Process for 8-carboxamido-2,6-methano-3-benzazocines

Abstract

8-Substituted-2,6-methano-3-benzazocines of general structure I in which A is —CH2—OH, —CH2NH2, —NHSO2CH3, 1

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention relates to opioid receptor binding compounds containing carboxamides, formamides, thiocarboxamides and hydroxyamidines. The compounds are useful as analgesics, anesthetics, anti-diarrheal agents, anti-retroviral agents, anticonvulsants, antitussives, anti-cocaine, and anti-addiction medications.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Opiates have been the subject of intense research since the isolation of morphine in 1805, and thousands of compounds having opiate or opiate-like activity have been identified. Many opioid receptor-interactive compounds including those used for producing analgesia (e.g., morphine) and those used for treating drug addiction (e.g., naltrexone and cyclazocine) in humans have limited utility due to poor oral bioavailability and a very rapid clearance rate from the body. This has been shown in many instances to be due to the presence of the 8-hydroxyl group (OH) of 2,6-methano-3-benzazocines, also known as benzomorphans [(e.g., cyclazocine and EKC (ethylketocyclazocine)] and the corresponding 3-OH group in morphinanes (e.g., morphine). 3

[0004] The high polarity of these hydroxyl groups retards oral absorption of the parent molecules. Furthermore, the 8-(or 3-)OH group is prone to sulfonation and glucuronidation (Phase II metabolism), both of which facilitate rapid excretion of the active compounds, leading to disadvantageously short half-lives for the active compounds. Unfortunately, the uniform experience in the art of the past seventy years has been that removal or replacement of the 8-(or 3-)OH group has lead to pharmacologically inactive compounds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] We have now found that the 8-(or 3-)hydroxyl group may be replaced by a number of small, polar, neutral residues, such as carboxamide, thiocarboxamide, hydroxyamidine and formamide groups. Not only do the benzomorphan, morphinan carboxamides have unexpectedly high affinity for opioid receptors, compounds containing these groups in place of OH are far less susceptible to Phase II metabolism and are generally more orally bioavailable. The compounds of the invention are therefore useful as analgesics, anesthetics, anti-pruritics, anti-diarrheal agents, anticonvulsants, antitussives, anorexics and as treatments for hyperalgesia, drug addiction, respiratory depression, dyskinesia, pain (including neuropathic pain), irritable bowel syndrome and gastrointestinal motility disorders. Drug addiction, as used herein, includes alcohol and nicotine addiction. There is evidence in the literature that the compounds may also be useful as anti-retroviral agents, immunosuppressants and antiinflammatories and for reducing ischemic damage (and cardioprotection), for improving learning and memory, and for treating urinary incontinence.

[0006] In one aspect, the invention relates to 2,6-methano-3-benzazocine-8-carboxamides and 2,6-methano-3-benzazocine-8-carboxylate esters of formula: 4

[0007] wherein

[0008] A is chosen from —CH2-Z, —CN, —NHSO2— (loweralkyl), 5

[0009] Q is chosen from O, S and NR17;

[0010] Y is chosen from O, S, NR17 and NOH;

[0011] Z is chosen from OH, SH, CN and NH2;

[0012] R1 is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkoxy, phenyl and —NHR8;

[0013] R2 and R2a are both hydrogen or taken together R2 and R2a are ═O;

[0014] R3 is chosen from hydrogen, lower alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, benzyl and hydroxyalkyl,

[0015] R4 is chosen from hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, lower alkoxy, C1-C20 alkyl and C1-C20 alkyl substituted with hydroxy or carbonyl;

[0016] R5 is lower alkyl;

[0017] R6 is lower alkyl;

[0018] R7 is chosen from hydrogen and hydroxy; or together R4, R5, R6 and R7 may form from one to three rings, said rings having optional additional substitution;

[0019] R8 is chosen from hydrogen, —OH, —NH2 and —CH2R15;

[0020] R15 is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl and alkyl substituted with alkoxy, amino, alkylamino or dialkylamino;

[0021] R16 is chosen from hydrogen and NH2; and

[0022] R17 is chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and benzyl;

[0023] with the provisos that, (1) when R2 and R2a are hydrogen, R3 is hydrogen or cyclopropyl, R4 is hydroxy, and together R5, R6 and R7 form two rings substituted with a spirodioxolane, A cannot be —COOCH3 or NHSO2CH3; (2) when R2 and R2a are hydrogen, R3 is hydrogen or cyclopropyl, R4 is hydroxy, and together R5, R6 and R7 form the ring system of oxymorphone and naltrexone, A cannot be NHSO2CH3. (3) when R2, R2a, R4 and R7 are hydrogen, R3 is cyclopropyl and R5 and R6 are methyl, A cannot be —NHC(O)H. The explicit provisos exclude oxymorphone and naltrexone-3-sulfonamides, which were disclosed as having no activity in vitro or in vivo [McCurdy et al. Org. Lett. 2, 819-821 (2000)]; and cyclazocine formamide, which was disclosed as an intermediate in a synthesis in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,957,793; 4,032,529 and 4,205,171. Additionally, when A is —CN, R7 must be hydroxyl. When R4, R5, R6 and R7 form from one to three rings, it is preferred that none of the rings formed by R4, R5, R6 and R7 is aryl or heteroaryl.

[0024] Subclasses of the foregoing structure include:

[0025] II. 2,6-methano-3-benzazocines of the structure shown above, in which R4, R5, R6 and R7 do not form additional rings;

[0026] III. morphinans in which R5 and R6 form one ring: 6

[0027] IV. morphinans in which R5, R6 and R7 form two rings: 7

[0028] and

[0029] V. morphinans wherein R4 and R11 form an additional sixth ring, which may be saturated or unsaturated (but not fully aromatic): 8

[0030] In addition to the major subclasses, there are compounds such as 9

[0031] which the person of skill recognizes as closely related to the major subclasses, but which defy easy description in a common Markush structure.

[0032] In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for preparing a second compound that interacts with an opioid receptor when a first compound that interacts with an opioid receptor is known. When the first compound contains a phenolic hydroxyl, the method comprises converting the phenolic hydroxyl to a residue chosen from the group described as the variable A above.

[0033] In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for decreasing the rate of metabolism of a compound that interacts at an opioid receptor. When the first compound contains a phenolic hydroxyl, the method comprises converting the phenolic hydroxyl to a residue chosen from the group described as the variable A above.

[0034] In another aspect, the invention relates to methods for inhibiting, eliciting or enhancing responses mediated by an opioid receptor comprising:

[0035] (a) providing a first compound that inhibits, elicits or enhances an opioid receptor response;

[0036] (b) preparing a second compound that interacts with an opioid receptor by converting a phenolic hydroxyl group on the first compound to a residue described as A above; and

[0037] (c) bringing the second compound into contact with the opioid receptor.

[0038] In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for treating a disease by altering a response mediated by an opioid receptor. The method comprises bringing into contact with the opioid receptor a compound having the formula 10

[0039] wherein B represents the appropriate residue of a known compound of formula 11

[0040] and the known compound of that formula alters a response mediated by an opioid receptor.

[0041] In another aspect, the invention relates to processes for converting opioid-binding phenols or phenols on a benzomorphan or morphinan to a carboxamide. The carboxamide conversion processes comprise either:

[0042] (a) reacting the phenol with a reagent to convert it to a group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)};

[0043] (b) reacting that group with Zn(CN)2 in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; and

[0044] (c) hydrolyzing the nitrile to a carboxamide; or:

[0045] (a) reacting the phenol with a reagent to convert the phenol to a triflate;

[0046] (b) reacting the triflate with carbon monoxide and ammonia in the presence of a Pd(II) salt and a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a carboxamide, or

[0047] (a) reacting the phenol with a reagent to convert the phenol to a triflate;

[0048] (b) reacting the triflate with carbon monoxide and hexamethyldisilazane in the presence of a Pd(II) salt and a Pd(O) catalyst to provide a silylated carboxamide precursor; and

[0049] (c) hydrolyzing the silylated carboxamide precursor to provide a carboxamide.

[0050] Similar processes convert phenols to amidines and thioamides by reacting the foregoing nitrile with hydroxylamine to produce a hydroxyamidine or reacting the foregoing carboxamide with a pentavalent phosphorus-sulfur reagent to produce a thioamide. For the purpose of the invention an “opioid-binding phenol” is one that exhibits binding at an opioid receptor below 25 nM.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0051] From many years of SAR studies, it is known that the hydroxyl of morphinans and benzomorphans interacts with a specific site in the opiate receptor. Previous exploration of the tolerance of this site for functional groups other than phenolic hydroxyls has almost uniformly resulted in the complete or near-complete loss of opioid binding. We have now surprisingly found that the hydroxyl can be replaced with one of several bioisosteres. Although a fairly wide range of primary and secondary carboxamides, as well as carboxylates, aminomethyl, hydroxymethyl and even dihydroimidazolyl exhibit binding in the desired range below 25 nanomolar, optimal activity is observed with a carboxamido, thiocarboxamido, hydroxyamidino or formamido group.

[0052] Since the hydroxyl functionality of benzomorphans and morphinans can be chemically converted to an amide by a simple, flexible and convenient route described below, and since thiocarboxamido, hydroxyamidino and formamido compounds are also easily synthesized as described below, the door is opened to improving the bioavailability of virtually any of the known and new therapeutic agents that rely on opioid binding for their activity. Moreover, since the receptor seems to tolerate some variation beyond the α-carbon of A, one may contemplate further modulating receptor specificity, affinity and tissue distribution by varying the properties of the alkyl or aryl substituents on A. Preferred residues A are —COOCH3, —COOEt, —CONH2, —C(═S)NH2, —C(O)NHOH, —C(O)NHNH2, —CONHCH3, —CONHBn, —CONHCH2(4-MeOC6H4), 2-(4,5-dihydroimidazolyl), —C(═NOH)NH2, —CH2NH2, CH2OH, —COC6H5, —C(═NOH)C6H5, —NHCHO, —NHCHS and —NHSO2CH3. When R7 is hydroxyl, A may also be —CN. Most preferred are —CONH2, —C(═S)NH2, —C(═NOH)NH2, and —NHCHO.

[0053] It is known in the art that compounds that are μ, δ and κ agonists exhibit analgesic activity; compounds that are selective μ agonists exhibit anti-diarrheal activity and are useful in treating dyskinesia, μ antagonists and κ agonists are useful in treating heroin, cocaine, alcohol and nicotine addiction; κ agonists are also anti-pruritic agents and are useful in treating hyperalgesia. Recently it has been found [Peterson et al. Biochem. Pharmacol. 61, 1141-1151 (2001)] that κ agonists are also useful in treating retroviral infections. In general, the dextrorotatory isomers of morphinans of type III above are useful as antitussives and anticonvulsants. Additional diseases and conditions for which opioid agonists and antagonists are known to be useful include irritable bowel syndrome, gastrointestinal motility disorder, obesity and respiratory depression. Certain opioids (e.g. fentanyl and derivatives) are useful as anesthetics, i.e. they alter the state of consciousness.

[0054] Opioid receptor ligands having known high affinity are shown in the following charts 1 and 2. Replacement of OH in these compounds produces compounds that exhibit similar activity and better bioavailability.

CHART 1
Opioid Receptor Ligands
Benzomorphinans (a.k.a. 2,6-Methano-3-benzazocines)
12
Cyclazocine, R3 = CH2-c-C3H5
Metazocine, R3 = CH3
Phenazocine, R3 = CH2C6H5
SKF 10,047, R3 = CH2CH═CH2
Pentazocine, R3 = CH2CH═C(CH3)2
(all racemic)
13
Ketocyclazocine
14
Ethylketocyclazocine (EKC)
15
MR2034 - “Merz” core
structure (opt. active)
16
MR2266
17
Bremazocine
18
WIN 44,441

[0055]

CHART 2
Opioid Receptor Ligands
Morphine and Morphinans
19
Morphine
20
Naltrexone; R17 = CH2-c-C3H5
Naloxone; R17 = CH2CH═CH2
Nalmexone; R17 = CH2CH═C(CH3)2
Oxymorphone; R17 = CH3
21
Buprenorphine
22
Diprenorphine
Etorphine (N-Me; n-Pr vs Me)
23
Nalorphine
24
Naltrindole
25
Nalbuphine
26
β-Naltrexamine
27
Nalmefene
28
β-FNA
29
β-CNA
30
SIOM (δ agonist)
31
nor-BNI (Norbinaltorphimine)
Reg # = 105618-26-6
32
Levorphanol; R17 = CH3
Cyclorphan; R17 = CH2-c-C3H5
MCL 101; R17 = CH2-c-C4H7
Butorphanol; R17 =p9 CH2-c-C4H7
and 14-OH
Merz-morphinane hybrid core; R17 =
CH2-(S)-tetrahydrofurfuryl
33
Dextromethorphan; R = CH3
Dextrorphan; R = H
(note 37 opposite” sterochemistry)

[0056]

CHART 3
Miscellaneous Opioid Receptor Ligands
34
Registry Number 216531-48-5
35
Registry Number 155836-52-5
36
Registry Number 361444-66-8
37
R = CH3; Registry Number: 69926-34-7
R = CH2CH2CH(OH)C6H11;
Registry Number: 119193-09-8
R = CH2CH(CH2Ph)CONHCH2CO2H;
Registry Number: 156130-44-8
R = (CH2)3CH(CH3)2; Registry Number: 151022-07-0
R = (CH2)3-2-thienyl; Registry Number: 149710-80-5
38
Meptazinol
Registry Number 59263-76-2
39
Ketobemidone
Registry Number 469-79-4
40
Registry number 177284-71-8
41
Registry number 189263-70-5
42
Registry number 173398-79-3
43
Registry number 189016-07-7
44
Registry number 189015-08-5

[0057] Other opioid receptor ligands are described in Aldrich, J. V. “Analgesics” in Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, M. E. Wolff ed., John Wiley & Sons 1996, pages 321-44, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0058] We have examined the opioid receptor binding of a series of analogs of known compounds that interact at opioid receptors in which the OH is replaced by the R-group shown in Tables 1-4. The standards are shown in Table 5. The affinities of the compounds of the invention were determined in guinea pig brain cells by the method described in Wentland et al. Biorgan. Med. Chem. Lett. 9. 183-187 (2000). Alternatively, where noted, the affinities of the compounds of the invention were determined in cloned human receptors in Chinese hamster ovary cells by the method described by Xu et al [Synapse 39, 64-69 (2001)]. CHO cell membranes, expressing the human μ, δ, or κ opioid receptor, were incubated with 12 different concentrations of the compounds in the presence of receptor-specific radioligands at 25° C., in a final volume of 1 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5. Nonspecific binding was determined using 1 μM naloxone. Data are the mean value ± S.E.M from three experiments, performed in triplicate.

TABLE 1
Cyclazocine subseries
45
		[3H]	[3H]	[3H]
		DAMGO	Naltrindole	U69, 593
example	A =	(μ)	(δ)	(κ)
1	CN	540 ± 50	2700 ± 1400	70 ± 13
2	COOH	58 ± 1.8	320 ± 14	30 ± 0.87
3	CO2CH3	45 ± 0.92	59 ± 2.1	2.0 ± 0.21
4	CONH2	0.41 ± 0.07	8.3 ± 0.49	0.53 ± 0.06
4	CONH2	0.32 ± 0.04	NT	0.60 ± 0.04
4	CONH2.HCl	0.34 ± 0.01	4.9 ± 0.80	0.42 ± 0.02
4a	(−)CONH2	0.17 ± 0.04	2.6 ± 0.6	0.28 ± 0.01
4b	(+)CONH2	63±5.4	570 ± 50	67 ± 1.6
5	C(═S)NH2	0.22 ± 0.02	4.0 ± 0.48	0.67 ± 0.01
6	CONHOH	12 ± 0.32	210 ± 40	6.9 ± 0.61
7	CONHNH2	60 ± 9.3	450 ± 62	19 ± 1.4
8	CONHCH3	24 ± 1.6	63 ± 4.1	2.6 ± 0.19
9	CONHCH2C6H5	20 ± 2.2	140 ± 18	78 ± 7.6
10	CONHCH2(4-MeOC6H4)	19 ± 1.5	150 ± 17	110 ± 3.1
11	CONHCH2CH2N(CH3)2	26 ± 2.9	350 ± 51	44 ± 11
12	CONH(CH2)3N(CH3)2	370 ± 54	3000 ± 230	310 ± 64
13	2-(4,5-H2)-imidazolyl	23 ± 1.9	55 ± 5.1	11 ± 0.69
14	C(═NOH)NH2	3.8 ± 0.42	16 ± 0.67	0.90 ± 0.15
15	CH2NH2	30 ± 5.4	390 ± 47	17 ± 2.9
16	CH2OH	21 ± 2.0	210 ± 29	7.6 ± 0.80
17	COC6H5	33 ± 0.90	490 ± 43	19 ± 2.6
18	C(═NOH)C6H5	86 ± 3.8	180 ± 15	7.2 ± 0.40
38	CH2CN	3.3 ± 1.5a	2000 ±685a	2.9 ± 0.36a
39	CH(N═OH)	18 ± 1.8a	140 ± 15a	0.73 ± 0.03a
19	NHCHO	1.9 ± 0.14	37 ± 3.9	0.85 ± 0.080
19a	(−)NHCHO	1.1 ± 0.04	9.8± 0.28	0.49 ± 0.012
19b	(+)NHCHO	2300 ± 180	>10,000	900 ± 8.7
20	NHCHS	0.76 ± 0.09	16 ± 0.30	0.63 ± 0.15
21	NHSO2CH3	15 ±1.2	780 ± 170	21 ± 1.5
36	NHCONH2	20 ± 0.66	90 ± 12	15 ± 1.4
37	NHCSNH2	10 ±1.7a	440 ±72a	4.0 ± 0.54a
adata from chinese hamster ovary rather than guinea pig brain

[0059]

TABLE 2
Keto subseries:
46
		[3H]	[3H]	[3H]
		DAMGO	Naltrindole	U69, 593
example	A =	(μ)	(δ)	(κ)
22	CN(KC)	680 ± 61	3400 ± 410	59 ± 0.77
23	CONH2 (KC)	1.4 ± 0.07	20 ± 2.3	1.8 ± 0.10
24	CONH2 (EKC)	1.2 ± 0.12	9.8 ± 0.50	0.70 ± 0.08
40	NHCHO	6.1 ± 0.83	52 ± 3.4	1.2 ± 0.11
	(EKC)

[0060]

TABLE 3
Merz subseries
47
		[3H]DAMGO	[3H]Naltrindole	[3H]U69, 593
example	A =	(μ)	(δ)	(κ)
25	(−)-(2″S)-8-OH	0.19 ± 0.01	3.6 ± 0.40	0.09 ± 0.01
26	(−)-(2″S)-8-CONH2	0.052 ± 0.013	2.0 ± 0.15	0.089 ± 0.004
27	(−)-(2″R)-8-OH	4.0 ± 0.54	67 ± 4.3	1.5 ± 0.07
28	(−)-(2″R)-8-CONH2	2.9 ± 0.17	34 ± 0.10	2.8 ± 0.24
29	(−)-(2″S)-8-CH2NH2	28 ± 2.3	300 ± 27	18 ± 1.9

[0061]

TABLE 4
Other Series
48
Morphine core
49
Naltrexone core
50
Naltrindole core
51
Buprenorphine core
52
Nalbuphine core
53
Butorphanol core
54
43 (a 4-hydroxymorphinan)
		[3H]DAMGO	[3H]Naltrindole	[3H]U69, 593
example	A =	(μ)	(δ)	(κ)
30	CONH2 (morphine)	34 ± 1.8	1900 ± 81	2000 ± 97
31	CONHCH3 (morphine)	440 ± 9.2	>10,000	>10,000
32	CONH2 (naltrexone)	1.9 ± 0.21	110 ± 8.1	22 ± 0.85
33	CO2Et (naltrexone)	24 ± 1.7	970 ± 155	16 ± 0.70
41	(−) NHCHO (naltrexone)	4.1 ± 0.40a	280 ± 7.6a	2.3 ± 0.044a
34	CONH2 (naltrindole)	47 ± 2.7	0.33 ± 0.04	99 ± 7.9
35	CONH2 (buprenorphine)	2.3 ± 0.29	7.3 ± 0.61	4.3 ± 0.05
42	CONH2 (nalbuphine)	3.8 ± 0.62a	150 ± 82a	0.46 ± 0.04a
43	CN (7-OH)	0.35 ± 0.092a	82 ± 24a	2.6 ± 0.21a
44	CONH2 (butorphanol)	0.15 ± 0.019a	14 ± 2.1a	0.39 ± 0.057a

[0062]

TABLE 5
Standards
	[3H]DAMGO	[3H]Naltrindole	[3H]U69,593
	(μ)	(δ)	(κ)
(±)-Cyclazocine	0.32 ± 0.02	1.1 ± 0.04	0.18 ± 0.020
(±)-Cyclazocine	0.16 ± 0.01a	2.0 ± 0.22a	0.07 ± 0.01a
(+)-Cyclazocine	360 ± 16	1100 ± 63	76 ± 8.2
(−)-Cyclazocine	0.10 ± 0.03	0.58 ± 0.06	0.052 ± 0.009
(±)-EKC	0.78 ± 0.10	3.4 ± 0.41	0.62 ± 0.11
(±)-ketocyclazocine	3.3 ± 0.66	20 ± 2.7	1.0 ± 0.24
(±)-ketocyclazocine	1.7 ± 0.21a	130 ± 14a	1.0 ± 0.0019a
naltrexone (3-OH)	0.17 ± 0.03	11 ± 1.1	0.31 ± 0.03
naltrindole (3-OH)	13 ± 1.1	0.13 ± 0.02	4.6 ± 0.23
buprenorphine	0.98 ± 0.11	0.72 ± 0.10	0.90 ± 0.11
nalbuphine	1.6 ± 0.37a	580 ± 80a	3.0 ± 0.63a
butorphanol	0.12 ± 0.058a	12 ± 3.8a	0.22 ± 0.023a

[0063] Example 4 was tested several times independently to confirm the Ki's. Inspection of the results in Table 1 indicates not only that affinity is preserved in the compounds of the invention, but also that receptor selectivity can be modulated.

[0064] Antinociceptive activity is evaluated by the method described in Jiang et al. [J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 264, 1021-1027 (1993), page 1022]. Compound 4 was found to exhibit an ED50 of 0.21 nmol in the mouse acetic acid writhing test when administered i.c.v. Its “parent” cyclazocine exhibited an ED50 of 2.9 nmol i.c.v. The time courses in producing antinociception in the mouse writhing test were compared for compound 4 and cyclazocine. Mice were injected with 1.0 mg/kg of either compound 4 or cyclazocine, given by i.p. administration. An increase in the duration of action from ca. 2 hr to 15 hr was observed for compound 4 compared to cyclazocine.

Definitions

[0065] Throughout this specification the terms and substituents retain their definitions.

[0066] Alkyl is intended to include linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon structures and combinations thereof. Lower alkyl refers to alkyl groups of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, s-and t-butyl, cyclobutyl and the like. Preferred alkyl groups are those of C20 or below. Cycloalkyl is a subset of alkyl and includes cyclic hydrocarbon groups of from 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include c-propyl, c-butyl, c-pentyl, norbornyl and the like.

[0067] Alkoxy or alkoxyl refers to groups of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration and combinations thereof attached to the parent structure through an oxygen. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like. Lower-alkoxy refers to groups containing one to four carbons.

[0068] Aryl and heteroaryl mean a 5- or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; a bicyclic 9- or 10-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; or a tricyclic 13- or 14-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system containing 0-3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S. Heteroaryl refers to any maximally unsaturated heterocycle. The aromatic 6- to 14-membered carbocyclic rings include, e.g., benzene, naphthalene, indane, tetralin, and fluorene and the 5- to 10-membered aromatic heterocyclic rings include, e.g., pyrrole, imidazole, pyridine, indole, thiophene, benzopyranone, thiazole, furan, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, pyrimidine, pyrazine, tetrazole and pyrazole.

[0069] Arylalkyl means an alkyl residue attached to an aryl ring. Examples are benzyl, phenethyl and the like. Heteroarylalkyl means an alkyl residue attached to a heteroaryl ring. Examples include, e.g., pyridinylmethyl, pyrimidinylethyl and the like.

[0070] Heterocycle means a cycloalkyl or aryl residue in which one to two of the carbons is replaced by a heteroatom such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur. Heteroaryls form a subset of heterocycles. Examples of heterocycles that fall within the scope of the invention include pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrrole, indole, quinoline, isoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, benzofuran, benzodioxan, benzodioxole (commonly referred to as methylenedioxyphenyl, when occurring as a substituent), tetrazole, morpholine, thiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, thiophene, furan, oxazole, oxazoline, isoxazole, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and the like.

[0071] Substituted alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl refer to alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl wherein up to three H atoms in each residue are replaced with halogen, hydroxy, loweralkoxy, carboxy, carboalkoxy, carboxamido, cyano, carbonyl, —NO2, —NR1R2; alkylthio, sulfoxide, sulfone, acylamino, amidino, phenyl, benzyl, heteroaryl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, heteroaryloxy, or substituted phenyl, benzyl, heteroaryl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, or heteroaryloxy.

[0072] Virtually all of the compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)— or (S)—. The present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. In general it has been found that the levo isomer of morphinans and benzomorphans is the more potent antinociceptive agent, while the dextro isomer may be useful as an antitussive or antispasmodic agent. Optically active (R)— and (S)— isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.

[0073] Abbreviations

[0074] The following abbreviations and terms have the indicated meanings throughout:

Ac =       acetyl
BNB =      4-bromomethyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid
Boc =      t-butyloxy carbonyl
Bu =       butyl
c- =       cyclo
DAMGO =    Tyr-ala-Gly-NMePhe-NHCH2OH
DBU =      diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
DCM =      dichloromethane = methylene chloride = CH2Cl2
DEAD =     diethyl azodicarboxylate
DIC =      diisopropylcarbodiimide
DIEA =     N,N-diisopropylethyl amine
DMAP =     4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine
DMF =      N,N-dimethylformamide
DMSO =     dimethyl sulfoxide
DPPF =     1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene
DVB =      1,4-divinylbenzene
EEDQ =     2-ethoxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline
Fmoc =     9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl
GC =       gas chromatography
HATU =     O-(7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium
           hexafluorophosphate
HOAc =     acetic acid
HOBt =     hydroxybenzotriazole
Me =       methyl
mesyl =    methanesulfonyl
MTBE =     methyl t-butyl ether
NMO =      N-methylmorpholine oxide
PEG =      polyethylene glycol
Ph =       phenyl
PhOH =     phenol
PfP =      pentafluorophenol
PPTS =     pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate
PyBroP =   bromo-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate
rt =       room temperature
sat'd =    saturated
s- =       secondary
t- =       tertiary
TBDMS =    t-butyldimethylsilyl
TFA =      trifluoroacetic acid
THF =      tetrahydrofuran
TMOF =     trimethyl orthoformate
TMS =      trimethylsilyl
tosyl =    p-toluenesulfonyl
Trt =      triphenylmethyl
U69, 593 = 55

[0075] In the general processes described below, the preferred reagent to convert a phenol to a group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)} is trifluoromethansulfonic anhydride, which is usually employed in the presence of base. Other reagents are known to persons of skill in the art to convert phenols to groups that may be displaced by cyanide anion. The advantage of the trifluoromethansulfonic anhydride procedure is that it allows displacement under conditions that are mild enough to avoid destruction of the rest of the molecule for most species of interest. Other reagents are operable, but require more robust substrates than may be of interest in a particular case. The consideration of which to use is within the skill of the artisan. A preferred Pd(0) catalyst for use in the displacement with zinc cyanide is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium. In the direct displacements with carbon monoxide and ammonia or an ammonia equivalent, the preferred Pd(0) catalyst is generated in situ from Pd(OAc)2 or PdCl2 and 1, 1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene. Other Pd(0) ligands include DPPF, DPPP, triphenylphosphine, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, BINAP and xantphos. The preferred pentavalent phosphorus-sulfur reagents for converting carboxamides to thiocarboxamides are Lawesson's reagent and phosphorus pentasulfide.

[0076] It may happen that residues in the substrate of interest require protection and deprotection during the conversion of the phenol to the desired bioisostere. Terminology related to “protecting”, “deprotecting” and “protected” functionalities occurs throughout this application. Such terminology is well understood by persons of skill in the art and is used in the context of processes which involve sequential treatment with a series of reagents. In that context, a protecting group refers to a group which is used to mask a functionality during a process step in which it would otherwise react, but in which reaction is undesirable. The protecting group prevents reaction at that step, but may be subsequently removed to expose the original functionality. The removal or “deprotection” occurs after the completion of the reaction or reactions in which the functionality would interfere. Thus, when a sequence of reagents is specified, as it is in the processes of the invention, the person of ordinary skill can readily envision those groups that would be suitable as “protecting groups”. Suitable groups for that purpose are discussed in standard textbooks in the field of chemistry, such as Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis by T. W. Greene [John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991], which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0077] The compounds of the invention are synthesized by one of the routes described below: 5657

Chemical Syntheses

[0078] Proton NMR [Varian Unity-500 (500 MHz) NMR] data, direct insertion probe (DIP) chemical ionization mass spectra (Shimadzu GC-17A GC-MS mass spectrometer), and infrared spectra (Perkin-Elmer Paragon 1000 FT-IR spectrophotometer) were consistent with the assigned structures of all test compounds and intermediates. 1H NMR multiplicity data are denoted by s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), m (multiplet), and br (broad). Coupling constants are in hertz. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen elemental analyses for all novel targets were performed by Quantitative Technologies Inc., Whitehouse, N.J., and were within ±0.4% of theoretical values except as noted, the presence of water was conformed by proton NMR. Melting points were determined on a Meltemp capillary melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. Optical rotation data were obtained from a Perkin-Elmer 241 polarimeter. Reactions were generally performed under a N2 atmosphere. Amines used in the Pd-catalyzed amination reactions and racemic-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1, 1′-binapthyl (BINAP) were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company and used as received unless otherwise indicated. Tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (0) [Pd2(dba)3], Pd(OAc)2, 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (DPPF), were purchased from Strem Chemicals, Incorporated. Toluene and Et2O were distilled from sodium metal. THF was distilled from sodium/benzophenone ketyl. Pyridine was distilled from KOH. Methylene chloride was distilled from CaH2. DMF and DMSO were distilled from CaH2 under reduced pressure. Methanol was dried over 3 Å molecular sieves prior to use. Silica gel (Bodman Industries, ICN SiliTech 2-63 D 60A, 230-400 Mesh) was used for flash column chromatography.

[0079] (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carbonitrile [1]. The triflate [36]of cyclazocine [35] (470 mg, 1.166 mmol), obtained by the method of Wentland et al.[Bioorgan. Med. Chem. Lett. 9,183-187 (2000)], was dissolved in 20 mL DMF and Zn(CN)2 (272.6 mg, 2.322 mmol) and Pd(PPh3)4(53.9 mg, 0.0466 mmol) were added. After heating in 120° C. for 2 h, the reaction was allowed to stir at 25° C. overnight. A mixture of EtOAc and NaHCO3 solution was then added. The organic phase was washed with brine and then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to dryness. Flash column chromatography gave 1 as a colorless oil (260 mg, 80%). 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) d 7.52 (b, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=7.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 3.15 (m, 1H), 2.96 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 1H), 2.66-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 2.30 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.29 (m, 1H), 0.85 (m, 1H), 0.82 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.51 (m, 2H), 0.10 (m, 2H). IR (film) 2961, 2918, 2225 cm−1 CI-MS, m/z (relative intensity) 281 (M+1, 100%). Anal. Calcd. for C19H24N2.0.125H2O: C, 80.78; H, 8.59; N, 9.92. Found: C, 80.75; H, 8.63; N, 9.89.

[0080] (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carboxamide [4]. Compound 1 (80 mg, 0.286 mmol) was dissolved in about 1 mL t-butyl alcohol. KOH (58.8 mg, 1.05 mmol) was then added. The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for about 20 min and the solvent was evaporated and CH2Cl2 and MeOH and NaCl solution were added. The organic phase was washed with brine and then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to dryness to give 4 as white foam (80 mg, 95%). 1H-NAR (500 MHz, CD3OD) d 7.81 (m, 1H), 7.62 (m, 1H), 7.17 (m, 1H), 3.22 (m, 1H), 3.04 (m, 1H), 2.66-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.50 (m, 1H), 2.35 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.36 (m, 1H), 0.88 (m, 1H), 0.84 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.54 (m, 2H), 0.16(m, 2H). 13C-NMR(500 MHz, CD3OD)d 172.71, 143.32, 142.34, 133.01, 128.61, 126.61, 126.18, 60.67, 58.09, 46.92, 42.74, 42.38, 37.69, 25.92, 25.07, 14.62, 9.67, 4.64, 4.52. IR (film) 1654.2 cm−1. CI-MS, m/z (relative intensity) 299 (M+1, 100%). Anal. Calcd. for C19H26N2O 0.0.25H2O: C, 75.37; H, 8.76; N, 9.26. Found: C, 75.27; H, 9.02; N, 9.03.

[0081] (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6, 11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carboxamide [1] (alternate procedure). A flask containing triflate 36 (100 mg), Pd(OAc)2 (10.2 mg), and 1,1′-bis(diphenyl -phosphino)ferrocene(DPPF, 25 mg) was purged with argon. The argon was replaced with gaseous CO and the reaction vessel was closed to the atmosphere. Dry DMSO (1.25 mL) was added via syringe and gaseous ammonia was added to the resulting mixture via a canula. A balloon was used to keep the additional volume contained. The mixture was stirred for 17 h at 70° C. followed by cooling to 25° C. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and the product was extracted into ethyl acetate. The organic extracts was washed with aqueous NaHCO3 and dried (Na2SO4). Concentration of the solvent in vacuo gave 90 mg of a crude product. This material was purified via flash chromatography (25:1:0.1—CH2Cl2:MeOH: conc NH4OH) to provide 47 mg (65.3%) of compound 4.

[0082] (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,-hexahydro-cis-6, 11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carboxylic acid methyl ester [3]. A modification of a known procedure (Cacchi, S.; Ciattini, P. G.; Morera, E.; Ortar, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 3931-3934) was used in this preparation. Under an argon atmosphere, triethylamine (0.30 mL, 2.15 mmol) was added to a mixture of the 8-triflate ester of cyclazocine [36] (0.403 g, 1.0 mmol), palladium acetate (0.0068 g, 0.03 mmol), 1, 1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (0.00166 g, 0.03 mmol) and methanol (1 mL, 22.2 mmol) in DMF (1 mL). The solution was purged with carbon monoxide for 15 min and stirred under a CO balloon at 70° C. for 5 h. The reaction mixture was taken up in 20 mL of ethyl acetate and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and water. The organic phase was dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to give crude product as a brown oil. Chromatography on silica gel using CH2Cl2:MeOH:NH4OH (conc)/40:1:0.1 provided the desired compound 3 (0.235 g, 86.6%) as a colorless oil: 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.93 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (dd, J1=1.7 Hz, J2=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.15 (m, 1H), 2.96 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (m, 1H), 2.46 (dd, J1=7.3 Hz, J2=12.4 Hz, 1H), 2.31 (dd, J1=6.6 Hz, J2=12.4 Hz, 1H), 1.96 (m, 1H), 1.91 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.33 (m, 1H), 0.86 (m, 1H), 0.83 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.51 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 0.11 (m, 2H); IR (film) νmax 2916, 1720, 1270 cm−1; MS (CI) m/z 314 (M+H)+; Anal. calc. for C20H27NO2: C, 76.64; H, 8.68; N, 4.47. Found: C, 76.37; H, 8.93; N, 4.38.

[0083] (±)-[3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,-hexahydro-cis-6, 11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-yl]-methanol [16]. Under a blanket of N2 at 0° C., (±)3-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6, -hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carboxylic acid methyl ester [3] (0.1062 g, 0.34 mmol), LiAlH4 powder (0.0258 g, 0.68 mmol) and dry THF (0.77 mL) were placed in a one-neck round bottom flask equipped with condenser and stir bar. The ice/water bath was removed and the reaction was stirred at reflux for 24 h. The mixture was cooled to 25° C. and quenched by adding water dropwise until effervescence ceased. The mixture was then treated with 10% H2SO4 and stirred at 25° C. for 3 hours. The mixture then was extracted with diethyl ether (2X) and the organic layer was dried (Na2SO4) and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography using CH2Cl2:MeOH/10:1 as eluent to provide the desired product [16] (0.0557 g, 57%) as a light yellow oil: 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.24 (d, J=17 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (m, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=21.2 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 3.14 (m, 1H), 2.91 (d, J=18.5 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (m, 2H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 2.31 (m, 1H), 1.92 (m, 6H), 1.34 (m, 3H), 0.84 (d, J=7.1 Hz), 0.50 (m, 2H), 0.11 (m, 2H); Anal. calc. for C19H27NO: C, 79.95; H, 9.53; N, 4.91. Found: C, 79.70; H, 9.50; N, 4.68.

[0084] (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-N-hydroxy-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carboxamidine [14]. A modification of a known procedure (Jendralla, H.; Seuring, B.; Herchen, J.; Kulitzscher, B.; Wunner, J. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 12047-12068) was used in this preparation. A mixture of (±)-3-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carbonitrile [1] (0.230 g, 0.82 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.100 g, 1.44 mmol) and triethylamine (0.30 mL, 2.15 mmol) in 1 mL of absolute ethanol was stirred at reflux under an argon atmosphere for 5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was taken up in 15 mL of CH2Cl2 and washed with water. The organic phase was dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated to give crude product. Flash column chromatography using CH2Cl2:MeOH:NH4OH (conc)/25:1:0.1 provided the desired compound 14 (0.216 g, 84%) as a white foam: 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.48 (br s, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (dd, J=1.5 Hz, J2=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 3.19 (m, 1H), 2.94 (d, J=18.8 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (m, 2H), 2.48 (dd, J1=6.3 Hz, J2=12.5 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (dd, J1=6.6 Hz, J2=12.5 Hz, 1H), 2.01 (m, 3H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.34 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 0.92 (m, 1H), 0.84 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.51 (m, 2H), 0.12 (m, 2H); IR (film) νmax 3365, 2921, 1634, 1577 cm−1; MS (CI) m/z 314 (M+H)+; Anal. calc. for C19H27N3O: C, 72.81; H, 8.68; N, 13.47. Found: C, 72.96; H, 8.67; N, 13.18.

[0085] (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6, 11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-thiocarboxamide [5]. A modification of a known procedure (Varma R. S.; Kumar, D. Organic Lett. 1999, 1, 697-700) was used in this preparation. A mixture of (±)-3-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carboxamide [4] (0.0298 g, 0.1 mmol) and Lawsson's reagent (0.0320 g, 0.08 mmol) in 1 mL of toluene was sealed in a glass tube under an argon atmosphere. The glass tube was put in a microwave oven and irradiated for 7 min. Additional Lawsson's reagent (0.0160 g, 0.04 mmol) was added and the reactants was allowed to be irradiated for additional 7 min. The reaction mixture was taken up in 10 mL of CH2Cl2 and washed with water. The organic phase was dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to give crude product. Chromatography on silica gel using CH2Cl2:MeOH:NH4OH (conc)/40:1:0.1 the provided desired compound 5 (0.022 g, 70.1%) as a yellow crystalline solid: mp 171-173° C.; 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.78 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (brs, 1H), 7.60(dd, J1=1.9 Hz, J2=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (brs, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (m, 1H), 2.95 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (m, 2H), 2.46 (dd, J1=6.1 Hz, J2=12.4 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (dd, J1=6.3 Hz, J2=12.4 Hz, 1H), 1.92 (m, 3H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.34 (m, 1H), 0.85 (m, 1H), 0.83 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.51 (m, 2H), 0.10 (m, 2H); IR (film) νmax 3172, 2920, 1617, 1424 cm−1; MS (CI) m/z 315 (M+H)+; Anal. calc. for C19H26N2S. 0.75H2O: C, 69.58; H, 8.45; N, 8.54. Found: C, 69.54; H, 8.15; N, 8.26.

[0086] (±)-[3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-yl]-methylamine [15]. (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-carbonitrile [1] (0.154 g, 0.55 mmol) was dissolved in Et2O (1.1 mL) to obtain a 0.5 M solution. This solution was added dropwise via syringe to a vigorously stirred solution of 1.0 M LiAlH4 in Et2O (1.1 mL, 1.1 mmol) at 0° C. After stirring at room temperature for 10 min, water was added dropwise to quench the reaction. The resulting solution was then extracted with EtOAc several times and the combined EtOAc layers were dried (Na2SO4), and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue purified by flash column chromatography (CH2Cl2:MeOH:Et3N/10:1:0.2) to yield the desired product 15 (0.105 g, 67%) as a brown oil: 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.04 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 2H), 3.16 (s, 1H), 2.91 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (m, 2H), 2.49 (m, 1H), 2.34 (m, 1H), 1.92 (m, 5H), 1.39 (m, 4H), 0.85 (m, 4H), 0.51 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 0.11 (m, 2H); IR (film) νmax 3075, 2962, 2917, 2814,1574, 1499, 1462, 1428, 1380, 1333, 1218, 1101, 1075, 1018, 963 cm−1; Anal. calc. for C19H28N2.0.5H2O: C, 77.77; H, 9.96; N, 9.54. Found: C, 78.18; H, 10.17; N. 9.39.

[0087] (±)-N-[3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-yl]-formamide [19]. A modification of a known procedure (Chakrabarty, M.; Khasnobis, S.; Harigaya, Y.; Kinda, Y. Synthetic Comm. 2000, 30, 187-200.) was used in this preparation. (±)-3-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-cis-6,11-dimethyl-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-amine [37] (0.091 g, 0.337 mmol) was treated with 96% formic acid (20 mL) and was heated at 100° C. for 14 h. The solution was then poured onto crushed ice and basified with solid NaHCO3. The organic material was extracted into EtOAc (3X) and the extracts were washed with water and dried (Na2SO4). After concentration in vacuo, the crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (CH2Cl2:MeOH:NH4OH/10:1:0.05) to yield the desired product 19 as a brown oil (0.065 g, 65%): 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.62 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 0.5H, CHO of one rotomer), 8.34 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 0.5H, CHO of other rotomer), 8.17 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 0.5H, NH of one rotomer), 7.57 (br s, 0.5H, NH of other rotomer), 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.04 (m, 1H), 6.89 (m, 1H), 3.15 (m, 1H), 2.90 (m, 1H), 2.72 (m, 2H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 2.32 (m, 1H), 1.95 (m, 3H), 1.32 (m, 4H), 0.85 (m, 4H), 0.51 (m, 2H), 0.11 (m, 2H); IR (film) νmax 3265, 2963, 2922, 1694, 1682, 1614, 1538, 1503, 1462, 1402, 1380, 1311, 1218, 1100, 1074, 1020, 964, 888, 808 cm−1; MS (CI) m/z 299 (M+H)+; Anal. calc. for C19H26N2O 0.125H2O: C, 75.90; H, 8.88; N, 9.32. Found: C, 76.00; H, 8.95; N, 9.13.

[0088] The remaining compounds of Table 1 were prepared in similar fashion, except Example 8, which was made by the CO/palladium route, but with a slight variation using 2.0 M CH3NH2 in THF, rather than gaseous CH3NH2, and DMF rather than DMSO; mp=155-156° C.; 25.6% yield. 24-[the (±)-8-CONH2 analogue of ethylketocyclazocine (R2 and R2a=O; R6=Et)] was made by the nitrile hydrolysis route, mp=194-196° C.; Step 1-89.1%, Step 2-81.4%. 23-[the (±)-8-CONH2 analogue of ketocyclazocine (R2 and R2a=O; R6=Me)] was made by the nitrile hydrolysis route, mp=206-207° C.; Step 1-99.7%, Step 2-94.2%. It was also made by the CO/Pd route in 34.7% yield.

[0089] In general, the chemistry described above works in the presence of the variety of functional groups found on known core structures. The exceptions would be morphine and congeners having a free 6-OH, which can be protected by a TBDPS (t-butyldiphenylsilyl) group [see Wentland et al J. Med. Chem. 43, 3558-3565 (2000)].

[0090] The compound identified as Example 43 in table 4 was prepared by treating the nitrile of nalbuphine with an excess of potassium hydroxide in t-butanol as described for example 4 above. Hydrolysis of the nitrile appears to have proceeded more slowly than elimination and ring opening.

[0091] Although this invention is susceptible to embodiment in many different forms, preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown. It should be understood, however, that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of this invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiments illustrated. It may be found upon examination that certain members of the claimed genus are not patentable to the inventors in this application. In this event, subsequent exclusions of species from the compass of applicants' claims are to be considered artifacts of patent prosecution and not reflective of the inventors' concept or description of their invention; the invention encompasses all of the members of the genus (I) that are not already in the possession of the public.

Claims

1. A process for converting a phenol on a benzomorphan or morphinane to a thiocarboxamide comprising: (a) reacting said phenol with a reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)}; (b) reacting said group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)} with Zn(CN)2 in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; (c) hydrolyzing said nitrile to a carboxamide; and (d) reacting said carboxamide with a pentavalent phosphorus-sulfur reagent.

2. A process for converting an opioid-binding phenol to a thiocarboxamide comprising: (a) reacting a phenol that exhibits binding at an opioid receptor below 10 nM with a reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)}; (b) reacting said group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)} with Zn(CN)2 in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; (c) hydrolyzing said nitrile to a carboxamide; and (d) reacting said carboxamide with a pentavalent phosphorus-sulfur reagent.

3. A process for converting a phenol on a benzomorphan or morphinane to a hydroxyamidine comprising: (a) reacting said phenol with a reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)}, (b) reacting said group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)} with Zn(CN)2 in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; and (c) reacting said nitrile with hydroxylamine to produce a hydroxyamidine.

4. A process for converting an opioid-binding phenol to a hydroxyamidine comprising: (a) reacting a phenol that exhibits binding at an opioid receptor below 10 nM with a reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)}; (b) reacting said group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)} with Zn(CN)2 in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; and (c) reacting said nitrile with hydroxylamine to produce a hydroxyamidine.

5. A process for converting a phenol on a benzomorphan or morphinane to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting said phenol with a reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)}; (b) reacting said group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)} with Zn(CN)2 in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; and (c) hydrolyzing said nitrile to a carboxamide.

6. A process for converting an opioid-binding phenol to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting a phenol that exhibits binding at an opioid receptor below 25 nM with a reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)}; (b) reacting said group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)} with Zn(CN)2 in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a nitrile; and (c) hydrolyzing said nitrile to a carboxamide.

7. A process according to claim 5 wherein said reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)} is trifluoromethansulfonic anhydride in the presence of base.

8. A process according to claim 6 wherein said reagent to convert said phenol to a group displaceable by CN{circle over (−)} is trifluoromethansulfonic anhydride in the presence of base.

9. A process according to claim 5 wherein said Pd(0) catalyst is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium.

10. A process according to claim 6 wherein said Pd(0) catalyst is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium.

11. A process for converting a phenol on a benzomorphan or morphinane to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting said phenol with a reagent to convert said phenol to a triflate; (b) reacting said triflate with carbon monoxide and ammonia in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a benzomorphan or morphinane carboxamide.

12. A process according to claim TI for converting a phenol on a benzomorphan or morphinane to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting said phenol with trifluoromethansulfonic anhydride in the presence of base to provide a triflate; and (b) reacting said triflate with carbon monoxide and ammonia in the presence of a Pd(II) salt and a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a carboxamide.

13. A process for converting an opioid-binding phenol to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting a phenol that exhibits binding at an opioid receptor below 25 nM with a reagent to convert said phenol to a triflate; (b) reacting said triflate with carbon monoxide and ammonia in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a carboxamide.

14. A process according to claim 13 for converting an opioid-binding phenol to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting said phenol with trifluoromethansulfonic anhydride in the presence of base to provide a triflate; and (b) reacting said triflate with carbon monoxide and ammonia in the presence of a Pd(II) salt and a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a carboxamide.

15. A process for converting a phenol on a benzomorphan or morphinane to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting said phenol with a reagent to convert said phenol to a triflate; (b) reacting said triflate with carbon monoxide and hexamethyldisilazane in the presence of a Pd(II) salt and a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a silylated carboxamide precursor; and (c) hydrolyzing said silylated carboxamide precursor to provide a carboxamide.

16. A process for converting an opioid-binding phenol to a carboxamide comprising: (a) reacting a phenol that exhibits binding at an opioid receptor below 25 nM with a reagent to convert said phenol to a triflate; (b) reacting said triflate with carbon monoxide and hexamethyldisilazane in the presence of a Pd(II) salt and a Pd(0) catalyst to provide a silylated carboxamide precursor; and (c) hydrolyzing said silylated carboxamide precursor to provide a carboxamide.

17. A process according to claim 11 wherein said Pd(0) catalyst is generated in situ from Pd(OAc)2 or PdCl2 and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene.

18. A process according to claim 13 wherein said Pd(0) catalyst is generated in situ from Pd(OAc)2 or PdCl2 and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene.

19. A process according to claim 15 wherein said Pd(0) catalyst is generated in situ from Pd(OAc)2 or PdCl2 and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene.

20. A process according to claim 16 wherein said Pd(0) catalyst is generated in situ from Pd(OAc)2 or PdCl2 and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene.