation system described herein enables flow rate control to stabilize pressure and temperature.
The recirculation of a recycled solvent recovered tailings stream to supplement and control the tailings feed, has a number of advantages. First, it reuses part of a stream from the process, rather than requiring external input such as water. Second, it allows flow rate control of the feed, eliminating pressure drop control to maintain the feed in liquid phase prior to the stripping column. Third, when the tailings feed supply decreases, due to upstream shutdown or modifications in the bitumen froth separation operation, the TSRU circuit can continue circulating. In some cases, a valve upstream of the addition point of the recycled solvent recovered tailings can be closed and the recirculation may be fully engaged. This type of downtime operational flexibility has the advantage of reducing fouling in the equipment due to asphaltenes and minerals from sitting in pipework and equipment while the upstream operations are off line or corrected. Fourth, the TSRU can operate independently of upstream and downstream units, which can shut down while the TSRU continues to run a loop, which can advantageously be run to maintain adequately high temperatures. In this regard, it is also noted that the most significant losses of solvent occur during start-up and shut down. The recirculation maintains the TSRU system running and thus avoids costly solvent loss. It is also noted that the first and second stripping columns can each have their own recirculation system, such that if the first column goes off-line, the second column underflow can be recirculated to continue circulation through the second stage. More regarding the various embodiments, variants and preferred aspects of the recirculation system will be further described herein below with reference to the Figs.
The combining of the froth treatment tailings 30 and the recycled solvent recovered tailings 28 may be performed by various means and methods. For instance, the streams may flow into each other via a tee junction or another type of pipeline junction at an angle other than 90°. There may be one or more supplementary mixer in between addition point and the heat exchanger or another appropriate location near the tee junction or after the heat exchanger, as the case may be. The streams may be added together in a mixer or blending apparatus, which may be in-line or otherwise configured. The mixer may be configured to impart sufficient amounts of shear mixing to the streams in order to achieve a desired mixing level or homogeneity in a given time interval or pipeline distance. In one aspect, the mixing shear imparted to the streams may be sufficient to encourage breakup of the hydrocarbon structure for release of solvent. Allowing break up of the hydrocarbon structure into smaller drops and breakup of flocs increases the surface area and, in turn, improves solvent release performance. The mixing means could also include the pipe inlet configuration and fittings, with sufficient pipe length, elbows, bends, valves and the like to achieve the desired level of shear prior to introduction into the flash or stripping column 12.
Referring still to
In one optional aspect, the tailings stripping column 12 has a stripping section 46 for accommodating stripping of the solvent from the solvent diluted tailings and a bottom section 48 for accumulation of the solvent recovered tailings component, which may form a liquid pool 50 having an upper surface 52. The tailings stripping column 12 may be operated so as to maintain a relatively constant liquid level of the pool, for instance using level control associated with the outlet pumps. More regarding the level of the pool in relation to streams entering the stripping column will be discussed herein below. The tailings stripping column 12 may also be operated so as to provide a down velocity and retention time for the liquid pool sufficient to reduce or minimize separation of the hydrocarbon phases from the aqueous phases within the pool. Typical down velocities may be selected above about 0.07 m/s and preferably above about 0.1 m/s. Retention time provides a working volume for the pumps. In some aspects, the retention time may range up to about 5 minutes or in the range of about 1 to 2 minutes. It should nevertheless be noted that the above values for down velocity and retention time preferably apply to normal operating conditions of the TSRU and may be modified during other operational modes. It is also noted that retention times for the solvent diluted tailings may remain relatively constant in different operational modes and are provided mainly based on volumes required to operate and control upstream and downstream equipment. On the other hand, the residence time is enhanced by the recirculation system, as each amount solvent diluted tailings that enters the solvent recovery unit remains in circulation for a greater period of time for smaller vessel sizes, thereby increasing the solvent recovery performance for smaller and thus less costly equipment.
The tailings stripping column 12 also has an upper section 54 having an overhead outlet 56 for releasing vaporised solvent 58.
Referring still to
The various inlet and outlet streams of the tailings stripping column 12 are preferably arranged with respect to teach other and certain parameters of the column itself. For instance, in one aspect, the recycled water 74 is input at or near or preferably below the upper surface 52 of the liquid pool 50; the steam 20 is injected above the recycled water 74. In one aspect, the recycled water 74 is input below the upper surface 52 of the liquid pool 50 to ensure proper suction and liquid phase flow from the overhead separator 66. More regarding the relative arrangement of the inlet and outlet streams will be discussed in relation to the illustrated embodiments of
Referring still to
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As shown in
Referring now to
At least a portion of the first stage produced water 136 may be returned to the first stage column 106 as first stage recycled water 138. The first stage recycled water 138 is preferably pumped by a water pump 140 to below the upper surface of the pool in the first stage column 106 or alternately (not shown) below the upper surface of the pool in the second stage column 144.
Referring to
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Referring to the embodiment in
More particularly, as shown in
As illustrated in
Referring now to
As noted above, the first column 106 is operated at or above atmospheric pressure while the second column is operated at vacuum pressure.
Turning now to
Still referring to
Regarding placement of the valves with respect to other system components, it is preferred that valves V1, V2 and V3 are located to control upstream phase separation. V1 is preferably located downstream of the heat exchanger 120 to minimize flashing risk in the heat exchanger 120. V2 is preferably located just upstream of the second column 144 to control phase separation. V3 is preferably located as illustrated to allow recycle to maintain first stage U/G in standby mode. It should nevertheless be noted that the valves may have other configuration and locations depending on the specific setup of the overall system. There may also be additional valves to enable various variants of the process, as the case may be.
Referring to
Embodiments of the present invention enable various advantages. In one aspect, recycle of stripped column tailings can reduce or eliminate the need for addition fluids to maintain optimum feed flows to the column. The recycle pump, which preferably has variable speed capabilities, may be operated to control either feed pressure or total feed flow at a value that is set, pre-determined, calculated, or continuously or periodically updated. In one optional aspect, the recycle pumps may be configured in each stage to share common spare pumps (not illustrated) with other pumps such as the treated tailings pump. This option allows cost savings for pumps while enabling pump backup for increased security and flexibility for the process. In another optional aspect, valve control with advanced abrasion restraint materials could be used to control the recirculation flow. In another aspect, the column bottoms stream is at equilibrium temperature and pressure and recycling this stream during reduced flows can minimize heat input. In another aspect, a feed heater is arranged to heat either the combined tailings stream 36 or the recycle stream 28 prior to mixing with froth treatment tailings 30, or a combination thereof. The heater may be a conventional heat exchanger, or a spiral heat exchanger or a direct steam injection heating device with a requirement that the heater is specified to minimize erosion and plugging from solids (mineral or bitumen or both) present in the stream. In another aspect, controlling of feed to the tailings stripping column by recycling stripped column tailings maintains a constant liquid loading and distribution of feed to column internals. In another aspect, controlling the feed temperature either by heating the recycled stripped column tailings or blended fresh tailings with recycled tailings permits consistent column operations to optimize diluent recovery. The control method may apply to paraffinic or naphthenic froth treatment processes as variations may originate in the upstream froth treatment plant. The control method while identified for a single stage flash column can apply to columns in series or parallel operation. In another aspect, the recycle and heating of stripped tailings also allows start-up and shut down operations separate from the froth treatment plant, for example allowing the TSRU to change to standby mode in which cold process water could be added to stripped tailings 142 to maintain line velocities and appropriate densities, if going to tailings, without heating costs.
In one embodiment, stripped column tailings are recycled to the stripping column feed to maintain a constant feed pressure as shown on the flow diagrams or alternately flow control could be used. The feed heater may trim the feed temperature to a set pressure, mitigating temperature variation due to froth treatment tailings feed and slops variations.
In one embodiment, the recycle pump and associated pipes and controls allow for recirculation of stripped tailings and maintenance of a constant and reliable column feed.
In one embodiment, the feed heater is beneficial for varying feed temperature. It may be preferable to have a heater at the first stage stripping column while the second stage column may be operated without a recycle system heater, as the temperature variation in the second stage may be limited and not warrant installing a second heater.
In one preferred operation of the tailings solvent recovery unit, in the tailings stripping column feed is distributed over internals, optionally in contact with stripping steam, and flashes into a vapor stream that reports to the overhead condensing system while stripped tailings are collected in the bottom of the column. The overhead vapors are cooled by a condenser and separated into a vent gas stream, a solvent stream and a produced water stream by a three-phase separator. Note that the solvent is immiscible with water and separates by gravity in the separator. Regulation of the vent gas stream preferably controls the pressure in the overhead separator which, in turn, by pressure loss across the condenser sets the column pressure at which the solvent flashes. The produced water is potentially contaminated by entrained hydrocarbons and particulate material and is thus preferably blended into stripped tailings, for instance into the pool in the column or to the tailings pipeline upstream or downstream of the pump. Alternately, produced water which is primarily condensate can be treated by conventional water treatment methods for recycle. The recovered solvent is recycled to the froth treatment plant as solvent for addition to bitumen froth. A portion of stripped tailings are recycled to the column feed by speed control of the recycle pump with the remainder forwarded by speed control of the column tailings pump to subsequent process operations. The column tailings pump preferably maintains the level of stripped tailings in the column to provide adequate suction conditions for both bottoms pumps. In one aspect, the abrasive and segregating nature of tailings streams is mitigated by flow management using two separate pumps. It should nevertheless be understood that various configurations and resistant materials could be used in association with a single pump to perform the required flow management.
In another embodiment, the recovery of solvent from froth treatment tailings helps meet environment discharge requirements and incremental solvent recovered increases bottom line revenue in the overall process.
It is noted that the above description and
In another optimal embodiment, the solvent or diluent recovered is naphtha as used in a naphthenic froth treatment processes. While units for recovering naphtha from froth treatment tailings are generally referred to as naphtha recovery units (NRUs), it should be understood that the term “tailings solvent recovery unit” (TSRU) as described and used herein may refer to recovering either paraffinic or naphthenic solvents from tailings.
It should be noted that a difference between the paraffinic and naphthenic embodiments is operating envelopes and configurations comprising temperature, pressure and number of stages to achieve diluent recoveries as constrained by reasonable column velocities due to the flashing of water with the diluent. These operating envelopes and configurations predominately reflect the diluent properties. With low boiling diluents such as paraffinic embodiments, the recirculation system provides consistent feed pressures to the column and liquid flows within the column that inhibit depositions and or accumulations of asphaltenes or minerals. With high boiling diluents such as in naphthenic embodiments, the recirculation system coupled with the optional pre-heating embodiments permit stabilizing column operation at pressures and temperatures without excessive evolution of water vapor to the column overhead system.
In the naphthenic embodiment, the recovery of naphtha without asphaltenes precipitated in froth treatment tailings is facilitated by employing one or more stages with feed from the froth treatment plant at about 65° C. to about 85° C., and generally about 80° C., and flashed about 20 kPaa to about 50 kPaa, typically about 28 kPaa with stripping steam aiding stripping naphtha from the tailings. The recycle of stripped tailings and heater as disclosed herein permits stable column operation to maximize recovery of naphtha.
In the paraffinic embodiment, the paraffinic solvent diluted tailings to be treated comprise precipitated asphaltenes and solvent which is partially entrapped by asphaltene-bitumen matrices. There are various challenges to removing the paraffinic solvent from the asphaltene-bitumen matrices. Not all paraffins have the same diffusivity and mobility in the matrices. Paraffinic solvents comprising branched isomers, such as iso-butane, iso-pentane or iso-hexane, have lower diffusivities in asphaltene-bitumen matrices present in the solvent diluted tailings and thus are more difficult to release from the matrices for solvent recovery. Some work has been done to determine paraffin diffusivities, for instance Fu & Phillips' “New technique for determination of diffusivities of volatile hydrocarbons in semi-solid bitumen”, Fuel, 1979, Vol. 58, August, pages 557-560. For example, according to Fu & Phillips i-hexane has a diffusivity about 30% lower than n-hexane in a semi-solid Athabasca bitumen sample. Some PFT processes employ a mixture of iso- and normal-paraffins to separate the bitumen froth into high diluted bitumen and underflow asphaltene-containing tailings. Mixtures of i-butane and n-butane, i-pentane and n-pentane or i-hexane and n-hexane are in fact often used due to availability and cost of such mixtures. However, the iso-paraffins may preferentially be retained within the asphaltene-bitumen matrices in the tailings streams due to lower diffusivity. Cyclic hydrocarbons also tend to have lower diffusivities and are more difficult to remove from asphaltene-bitumen matrices. The heavy-hydrocarbon component in the solvent dilute tailings fed to the paraffinic TSRU is relatively high, especially compared to naphthenic-based processes, which directionally increases the thickness though which paraffinic solvent needs to diffuse. Asphaltenes also have a relatively low mobility compared to other heavy hydrocarbon components.
As a result of the higher asphaltene content in paraffinic froth treatment tailings, recovery of paraffinic solvent is particularly facilitated by employing two or more stages. To permit the froth treatment process temperature to vary as required to achieve the deasphalted bitumen product, the recycle and heating of stripped 1st stage tailings 28 maintains a consistent 1st stage column feed temperature of between about 70° C. and about 90° C., typically about 90° C., or above the highest froth treatment process temperature. The condensation conditions in the overhead systems maintain the 1st stage column between about 100 kPaa and about 250 kPaa, typically about 224 kPaa, and the 2nd stage column between about 20 kPaa and about 100 kPaa, typically about 68 kPaa, to maximize solvent recovery. It should be noted that the pressures and temperatures in the system may be varied and coordinated within an operating envelope to achieve desired operational performance. In addition, measures to prevent aggregation of the asphaltene-bitumen matrix are facilitated by maintenance of constant flow rates, minimum retention times, and continuous operability during upstream or downstream outages or downtimes also contribute to solvent recovery.
In one aspect, the TSRU equipment is designed, sized and configured such that the recirculation system can adapt to variations in solvent diluted tailings flow rates of up to 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or even 50%. In this regard, design considerations include requirements for pumping, pressure drops, operating conditions such at temperature and avoiding settling in the particulate containing slurry streams.
Some optional aspects of the process of the present invention may be used to increase solvent recovery:
The following provides some definitions and additional description for streams and equipment mentioned in the present specification:
It is also noted that the heating of the various recycle and feed streams may be performed by a number of heater devices, such as indirect heat exchangers to recover heat from other process streams, heat exchangers receive heat from steam, or direct steam injection devices.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2733342 | Mar 2011 | CA | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CA2012/050108 | 2/23/2012 | WO | 00 | 8/30/2013 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012/116442 | 9/7/2012 | WO | A |
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| 2078095 | Apr 1997 | RU |
| 2096438 | Nov 1997 | RU |
| 2007102819 | Sep 2007 | WO |
| 2009111871 | Sep 2009 | WO |
| 2010088388 | Aug 2010 | WO |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20130345485 A1 | Dec 2013 | US |
