Patent Application
20110299865
This invention pertains to the field of electrophotographic printing and more particularly to reducing artifacts caused by toner accretion.
Electrophotography is a useful process for printing images on a receiver (or “imaging substrate”), such as a piece or sheet of paper or another planar medium, glass, fabric, metal, or other objects as will be described below. In this process, an electrostatic latent image is formed on a photoreceptor by uniformly charging the photoreceptor and then discharging selected areas of the uniform charge to yield an electrostatic charge pattern corresponding to the desired image (a “latent image”).
After the latent image is formed, charged toner particles are brought into the vicinity of the photoreceptor and are attracted to the latent image to develop the latent image into a visible image. Note that the visible image may not be visible to the naked eye depending on the composition of the toner particles (e.g. clear toner).
After the latent image is developed into a visible image on the photoreceptor, a suitable receiver is brought into juxtaposition with the visible image. A suitable electric field is applied to transfer the toner particles of the visible image to the receiver to form the desired print image on the receiver. The imaging process is typically repeated many times with reusable photoreceptors.
The receiver is then removed from its operative association with the photoreceptor and subjected to heat or pressure to permanently fix (“fuse”) the print image to the receiver. Plural print images, e.g. of separations of different colors, are overlaid on one receiver before fusing to form a multi-color print image on the receiver.
Electrophotographic (EP) printers typically transport the receiver past the photoreceptor to form the print image. The direction of travel of the receiver is referred to as the slow-scan, process, or in-track direction. The direction perpendicular to the slow-scan direction is referred to as the fast-scan, cross-process, or cross-track direction. “Scan” does not imply that any components are moving or scanning across the receiver; the terminology is conventional in the art.
Various undesirable toner features (artifacts) can appear on prints produced by electrophotography. One type is a comet, which is a light splotch of toner (or, more generally, an area of increased density) spanning a restricted extent of the cross-track direction and extending a certain length in the in-track direction.
Longitudinal members adjacent to development rollers and photoreceptors can collect stray toner during operation. When the toner layer on the skive mount becomes thick enough, toner can fall off onto the development roller or photoreceptor, causing a comet artifact. Examples of longitudinal members include skive mounts and scavengers.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,795 to Tatsumi et al. describes cleaning rollers in a printer. GB2282781 describes cleaning elements urged into contact with the surface of a charging roller. However, these schemes can cause damage to the rollers, and are not applicable to stationary surfaces such as the surfaces of longitudinal members.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,555,236 describes cleaning a transfer drum electrostatically. Electrical bias is modified to clean. U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,795 describes engaging a secondary drum and modifying electrical signals to attract toner to a waste area. This is used to clean a transfer drum of developer or toner that has not transferred to a photoreceptor. However, the toner or developer deposited on a longitudinal member does not have a controlled charge, so electrostatic methods are not capable of reliably cleaning the longitudinal member.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,627,280 describes tubes for carrying waste through a printer. The waste is the developer which has escaped the normal development cycle and is transported to a removal container. However, this scheme is not useful for removing toner from a longitudinal member.
There is a continuing need, therefore, for a system for cleaning a longitudinal member to prevent comet artifacts.
According to the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a dry electrophotographic printer to remove toner from a longitudinal member, comprising:
the printer providing a rotatable photoreceptor, a stop disposed at one end of the photoreceptor, a rotatable development member, an end block disposed at one end of the development member, the longitudinal member adjacent to the development member or photoreceptor, connected to the end block, and extending along the width of the development member or photoreceptor, an actuator for selectively causing the development member to be spaced apart from the photoreceptor or be brought into operational relationship with the photoreceptor, and a timing device for measuring time intervals of printer operation;
selecting a process-control time interval;
selecting a cleaning time interval that is a positive multiple of the process-control time interval;
producing prints using the printer until the process-control time interval elapses, as measured by the timing device;
automatically producing a process-control patch in a process-control frame;
repeating the producing-prints and producing-patch steps until the cleaning interval has elapsed; and
in the process-control frame, automatically operating the actuator to cause the photoreceptor and development member to be spaced apart, then, after a selected time delay, causing the photoreceptor and development member to be brought into operational relationship, so that the stop contacts the end block, and toner is removed from the longitudinal member.
In various embodiments, this invention advantageously mitigates comet artifacts without reducing throughput since the operation is done in conjunction with a process control patch. The invention does not require additional expensive hardware or additional moving parts. The invention is useful with various types of longitudinal members and photoreceptors. Controlled motion of a backup bar, development member, or photoreceptor causes a controlled avalanche of a sufficient amount of toner to prevent the visible artifact. Therefore, additional cleaning equipment for the longitudinal member is not required. Various embodiments can clean toner off multiple longitudinal members.
The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent when taken in conjunction with the following description and drawings wherein identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical features that are common to the figures, and wherein:
The attached drawings are for purposes of illustration and are not necessarily to scale.
As used herein, the terms “parallel” and “perpendicular” have a tolerance of ±5°. The terms “horizontal” and “vertical” refer to orientations in the figures shown, and do not require any particular orientation of any apparatus described.
As used herein, “sheet” is a discrete piece of media, such as receiver media for an electrophotographic printer (described below). Sheets have a length and a width. Sheets are folded along fold axes, e.g. positioned in the center of the sheet in the length dimension, and extending the full width of the sheet. The folded sheet contains two “leaves,” each leaf being that portion of the sheet on one side of the fold axis. The two sides of each leaf are referred to as “pages.” “Face” refers to one side of the sheet, whether before or after folding.
In the following description, some embodiments of the present invention will be described in terms that would ordinarily be implemented as software programs. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that the equivalent of such software can also be constructed in hardware. Because image manipulation algorithms and systems are well known, the present description will be directed in particular to algorithms and systems forming part of, or cooperating more directly with, the method in accordance with the present invention. Other aspects of such algorithms and systems, and hardware or software for producing and otherwise processing the image signals involved therewith, not specifically shown or described herein, are selected from such systems, algorithms, components, and elements known in the art. Given the system as described according to the invention in the following, software not specifically shown, suggested, or described herein that is useful for implementation of the invention is conventional and within the ordinary skill in such arts.
A computer program product can include one or more storage media, for example; magnetic storage media such as magnetic disk (such as a floppy disk) or magnetic tape; optical storage media such as optical disk, optical tape, or machine readable bar code; solid-state electronic storage devices such as random access memory (RAM), or read-only memory (ROM); or any other physical device or media employed to store a computer program having instructions for controlling one or more computers to practice the method according to the present invention.
Comet 1986 is approximately 3 mm wide at its widest, and approximately 14 mm long. The vertical axis of the image (the 14 mm direction) is the in-track direction of the printer. The comet is more visible to the naked eye than it is in photographs, especially as it is in an area, and surrounded by an area, not intended to include any toner. The dark gray background of most of the image is an artifact of image-processing, and the actual print has a background of uniform density corresponding to area 1951.
As used herein, “toner particles” are particles of one or more material(s) that are transferred by an EP printer to a receiver to produce a desired effect or structure (e.g. a print image, texture, pattern, or coating) on the receiver. Toner particles can be ground from larger solids, or chemically prepared (e.g. precipitated from a solution of a pigment and a dispersant using an organic solvent), as is known in the art. Toner particles can have a range of diameters, e.g. less than 8 μm, on the order of 10-15 μm, up to approximately 30 μm, or larger (“diameter” refers to the volume-weighted median diameter, as determined by a device such as a Coulter Multisizer).
“Toner” refers to a material or mixture that contains toner particles, and that can form an image, pattern, or coating when deposited on an imaging member including a photoreceptor, photoconductor, or electrostatically-charged or magnetic surface. Toner can be transferred from the imaging member to a receiver. Toner is also referred to in the art as marking particles, dry ink, or developer, but note that herein “developer” is used differently, as described below. Toner can be a dry mixture of particles or a suspension of particles in a liquid toner base.
Toner includes toner particles and can include other particles. Any of the particles in toner can be of various types and have various properties. Such properties can include absorption of incident electromagnetic radiation (e.g. particles containing colorants such as dyes or pigments), absorption of moisture or gasses (e.g. desiccants or getters), suppression of bacterial growth (e.g. biocides, particularly useful in liquid-toner systems), adhesion to the receiver (e.g. binders), electrical conductivity or low magnetic reluctance (e.g. metal particles), electrical resistivity, texture, gloss, magnetic remnance, florescence, resistance to etchants, and other properties of additives known in the art.
In single-component or monocomponent development systems, “developer” refers to toner alone. In these systems, none, some, or all of the particles in the toner can themselves be magnetic. However, developer in a monocomponent system does not include magnetic carrier particles. In dual-component, two-component, or multi-component development systems, “developer” refers to a mixture including toner and magnetic carrier particles, which can be electrically-conductive or -non-conductive. Toner particles can be magnetic or non-magnetic. The carrier particles can be larger than the toner particles, e.g. 15-20 μm or 20-300 μm in diameter. A magnetic field is used to move the developer in these systems by exerting a force on the magnetic carrier particles. The developer is moved into proximity with an imaging member or transfer member by the magnetic field, and the toner or toner particles in the developer are transferred from the developer to the member by an electric field, as will be described further below. The magnetic carrier particles are not intentionally deposited on the member by action of the electric field; only the toner is intentionally deposited. However, magnetic carrier particles, and other particles in the toner or developer, can be unintentionally transferred to an imaging member. Developer can include other additives known in the art, such as those listed above for toner. Toner and carrier particles can be substantially spherical or non-spherical.
The electrophotographic process can be embodied in devices including printers, copiers, scanners, and facsimiles, and analog or digital devices, all of which are referred to herein as “printers.” Various aspects of the present invention are useful with electrostatographic printers such as electrophotographic printers that employ toner developed on an electrophotographic receiver, and ionographic printers and copiers that do not rely upon an electrophotographic receiver. Electrophotography and ionography are types of electrostatography (printing using electrostatic fields), which is a subset of electrography (printing using electric fields).
A digital reproduction printing system (“printer”) typically includes a digital front-end processor (DFE), a print engine (also referred to in the art as a “marking engine”) for applying toner to the receiver, and one or more post-printing finishing system(s) (e.g. a UV coating system, a glosser system, or a laminator system). A printer can reproduce pleasing black-and-white or color onto a receiver. A printer can also produce selected patterns of toner on a receiver, which patterns (e.g. surface textures) do not correspond directly to a visible image. The DFE receives input electronic files (such as Postscript command files) composed of images from other input devices (e.g., a scanner, a digital camera). The DFE can include various function processors, e.g. a raster image processor (RIP), image positioning processor, image manipulation processor, color processor, or image storage processor. The DFE rasterizes input electronic files into image bitmaps for the print engine to print. In some embodiments, the DFE permits a human operator to set up parameters such as layout, font, color, paper type, or post-finishing options. The print engine takes the rasterized image bitmap from the DFE and renders the bitmap into a form that can control the printing process from the exposure device to transferring the print image onto the receiver. The finishing system applies features such as protection, glossing, or binding to the prints. The finishing system can be implemented as an integral component of a printer, or as a separate machine through which prints are fed after they are printed.
The printer can also include a color management system which captures the characteristics of the image printing process implemented in the print engine (e.g. the electrophotographic process) to provide known, consistent color reproduction characteristics. The color management system can also provide known color reproduction for different inputs (e.g. digital camera images or film images).
In an embodiment of an electrophotographic modular printing machine useful with the present invention, e.g. the NEXPRESS 2100 printer manufactured by Eastman Kodak Company of Rochester, N.Y., color-toner print images are made in a plurality of color imaging modules arranged in tandem, and the print images are successively electrostatically transferred to a receiver adhered to a transport web moving through the modules. Colored toners include colorants, e.g. dyes or pigments, which absorb specific wavelengths of visible light. Commercial machines of this type typically employ intermediate transfer members in the respective modules for transferring visible images from the photoreceptor and transferring print images to the receiver. In other electrophotographic printers, each visible image is directly transferred to a receiver to form the corresponding print image.
Electrophotographic printers having the capability to also deposit clear toner using an additional imaging module are also known. The provision of a clear-toner overcoat to a color print is desirable for providing protection of the print from fingerprints and reducing certain visual artifacts. Clear toner uses particles that are similar to the toner particles of the color development stations but without colored material (e.g. dye or pigment) incorporated into the toner particles. However, a clear-toner overcoat can add cost and reduce color gamut of the print; thus, it is desirable to provide for operator/user selection to determine whether or not a clear-toner overcoat will be applied to the entire print. A uniform layer of clear toner can be provided. A layer that varies inversely according to heights of the toner stacks can also be used to establish level toner stack heights. The respective color toners are deposited one upon the other at respective locations on the receiver and the height of a respective color toner stack is the sum of the toner heights of each respective color. Uniform stack height provides the print with a more even or uniform gloss.
Referring to
Each receiver, during a single pass through the five modules, can have transferred in registration thereto up to five single-color toner images to form a pentachrome image. As used herein, the term “pentachrome” implies that in a print image, combinations of various of the five colors are combined to form other colors on the receiver at various locations on the receiver, and that all five colors participate to form process colors in at least some of the subsets. That is, each of the five colors of toner can be combined with toner of one or more of the other colors at a particular location on the receiver to form a color different than the colors of the toners combined at that location. In an embodiment, printing module 31 forms black (K) print images, 32 forms yellow (Y) print images, 33 forms magenta (M) print images, and 34 forms cyan (C) print images.
Printing module 35 can form a red, blue, green, or other fifth print image, including an image formed from a clear toner (i.e. one lacking pigment). The four subtractive primary colors, cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, can be combined in various combinations of subsets thereof to form a representative spectrum of colors. The color gamut or range of a printer is dependent upon the materials used and process used for forming the colors. The fifth color can therefore be added to improve the color gamut. In addition to adding to the color gamut, the fifth color can also be a specialty color toner or spot color, such as for making proprietary logos or colors that cannot be produced with only CMYK colors (e.g. metallic, fluorescent, or pearlescent colors), or a clear toner.
Receiver 42A is shown after passing through printing module 35. Print image 38 on receiver 42A includes unfused toner particles.
Subsequent to transfer of the respective print images, overlaid in registration, one from each of the respective printing modules 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, receiver 42A is advanced to fuser 60, i.e. a fusing or fixing assembly, to fuse print image 38 to receiver 42A. Transport web 81 transports the print-image-carrying receivers to fuser 60, which fixes the toner particles to the respective receivers by the application of heat and pressure. The receivers are serially de-tacked from transport web 81 to permit them to feed cleanly into fuser 60. Transport web 81 is then reconditioned for reuse at cleaning station 86 by cleaning and neutralizing the charges on the opposed surfaces of the transport web 81. A mechanical cleaning station (not shown) for scraping or vacuuming toner off transport web 81 can also be used independently or with cleaning station 86. The mechanical cleaning station can be disposed along transport web 81 before or after cleaning station 86 in the direction of rotation of transport web 81.
Fuser 60 includes a heated fusing roller 62 and an opposing pressure roller 64 that form a fusing nip 66 therebetween. In an embodiment, fuser 60 also includes a release fluid application substation 68 that applies release fluid, e.g. silicone oil, to fusing roller 62. Alternatively, wax-containing toner can be used without applying release fluid to fusing roller 62. Other embodiments of fusers, both contact and non-contact, can be employed with the present invention. For example, solvent fixing uses solvents to soften the toner particles so they bond with the receiver. Photoflash fusing uses short bursts of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (e.g. ultraviolet light) to melt the toner. Radiant fixing uses lower-frequency electromagnetic radiation (e.g. infrared light) to more slowly melt the toner. Microwave fixing uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range to heat the receivers (primarily), thereby causing the toner particles to melt by heat conduction, so that the toner is fixed to the receiver.
The receivers (e.g. receiver 42B) carrying the fused image (e.g. fused image 39) are transported in a series from the fuser 60 along a path either to a remote output tray 69, or back to printing modules 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 to create an image on the backside of the receiver, i.e. to form a duplex print. Receivers can also be transported to any suitable output accessory. For example, an auxiliary fuser or glossing assembly can provide a clear-toner overcoat. Printer 100 can also include multiple fusers 60 to support applications such as overprinting, as known in the art.
In various embodiments, between fuser 60 and output tray 69, receiver 42B passes through finisher 70. Finisher 70 performs various paper-handling operations, such as folding, stapling, saddle-stitching, collating, and binding.
Printer 100 includes main printer apparatus logic and control unit (LCU) 99, which receives input signals from the various sensors associated with printer 100 and sends control signals to the components of printer 100. LCU 99 can include a microprocessor incorporating suitable look-up tables and control software executable by the LCU 99. It can also include a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), programmable logic device (PLD), microcontroller, or other digital control system. LCU 99 can include memory for storing control software and data. Sensors associated with the fusing assembly provide appropriate signals to the LCU 99. In response to the sensors, the LCU 99 issues command and control signals that adjust the heat or pressure within fusing nip 66 and other operating parameters of fuser 60 for receivers. This permits printer 100 to print on receivers of various thicknesses and surface finishes, such as glossy or matte.
Image data for writing by printer 100 can be processed by a raster image processor (RIP; not shown), which can include a color separation screen generator or generators. The output of the RIP can be stored in frame or line buffers for transmission of the color separation print data to each of respective LED writers, e.g. for black (K), yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C), and red (R), respectively. The RIP or color separation screen generator can be a part of printer 100 or remote therefrom. Image data processed by the RIP can be obtained from a color document scanner or a digital camera or produced by a computer or from a memory or network which typically includes image data representing a continuous image that needs to be reprocessed into halftone image data in order to be adequately represented by the printer. The RIP can perform image processing processes, e.g. color correction, in order to obtain the desired color print. Color image data is separated into the respective colors and converted by the RIP to halftone dot image data in the respective color using matrices, which comprise desired screen angles (measured counterclockwise from rightward, the +X direction) and screen rulings. The RIP can be a suitably-programmed computer or logic device and is adapted to employ stored or computed matrices and templates for processing separated color image data into rendered image data in the form of halftone information suitable for printing. These matrices can include a screen pattern memory (SPM).
Further details regarding printer 100 are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,608,641, issued on Aug. 19, 2003, by Peter S. Alexandrovich et al., and in U.S. Publication No. 2006/0133870, published on Jun. 22, 2006, by Yee S. Ng et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Referring to
A receiver, Rn, arriving from supply unit 40, is shown passing over roller 102 for subsequent entry into the transfer subsystem 50 (
A power supply 105 provides individual transfer currents to the transfer backup members 113, 123, 133, 143, and 153. LCU 99 (
LCU 99 sends control signals to the charging subsystem 210, the exposure subsystem 220 (e.g. laser or LED writers), and the respective development station 225 of each printing module 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, among other components. Each printing module can also have its own respective controller (not shown) coupled to LCU 99.
Imaging member 111 includes photoreceptor 206. Photoreceptor 206 includes a photoconductive layer formed on an electrically conductive substrate. The photoconductive layer is an insulator in the substantial absence of light so that electric charges are retained on its surface. Upon exposure to light, the charge is dissipated. In various embodiments, photoreceptor 206 is part of, or disposed over, the surface of imaging member 111, which can be a plate, drum, or belt. Photoreceptors can include a homogeneous layer of a single material such as vitreous selenium or a composite layer containing a photoreceptor and another material. Photoreceptors can also contain multiple layers.
An exposure subsystem 220 is provided for image-wise modulating the uniform electrostatic charge on photoreceptor 206 by exposing photoreceptor 206 to electromagnetic radiation to form a latent electrostatic image (e.g. of a separation corresponding to the color of toner deposited at this printing module). The uniformly-charged photoreceptor 206 is typically exposed to actinic radiation provided by selectively activating particular light sources in an LED array or a laser device outputting light directed at photoreceptor 206. In embodiments using laser devices, a rotating polygon (not shown) is used to scan one or more laser beam(s) across the photoreceptor in the fast-scan direction. One dot site is exposed at a time, and the intensity or duty cycle of the laser beam is varied at each dot site. In embodiments using an LED array, the array can include a plurality of LEDs arranged next to each other in a line, all dot sites in one row of dot sites on the photoreceptor can be selectively exposed simultaneously, and the intensity or duty cycle of each LED can be varied within a line exposure time to expose each dot site in the row during that line exposure time.
As used herein, an “engine pixel” is the smallest addressable unit on photoreceptor 206 or receiver 42 which the light source (e.g. laser or LED) can expose with a selected exposure different from the exposure of another engine pixel. Engine pixels can overlap, e.g. to increase addressability in the slow-scan direction (S). Each engine pixel has a corresponding engine pixel location, and the exposure applied to the engine pixel location is described by an engine pixel level.
The exposure subsystem 220 can be a write-white or write-black system. In a write-white or charged-area-development (CAD) system, the exposure dissipates charge on areas of photoreceptor 206 to which toner should not adhere. Toner particles are charged to be attracted to the charge remaining on photoreceptor 206. The exposed areas therefore correspond to white areas of a printed page. In a write-black or discharged-area development (DAD) system, the toner is charged to be attracted to a bias voltage applied to photoreceptor 206 and repelled from the charge on photoreceptor 206. Therefore, toner adheres to areas where the charge on photoreceptor 206 has been dissipated by exposure. The exposed areas therefore correspond to black areas of a printed page.
A development station 225 includes toning shell 226, which can be rotating or stationary, to apply toner of a selected color to the latent image on photoreceptor 206 to produce a visible image on photoreceptor 206. Development station 225 is electrically biased by a suitable respective voltage to develop the respective latent image, which voltage can be supplied by a power supply (not shown). Developer is provided to toning shell 226 by a supply system (not shown), e.g. a supply roller, auger, or belt. Toner is transferred by electrostatic forces from development station 225 to photoreceptor 206. These forces can include Coulombic forces between charged toner particles and the charged electrostatic latent image, and Lorentz forces on the charged toner particles due to the electric field produced by the bias voltages.
In an embodiment, development station 225 employs a two-component developer that includes toner particles and magnetic carrier particles. Development station 225 includes a magnetic core 227 to cause the magnetic carrier particles near toning shell 226 to form a “magnetic brush,” as known in the electrophotographic art. Magnetic core 227 can be stationary or rotating, and can rotate with a speed and direction the same as or different than the speed and direction of toning shell 226. Magnetic core 227 can be cylindrical or non-cylindrical, and can include a single magnet or a plurality of magnets disposed around the circumference of magnetic core 227. Magnetic core 227 preferably provides a magnetic field of varying magnitude and direction around the outer circumference of toning shell 226. Developer or toner is supplied to toning shell 226 by sump 228, which is regularly replenished with toner (not shown). Sump 228 can include mixing augers (not shown) to maintain uniform toner loading across the width of toning shell 226. Further details of magnetic core 227 can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,120,379 to Eck et al., issued Oct. 10, 2006, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Further details of sump 228 can be found in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,577,383 to Brown et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Development station 225 can also employ a mono-component developer comprising toner, either magnetic or non-magnetic, without separate magnetic carrier particles. In various embodiments, development station 225 can engage and disengage photoreceptor 206, e.g. by translating horizontally. This can be accomplished by a linear actuator or linear motor driving development station 225. In various embodiments, toning shell 226 and photoreceptor 206 are spaced apart when engaged by the nap height of developer on toning shell 226. It is known in the art to calculate the proper spacing between toning shell 226 and photoreceptor 206.
Transfer subsystem 50 (
In an embodiment, photoreceptor 206 and image loop 407 can handle 6—A4 or 8.5″ sheets plus the gaps or interframes between the sheets in one cycle of the image loop starting and ending at the splice. This is referred to as “6-frame mode.” That is, a “frame” is the area of image loop 407 that can print one A4 or 8.5″×11″ sheet. Photoreceptor 206 is present in each frame, but can be interrupted between frames. Image loop 407 includes 6 timing marks (“f-perfs”), one to start each image frame. Other modes, including 3-, 4-, and 5-frame, can be produced using encoder counts to interpolate between f-perfs. The printer can thus print 3, 4, 5 or 6 images or sheets of paper for each revolution of image loop 407 depending on the paper size in the in-track direction (around the loop). Not every frame is required to be occupied with a receiver in any given cycle. A process control frame as described below is preferably one frame of the smallest frame size, which is obtained in the 6-frame mode. Additional details of frames are found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,108 to Lairmore et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The interval of printer operation discussed above can be measured in elapsed time, time the printer has been turned on (Hobbs time), number of pages printed, number of frames processed, number of encoder counts recorded, or number of f-perfs recorded.
Photoreceptor 206 transfers a visible image comprising toner, as described above, onto a moving receiver 42. Toning station 400 includes rotatable development member 403 arranged with respect to photoreceptor 206 to provide toner to photoreceptor 206. Toner supply 420 is arranged with respect to development member 403 to apply a blanket or nap of developer to development member 403. The blanket of developer is an aggregate of developer particles (i.e. toner particles and optionally developer particles) held by magnetic or electrostatic forces in proximity to the surface of development member 403. Toner supply 420 includes blender 401 for mixing toner and carrier particles to maintain uniform toner loading, and roller 402. In an embodiment, roller 402 is a bucket roller including a plurality of radial paddles adapted to push developer coming off blender 401 towards development member 403. In various embodiments, toner supply 420 can include a sump, feed roller, or feed auger. Bucket roller 402 can include a helix or not. In an embodiment, toner supply 420 includes a plurality of paddles on a non-helical roller. Additional details of toning station 400 can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,426,361 to Thompson et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In various embodiments, toning station 400 can engage and disengage photoreceptor 206, e.g. by translating vertically as indicated. In various embodiments, backup bars 404, 414 can move e.g. vertically to engage and disengage photoreceptor 206 and development member 403. Backup bars 404, 414 are discussed further below.
In another embodiment, toner supply 420 includes a ribbon blender. U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,286, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a two-ribbon blender assembly useful with the present invention. An outer ribbon moves developer material toward the center of the toning station. An inner ribbon moves developer material from the center toward the ends of the toning station. This produces effective mixing between inward-flowing and outward-flowing material. In another embodiment, the ribbon blender includes an inner helical ribbon to move developer generally along the axis of the blender in one direction, and an outer helical ribbon to move developer generally along the axis of the blender in another direction.
Backup bars 404, 414 hold image loop 407 in position with respect to development member 403 so that photoreceptor 206 (disposed on the opposite side of image loop 407 from backup bars 404, 414) can receiver toner from development member 403 to develop the latent image into a visible image on photoreceptor 206. Backup bars 404, 414 are moveable, as is discussed further below. Receiver 42 receives the visible image from photoreceptor 206 in transfer subsystem 50 to form the print image. Transfer subsystem 50 includes transfer roller 451 and registration roller 452, which together form a nip through which receiver 42 and photoreceptor 206 pass to transfer toner. Backup bars 404, 414 are disposed adjacent to photoreceptor 206. That is, they are close enough to photoreceptor 206, even if not in contact with it, to selectively retain photoreceptor 206 in its operational relationship with development member 403, as discussed further below.
By applying an impulse to a longitudinal member e.g. at a time when no receiver is passing through the printer, or during a frame which does not contain an image to be transferred to a receiver (a “skip frame”), toner is dislodged from the longitudinal member without causing artifacts on the receiver. The impulse can be applied periodically to prevent artifacts. In an embodiment, the impulse is applied during a process-control frame. This is discussed further below.
Skive mount 503 is an example of a longitudinal member. A longitudinal member is disposed adjacent to development member 403 or photoreceptor 206, and extends along the width of development member 403 or photoreceptor 206. That is, the longitudinal member has a greater extent along the direction of the width of development member 403 or photoreceptor 206 than along any direction perpendicular to the direction of that width. The longitudinal member can be as long as development member 403 or photoreceptor 206, or some non-zero percentage (<100% or >100%) thereof. By “adjacent to” it is meant that the longitudinal member is close enough to development member 403 or photoreceptor 206 to collect toner which escapes from the normal development process.
As indicated, toning station 400, development member 403, or backup bars 404, 414 can move e.g. vertically to engage or disengage development member 403 and photoreceptor 206 (
In operation, toner can collect on skive mount 503, which is a longitudinal member. This toner is removed from skive mount 503, which can be a metering skive mounting plate, after a selected interval. The interval is selected so that the toner build-up on skive mount 503 is not enough to cause spontaneous avalanches of toner onto development member 403 before the controlled avalanche caused at the selected interval. The controlled avalanche is caused by a mechanical impulse exerted on end block 601 or end block 611. A printer can include one or more longitudinal members, and one or more end blocks or sets of end blocks. The discussion herein applies for any longitudinal member. To remove toner from a given longitudinal member, impulse is applied to an end block connected to that longitudinal member.
Backup assembly 604 includes backup bars 404, 414. Backup assembly 604 and solenoid 602 will be discussed further below with respect to
Internal scavenger 603 includes a conductive longitudinal member, or a conductive coating over a non-conductive longitudinal member, extending the width of photoreceptor 206. Internal scavenger 603 has a bias voltage applied so that it attracts carrier particles that have become attached to photoreceptor 206. Carrier particles are charged when toner particles are ripped away from them during toning, so can be attracted by an electric field. Developer is therefore attracted to internal scavenger 603 by design, and additional developer can collect on internal scavenger 603 during operation.
Backup bar 404 is shown in physical contact with end block 611. When backup bar 404 applies a selected force to end block 611, e.g. by striking it, mechanical wave 650 travels through end block 611 into skive mount 503 and strikes toner 638, dislodging it from skive mount 503. Mechanical wave 660 travels through end block 611 and causes a corresponding mechanical wave 665 to be created in the air (or nitrogen, helium, oil, or other fluid surround) around end block 611. Mechanical wave 665 strikes toner 635, dislodging it from skive mount 503. Toner 635 and 638 can be individual toner particles or agglomerations of toner particles. Other debris, such as carrier particles from a two-component developer, can also be dislodged from skive mount 503 by a mechanical wave.
Mechanical waves (e.g. 650, 660) can have a variety of frequency components and can be an acoustic wave, pressure wave, longitudinal wave, surface wave, transverse wave, or other mechanical wave that propagates through end block 601 and skive mount 503. Mechanical waves in air caused by the vibration or motion of end block 601, backup bars 404, 414, or skive mount 503 due to the applied impulse from backup bar 404 can also travel through the air to the toner on skive mount 503 and result in toner being dislodged or removed. Any number or type of mechanical waves can be present. For clarity, only three mechanical waves are shown in
Specifically, in various embodiments, when backup bar 404 applies a selected force to end block 601, a mechanical wave is created in end block 601 and the mechanical wave travels through end block 601 into skive mount 503 to remove the toner. In various embodiments, when backup bar 404 applies a selected force to end block 601, a mechanical wave is created in end block 601 and a corresponding mechanical wave is created in the air adjacent to end block 601, and the mechanical wave in the air travels towards the skive mount 503 to remove the toner. In an embodiment, solenoid 602 applies force to backup bars 404, 414, causing them to apply force to end blocks 601, 611 when they hit end blocks 601, 611 at the end of their travel. The resulting change in momentum Δp=the momentum p of the backup bars at the instant before contact, since velocity and thus momentum go to zero after contact. Δp=FΔt, assuming constant force (constant deceleration) applied over the time interval required to stop the backup bars.
Referring back to
When backup bars 404, 414 make contact with end blocks 601, 611, development member 403 and photoreceptor 206 are engaged in an operational relationship. That is, they are retained in position with respect to each other so that photoreceptor 206 can receive toner from development member 403 to develop the latent image into the print image. It is known in the art that development member 403 and photoreceptor 206 can be spaced apart from each other by a distance not greater than the nap height of developer generated by a magnetic brush, so that developer held magnetically to development member 403 can contact photoreceptor 206. This permits the electrostatic attraction of toner particles to the latent image to develop it into the print image. The spacing can be selected by one skilled in the art. For example, commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,959,162 to Stelter et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes experiments performed with a nap height of approximately 48 mils and a spacing from the surface of development member 403 to an aluminum receiver (analogous to photoreceptor 206) of 30 mils.
In an embodiment, end block 611 protrudes vertically beyond toning shell 226. In an embodiment, end block 611 is coaxial with toning shell 226 and mounted on the same axle. Stop 678 is disposed at one end of photoreceptor 206. In an embodiment, stop 678 is coaxial with photoreceptor 206 and mounted on the same axle. In an embodiment, photoreceptor 206 protrudes vertically beyond stop 678. In an embodiment, stop 678 protrudes vertically beyond photoreceptor 206, and toning shell 226 protrudes vertically beyond end block 611. In various embodiments, stop 678 and end block 611 are hard plastic, aluminum, or rubber. Compliance of stop 678 and end block 611 can be selected by one skilled in the mechanical art to maintain a desired spacing between photoreceptor 206 and toning shell 226 when stop 678 and end block 611 are in mechanical contact at one or more point(s).
Actuator 696 vertically moves photoreceptor 206 and stop 678 together, and vertically moves toning shell 226 and end block 611 together. End block 611 and stop 678 prevent photoreceptor 206 and toning shell 226 from coming into physical contact with each other. Actuator 696 can include pistons, solenoids, servomotors, stepper motors, gears, and other components known in the art. By moving the connected components with respect to each other, actuator 696 selectively causes photoreceptor 206 to be spaced apart from development member 403 or to be brought into operational relationship with development member 403 to receive toner, as described above.
In an embodiment, actuator 696 includes two linear actuators, each with a motor driving a leadscrew and a nut riding on the screw and connected to the driven element. One actuator drives photoreceptor 206 and stop 678 vertically in either direction, and the other actuator drives toning shell 226 and end block 611 vertically in either direction. In other embodiments, photoreceptor 206 and stop 678 are stationary and are not driven, or toning shell 226 and end block 611 are stationary and are not driven. That is, one of the stop or the end block is a movable member and the other is a stationary member. In an embodiment, actuator 696 includes a solenoid (not shown) controlled by controller 406 and connected to the movable member to operate the movable member.
In an embodiment, when stop 678 and end block 611 apply the selected forces against each other, a mechanical wave is created in end block 611 and the mechanical wave travels through end block 611 into longitudinal member 680 to remove toner from longitudinal member 680. In another embodiment, when stop 678 and end block 611 apply the selected forces against each other, a mechanical wave is created in end block 611 and a corresponding mechanical wave is created in the air adjacent to end block 611, and the mechanical wave in the air travels towards longitudinal member 680 to remove the toner. The wave motions of these embodiments correspond to the wave motions shown in
In various embodiments, one of backup bar 404 or end block 611 moves and the other is stationary, or both backup bar 404 and end block 611 move. Backup bar 404 can move and end block 611 can be stationary. Alternatively, end block 611 can move and backup bar 404 can be stationary. In an embodiment, photoreceptor 206 is a web photoreceptor, backup bar 404 moves, and end block 611 is stationary. In another embodiment, photoreceptor 206 is a drum photoreceptor, end block 611 moves, and backup bar 404, which serves as a stop, is stationary.
Referring to
In various embodiments, controller 406 is effective when the measured time interval reaches the selected time interval to automatically operate actuator 696 (
As discussed above, toner is removed after an interval selected so that the toner build-up on the longitudinal member is not enough to cause spontaneous avalanches of toner onto development member 403 before the controlled avalanche caused at the selected interval. The selected time delay during which the backup bar is in the second position, or photoreceptor 206 and development member 403 are spaced apart, can be selected by one skilled in the art based on throughput, latency and productivity requirements of the system, the motion characteristics of the moving parts (including acceleration and deceleration), and the required impulse (force, time) to remove toner from longitudinal member 680.
Referring to
In step 820, a process-control interval is selected. This can be a specific number of frames, e.g. 100, 200, 300 or 400. This can also be a number of seconds of operation or sheets printed, e.g. 100, 200, 300 or 400. Step 820 is followed by step 830.
In step 830, a cleaning interval that is a positive multiple of the process-control interval is selected. For example, the cleaning interval can be 1×, 2×, 3×, 10×, 15×, 20× or 50× the process-control interval. The process-control interval can be 200 sheets printed, and the cleaning interval can be 15× (15 times the process-control interval)=3,000 sheets printed. The cleaning interval can be a positive integer multiple of the process-control interval, or a specific number of frames. Step 830 is followed by step 840.
In step 840, prints are produced using the printer until the process-control period elapses, as measured by the timing device. Step 840 is followed by decision step 845. Decision step 845 decides whether the process-control interval has elapsed. If it has, the next step is step 850. If not, the next step is step 840.
In step 850, a process-control patch is produced in a process-control frame. Step 850 is followed by decision step 855. Decision step 855 decides whether the cleaning interval has elapsed. If so, the next step is step 860. If not, the next step is step 840. That is, prints are produced (step 840) and process-control patches are run (step 850) until the cleaning interval has elapsed, as measured by the timing device.
In step 860, toner is removed from the longitudinal member. In an embodiment, the backup bar is operated to remove toner from the skive mount. In the process-control frame or in a subsequent skip frame, the backup bar is operated in the second position, then, after a selected delay, in the first position, so that toner is removed from the skive mount. The selected delay can be zero or greater than zero. In another embodiment, in the process-control frame, the actuator is automatically operated to cause photoreceptor 206 and development member 403 (
Charge-transfer region 9340 is not a physical part of print engine 9300; it is a region of space in which the electric fields between development member 403 and supply member 9330 are strong enough to move charge between the two. The rotation of supply member 9330 and development member 403, in the presence of toner 9380 in charge-transfer region 9340, with the assistance of development blade 9321, results in an approximately uniform coat of toner 9380 on development member 403.
Development blade 9321 mechanically levels the toner coat on development member 403 by scraping off any toner peaks farther from the surface of development member 403 than development blade 9321. Charge-transfer region 9340 has a higher charge density than other regions on supply member 9330 and development member 403 because toner 9380 on supply member 9330 is tribocharged in this region. Supply member 9330 collects toner 9380 mechanically by van der Waal's forces, and electrostatically using a bias voltage which attracts residual charge or tribocharge on toner 9380. Toner 9380 is transferred from supply member 9330 to development member 403 by electric fields due to respective, different bias voltages applied to supply member 9330 and development member 403.
Controller 9390 controls actuator 9395, which in response to controller 9390 selectively rotates members 403, 9330 using belts 9396, 9397 respectively.
Toner 9380 is supplied from toner supply 9370 to supply member 9330. Supply member 9330 provides toner to development member 403. Development member 403 provides toner to photoreceptor 206, where it adheres to the appropriate parts of the latent image to form a visible image. The adhered toner is then transferred to a receiver (not shown) to form the print image.
In an embodiment, a supply of monocomponent developer adapted to be applied by the EP print engine to the receiver is provided. The developer includes toner particles, and includes less than 1% magnetic carrier particles.
In an embodiment, development member 403 and supply member 9330 are belts entrained around members, as is known in the art.
The invention is inclusive of combinations of the embodiments described herein. References to “a particular embodiment” and the like refer to features that are present in at least one embodiment of the invention. Separate references to “an embodiment” or “particular embodiments” or the like do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or embodiments; however, such embodiments are not mutually exclusive, unless so indicated or as are readily apparent to one of skill in the art. The use of singular or plural in referring to the “method” or “methods” and the like is not limiting. The word “or” is used in this disclosure in a non-exclusive sense, unless otherwise explicitly noted.
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations, combinations, and modifications can be effected by a person of ordinary skill in the art within the spirit and scope of the invention.
Reference is made to commonly assigned, U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ (Kodak Docket 96372) filed concurrently herewith, entitled “REMOVING TONER FROM LONGITUDINAL MEMBER IN PRINTER” by Eck et al, to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/751,011, filed Mar. 31, 2010, entitled “IMAGE PRINTING METHOD WITH REDUCED BANDING,” by No, and to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/351,111 filed on Jun. 3, 2010, entitled “REMOVING TONER FROM SKIVE MOUNT IN PRINTER,” by Eck, et al the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61351111 | Jun 2010 | US |
